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Configuration Guide
4500G 24-Port (3CR17761-91)
4500G 48-Port (3CR17762-91)
4500G 24-Port PWR (3CR17771-91)
4500G 48-Port PWR (3CR17772-91)
www.3Com.com
Part Number: 10014900 Rev. AC
Published: February 2008
3Com Corporation
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CONTENTS
55
CONTENTS
63
10 DEVICE MANAGEMENT
Introduction to Device Management 91
BootROM and Host Software Loading 91
Device Management Configuration 104
Displaying the Device Management Configuration 106
Remote Switch Update Configuration Example 106
111
12 VLAN CONFIGURATION
VLAN Overview 125
Basic VLAN Configuration 126
Basic VLAN Interface Configuration 127
Port-Based VLAN Configuration 127
Displaying VLAN Configuration 131
VLAN Configuration Example 132
133
68
CONTENTS
14 GVRP CONFIGURATION
Introduction to GARP 141
Configuring GVRP 144
Displaying and Maintaining GVRP 145
GVRP Configuration Example 145
159
19 MSTP CONFIGURATION
MSTP Overview 179
Configuring the Root Bridge 192
Configuring Leaf Nodes 204
Performing mCheck 208
MSTP Configuration Example 212
20 IP ADDRESSING CONFIGURATION
Configuring IP Addresses
Displaying IP Addressing
219
220
CONTENTS
21 IP PERFORMANCE CONFIGURATION
Introduction to IP performance 221
Configuring TCP attributes 221
Configuring sending ICMP error packets 222
Permitting Receiving and Forwarding of Directed Broadcast Packets
Displaying and maintaining IP performance 226
224
231
23 CONFIGURING IPV6
IPv6 Overview 233
Configuring Basic IPv6 Functions 242
Configuring IPv6 NDP 243
Configuring PMTU Discovery 246
Configuring IPv6 TCP Properties 247
Configuring the Maximum Number of IPv6 ICMP Error Packets Sent within a Specified
Time 248
Configuring IPv6 DNS 248
Displaying and Maintaining IPv6 249
IPv6 Configuration Example 250
26 RIP CONFIGURATION
RIP Overview 269
RIP Basic Configuration 273
RIP Route Control 275
RIP Configuration Optimization
278
258
CONTENTS
290
292
28 802.1X CONFIGURATION
802.1x Overview 293
Configuring 802.1x 302
Configuring GuestVlan 304
Displaying and Maintaining 802.1x 304
802.1x Configuration Example 305
Typical GuestVlan Configuration Example
307
29 HABP CONFIGURATION
Introduction to HABP 311
HABP Server Configuration 311
HABP Client Configuration 312
Displaying HABP 312
355
346
CONTENTS
377
34 ARP CONFIGURATION
ARP Overview 381
Configuring ARP 382
Configuring Gratuitous ARP 384
Displaying and Maintaining ARP 385
388
36 DHCP OVERVIEW
Introduction to DHCP 389
DHCP Address Allocation 389
DHCP Message Format 391
Protocols and Standards 392
400
CONTENTS
406
41 ACL OVERVIEW
ACL Overview 411
Time-Based ACL 411
IPv4 ACL 411
43 QOS OVERVIEW
Introduction 425
Traditional Packet Delivery Service 425
New Requirements Brought forth by New Services 425
Occurrence and Influence of Congestion and the Countermeasures
Major Traffic Management Techniques 427
LR Configuration 432
45 CONGESTION MANAGEMENT
Overview 443
Congestion Management Policy 443
Configuring SP Queue Scheduling 445
426
410
10
CONTENTS
46 PRIORITY MAPPING
Overview 449
Configuring Port Priority 450
Displaying Priority Mapping Table
451
50 GMP V2 CONFIGURATION
Introduction to GMP V2 463
GMP V2 Configuration Task Overview 468
Management Device Configuration 469
Configuring Member Devices 476
Displaying and Maintaining a Cluster 477
GMP V2 Configuration Example 478
51 SNMP CONFIGURATION
SNMP Overview 481
Configuring Basic SNMP Functions 483
Trap Configuration 485
Displaying and Maintaining SNMP 486
SNMP Configuration Example 486
52 RMON CONFIGURATION
RMON Overview
489
461
CONTENTS 11
493
53 NTP CONFIGURATION
NTP Overview 495
Configuring the Operation Modes of NTP 499
Configuring Optional Parameters of NTP 502
Configuring Access-Control Rights 503
Configuring NTP Authentication 504
Displaying and Maintaining NTP 506
NTP Configuration Examples 506
54 DNS CONFIGURATION
DNS Overview 519
Configuring Static Domain Name Resolution 521
Configuring Dynamic Domain Name Resolution 521
Displaying and Maintaining DNS 522
Troubleshooting DNS Configuration 522
55 INFORMATION CENTER
Information Center Overview 523
Configuring Information Center 524
Displaying and Maintaining Information Center 530
Information Center Configuration Example 531
56 NQA CONFIGURATION
NQA Overview 537
Configuring NQA Tests 538
Configuring Optional Parameters for NQA Tests
Displaying and Maintaining NQA 558
555
58 SFTP SERVICE
SFTP Overview 579
Configuring the SFTP Server
579
12
CONTENTS
580
584
60 SSL CONFIGURATION
SSL Overview 591
Configuring an SSL Server Policy 592
Configuring an SSL Client Policy 594
Displaying and Maintaining SSL 594
Troubleshooting SSL Configuration 595
62 PKI CONFIGURATION
Introduction to PKI 603
Introduction to PKI Configuration Task 605
Configuring PKI Certificate Request 605
Configuring PKI Certificate Validation 612
Configuring a Certificate Attribute Access Control Policy
Displaying and Maintaining PKI 614
Typical Configuration Examples 614
Troubleshooting 617
63 POE CONFIGURATION
PoE Overview 619
PoE Configuration Tasks 620
Configuring the PoE Interface 620
Configuring PD Power Management 623
Configuring a Power Alarm Threshold for the PSE 624
Upgrading PSE Processing Software Online 624
Configuring a PD Disconnection Detection Mode 625
Enabling the PSE to Detect Nonstandard PDs 625
Displaying and Maintaining PoE 626
PoE Configuration Example 626
613
599
CONTENTS 13
Troubleshooting PoE
628
14
CONTENTS
This guide provides information about configuring your network using the
commands supported on the 3Com Switch 4500G Family.
The descriptions in this guide applies to the Switch 4500G.
Organization of the
Manual
The Switch 4500G Family Configuration Guide consists of the following chapters:
Logging InProvides information on the different ways to log into the switch.
16
Intended Readership
Conventions
Network administrators
Network engineers
Notice Type
Description
Information note
Caution
Warning
Description
Screen
displays
Keyboard key
names
If you must press two or more keys simultaneously, the key names are
linked with a plus sign (+), for example:
When you see the word enter in this guide, you must type something,
and then press Return or Enter. Do not press Return or Enter when an
instruction simply says type.
Fixed command
text
This typeface indicates the fixed part of a command text. You must type
the command, or this part of the command, exactly as shown, and press
Return or Enter when you are ready to enter the command.
Press Ctrl+Alt+Del
This typeface indicates the variable part of a command text. You must
type a value here, and press Return or Enter when you are ready to enter
the command.
Example: in the command super level, a value in the range 0 to 3 must
be entered in the position indicated by level.
Related Documentation
17
Description
{x|y|}
[ ]
Related
Documentation
In addition to this guide, the Switch 4500G documentation set includes the
following:
Release notes
These notes provide information about the current software release, including
new features, modifications, and known problems. The release notes are
supplied in hard copy with the switch.
18
Logging into an
Ethernet Switch
You can log into a Switch 4500G Ethernet switch in one of the following ways:
Introduction to the
User Interface
Supported User
Interfaces
Switch 4500G Family Ethernet switch supports two types of user interfaces: AUX and
VTY.
Table 3 Description on user interface
User interface
Applicable user
Port used
Description
AUX
Console port
VTY
Ethernet port
As the AUX port and the Console port of a 3Com Switch 4500G Family series switch are
the same one, you will be in the AUX user interface if you log in through this port.
User Interface
Number
Two kinds of user interface index exist: absolute user interface index and relative user
interface index.
