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Aerogel
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Aerogelisasyntheticporousultralightmaterialderivedfromagel,in
whichtheliquidcomponentofthegelhasbeenreplacedwithagas.[1]
Theresultisasolidwithextremelylowdensity[2]andlowthermal
conductivity.Nicknamesincludefrozensmoke,[3]solidsmoke,solidair,
orbluesmokeowingtoitstranslucentnatureandthewaylightscatters
inthematerial.Itfeelslikefragileexpandedpolystyrenetothetouch.
Aerogelscanbemadefromavarietyofchemicalcompounds.[4]
AerogelwasfirstcreatedbySamuelStephensKistlerin1931,asa
resultofabetwithCharlesLearnedoverwhocouldreplacetheliquidin
"jellies"withgaswithoutcausingshrinkage.[5][6]

Ablockofaerogelinaperson'shand

Aerogelsareproducedbyextractingtheliquidcomponentofagelthroughsupercriticaldrying.Thisallowsthe
liquidtobeslowlydriedoffwithoutcausingthesolidmatrixinthegeltocollapsefromcapillaryaction,as
wouldhappenwithconventionalevaporation.Thefirstaerogelswereproducedfromsilicagels.Kistler'slater
workinvolvedaerogelsbasedonalumina,chromiaandtindioxide.Carbonaerogelswerefirstdevelopedinthe
late1980s.
Aerogeldoesnothaveadesignatedmaterialwithsetchemicalformulabutthetermisusedtogroupallthe
materialwithacertaingeometricstructure.[7]

Contents
1
2
3
4
5
6

Properties
Knudseneffect
Structure
Waterproofing
Porosityofaerogel
Materials
6.1 Silica
6.2 Carbon
6.3 Metaloxide
6.4 Other
7 Applications
8 Production
9 Safety
10 Seealso
11 References
12 Externallinks

Properties
Despitetheirname,aerogelsaresolid,rigid,anddrymaterialsthatdonotresembleagelintheirphysical
properties:Thenamecomesfromthefactthattheyaremadefromgels.Pressingsoftlyonanaerogeltypically
doesnotleaveevenaminormarkpressingmorefirmlywillleaveapermanentdepression.Pressingextremely
firmlywillcauseacatastrophicbreakdowninthesparsestructure,causingittoshatterlikeglassaproperty
knownasfriabilityalthoughmoremodernvariationsdonotsufferfromthis.Despitethefactthatitisproneto
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shattering,itisverystrongstructurally.Itsimpressiveloadbearing
abilitiesareduetothedendriticmicrostructure,inwhichspherical
particlesofaveragesize(25nm)arefusedtogetherintoclusters.These
clustersformathreedimensionalhighlyporousstructureofalmost
fractalchains,withporesjustunder100nm.Theaveragesizeand
densityoftheporescanbecontrolledduringthemanufacturingprocess.
Aerogelisamaterialthatis98.2%air.Thelackofsolidmaterialallows
aerogeltobealmostweightless.Thereasonforthedifferenceinthe
compositionisthestructureoftheaerogel.Aerogelhasaporoussolid
networkthatcontainsairpockets,withtheairpocketstakingup
majorityofspacewithinthematerial.[8]
Aerogelsaregoodthermalinsulatorsbecausetheyalmostnullifytwoof
thethreemethodsofheattransfer(convection,conduction,and
radiation).Theyaregoodconductiveinsulatorsbecausetheyare
composedalmostentirelyofgas,andgasesareverypoorheat
conductors.(Silicaaerogelisespeciallygoodbecausesilicaisalsoa
poorconductorofheatametallicaerogel,ontheotherhand,wouldbe
lesseffective.)Theyaregoodconvectiveinhibitorsbecauseaircannot
circulatethroughthelattice.Aerogelsarepoorradiativeinsulators
becauseinfraredradiation(whichtransfersheat)passesthroughthem.

Aflowerisonapieceofaerogel
whichissuspendedoveraflamefrom
aBunsenburner.Aerogelhas
excellentinsulatingproperties,and
theflowerisprotectedfromthe
flame.

