Transformer Cooling methods

Transformers can even be categorized consistent with the method of cooling used. The
various methods consistent with these classifications are:

Oil stuffed Self-Cooled method

Oil stuffed self-cooled kind uses little and medium-sized distribution transformers. The pull
together windings and core of such transformers are mounted during a welded, oil-tight
steel tank given a steel cowl. The tank is crammed with pure, top quality insulating oil as
before long because the core is change at its correct place. The oil aids in transferring the
warmth from the core and also the windings to the case from wherever it's radiated bent the
environment. For smaller sized transformers the tanks are sometimes sleek surfaced,
except for bigger size transformers a bigger heat radiation space is required, which too
while not distressful the cubic capability of the tank. This is often realized by repeatedly
corrugating the cases. Quiet greater sizes are given radiation or pipes.

Core Type Transformer

Oil stuffed Water Cooled method

This type is employed for rather more cost-effective construction of huge transformers,
because the on top of told self-cooled methodology is extremely valuable. Constant
methodology is employed here as well- the windings and also the core are immersed within
the oil. The sole distinction is that a cooling coil is mounted close to the surface of the oil,
through that cold water keeps flowing. This water carries the warmth from the device. This
design is typically enforced on transformers that are employed in high voltage transmission
lines. The most important advantage of such a style is that such transformers don't need
housing aside from their own. This reduces the prices by an enormous quantity. Another
advantage is that the upkeep and review of this kind is barely required once or doubly
during a year.

Shell Type Transformer

Air Blast method

This type is employed for transformers that usage voltage less than 25,000 volts. The
transformer is contained during a skinny sheet box open at each ends through that air is
blown from all-time low to the highest. cs v

Aug 25, 2014

Hysteresis losses, Eddy current losses and Copper Losses

in Transformer

The capability of iron or steel to hold magnetic fluxis

way larger than it's in air, and this capability to permit
magnetic flux to flow is termed as porosity.
Most transformer winding cores are created from low
carbon steels which might have permeabilitys within
the order of 1500 compared with simply 1.0 for air.

This means that a steel laminated core will transmit a magnetic flux 1500 times higher than
that of air. However, once a magnetic flux flows in an exceedingly transformers steel core, 2
kinds of losses occur within the steel. One is named as eddy current losses and also the
different is named as hysteresis losses.

Methods of transformer cooling

Hysteresis Losses
Hysteresis Losses are triggered owing to the rubbing of the molecules against the flow of
the magnetic lines of force needed to magnetize the core, that are perpetually dynamical in
value and direction 1st in one direction then the opposite because of the influence of the
sinusoidal voltage.

This molecular brushing causes heat to be established that represents an energy loss to the
transformer. Exciting heat loss will intensely shorten the lifetime of the insulating materials

utilized in the manufacture of the windings and structures. Therefore, cooling of a

transformeris vital.

Also, transformers are deliberate to work at a specific provide frequency. Dropping the
frequency of the availability can lead to enhanced hysteresis and better temperature within
the iron core. Therefore reducing the availability frequency from 60 Hz to 50 Hz can raise
the quantity of hysteresis existent, small the VA capability of the transformer.

Hysteresis losses in transformer is referred as :

Wh= Khf(Bm)1.6 watts
Where Kh= Hysteresis constant

Designing construction of Transformer

Eddy Current Losses

Eddy Current Losses on the opposite hand are affected by the flow of flowing currents
evoked into the steel caused by the drift of the magnetic flux round the core. These flowing
currents are generated as a result of to the magnetic flux the core is performing sort of a
single loop of wire. Since the iron core could be a smart conductor, the eddy currents
evoked by a cast-iron core are going to be massive.

Eddy currents don't contribute something towards the quality of the transformer however
instead they oppose the flow of the evoked current by acting sort of a negative force
generating resistive heating and power loss inside the core.

Eddy current losses inside of the transformer core can't be eliminated fully; however they
will be significantly decreased and controlled by dipping the thickness of the steel core.
Rather than having one massive cast-iron core because the core material of the winding,

the magnetic path is get a divorce into several skinny ironed steel shapes known as
laminations.
Lamination of core

The laminations utilized in transformer construction are terribly skinny strips of insulated
metal joined along to provide a solid however laminated core as we have a tendency to saw
on top of. These laminations are insulated from one another by a coat of glaze or paper to
extend the real resistivity of the core thereby increasing the general resistance to bind the
movement of the eddy currents.

The results of all this insulation is that the annoying evoked eddy current power-loss within
the core is greatly reduced, and it's for this reason why the magnetic iron circuit of each
transformer and different electro-magnetic machines are all laminated. Exploitation
laminations in an exceedingly transformer construction reduce eddy current losses.

The fatalities of energy, which seems as heat due each to hysteresis and to eddy currents
within the magnetic path, is understood unremarkably as transformer core losses. Since
these losses occur altogether magnetic materials as a results of alternating magnetic fields.
Transformer core losses are continually existent in an exceedingly transformer whenever
the first is energized, although no load is connected to the coil. Conjointly these hysteresis
and also the eddy current losses are typically noted as transformer iron losses, because
the magnetic flux inflicting these losses is constant in any respect of loads.

Eddy Current losses in transformer is referred as:

We=Kef2K2fB2m watts
Where,
Ke = Eddy Current constant
Kf = form constant

Insulating material for electrical machines

Copper Losses
But there's conjointly another style of energy loss related to transformers known as copper
losses. Transformer copper losses are primarily because of the transformer leading and
secondary windings. Most transformer windings are made of copper wire that has
resistance in Ohms, (). These resistances compete against the magnetizing currents
flowing from end to end them.

When a load is coupled to the transformers coil, massive electrical currents flow in each the
first and also the secondary windings, current and power (or the I2R) losses happen as
heat. Typically copper losses differ with the load current, being nearly zeroed at no-load,
and at a most at full-load once current flow is at most.