1 The absolute user interface indexes are as follows:
VTY user interfaces: Numbered after AUX user interfaces and increases in the step of
1
2 A relative user interface index can be obtained by appending a number to the identifier
of a user interface type. It is generated by user interface type. The relative user interface
indexes are as follows:
20
Common User
Interface
Configuration
Remarks
lock
Optional
Execute this command in user
view.
A user interface is not locked by
default.
free user-interface [
system-view
header { incoming |
legal | login | shell |
motd } text
sysname string
user-interface [ type ]
number }
type ] number
Optional
Execute this command in user
view.
Optional
Execute this command in user
view.
Optional
Optional
first-number [
last-number ]
Define a shortcut key for
aborting tasks
escape-key { default |
history-command
max-size value
Optional
idle-timeout minutes [
Optional
character }
seconds ]
Optional
The default shortcut key
combination for aborting tasks is
< Ctrl+C >.
The default history command
buffer size is 10. That is, a history
command buffer can store up to
10 commands by default.
The default timeout time of a user
interface is 10 minutes.
With the timeout time being 10
minutes, the connection to a user
interface is terminated if no
operation is performed in the user
interface within 10 minutes.
You can use the
idle-timeout 0 command
to disable the timeout function.
Set the maximum number of
lines the screen can contain
screen-length
Optional
screen-length
screen-length 0
command to disable the function
to display information in pages.
Make terminal services
available
shell
Optional
By default, terminal services are
available in all user interfaces.
21
Remarks
Optional
By default, the terminal display
type is ANSI. The device must use
the same type of display as the
terminal. If the terminal uses VT
100, the device should also use
VT 100.
display
user-interface [ type
number | number ] [
summary ]
22
2
Introduction
Default
Baud rate
19,200 bps
Flow control
Off
Check mode
No check bit
Stop bits
Data bits
After logging into a switch, you can perform configuration for AUX users. Refer to
Console Port Login Configuration for more.
Setting up the
Connection to the
Console Port
Connect the serial port of your PC/terminal to the Console port of the switch, as
shown in Figure 1.
Console port
Console
cablecable
Configuration
If you use a PC to connect to the Console port, launch a terminal emulation utility
(such as Terminal in Windows 3.X or HyperTerminal in Windows 9X/Windows
2000/Windows XP) and perform the configuration shown in Figure 2 through
Figure 4 for the connection to be created. Normally, the parameters of a terminal are
configured as those listed in Table 5.
24
25
Turn on the switch. The user will be prompted to press the Enter key if the switch
successfully completes POST (power-on self test). The prompt (such as <4200G>)
appears after the user presses the Enter key, as shown in Figure 5.
You can then configure the switch or check the information about the switch by
executing commands. You can also acquire help by type the ? character. Refer to the
following chapters for information about the commands.
26
Description
Baud rate
Optional
The default baud rate is 19200 bps.
Check mode
Optional
By default, the check mode of the Console port is set
to none, which means no check bit.
Stop bits
Optional
The default stop bits of a Console port is 1.
Data bits
Optional
The default data bits of a Console port is 8.
AUX user
interface
configuration
Terminal
configuration
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
27
Table 7 lists Console port login configurations for different authentication modes.
Table 7 Console port login configurations for different authentication modes
Authentication
mode
None
Password
Scheme
Description
Optional
Configure the
password
Configure the
password for local
authentication
Required
Optional
Specify to
perform local
authentication or
RADIUS
authentication
AAA configuration
specifies whether to
perform local
authentication or
RADIUS
authentication
Optional
Configure user
name and
password
Configure user
names and
passwords for
local/remote users
Required
Manage AUX
users
Required
Optional
Refer to Common Configuration for
more.
Changes of the authentication mode of Console port login will not take effect unless you
exit and enter again the CLI.
28
Remarks
system-view
user-interface aux
0
authentication-mod
e none
speed speed-value
Optional
Required
By default, users logging in through
the Console port are not
authenticated.
The default baud rate of an AUX
port (also the Console port) is 9,600
bps.
Optional
The default data bits of a Console
port is 8.
user privilege
level level
Optional
activation-key
Optional
character
escape-key {
default | character }
Optional
29
Remarks
screen-length
Optional
screen-length
screen-length 0 command to
disable the function to display
information in pages.
Set the history command buffer history-command
size
max-size value
Optional
Optional
idle-timeout
minutes [ seconds ]
idle-timeout 0 command to
disable the timeout function.
Note that the command level available to users logging into a switch depends on both
the authentication-mode none command and the user privilege level
level command, as listed in the following table.
Table 9 Determine the command level (A)
Scenario
Authentication
mode
User type
None
(authenticationmode none)
Command
Command level
Level 3
Configuration
Example
Network requirements
Perform the following configuration for users logging in through the Console port:
Commands of level 2 are available to users logging into the AUX user interface.
30
Network diagram
Figure 6 Network diagram for AUX user interface configuration (with the authentication mode
being none)
RS-232
Console port
Console cable
Configuration procedure
1 Enter system view.
<3Com> system-view
4 Specify commands of level 2 are available to users logging into the AUX user interface.
[3Com-ui-aux0] user privilege level 2
6 Set the maximum number of lines the screen can contain to 30.
[3Com-ui-aux0] screen-length 30
7 Set the maximum number of commands the history command buffer can store to 20.
[3Com-ui-aux0] history-command max-size 20
31
Remarks
system-view
user-interface
aux 0
authentication-mo
de password
Required
By default, users logging in through the
Console port are not authenticated.
Required
Configure
the Console
port
Optional
set
authentication
password { cipher |
simple } password
Set the baud speed speed-value
rate
Set the
check mode
Set the stop
bits
Set the data
bits
databits { 5 | 6 | 7 | 8
}
user privilege
level level
Optional
activation-key
Optional
character
escape-key {
Optional
default | character } The default shortcut key combination for
shell
Optional
By default, terminal services are available
in all user interfaces.
32
Remarks
screen-length
Optional
screen-length
history-command
max-size value
Optional
idle-timeout
Optional
minutes [ seconds ]
Configuration
Procedure
Note that the level the commands of which are available to users logging into a switch
depends on both the authentication-mode password and the user
privilege level level command, as listed in the following table.
Table 11 Determine the command level (B)
Scenario
Authentication mode
User type
Command
Local authentication
(authentication-mode
password)
Configuration
Example
Command level
Determined by the
level argument
Network requirements
Perform the following configuration for users logging in through the Console port:
Authenticate users logging in through the Console port using the local password.
The commands of level 2 are available to users logging into the AUX user interface.
33
Network diagram
Figure 7 Network diagram for AUX user interface configuration (with the authentication mode
being password)
RS-232
Console port
Console cable
Configuration procedure
1 Enter system view.
<3Com> system-view
3 Specify to authenticate users logging in through the Console port using the local
password.
[3Com-ui-aux0] authentication-mode password
5 Specify commands of level 2 are available to users logging into the AUX user interface.
[3Com-ui-aux0] user privilege level 2
7 Set the maximum number of lines the screen can contain to 30.
[3Com-ui-aux0] screen-length 30
8 Set the maximum number of commands the history command buffer can store to 20.
[3Com-ui-aux0] history-command max-size 20
34
Remarks
system-view
domain Domain name
authentication
default {
hwtacacs- scheme
Optional
By default, the local AAA scheme is applied.
If you specify to apply the local AAA scheme,
you need to perform the configuration
concerning local user as well.
radius-scheme
radius-scheme-name [
local ] }
Quit to
quit
system view
Required
password { simple |
cipher } password
Required
service-type
terminal [ level
Required
level ]
Quit to system view
quit
Enter AUX user interface user-interface
view
aux 0
Configure to
authentication-mo
authenticate users locally de scheme [
or remotely
commandauthorization ]
Required
The specified AAA scheme determines
whether to authenticate users locally or
remotely.
Users are authenticated locally by default.
35
Remarks
Optional
The default baud rate of the AUX port (also
the Console port) is 9,600 bps.
Set the
check
mode
Set the
stop bits
Set the
data bits
databits { 5 | 6 | 7 | 8
Optional
The default data bits of a Console port is 8.
Optional
Optional
Optional
shell
Optional
screen-length
Optional
screen-length
history-command
max-size value
Optional
idle-timeout
Optional
minutes [ seconds ]
Note that the level the commands of which are available to users logging into a switch
depends on the authentication-mode scheme [ command-authorization ]
command, the user privilege level level command, and the service-type
terminal [ level level ] command, as listed in Table 13.