Owingtoitshygroscopicnature,aerogelfeelsdryandactsasastrong
desiccant.Peoplehandlingaerogelforextendedperiodsshouldwearglovestopreventtheappearanceofdry
brittlespotsontheirskin.
TheslightcoloritdoeshaveisduetoRayleighscatteringoftheshorterwavelengthsofvisiblelightbythe
nanosizeddendriticstructure.Thiscausesittoappearsmokyblueagainstdarkbackgroundsandyellowish
againstbrightbackgrounds.
Aerogelisanopenporousnetwork.Thedifferencebetweenanopenporousnetworkandaclosedporous
networkisthatanopenporousnetworkallowsgasestoenterandleavethesubstancewithoutanylimitation,
whileaclosedporousnetworktrapsthegaseswithinthematerial.[9]
Aerogelsbythemselvesarehydrophilic,butchemicaltreatmentcanmakethemhydrophobic.Iftheyabsorb
moisturetheyusuallysufferastructuralchange,suchascontraction,anddeteriorate,butdegradationcanbe
preventedbymakingthemhydrophobic.Aerogelswithhydrophobicinteriorsarelesssusceptibleto
degradationthanaerogelswithonlyanouterhydrophobiclayer,evenifacrackpenetratesthesurface.
Hydrophobictreatmentfacilitatesprocessingbecauseitallowstheuseofawaterjetcutter.

Knudseneffect
Aerogelsmayhaveathermalconductivitysmallerthanthatofthegastheycontain.Thisiscausedbythe
Knudseneffect,areductionofthermalconductivityingaseswhenthesizeofthecavityencompassingthegas
becomescomparabletothemeanfreepath.Effectively,thecavityrestrictsthemovementofthegasparticles,
decreasingthethermalconductivityinadditiontoeliminatingconvection.Forexample,thermalconductivityof
airisabout25mW/mKatSTPandinalargecontainer,butdecreasestoabout5mW/mKinapore30
nanometersindiameter.[10]

Structure

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Aerogelstructureistheresultfromasolgelpolymerization,whichiswhenmonomers(simplemolecules)
reactswithothermonomerstoformasolorasubstancethatconsistsofbonded,crosslinkedmacromolecules
withdepositsofliquidsolutionbetweenthem.Whenthematerialiscriticallyheatedtheliquidisevaporated
outandthebonded,crosslinkedmacromoleculeframeisleftbehind.Theresultofthepolymerizationand
criticalheatingisthecreationofamaterialthathasaporousstrongstructureclassifiedasaerogel.[11]

Waterproofing
Aerogelcontainsparticlesthatare25nmindiameter.Aftertheprocessofcreatingaerogel,itwillcontaina
largeamountofhydroxylgroupsonthesurface.Thehydroxylgroupscancauseastrongreactionwhenplacing
itinwater.Theaerogelwillcatastrophicallydissolveinthewater.Onewaytowaterproofthehydrophilic
aerogelisbysoakingtheaerogelwithsomechemicalbasethatwillreplacehydroxylgroupswithnonpolar
groupsonthesurface,thenonpolargroups(OR)ismosteffectivewhenRisanaliphaticgroup.[12]

Porosityofaerogel
Thereareseveralwaystodeterminetheporosityofaerogelthethreemainmethodsaregasadsorption,
MercuryPorosimetry,andScatteringMethod.Ingasadsorptionnitrogenatitsboilingpointisadsorbedintothe
aerogelsample.Thegasbeingadsorbedisdependentonthesizeoftheporeswithinthesampleandonthe
partialpressureofthegasrelativetoitssaturationpressure.Measurethevolumeofthegasadsorbedbyusing
theBrunauer,Emmitand,Tellerformula(BET)givesthespecificsurfaceareaofthesample.Athighpartial
pressureintheadsorption/desorptiontheKelvinequationgivestheporesizedistributionofthesample.In
MercuryPorosimetry,themercuryisforcedintotheaerogelporoussystemtodeterminetheporessize,butthis
methodishighlyinefficientsincethesolidframeofaerogelwillcollapsefromthehighcompressiveforce.The
ScatteringMethodsinvolvestheangledependentdeflectionofradiationwithintheaerogelsample.Thesample
canbesolidparticlesorpores.Theradiationgoesintothematerialanddeterminesthefractalgeometryofthe
aerogelporenetwork.ThebestradiationwavelengthstouseareXraysandneutrons.Aerogelisalsoanopen
porousnetwork,thedifferencebetweenanopenporousnetworkandaclosedporousnetworkisthatintheopen
network,gassescanenterandleavethesubstancewithoutanylimitation.Whileaclosedporousnetworktraps
thegaseswithinthematerialforcingittostaywithinthepores.[13]