A Transformer VA rating is enhanced by higher design and transformer construction to cut

back these core and copper losses. Transformers with large voltage and current ratings
need conductors of huge crosswise to assist minimize their copper losses. Increasing the
speed of warmth dissipation (better cooling) by forced air or oil, or by up the transformers
insulation in order that it'll face up to higher temperatures may increase a transformers VA
rating.

Copper losses in transformer is referred as:

I2LR'2 + Stray loss

Where,
IL = Transformer load
R'2 = Resistance on the secondary side of transformer
Then we will outline a perfect transformer as having:

There will not be any Hysteresis loops or hysteresis losses.

Boundless Resistivity of core material giving zero Eddy current losses.

Zero winding resistance giving zero I2R copper losses.

Electric Potential and Potential Difference

The definition of electrical potential is that the ability of charged particles to try to do the
work. The unit of electrical potential is volts.
When 2 equally charged particles are brought close to, they fight to repel one another
whereas dissimilar charges attract one another. This means, each charged particle
incorporates a tendency to try to do work.
The electrical potential at a purpose owing to a charge "is one potential unit if one joule of
work is done in delivery a unit positive charge i.e. positive charge of 1 coulomb from time
thereto purpose,
Mathematically it's expressed as,
Electric potential = Work done / charge
= W/Q

Charge and the electric current

In electrical circuits flow of current is usually from higher electric potential to lower electric
potential. I.e. The distinction between the electrical potential at any 2 offer points in a very

circuit is thought as potential. This can be known as between the 2 points and measured in
volts. Its denoted as V.
For illustration, let the electric potential of a charged particle A is say V1 whereas the electric
potential of a charged particle B is say V2. Then the potential between the 2 particles A and
B is V1-V2. If V1-V2 is positive we are saying that A is at higher potential than B whereas if
V1-V2 is negative we are saying that B is at higher potential than A.
Consider 2 points having potential of V volts between them, as shown within the fig. The
point A is at upper potential than B. As per the definition of potential unit, the V joule of work
is to be performed to maneuver unit charge from point B to point A.

Resistance color code and Resistance calculation

Thus, once such 2 points, that are at totally different potentials are joined in conjunction with
the assistance of wire, the electrical current flows from higher potential to lower potential i.e.
the electrons begin flowing from lower potential to higher potential thus, to take care of the
flow of electrons i.e. flow of electric current, there should exist a potential between the 2
points.

Factors affecting the resistance

Length of the material

The resistance of a substantial is directly proportional to the length. The resistance of
lengthier wire is a lot of. It is denoted by l.
Cross sectional area
The resistance of a substantial is reciprocally proportional to the cross-sectional space of
the fabric a lot of cross-sectional area permitted the path of additional number of free
electrons, giving less resistance. It is denoted by 'a'.

Charge and the electric current

The nature of the material and its type

It contains a more number of free electrons or not, distresses the value of the
resistance.Therefore material that is conductor has less resistance whereas associate
nonconductor has terribly high resistance.
Temperature
The temperature of the material affects the value of the resistance. Typically the resistance
of the material will increase as its temperature will increase. Typically impact of tiny
changes in temperature on the resistance is not thought of as it's negligibly tiny.

Electric potential and potential

difference

So for a bound material at a bound temperature we have a tendency to will write a

mathematical expression as,
R (l/a)
and impact of nature of material is thought of through the constant of proportion denoted by
p (rho) known as resistance or specific resistance of the material. So finally,

R=(l)/a
Where,
L = length in meters
A = cross sectional area in sq.meter
= resistivity in ohmmeters
R = Resistance in ohms

Electro Motive Force and Potential Difference

The e.m.f. is that force that sources the flow

ofcurrent in the given circuit; allow us to perceive its
which means a lot of clearly.
Think through an easy cell shown in Fig. Owed to the
chemical reaction in the solution the terminal 'A' has
attained positive charge whereas terminal 'B' has
attained negative charge.
Now a bit of conductor is joined amongst the
terminals A and B then drift of electrons starts through
it. This can be nothing however the movement of current through the conductor. This can also be shown

in the Fig. The electrons can drift from terminal B to A and hence the path of current is from A to B i.e,
positive to negative as shown.

Causes and effects of Faults in Power system

One might suppose that after the positive charge on terminal A gets neutral due to the electrons, then
flow of electrons can stop. Each the terminals might get neutral once some time. However this will not
happen much. This can be as a result of chemical change in the solution maintains terminal A absolutely
charged and terminal B as negatively charged. This keeps the drift of current; the chemical change
converts chemical energy into electrical energy that maintains flow of electrons.
Consider 2 points P and Q as shown within the Fig-b, then this is flowing from point P to Q. this suggests
there exists a potential difference between the points P and Q. This potential difference is
termed voltage denoted as V and, measured in volts.

Voltage consideration in Designing

Transformer

of

Difference between the e.m.f. and potential difference as below:

Within the cell 2 energy transformations are taking place at the same time. The one is chemical energy as
a result of resolution in cell is obtaining reborn to electrical energy that is basic cause for flow of electrons
and hence current. The succeeding is once current flows, the portion of metal gets heated up i.e, electrical
energy is obtaining reborn to heat energy, due to flow of current.
In the 1st transformation' electrical energy is produced from different kind of energy. The force involved
in such transformation is electromotive force. Once current flows, owing to that metal get heated up i.e,
due to presence of potential difference between 2 points, voltage is existing. And in such case electrical
energy gets reborn to different style of energy. The force concerned in such transformation 'is nothing
however the potential difference or voltage. Both e.m.f. and potential difference are in typically referred
as voltage.
cs v Sep 4, 2014