36
User type
Command
Users logging
into the
Console port
and pass
AAA&RADIUS
or local
authentication
Command level
Determined by the
service-typ
e terminal [
level level ]
command
Configuration
Example
Determined by the
service-typ
e terminal [
level level ]
command
Network requirements
Perform the following configuration for users logging in through the Console port:
Set the authentication password of the local user to 123456 (in plain text).
Configure to authenticate users logging in through the Console port in the scheme
mode.
The commands of level 2 are available to users logging into the AUX user interface.
37
Network diagram
Figure 8 Network diagram for AUX user interface configuration (with the authentication mode
being scheme)
RS-232
Console port
Console cable
Configuration procedure
1 Enter system view.
<3Com> system-view
2 Create a local user named guest and enter local user view.
[3Com] local-user guest
4 Set the service type to Terminal, Specify commands of level 2 are available to users
logging into the AUX user interface.
[3Com-luser-guest] service-type terminal level 2
[3Com-luser-guest] quit
6 Configure to authenticate users logging in through the Console port in the scheme
mode.
[3Com-ui-aux0] authentication-mode scheme
8 Set the maximum number of lines the screen can contain to 30.
[3Com-ui-aux0] screen-length 30
9 Set the maximum number of commands the history command buffer can store to 20.
[3Com-ui-aux0] history-command max-size 20
38
Introduction
You can telnet to a remote switch to manage and maintain the switch. To achieve this,
you need to configure both the switch and the Telnet terminal properly.
Table 14 Requirements for Telnet to a switch
Item
Requirement
Switch
The management VLAN of the switch is created and the route between
the switch and the Telnet terminal is available. (Refer to the VLAN
module for more.)
The authentication mode and other settings are configured. Refer to
Table 15 and Table 16.
Telnet terminal
Telnet is running.
The IP address of the management VLAN of the switch is available.
Common
Configuration
VTY terminal
configuration
Description
Configure the command level
Optional
available to users logging into the
By default, commands of level 0 is available to
VTY user interface
users logging into a VTY user interface.
Configure the protocols the user
interface supports
Optional
Optional
Optional
By default, terminal services are available in all
user interfaces
Optional
By default, the history command buffer can
contain up to 10 commands.
Optional
The default timeout time is 10 minutes.
40
CAUTION:
Telnet Configurations
for Different
Authentication
Modes
Scheme
Telnet configuration
Description
Perform common
configuration
Perform common
Telnet configuration
Optional
Configure the
password
Configure the
password for local
authentication
Required
Perform common
configuration
Perform common
Telnet configuration
Optional
Specify to perform
local
authentication or
RADIUS
authentication
AAA configuration
specifies whether to
perform local
authentication or
RADIUS
authentication
Optional
Configure user
name and
password
Configure user
names and
passwords for
local/remote users
Required
Required
Perform common
configuration
Perform common
Telnet configuration
Optional
Refer to Table 15.
41
Telnet
Configuration with
Authentication
Mode Being None
Configuration
Procedure
Remarks
system-view
Enter one or more VTY user user-interface vty
interface views
first-number [
last-number ]
Configure not to
authenticate users logging
into VTY user interfaces
authentication-mod Required
e none
By default, VTY users are authenticated
user privilege
level level
Optional
protocol inbound {
all | ssh | telnet }
Optional
auto-execute
command text
Optional
escape-key {
default | character }
Optional
shell
Optional
screen-length
Optional
screen-length
history-command
max-size value
Optional
The default history command buffer size
is 10. That is, a history command buffer
can store up to 10 commands by default.
42
Remarks
Optional
The default timeout time of a user
interface is 10 minutes.
With the timeout time being 10 minutes,
the connection to a user interface is
terminated if no operation is performed
in the user interface within 10 minutes.
You can use the idle-timeout 0
command to disable the timeout
function.
Note that if you configure not to authenticate the users, the command level available to
users logging into a switch depends on both the authentication-mode none
command and the user privilege level level command, as listed in Table 18.
Table 18 Determine the command level when users logging into switches are not authenticated
Scenario
Authentication
mode
None (authentication-mode none)
Configuration
Example
User type
Command
Command level
VTY users
Level 0
Determined by the
level argument
Network requirements
Perform the following configuration for Telnet users logging into VTY 0:
43
Network diagram
Figure 9 Network diagram for Telnet configuration (with the authentication mode being none)
GigabitEthernet1/0/1
Ethernet
Configuration procedure
1 Enter system view.
<3Com> system-view
6 Set the maximum number of lines the screen can contain to 30.
[3Com-ui-vty0] screen-length 30
7 Set the maximum number of commands the history command buffer can store to 20.
[3Com-ui-vty0] history-command max-size 20
44
Telnet
Configuration with
Authentication
Mode Being
Password
Configuration
Procedure
system-view
Enter one or more VTY user user-interface vty
interface views
first-number [
last-number ]
Remarks
Required
set authentication
Required
password { cipher |
simple } password
user privilege level Optional
level
protocol inbound {
all | ssh | telnet }
shell
text
character }
Optional
By default, both Telnet protocol and
SSH protocol are supported.
By default, no command is
automatically executed when a user
logs into a user interface.
The default shortcut key combination
for aborting tasks is < Ctrl+C >.
Optional
By default, terminal services are
available in all user interfaces.
45
Remarks
screen-length
Optional
screen-length
history-command
max-size value
Optional
The default history command buffer
size is 10. That is, a history command
buffer can store up to 10 commands
by default.
Optional
The default timeout time of a user
interface is 10 minutes.
With the timeout time being 10
minutes, the connection to a user
interface is terminated if no operation
is performed in the user interface
within 10 minutes.
You can use the idle-timeout
0 command to disable the timeout
function.
Note that if you configure to authenticate the users in the password mode, the
command level available to users logging into a switch depends on both the
authentication-mode password command and the user privilege level
level command, as listed in Table 20.
Table 20 Determine the command level when users logging into switches are authenticated in
the password mode
Scenario
Authentication
mode
User type
Configuration
Example
Command
Command level
Level 0
Determined by the
level argument
Network requirements
Perform the following configuration for Telnet users logging into VTY 0:
46
Network diagram
Figure 10 Network diagram for Telnet configuration (with the authentication mode being
password)
GigabitEthernet1/0/1
Ethernet
Configuration procedure
1 Enter system view.
<3Com> system-view
3 Configure to authenticate users logging into VTY 0 using the local password.
[3Com-ui-vty0] authentication-mode password
7 Set the maximum number of lines the screen can contain to 30.
[3Com-ui-vty0] screen-length 30
8 Set the maximum number of commands the history command buffer can store to 20.
[3Com-ui-vty0] history-command max-size 20
47
Telnet
Configuration with
Authentication
Mode Being
Scheme
Configuration
Procedure
Remarks
system-view
domain Domain name
Configure
Enter the
the
default ISP
authenticatio domain view
n scheme
Configure the
AAA scheme
to be applied
to the
domain
Quit to
system view
authentication
default {
hwtacacs-scheme
Optional
By default, the local AAA scheme is
applied. If you specify to apply the local
AAA scheme, you need to perform the
configuration concerning local user as
well.
hwtacacs-scheme- name
[ local ] | local |
none | radius-scheme
radius-scheme-name [
local ] }
quit
password { simple |
Required
cipher } password
service-type
Required
telnet [ level level ]
quit
user-interface vty
first-number [
last-number ]
authentication-mod Required
e scheme
The specified AAA scheme determines
whether to authenticate users locally or
remotely.
Users are authenticated locally by
default.
user privilege
level level
Optional
protocol inbound {
all | ssh | telnet }
Optional
48
Remarks
Optional
By default, no command is
automatically executed when a user
logs into a user interface.
shell
| character }
Optional
By default, the screen can contain up to
24 lines.
You can use the screen-length
0 command to disable the function to
display information in pages.
history-command
max-size value
Optional
idle-timeout
Optional
minutes [ seconds ]
Note that if you configure to authenticate the users in the scheme mode, the command
level available to users logging into a switch depends on the authentication-mode
scheme [ command-authorization ] command, the user privilege level
level command, and the service-type { ftp [ ftp-directory directory ] |
lan-access | { ssh | telnet | terminal }* [ level level ] } command, as listed in
Table 22.