Materials
Silica
Silicaaerogelisthemostcommontypeofaerogel,andthemost
extensivelystudiedandused.Itissilicabased,derivedfromsilicagel.
Thelowestdensitysilicananofoamweighs1,000g/m3,[14]whichisthe
evacuatedversionoftherecordaerogelof1,900g/m3.[15]Thedensity
ofairis1,200g/m3(at20Cand1atm).[16]Asof2013,aerographene
hadalowerdensityat160g/m3,or13%thedensityofairatroom
temperature.[17]
Thesilicasolidifiesintothreedimensional,intertwinedclustersthat
compriseonly3%ofthevolume.Conductionthroughthesolidis
thereforeverylow.Theremaining97%ofthevolumeiscomposedof
airinextremelysmallnanopores.Theairhaslittleroomtomove,
inhibitingbothconvectionandgasphaseconduction.[18]

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A2.5kgbrickissupportedbyapiece
ofaerogelwithamassofonly2g.

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Ithasremarkablethermalinsulativeproperties,havinganextremelylowthermalconductivity:from
0.03W/mK[19]inatmosphericpressuredownto0.004W/mK[14]inmodestvacuum,whichcorrespondtoR
valuesof14to105(UScustomary)or3.0to22.2(metric)for3.5in(89mm)thickness.Forcomparison,
typicalwallinsulationis13(UScustomary)or2.7(metric)forthesamethickness.Itsmeltingpointis1,473K
(1,200C2,192F).
Until2011,silicaaerogelheld15entriesinGuinnessWorldRecordsformaterialproperties,includingbest
insulatorandlowestdensitysolid,thoughitwasoustedfromthelattertitlebytheevenlightermaterials
aerographitein2012[20]andthenaerographenein2013.[21][22]

Carbon
Carbonaerogelsarecomposedofparticleswithsizesinthenanometerrange,covalentlybondedtogether.They
haveveryhighporosity(over50%,withporediameterunder100nm)andsurfaceareasrangingbetween400
1,000m2/g.Theyareoftenmanufacturedascompositepaper:nonwovenpapermadeofcarbonfibers,
impregnatedwithresorcinolformaldehydeaerogel,andpyrolyzed.Dependingonthedensity,carbonaerogels
maybeelectricallyconductive,makingcompositeaerogelpaperusefulforelectrodesincapacitorsor
deionizationelectrodes.Duetotheirextremelyhighsurfacearea,carbonaerogelsareusedtocreate
supercapacitors,withvaluesranginguptothousandsoffaradsbasedonacapacitancedensityof104F/gand
77F/cm3.Carbonaerogelsarealsoextremely"black"intheinfraredspectrum,reflectingonly0.3%of
radiationbetween250nmand14.3m,makingthemefficientforsolarenergycollectors.
Theterm"aerogel"todescribeairymassesofcarbonnanotubesproducedthroughcertainchemicalvapor
depositiontechniquesisincorrect.SuchmaterialscanbespunintofiberswithstrengthgreaterthanKevlar,and
uniqueelectricalproperties.Thesematerialsarenotaerogels,however,sincetheydonothaveamonolithic
internalstructureanddonothavetheregularporestructurecharacteristicofaerogels.

Metaloxide
Metaloxideaerogelsareusedascatalystsinvariouschemicalreactions/transformationsorasprecursorsfor
othermaterials.
Aerogelsmadewithaluminiumoxideareknownasaluminaaerogels.Theseaerogelsareusedascatalysts,
especiallywhen"doped"withametalotherthanaluminium.Nickelaluminaaerogelisthemostcommon
combination.AluminaaerogelsarealsobeingconsideredbyNASAforcapturinghypervelocityparticlesa
formulationdopedwithgadoliniumandterbiumcouldfluoresceattheparticleimpactsite,withtheamountof
fluorescencedependentonimpactenergy.
Oneofthemostnotabledifferencebetweensilicaaerogelsandmetaloxideaerogelisthatmetaloxideaerogels
areoftenvariedlycolored.
Aerogel

Color

Silica,Alumina,Titania,Zirconia ClearwithRayleighscatteringblueorwhite
IronOxide

Rustredoryellow,opaque

Chromia

Deepgreenordeepblue,opaque

Vanadia

Olivegreen,opaque

NeodymiumOxide

Purple,transparent

SamariumOxide

Yellow,transparent

HolmiumOxide,ErbiumOxide

Pink,transparent

[23]

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Other
Organicpolymerscanbeusedtocreateaerogels.SEAgelismadeofagar.Cellulosefromplantscanbeusedto
createaflexibleaerogel.[24]
Chalcogelisanaerogelmadeofchalcogens(thecolumnofelementsontheperiodictablebeginningwith
oxygen)suchassulfur,seleniumandotherelements.[25]Metalslessexpensivethanplatinumhavebeenusedin
itscreation.
Aerogelsmadeofcadmiumselenidequantumdotsinaporous3Dnetworkhavebeendevelopedforuseinthe
semiconductorindustry.[26]
Aerogelperformancemaybeaugmentedforaspecificapplicationbytheadditionofdopants,reinforcing
structuresandhybridizingcompounds.AspenAerogelsmakesproductssuchasSpaceloft[27]whichare
compositesofaerogelwithsomekindoffibrousbatting.[28]

Applications
Aerogelsareusedforavarietyofapplications:
In2004aboutUS$25millionofaerogelinsulationproductwere
sold,whichhadrisentoaboutUS$500millionby2013.This
representsthemostsubstantialeconomicimpactofthese
materialstoday.Thepotentialtoreplaceconventionalinsulation
byaerogelsolutionsinthebuildingandconstructionsectoras
wellasinindustrialinsulationisquitesignificant.[29]
Ingranularformtoaddinsulationtoskylights.GeorgiaInstitute
ofTechnology's2007SolarDecathlonHouseprojectusedan
aerogelasaninsulatorinthesemitransparentroof.[30]
Achemicaladsorberforcleaningupspills.[31]
TheStardustdustcollectorwith
Acatalystoracatalystcarrier.
aerogelblocks.(NASA)
Thickeningagentsinsomepaintsandcosmetics.
LasertargetsfortheNationalIgnitionFacility.
Commercialmanufactureofaerogel'blankets'beganaroundtheyear2000,combiningsilicaaerogeland
fibrousreinforcementthatturnsthebrittleaerogelintoadurable,flexiblematerial.Themechanicaland
thermalpropertiesoftheproductmaybevariedbaseduponthechoiceofreinforcingfibers,theaerogel
matrixandopacificationadditivesincludedinthecomposite.
NASAusedanaerogeltotrapspacedustparticlesaboardtheStardustspacecraft.Theparticlesvaporize
onimpactwithsolidsandpassthroughgases,butcanbetrappedinaerogels.NASAalsousedaerogelfor
thermalinsulationoftheMarsRoverandspacesuits.[32][33]
TheUSNavyisevaluatingaerogelundergarmentsaspassivethermalprotectionfordivers.[34]
InparticlephysicsasradiatorsinCherenkoveffectdetectors,suchastheACCsystemoftheBelle
detector,usedintheBelleExperimentatKEKB.Thesuitabilityofaerogelsisdeterminedbytheirlow
indexofrefraction,fillingthegapbetweengasesandliquids,andtheirtransparencyandsolidstate,
makingthemeasiertousethancryogenicliquidsorcompressedgases.Theirlowmassisalso
advantageousforspacemissions.
Resorcinolformaldehydeaerogels(polymerschemicallysimilartophenolformaldehyderesins)areused
asprecursorsformanufactureofcarbonaerogels,orwhenanorganicinsulatorwithlargesurfaceis
desired.Theycomeashighdensitymaterial,withsurfaceareaabout600m2/g.
Metalaerogelnanocompositespreparedbyimpregnatingthehydrogelwithsolutioncontainingionsofa
transitionmetalandirradiatingtheresultwithgammarays,precipitatesnanoparticlesofthemetal.Such
compositescanbeusedascatalysts,sensors,electromagneticshielding,andinwastedisposal.A
prospectiveuseofplatinumoncarboncatalystsisinfuelcells.
Asadrugdeliverysystemowingtoitsbiocompatibility.Duetoitshighsurfaceareaandporous
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structure,drugscanbeadsorbedfromsupercriticalCO2.Thereleaserateofthedrugscanbetailoredby
varyingthepropertiesoftheaerogel.[35]
Carbonaerogelsareusedintheconstructionofsmallelectrochemicaldoublelayersupercapacitors.Due
tothehighsurfaceareaoftheaerogel,thesecapacitorscanbe1/2000thto1/5000ththesizeofsimilarly
ratedelectrolyticcapacitors.[36]Aerogelsupercapacitorscanhaveaverylowimpedancecomparedto
normalsupercapacitorsandcanabsorborproduceveryhighpeakcurrents.Atpresent,suchcapacitors
arepolaritysensitiveandneedtobewiredinseriestoachieveaworkingvoltageofgreaterthanabout
2.75V.
DunlopSportusesaerogelinsomeofitsracquetsfortennis,squashandbadminton.
Inwaterpurification,chalcogelshaveshownpromiseinabsorbingtheheavymetalpollutantsmercury,
lead,andcadmiumfromwater.[37]
Aerogelcanintroducedisorderintosuperfluidhelium3.[38]
Inaircraftdeicing,anewproposalusesacarbonnanotubeaerogel.Athinfilamentisspunonawinder
tocreatea10micronthickfilm,equivalenttoanA4sheetofpaper.Theamountofmaterialneededto
coverthewingsofajumbojetweighs80grams(2.8oz).Aerogelheaterscouldbeleftoncontinuouslyat
lowpower,topreventicefromforming.[39]
ThermalinsulationtransmissiontunneloftheChevroletCorvette(C7)[40]
CamelBakusesaerogelasinsulationinathermalsportbottle[41]
45NorthusesaerogelaspalminsulationinitsSturmfist5cyclinggloves.[42]