49
Table 22 Determine the command level when users logging into switches are authenticated in
the scheme mode
Scenario
Authentication
mode
User type
Scheme
(authentication
-mode scheme
[
command-auth
orization ])
Command
Command level
Level 0
Determined by the
user
privilege
level level
command
Refer to the corresponding chapters in this guide for information about AAA, RADIUS,
TACACS+, and SSH.
50
Configuration
Example
Network requirements
Perform the following configuration for Telnet users logging into VTY 0:
Set the authentication password of the local user to 123456 (in plain text).
Network diagram
Figure 11 Network diagram for Telnet configuration (with the authentication mode being
scheme)
GigabitEthernet1/0/1
Ethernet
Configuration procedure
1 Enter system view.
<3Com> system-view
2 Create a local user named guest and enter local user view.
[3Com] local-user guest
3 Set the authentication password of the local user to 123456 (in plain text).
[3Com-luser-guest] password simple 123456
4 Set the service type to Telnet, Specify commands of level 2 are available to users logging
into VTY 0.
[3Com-luser-guest] service-type telnet level 2
51
8 Set the maximum number of lines the screen can contain to 30.
[3Com-ui-vty0] screen-length 30
9 Set the maximum number of commands the history command buffer can store to 20.
[3Com-ui-vty0] history-command max-size 20
Telnet Connection
Establishment
Telneting to a Switch
from a Terminal
In order to Telnet to the switch, you need to configure an IP address on a VLAN interface.
Use the following procedure to establish a Telnet connection to a switch through the
management VLAN:
1 Log into the switch through the Console port and assign an IP address to the
management VLAN interface of the switch.
Connect to the Console port. Refer to the chapter Setting up the Connection to the
Console Port.
2 Configure the user name and password for Telnet on the switch. See the sections entitled
Telnet Configuration with Authentication Mode Being None,Telnet Configuration
with Authentication Mode Being Password, and Telnet Configuration with
Authentication Mode Being Scheme for additional information.
3 Connect your PC to the Switch, as shown in Figure 12. Make sure the Ethernet port to
which your PC is connected belongs to the management VLAN of the switch and the
route between your PC and the switch is available.
52
Workstation
Ethernet port
Ethernet
Server Workstation
PC w ith Telnet
running on it
(used to configure
the switch)
4 Launch Telnet on your PC, with the IP address of the management VLAN interface of the
switch as the parameter, as shown in the following figure.
Figure 13 Launch Telnet
5 Enter the password when the Telnet window displays Login authentication and
prompts for login password. The CLI prompt (such as <3Com>) appears if the password
is correct. If all VTY user interfaces of the switch are in use, you will fail to establish the
connection and receive the message that says All user interfaces are used, please try
later!. A 3Com Switch 4500G Family Ethernet switch can accommodate up to five
Telnet connections at same time.
6 After successfully Telneting to a switch, you can configure the switch or display the
information about the switch by executing corresponding commands. You can also type
? at any time for help. Refer to the following chapters for the information about the
commands.
A Telnet connection will be terminated if you delete or modify the IP address of the
VLAN interface in the Telnet session.
Telneting to Another
Switch from the
Current Switch
53
You can Telnet to another switch from the current switch. In this case, the current switch
operates as the client, and the other operates as the server. If the interconnected
Ethernet ports of the two switches are in the same LAN segment, make sure the IP
addresses of the two management VLAN interfaces to which the two Ethernet ports
belong to are of the same network segment, or the route between the two VLAN
interfaces is available.
As shown in Figure 14, after Telneting to a switch (labeled as Telnet client), you can
Telnet to another switch (labeled as Telnet server) by executing the telnet command
and then to configure the later.
Figure 14 Network diagram for Telneting to another switch from the current switch
PC
Telnet client
Telnet server
1 Configure the user name and password for Telnet on the switch operating as the Telnet
server. Refer to the sections entitled Telnet Configuration with Authentication Mode
Being None, Telnet Configuration with Authentication Mode Being Password, and
Telnet Configuration with Authentication Mode Being Scheme for more information.
2 Telnet to the switch operating as the Telnet client.
3 Execute the following command on the switch operating as the Telnet client:
<3Com> telnet xxxx
Where xxxx is the IP address or the host name of the switch operating as the Telnet
server. You can use the ip host to assign a host name to a switch.
4 Enter the password. If the password is correct, the CLI prompt (such as <3Com>)
appears. If all VTY user interfaces of the switch are in use, you will fail to establish the
connection and receive the message that says All user interfaces are used, please try
later!.
5 After successfully Telneting to the switch, you can configure the switch or display the
information about the switch by executing corresponding commands. You can also type
? at any time for help. Refer to the following chapters for the information about the
commands.
54
Introduction
The administrator can log into the Console port of a remote switch using a modem
through PSTN (public switched telephone network) if the remote switch is connected to
the PSTN through a modem to configure and maintain the switch remotely. When a
network operates improperly or is inaccessible, you can log into the switches in the
network in this way to configure these switches, to query logs and warning messages,
and to locate problems.
To log into a switch in this way, you need to configure the terminal and the switch
properly, as listed in the following table.
Table 23 Requirements for logging into a switch using a modem
Item
Requirement
Administrator side The PC can communicate with the modem connected to it.
The modem is properly connected to PSTN.
The telephone number of the switch side is available.
Switch side
Configuration on
the Administrator
Side
The PC can communicate with the modem connected to it. The modem is properly
connected to PSTN. And the telephone number of the switch side is available.
Configuration on
the Switch Side
Modem
Configuration
Perform the following configuration on the modem directly connected to the switch:
AT&F
----------------------- Restore the factory settings
ATS0=1-----------------------Configure to answer automatically after the
first ring
AT&D ----------------------- Ignore DTR signal
AT&K0 ----------------------- Disable flow control
AT&R1 ----------------------- Ignore RTS signal
AT&S0 ----------------------- Set DSR to high level by force
ATEQ1&W----------------------- Disable the modem from returning command
response and the result, save the changes
56
When you log in through the Console port using a modem, the baud rate of the
Console port is usually set to a value lower than the transmission speed of the
modem. Otherwise, packets may get lost.
Other settings of the Console port, such as the check mode, the stop bits, and the data
bits, remain the default.
The configuration on the switch depends on the authentication mode the user is in.
Refer to Table 7 for the information about authentication mode configuration.
Configuration on switch when the authentication mode is none
Refer to Console Port Login Configuration with Authentication Mode Being None.
Configuration on switch when the authentication mode is password
Refer to Console Port Login Configuration with Authentication Mode Being Password.
Configuration on switch when the authentication mode is scheme
Refer to Console Port Login Configuration with Authentication Mode Being Scheme.
Modem Connection
Establishment
1 Configure the user name and password on the switch. Refer to Console Port Login
Configuration with Authentication Mode Being None, Console Port Login
Configuration with Authentication Mode Being Password, and Console Port Login
Configuration with Authentication Mode Being Scheme for more information.
2 Perform the following configuration on the modem directly connected to the switch.
AT&F ----------------------- Restore the factory settings
ATS0=1------------------- Configure to answer automatically after the
first ring
AT&D ----------------------- Ignore DTR signal
AT&K0 ----------------------- Disable flow control
AT&R1 ----------------------- Ignore RTS signal
AT&S0 ----------------------- Set DSR to high level by force
ATEQ1&W----------------------- Disable the modem from returning command
response and the result, save the changes
57
The configuration commands and the output of different modems may differ. Refer
to the user manual of the modem when performing the above configuration.
Set the baud rate of the AUX port (also the Console port) to a value lower than the
transmission speed of the modem. Otherwise, packets may get lost.
3 Connect your PC, the modems, and the switch, as shown in the following figure.
Figure 15 Establish the connection by using modems
Serial cable
Modem
PC
Telephone line
PSTN
Modem
Console port
4 Launch a terminal emulation utility on the PC and set the telephone number to call the
modem directly connected to the switch, as shown in Figure 16 and Figure 17. Note that
you need to set the telephone number to that of the modem directly connected to the
switch.
Figure 16 Set the telephone number
58
5 Provide the password when prompted. If the password is correct, the prompt (such as
<3Com>) appears. You can then configure or manage the switch. You can also enter the
character ? at anytime for help. Refer to the following chapters for information about
the configuration commands.
If you perform no AUX user-related configuration on the switch, the commands of level
3 are available to modem users. Refer to the Basic System Configuration and
Maintenance module for information about command level.
5
Introduction
Requirement
Switch
HTTP Connection
Establishment
1 Log into the switch through the Console port and assign an IP address to the
management VLAN interface of the switch.
Connect to the Console port. Refer to Setting up the Connection to the Console
Port.
60
2 Configure the user name and the password for the Web-based network management
system.
a Configure the user name to be admin.
[3Com] local-user admin
3 Establish an HTTP connection between your PC and the switch, as shown in the
following figure.
Figure 18 Establish an HTTP connection between your PC and the switch
Sw itch
HTTP
Connection
connection
HTTP Connection
PC
PC
4 Log into the switch through IE. Launch IE on the Web-based network management
terminal (your PC) and enter the IP address of the management VLAN interface of the
switch (here it is http://10.153.17.82). (Make sure the route between the Web-based
network management terminal and the switch is available.)
5 When the login interface (shown in Figure 19) appears, enter the user name and the
password configured in step 2 and click <Login> to bring up the main page of the
Web-based network management system.
Figure 19 The login page of the Web-based network management system
Web Server
Shutdown/Startup
Remarks
ip http enable
Required
61
62
6
Introduction
You can also log into a switch through an NMS (network management station), and then
configure and manage the switch through the agent module on the switch.
The agent here refers to the software running on network devices (switches) and as
the server.
SNMP (simple network management protocol) is applied between the NMS and the
agent.
To log into a switch through an NMS, you need to perform related configuration on both
the NMS and the switch.
Table 26 Requirements for logging into a switch through an NMS
Item
Requirement
Switch
The management VLAN of the switch is configured. The route between the
NMS and the switch is available. (Refer to the VLAN module for more.)
The basic SNMP functions are configured. (Refer to the SNMP-RMON module
for more.)
NMS
Connection
Establishment
Using NMS
The NMS is properly configured. (Refer to the user manual of your NMS for
more.)
Switch
HTTP Connection
PC
64
Introduction
A switch provides ways to control different types of login users, as listed in Table 27.
Table 27 Ways to control different types of login users
Login mode Control method
Implementation
Related section
Telnet
By source IP
addresses
By source and
destination IP
addresses
Through advanced
ACLs
By source MAC
addresses
By source IP
addresses
By source IP
addresses
Disconnect Web
users by force
By executing
commands in CLI
SNMP
WEB
Controlling Telnet
Users
Prerequisites
The controlling policy against Telnet users is determined, including the source and
destination IP addresses to be controlled and the controlling actions (permitting or
denying).
66
Controlling Telnet
Users by Source IP
Addresses
Controlling Telnet users by source IP addresses is achieved by applying basic ACLs, which
are numbered from 2000 to 2999.
Table 28 Controlling Telnet Users by Source IP Addresses
To
system-view
acl number acl-number [
As for the acl number
match-order { config | auto command, the config keyword is
Remarks
}]
specified by default.
Required
quit
user-interface [ type ]
first-number [ last-number ]
Required
The inbound keyword specifies to
filter the users trying to Telnet to
the current switch.
The outbound keyword specifies
to filter users trying to Telnet to
other switches from the current
switch.
Controlling Telnet
Users by Source and
Destination IP
Addresses
system-view
Create an advanced ACL acl number
or enter advanced ACL
view
acl-number [
Remarks
match-order { config
| auto } ]
Define rules for the ACL rule [ rule-id ] {
Required
permit | deny }
You can define rules as needed to filter by
rule-string
quit
Enter user interface view user-interface [
type ] first-number [
last-number ]
Apply the ACL to control acl acl-number {
Telnet users by specified inbound | outbound }
source and destination IP
addresses
Required
The inbound keyword specifies to filter the
users trying to Telnet to the current switch.
The outbound keyword specifies to filter
users trying to Telnet to other switches
from the current switch.
Controlling Telnet
Users by Source MAC
Addresses
67
Controlling Telnet users by source MAC addresses is achieved by applying Layer 2 ACLs,
which are numbered from 4000 to 4999. Refer to the ACL module for information about
defining an ACL.
Table 30 Controlling Telnet Users by Source MAC Addresses
To
system-view
acl number acl-number [ As for the acl number command,
the config keyword is specified by default.
match-order { config |
auto } ]
rule [ rule-id ] { permit | Required
deny } rule-string
You can define rules as needed to filter by
Remarks
Configuration
Example
quit
user-interface [ type ]
first-number [ last-number
]
Required
The inbound keyword specifies to filter
the users trying to Telnet to the current
switch.
Network requirements
Only the Telnet users sourced from the IP address of 10.110.100.52 and 10.110.100.46
are permitted to log into the switch.
Network diagram
Figure 21 Network diagram for controlling Telnet users using ACLs
Internet
Sw itch
Configuration procedure
1 Define a basic ACL.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] acl number 2000 match-order config
[3Com-acl-basic-2000] rule 1 permit source 10.110.100.52 0
[3Com-acl-basic-2000] rule 2 permit source 10.110.100.46 0
[3Com-acl-basic-2000] rule 3 deny source any
[3Com-acl-basic-2000] quit
68
Controlling
Network
Management Users
by Source IP
Addresses
Prerequisites
Controlling Network
Management Users
by Source IP
Addresses
You can manage a Switch 4500G Series Ethernet switch through network management
software. Network management users can access switches through SNMP.
You need to perform the following two operations to control network management
users by source IP addresses.
Defining an ACL
Applying the ACL to control users accessing the switch through SNMP
The controlling policy against network management users is determined, including the
source IP addresses to be controlled and the controlling actions (permitting or denying).
Controlling network management users by source IP addresses is achieved by applying
basic ACLs, which are numbered from 2000 to 2999.
Table 31 Controlling Network Management Users by Source IP Addresses
To
Remarks
system-view
acl number acl-number [
match-order { config | auto } ]
quit
snmp-agent community { read |
Optional
write } community-name [ mib-view
view-name | acl acl-number ]*
snmp-agent group { v1 | v2c }
Optional
group-name [ read-view read-view
] [ write-view write-view ] [
notify-view notify-view ] [ acl
acl-number ]
snmp-agent group v3
group-name [ authentication |
privacy ] [ read-view read-view ]
[ write-view write-view ] [
notify-view notify-view ] [ acl
acl-number ]
Apply the ACL while
configuring the SNMP
user name
Optional
snmp-agent usm-user v3
user-name group-name [
You can specify different ACLs while configuring the SNMP community name, the SNMP
group name and the SNMP user name.
69
As SNMP community name is a feature of SNMPv1 and SNMPv2c, the specified ACLs in
the command that configures SNMP community names (the snmp-agent community
command) take effect in the network management systems that adopt SNMPv1 or
SNMPv2c.
Similarly, as SNMP group name and SNMP user name are features of SNMPv2c and the
higher SNMP versions, the specified ACLs in the commands that configure SNMP group
names (the snmp-agent group command and the snmp-agent group v3
command) and SNMP user names (the snmp-agent usm-user command and the
snmp-agent usm-user v3 command) take effect in the network management
systems that adopt SNMPv2c or higher SNMP versions. If you configure both the SNMP
group name and the SNMP user name and specify ACLs in the two operations, the
switch will filter network management users by both SNMP group name and SNMP user
name.
Configuration
Example
Network requirements
Only SNMP users sourced from the IP addresses of 10.110.100.52 and 10.110.100.46
are permitted to access the switch.
Network diagram
Figure 22 Network diagram for controlling SNMP users using ACLs
Internet
Sw itch
Configuration procedure
1 Define a basic ACL.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] acl number 2000 match-order config
[3Com-acl-basic-2000] rule 1 permit source 10.110.100.52 0
[3Com-acl-basic-2000] rule 2 permit source 10.110.100.46 0
[3Com-acl-basic-2000] rule 3 deny source any
[3Com-acl-basic-2000] quit
2 Apply the ACL to only permit SNMP users sourced from the IP addresses of
10.110.100.52 and 10.110.100.46 to access the switch.
[3Com] snmp-agent community read 3com acl 2000
[3Com] snmp-agent group v2c 3comgroup acl 2000
[3Com] snmp-agent usm-user v2c 3comuser 3comgroup acl 2000
70
Controlling Web
Users by Source IP
Address
You can manage a Switch 4500G Series Ethernet switch remotely through Web. Web
users can access a switch through HTTP connections.
You need to perform the following two operations to control Web users by source IP
addresses.