Production
Productionofaerogelsisdonebythesolgelprocess.Firstagelis
createdinsolutionandthentheliquidiscarefullyremovedtoleavethe
aerogelintact.
Thefirststepisthecreationofacolloidalsuspensionofsolidparticles
knownasasol.Silicaaerogelismadebythecreationofcolloidal
silica.Theprocessstartswithaliquidalcoholsuchasethanolwhichis
mixedwithasiliconalkoxideprecursor,forexampletetramethyl
orthosilicate(TMOS)ortetraethylorthosilicate(TEOS).Ahydrolysis
reactionformsparticlesofsilicondioxideformingasolsolution.[43]The
oxidesuspensionbeginstoundergocondensationreactionswhichresult
inthecreationofmetaloxidebridges(eitherMOM,oxobridgesor
MOHM,olbridges)linkingthedispersedcolloidalparticles.[44]

PeterTsouwithasampleofaerogel
atJetPropulsionLaboratory,
CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology

Whenthisinterlinkinghasstoppedtheflowofliquidwithinthe
material,thisisknownasagel.Thisprocessisknownasgelation.
Thesereactionsgenerallyhavemoderatelyslowreactionrates,andasa
resulteitheracidicorbasiccatalystsareusedtoimprovetheprocessingspeed.Basiccatalyststendtoproduce
moretransparentaerogelswithlessshrinkage.[43]
Theremovaloftheliquidfromatrueaerogelinvolvesspecialprocessing.Gelswheretheliquidisallowedto
evaporatenormallyareknownasxerogels.Astheliquidevaporates,forcescausedbysurfacetensionsofthe
liquidsolidinterfacesareenoughtodestroythefragilegelnetwork.Asaresult,xerogelscannotachievethe
highporositiesandinsteadpeakatlowerporositiesandexhibitlargeamountsofshrinkageafterdrying.[45]
In1931,todevelopthefirstaerogels,Kistlerusedaprocessknownassupercriticaldrying.Byincreasingthe
temperatureandpressureheforcedtheliquidintoasupercriticalfluidstatewherebydroppingthepressurehe
couldinstantlygasifyandremovetheliquidinsidetheaerogel,avoidingdamagetothedelicatethree
dimensionalnetwork.Whilethiscanbedonewithethanol,thehightemperaturesandpressuresleadto
dangerousprocessingconditions.Asafer,lowertemperatureandpressuremethodinvolvesasolventexchange.
ThisistypicallydonebyexchangingtheinitialaqueousporeliquidforaCO2miscibleliquidsuchasethanolor
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acetone,thenontoliquidcarbondioxideandthenbringingthecarbondioxideaboveitscriticalpoint.Avariant
onthisprocessinvolvesthedirectinjectionofsupercriticalcarbondioxideintothepressurevesselcontaining
theaerogel.Theendresultofeitherprocessexchangestheinitialliquidfromthegelwithcarbondioxide,
withoutallowingthegelstructuretocollapseorlosevolume.[43]
Aerogelcompositeshavebeenmadeusingavarietyofcontinuousanddiscontinuousreinforcements.Thehigh
aspectratiooffiberssuchasfiberglasshavebeenusedtoreinforceaerogelcompositeswithsignificantly
improvedmechanicalproperties.
Resorcinolformaldehydeaerogel(RFaerogel)ismadeinawaysimilartoproductionofsilicaaerogel.
Carbonaerogelismadefromaresorcinolformaldehydeaerogelbyitspyrolysisininertgasatmosphere,
leavingamatrixofcarbon.Itiscommerciallyavailableassolidshapes,powders,orcompositepaper.

Safety
Silicabasedaerogelsarenotknowntobecarcinogenicortoxic.However,theyareamechanicalirritanttothe
eyes,skin,respiratorytract,anddigestivesystem.Smallsilicaparticlescanpotentiallycausesilicosiswhen
inhaled.Theycanalsoinducedrynessoftheskin,eyes,andmucousmembranes.Therefore,itisrecommended
thatprotectivegearincludingrespiratoryprotection,glovesandeyegogglesbewornwheneverhandling
aerogels.[46]

Seealso
Carbonnanofoam
Nanogel
FOGBANK

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36.MarcJuzkow(1February2002)."AerogelCapacitorsSupportPulse,HoldUp,andMainPowerApplications".
PowerElectronicTechnology.
37.Carmichael,Mary.FirstPrizeforWeird:Abizarresubstance,like'frozensmoke,'maycleanuprivers,runcell
phonesandpowerspaceships.(http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/20123389/site/newsweek/)NewsweekInternational,
20070813.Retrievedon20070805.
38.Halperin,W.P.andSauls,J.A.HeliumThreeinAerogel.Arxiv.org(26August2004).Retrievedon20111107.
39.Economist.com(26July2013)."Deicingaeroplanes:Sootyskies".TheEconomist.Retrieved20131211.
40.http://gmauthority.com/blog/2013/07/whatdoesnasahavetodowiththe2014corvettestingray/
41.http://www.pinkbike.com/news/camelbakpodiumiceinsulatedbottlereview2014.html
42.http://45nrth.com/products/gloves/sturmfist5
43."Makingsilicaaerogels".LawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratory.
44.A.C.PierreG.M.Pajonk(2002)."ChemistryofAerogelsandtheirApplications".ChemicalReviews102(11):
42434265.doi:10.1021/cr0101306.PMID12428989.
45.J.FrickeA.Emmerling(1992)."Aerogels".JournaloftheAmericanCeramicSociety75(8):20272036.
doi:10.1111/j.11512916.1992.tb04461.x.
46.Cryogel5201,10201SafetyDataSheet(http://aerogel.com/products/pdf/Cryogel_5201_10201_MSDS.pdf).Aspen
Aerogels.13November2007

Furtherreading
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerogel

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5/31/2016

AerogelWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

NASA'sStardustcometreturnmissiononAEROGEL.(http://stardust.jpl.nasa.gov/tech/aerogel.html)
J.FrickeA.Emmerling(1992)."AerogelsPreparation,properties,applications".Structure&Bonding.Structure
andBonding77:3787.doi:10.1007/BFb0036965.ISBN3540543740.
N.HsingU.Schubert(1998)."AerogelsAiryMaterials:Chemistry,Structure,andProperties".Angewandte
ChemieInternationalEdition37(1/2):2245.doi:10.1002/(SICI)15213773(19980202)37:1/2<22::AID
ANIE22>3.0.CO2I.
PierreA.C.PajonkG.M.(2002)."Chemistryofaerogelsandtheirapplications".ChemicalReviews102(11):
42434266.doi:10.1021/cr0101306.PMID12428989.

Externallinks
Opensourceaerogel(http://www.aerogel.org)
NASAphotosofaerogel(http://stardust.jpl.nasa.gov/photo/aeroge
l.html)
LBLarticlecoveringthedevelopmentofaerogels(http://lbl.gov/S
cienceArticles/Archive/aerogelinsulation.html)

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