Defining an ACL
Prerequisites
The controlling policy against Web users is determined, including the source IP addresses
to be controlled and the controlling actions (permitting or denying).
Controlling Web
Users by Source IP
Addresses
Controlling Web users by source IP addresses is achieved by applying basic ACLs, which
are numbered from 2000 to 2999.
Table 32 Controlling Web Users by Source IP Addresses
To
Remarks
system-view
Create a basic ACL or enter acl number acl-number [
As for the acl number
match-order { config | auto command, the config keyword
basic ACL view
}]
is specified by default.
Required
quit
ip http acl acl-number
Disconnecting a Web
User by Force
Configuration
Example
Optional
The administrator can disconnect a Web user by force using the related command.
Table 33 Disconnecting a Web User by Force
To
Remarks
Required
Execute this command in user view.
Network requirements
Only the users sourced from the IP address of 10.110.100.46 are permitted to access the
switch.
Network diagram
Figure 23 Network diagram for controlling Web users using ACLs
Internet
Sw itch
Configuration procedure
1 Define a basic ACL.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] acl number 2030 match-order config
[3Com-acl-basic-2030] rule 1 permit source 10.110.100.46 0
[3Com-acl-basic-2030] rule 2 deny source any
2 Apply the ACL to only permit the Web users sourced from the IP address of
10.110.100.46 to access the switch.
[3Com] ip http acl 2030
71
72
Command Line
Feature
Command Line
Interface Overview
Online Help of
Command Line
Switch 4500G Family provides a series of configuration commands and command line
interface for you to configure and maintain the Ethernet switches. The command line
interface is featured by the following:
Configure the command levels to make sure that unauthorized users cannot use
related commands to configure a switch.
You can enter <?> at any time to get the online help.
Provide network test commands, such as tracert, and ping, to help you to
diagnose the network.
Provide plenty of detail debugging information to help you to diagnose and locate
the network failures.
Adopt the partial match method to search for the keywords of a command line. You
only need to enter a non-conflicting keyword to execute the command correctly.
The command line interface provides the following online help modes.
Full help
Partial help
You can get the help information through these online help commands, which are
described as follows.
1 Input ? in any view to get all the commands in it and corresponding descriptions.
<Sysname> ?
User view commands:
backup
server
boot-loader
bootrom
cd
clock
cluster
copy
debugging
delete
dir
display
<Omit>
74
2 Input a command with a ? separated by a space. If this position is for keywords, all the
keywords and the corresponding brief descriptions will be listed.
<Sysname> language-mode ?
chinese Chinese environment
english English environment
3 Input a command with a ? separated by a space. If this position is for parameters, all
the parameters and their brief descriptions will be listed.
<Sysname>system-view
System View: return to User View with Ctrl+Z.
[Sysname] interface vlan-interface ?
<1-4094> VLAN interface number
[Sysname] interface vlan-interface 1 ?
<cr>
<cr> indicates no parameter in this position. The next command line repeats the
command, you can press <Enter> to execute it directly.
4 Input a character string with a ?, then all the commands with this character string as
their initials will be listed.
<Sysname>pi?
ping
5 Input a command with a character string and ?, then all the key words with this
character string as their initials in the command will be listed.
<Sysname> display ver?
version
6 Input the first letters of a keyword of a command and press <Tab> key. If no other
keywords are headed by this letters, then this unique keyword will be displayed
automatically. If other keywords headed by this letter exist, press <Tab> key repeatedly to
display these keywords
7 To switch to the Chinese display for the above information, perform the language-mode
command.
Displaying
Characteristics of
Command Line
For users convenience, the instruction and help information can be displayed in both
English and Chinese.
Function
CTRL_E
History Command of
Command Line
75
Command line interface provides the function similar to that of DosKey. The CLI can
automatically save the commands that have been entered. You can invoke and
repeatedly execute them as needed. By default, the CLI can save up to ten commands for
each user. Table 35 lists the operation that you can perform.
Table 35 Retrieve history command
Operation
Key
Result
display history-command
Cursor keys can be used to retrieve the history commands in Windows 3.X Terminal and
Telnet. However, in Windows 9X HyperTerminal, the cursor keys ? and ? do not work,
because Windows 9X HyperTerminal defines the two keys differently. In this case, use the
combination keys <Ctrl+P> and <Ctrl+N> instead for the same purpose.
Common Command
Line Error Messages
The commands are executed only if they have no syntax error. Otherwise, error
information is reported. Table 36 lists some common errors.
Table 36 Common command line error messages
Error messages
Causes
Unrecognized command
Incomplete command
Wrong parameter
76
Editing
Characteristics of
Command Line
Command line interface provides the basic command editing function and supports to
edit multiple lines. A command cannot longer than 256 characters. See the table below.
Table 37 Editing functions
Key
Function
Common keys
Insert from the cursor position and the cursor moves to the right, if the
edition buffer still has free space.
Backspace
Delete the character preceding the cursor and the cursor moves
backward.
Command Line
view
Press <Tab> after typing the incomplete key word and the system will
execute the partial help: If the key word matching the typed one is
unique, the system will replace the typed one with the complete key
word and display it in a new line; if there is not a matched key word or
the matched key word is not unique, the system will do no
modification but display the originally typed word in a new line.
Different command views are implemented according to different requirements. They are
related to one another. For example, after logging in the switch, you will enter user view,
in which you can only use some basic functions such as displaying the running state and
statistics information. In user view, key in system-view to enter system view, in which
you can key in different configuration commands and enter the corresponding views.
The command line provides the following views:
User view
System view
VLAN view
Local-user view
IGMP-Snooping view
Cluster view
HWping view
RIP view
RIPng view
77
The following table describes the function features of different views and the ways to
enter or quit.
Table 38 Command view function list
Command
view
User view
System view
Function
Prompt
Command to enter
<Sysname>
Configure system
parameters
[Sysname]
Key in
system-view in
user view
Ethernet Port
view
Configure Ethernet
port parameters
[SysnameGigabitEthernet port
GigabitEthernet1/0 view
/1]
Key in interface
Command to
exit
quit
disconnects
to the switch
quit or
return
returns to
user view
quit
returns to
system view
gigabitethernet return
1/0/1 in system view
NULL interface Configure NULL
view
interface parameters
[Sysname-NULL0]
Key in interface
null 0 in system view
returns to
user view
quit
returns to
system view
return
returns to
user view
VLAN view
Configure VLAN
parameters
[Sysname-vlan1]
Key in vlan 1 in
system view
quit
returns to
system view
return
returns to
user view
78
Function
Prompt
Command to enter
Command to
exit
Key in interface
quit
vlan-interface
returns to
system view
1 in system view
return
returns to
user view
LoopBack
interface view
Configure LoopBack
interface parameters
[SysnameLoopBack0]
Key in interface
loopback 0 in
system view
quit
returns to
system view
return
returns to
user view
Local-user view Configure local user
parameters
[Sysname-luseruser1]
Key in local-user
user1 in system view
quit
returns to
system view
return
returns to
user view
User interface
view
Configure user
interface parameters
[Sysname-ui0]
Key in
quit
user-interface
returns to
system view
0 in system view
return
returns to
user view
FTP Client view Configure FTP Client
parameters
MST region
view
[ftp]
quit
region-configur returns to
ation in system view system view
return
returns to
user view
IGMP-Snoopin Configure
g view
IGMPSnooping
protocol parameters
[Sysname-igmpsnooping]
Key in
quit
igmp-snooping in returns to
system view
system view
return
returns to
user view
Traffic classifier Configure traffic
view
classifier related
parameters
quit
returns to
system view
return
returns to
user view
Traffic
behavior view
Configure traffic
behavior related
parameters
quit
returns to
system view
return
returns to
user view
79
Function
Prompt
QoS policy
view
Command to enter
Command to
exit
quit
returns to
system view
return
returns to
user view
Cluster view
Configure cluster
parameters
[Sysname-cluster]
Key in cluster in
system view
quit
returns to
system view
return
returns to
user view
Port group
view
HWping view
Configure manual
port group
parameters
[Sysname-port-gro
up- manual-test]
Configure aggregate
port group
parameters
view
Configure HWping
[Sysname-hwpingtest group parameters admin-test]
system view
return
returns to
user view
quit
returns to
system view
return
returns to
user view
TACACS
scheme view
Configure TACACS+
parameters
return
returns to
user view
RSA public key Configure RSA public
view
key of SSH user
Key in
public-k
public-key-code ey-code
begin in RSA public
end returns
key view
Route policy
view
Configure route
policy
[Sysname-route-pol Key in
icy]
route-policy
to RSA public
key view
quit
returns to
system view
policy1 permit
node 10 in system view return
returns to
user view
Basic ACL view Define the sub rule of [Sysname-acl-basic- Key in acl number
the basic ACL (in the 2000]
2000 in system view
range of 2,000 to
2,999)
quit
returns to
system view
return
returns to
user view
80
Function
Prompt
Command to enter
Key in acl number
3000 in system view
Command to
exit
quit
returns to
system view
return
returns to
user view
Layer 2 ACL
view
quit
returns to
system view
return
returns to
user view
RADIUS
scheme view
Configure RADIUS
parameters
quit
returns to
system view
return
returns to
user view
RIP view
Configure RIP
parameters
[Sysname-rip-1]
quit
returns to
system view
return
returns to
user view
RIPng view
Configure RIPng
parameters
[Sysname-ripng-1]
Key in ripng 1 in
system view
quit
returns to
system view
return
returns to
user view
ISP domain
view
Key in domain
aabbcc.net in system
view
quit
returns to
system view
return
returns to
user view
Basic System
Configuration
Entering System
View from User View
When logging in to the switch, you are in the user view, and the corresponding prompt is
<Sysname>. Follow these operations and you can enter or exit the system view.
Table 39 Enter or exit system view
To
Remarks
system-view
quit
81
Use the quit command to return from current view to lower level view. Use the
return command to return from current view to user view. The composite key <Ctrl+Z>
has the same effect with the return command.
Setting the CLI
Language Mode
The switch can give prompt information either in Chinese or English. You can use the
following command to change the language.
Table 40 Set the CLI language mode
To
Remarks
language-mode { chinese |
english }
Optional
By default, the command
line interface (CLI)
language mode is English.
You can define the system name, which corresponds to the prompts in CLI. For example,
if you define the system name, then the prompt for user view is <3Com>.
Table 41 Set the system name of the switch
To
system-view
Set the system name of the sysname sysname
switch
Remarks
Optional
By default, the name is 3Com.
To ensure the coordination of the switch with other devices, you need to set correct
system time as follows:
Table 42 Set the date and time of the system
To
Remarks
Optional
Optional
time
Set the name and time
clock summer-time zone_name one-off
range of the summer time start-time start-date end-time end-date
offset-time
Optional
82
Set banner
Remarks
system-view
header incoming text
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
a session is established.
Sets the login banner.
Specifying Shortcut
Keys for Command
Lines
Optional
The system provides five shortcut keys for you to simplify the operating of common used
commands. As long as you enter the corresponding shortcut key, the system will execute
the corresponding command.
Table 44 Specify shortcut keys for command lines
To
Remarks
system-view
hotkey [ CTRL_G | CTRL_L | CTRL_O |
CTRL_T | CTRL_U ] command
display hotkey
Optional
By default, the system
specifies the
corresponding
command line for
CTRL_G, CTRL_L, and
CTRL_O.
By default, the system specifies the corresponding command line for CTRL_G, CTRL_L,
and CTRL_O. The other two shortcut keys CTRL_T, and CTRL_U default to NULL.
Function
CTRL_A
CTRL_B
CTRL_C
CTRL_D
CTRL_E
CTRL_F
83
Function
CTRL_H
CTRL_K
CTRL_N
CTRL_P
CTRL_R
CTRL_V
CTRL_W
CTRL_X
CTRL_Y
CTRL_Z
CTRL_]
ESC_B
ESC_D
ESC_F
ESC_N
Moves the cursor one line down (effective before the Enter key is hit)
ESC_P
Moves the cursor one line up (effective before the Enter key is hit)
ESC_<
ESC_>
The above shortcut keys are defined by the system of the device. When you use terminal
software on the device, these shortcut keys may be defined as other instructions in the
terminal software. In this case, the shortcut keys defined in the terminal software take
effect.
All the commands are defaulted to different views and categorized into four levels: visit,
monitor, system, and manage, identified respectively by 0 through 3. If a user wants to
acquire a higher privilege, he must switch to a higher user level, and it requires password
to do so for the securitys sake.
The following table describes the default level of the commands.
Table 46 Command level by default
Level
Name
Command
Visit
Monitor
System
Manage
84
Remarks
super [ level ]
Optional
system-view
super password [ level
Optional
user-level ] { simple | cipher
Password configuration
} password
Command privilege level
configuration
command-privilege level
Optional
User level determines which commands users can use after login. For example, if the user
level is defined as 3 and the command level for the VTY 0 user interface, the user can use
level 3 commands or lower levels when logging into the switch from VTY 0.
CAUTION: If you do not specify user level in the super password command, the
password is set for switching to the level 3 user.
Displaying the
System Status
85
You can use the following display commands to check the status and configuration
information about the system.
Table 48 System display commands
To
display version
Display the current date and time of the system display clock
Display the information about user terminal
display users [ all ]
interfaces
View the configuration files in the flash
memory of Ethernet Switch.
display saved-configuration [
by-linenum ]
display current-configuration [
interface interface-type [
interface-number ] | configuration [
configuration-type ] ] | [ by-linenum ] | [ | {
begin | include | exclude } text ] ]
display clipboard
display memory
Displaying Operating
Information about
System
Only the display commands related to global configurations are listed here. For the
display commands about protocols and interfaces, refer to the corresponding
contents.
If the switch boots without using any configuration file, nothing will be displayed
when you use the display saved-configuration command; if you have save
the configuration after system booting, the command display
saved-configuration displays the configurations you saved last time.
When your Ethernet switch is in trouble, you may need to view a lot of operating
information to locate the problem. Each functional module has its own operating
information display command(s). You can use the command here to display the
current operating information about the modules (settled when this command is
designed) in the system for troubleshooting your system.
Perform the following operation in any view:
Table 49 Display the current operation information about the modules in the system.
To
display clock
display version
display device
display current-configuration
display saved-configuration
86
display interface
display fib
display ip interface
display ip statistics
display memory
display logbuffer
display history-command
System
Maintenance and
Debugging
Overview
System Maintenance
Overview
You can use the ping command and the tracert command to verify the current
network connectivity.
The ping command
Users can use the ping command to verify whether a device with a specified address is
reachable, and to examine the network connectivity.
Take the following steps when using the ping command:
1 The source device sends ICMP ECHO-REQUEST packets to the destination device.
2 If the network is functioning properly, the destination device will respond by sending the
source device ICMP ECHO-REPLY packets after receiving the ICMP ECHO-REQUEST
packets.
3 If there is network failure, the source device will display information indicating that the
address is unreachable.
4 Display the relative statistics after execution of the ping command.
Output of the ping command includes:
If within the period set by the time-out timer, the destination device has not received
the response packets, it will display the Request time out. information.
The ping command applies to the name and IP address of a destination device, if the
device name is unknown, the Error: Ping: Unknown host host-name
information will be displayed.
The statistics from execution of the command, which include number of sent packets,
number of received ECHO-REPLY packets, percentage of packets that were not
received, the minimum, average, and maximum response time.
For a low-speed network, set a larger value for the time-out timer (indicated by the -t
parameter in the command) when configuring the ping command.
Terminal debugging switch controls the debugging output on a specified user screen.
Debugging
information
Protocol debugging
switch
OFF
ON
ON
ON
System Debugging
Overview
88
89
System
Maintenance and
Debugging
Configuration
System Maintenance
Configuration
Remarks
check the
network
connection
Any view
The tracert
command
System Debugging
Configuration
Remarks
User view
module-name [ option ] }
Any view
interface-type interface-number ] [
module-name ]
The debugging commands are normally used when the administrator is diagnosing
network failure.
Output of the debugging information may reduce system efficiency, especially during
execution of the debugging all command.
After the debugging is completed, users may use the undo debugging all
command to disable all the debugging functions simultaneously.
90
System
Maintenance
Example
Network requirements
The destination IP address is 10.1.1.4.
Display the route from the source to the destination.
Network diagram (omitted here)
Configuration procedure
<3Com> tracert nis.nsf.net
traceroute to nis.nsf.net (10.1.1.4) 30 hops max, 40 bytes packet
1 128.3.112.1 19 ms 19 ms 0 ms
2 128.32.216.1 39 ms 39 ms 19 ms
3 128.32.136.23 39 ms 40 ms 39 ms
4 128.32.168.22 39 ms 39 ms 39 ms
5 128.32.197.4 40 ms 59 ms 59 ms
6 131.119.2.5 59 ms 59 ms 59 ms
7 129.140.70.13 99 ms 99 ms 80 ms
8 129.140.71.6 139 ms 239 ms 319 ms
9 129.140.81.7 220 ms 199 ms 199 ms
10 10.1.1.4 239 ms 239 ms 239 ms
10
DEVICE MANAGEMENT
You can define the file path and filename of .btm file.app file or .cfg file in the following
forms:
Introduction to
Device
Management
Filename. It has only a filename, string of 1 to 56 characters, standing for the file in
the current path.
Those file (.btm file.app file or .cfg file) can only be stored in the root directory in
Flash memory.
Through the device management function, you can view the current working state of
devices, configure operation parameters, and perform daily device maintenance and
management.
Currently, the following device management functions are available:
Rebooting a device
Traditionally, the loading of switch software is accomplished through a serial port. This
approach is slow, inconvenient, and cannot be used for remote loading. To resolve these
problems, the TFTP and FTP modules are introduced into the switch. With these modules,
you can load/download software/files conveniently to the switch through an Ethernet
port.
This chapter introduces how to load BootROM and host software to a switch locally and
how to do this remotely.
Introduction to
Loading Approaches
FTP
TFTP
92
The BootROM software version should be compatible with the host software version
when you load the BootROM and host software.
Local Software
Loading
If your terminal is directly connected to the switch, you can load the BootROM and host
software locally.
Before loading the software, make sure that your terminal is correctly connected to the
switch to insure successful loading.
The loading process of the BootROM software is the same as that of the host software,
except that during the former process, you should press <Ctrl+U> and <Enter> after
entering the Boot Menu and the system gives different prompts. The following text
mainly describes the BootROM loading process.
Boot Menu
Starting......
***********************************************************
*
*
*
3Com Switch 4500G Family BOOTROM, Version 106
*
*
*
***********************************************************
Copyright(c) 2004-2006 3Com Corporation.
Creation date
: May 10 2006, 15:59:18
CPU Clock Speed : 264MHz
BUS Clock Speed : 33MHz
Memory Size
: 128MB
Mac Address
: 00e0fc005502
To enter the Boot Menu, you should press <Ctrl+B> within five seconds after the
information Press Ctrl-B to enter Boot Menu... appears. Otherwise, the system starts to
decompress the program; and if you want to enter the Boot Menu at this time, you will
have to restart the switch.
Input the correct BootROM password (no password is need by default). The system
enters the Boot Menu:
BOOT
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
MENU
93
b Enter 3 in the above menu to download the BootROM software using XMODEM. The
system displays the following download baud rate setting menu:
Please select your download baudrate:
1.* 9600
2. 19200
3. 38400
4. 57600
5. 115200
0. Return
Enter your choice (0-5):
c Choose an appropriate download baud rate. For example, if you enter 5, the baud
rate 115200 bps is chosen and the system displays the following information:
Download baudrate is 115200 bps
Please change the terminal's baudrate to 115200 bps and select XMODEM
protocol
Press enter key when ready
If you have chosen 9600 bps as the download baud rate, you need not modify the
HyperTerminals baud rate, and therefore you can skip step d and step e below and
proceed to step f directly. In this case, the system will not display the above information.
Following are configurations on PC. Take the Hyperterminal using Windows operating
system as example.
94
95
e Click the <Disconnect> button to disconnect the HyperTerminal from the switch and
then click the <Connect> button to reconnect the HyperTerminal to the switch, as
shown in Figure 27.
Figure 27 Connect and disconnect buttons
The new baud rate takes effect only after you disconnect and reconnect the
HyperTerminal program.
f Press <Enter> to start downloading the program. The system displays the following
information:
Now please start transfer file with XMODEM protocol.
If you want to exit, Press <Ctrl+X>.
Loading ...CCCCCCCCCC
h Click <Send>. The system displays the page, as shown in Figure 29.
96
i After the download completes, the system displays the following information:
Loading ...CCCCCCCCCC done!
j Reset HyperTerminals baud rate to 9600 bps (refer to step d and step e). Then, press
any key as prompted. The system will display the following information when it
completes the loading.
Bootrom updating.....................................done!
If the HyperTerminals baud rate is not reset to 9600 bps, the system prompts "Your
baudrate should be set to 9600 bps again! Press enter key when ready".
You need not reset the HyperTerminals baud rate and can skip the last step if you
have chosen 9600 bps. In this case, the system upgrades BootROM automatically and
prompts Bootrom updating now.....................................done!.
b Enter 3 in the above menu to download the host software using XMODEM.
The subsequent steps are the same as those for loading the BootROM software,
except that the system gives the prompt for host software loading instead of
BootROM loading.
97
PC
Ethernet port
TFTP client
TFTP server
a As shown in Figure 30, connect the switch through an Ethernet port to the TFTP
server, and connect the switch through the Console port to the configuration PC.
You can use one PC as both the configuration device and the TFTP server.
b Run the TFTP server program on the TFTP server, and specify the path of the program
to be downloaded.
CAUTION: TFTP server program is not provided with the 3Com Switch 4500G Family
Ethernet Switches.
c Run the HyperTerminal program on the configuration PC. Start the switch. Then enter
the Boot Menu.
At the prompt "Enter your choice(0-9):" in the Boot Menu, press <6> or <Ctrl+U>,
and then press <Enter> to enter the BootROM update menu shown below:
Bootrom update menu:
1. Set TFTP protocol parameter
2. Set FTP protocol parameter
3. Set XMODEM protocol parameter
0. Return to boot menu
Enter your choice(0-3):
d Enter 1 to in the above menu to download the BootROM software using TFTP. Then
set the following TFTP-related parameters as required:
Load File name
Switch IP address
Server IP address
:4500G.btm
:1.1.1.2
:1.1.1.1
f Enter Y to start file downloading or N to return to the Bootrom update menu. If you
enter Y, the system begins to download and update the BootROM software. Upon
completion, the system displays the following information:
Loading........................................done
Bootrom updating..........done!
98
b Enter 1 in the above menu to download the host software using TFTP.
The subsequent steps are the same as those for loading the BootROM program,
except that the system gives the prompt for host software loading instead of
BootROM loading.
CAUTION: When loading BootROM and host software using Boot menu, you are
recommended to use the PC directly connected to the device as TFTP server to promote
upgrading reliability.
Loading Software Using FTP through Ethernet Port
FTP is an application-layer protocol in the TCP/IP protocol suite. It is used for file transfer
between server and client, and is widely used in IP networks.
You can use the switch as an FTP client or a server, and download software to the switch
through an Ethernet port. The following is an example.
1 Loading BootROM software
Figure 31 Local loading using FTP client
Switch
Console port
PC
Ethernet port
FTP client
FTP server
a As shown in Figure 31, connect the switch through an Ethernet port to the FTP server,
and connect the switch through the Console port to the configuration PC.
You can use one computer as both configuration device and FTP server.
b Run the FTP server program on the FTP server, configure an FTP user name and
password, and copy the program file to the specified FTP directory.
c Run the HyperTerminal program on the configuration PC. Start the switch. Then enter
the Boot Menu.
At the prompt "Enter your choice(0-9):" in the Boot Menu, press <6> or <Ctrl+U>,
and then press <Enter> to enter the BootROM update menu shown below:
Bootrom update menu:
1. Set TFTP protocol parameter
2. Set FTP protocol parameter
3. Set XMODEM protocol parameter
0. Return to boot menu
Enter your choice(0-3):
99
d Enter 2 in the above menu to download the BootROM software using FTP. Then set
the following FTP-related parameters as required:
Load File name
Switch IP address
Server IP address
FTP User Name
FTP User Password
:4500G.btm
:10.1.1.2
: 10.1.1.1
:4500G
:abc
f Enter Y to start file downloading or N to return to the Bootrom update menu. If you
enter Y, the system begins to download and update the program. Upon completion,
the system displays the following information:
Loading........................................done
Bootrom updating..........done!
b Enter 2 in the above menu to download the host software using FTP.
The subsequent steps are the same as those for loading the BootROM program, except
for that the system gives the prompt for host software loading instead of BootROM
loading.
When loading BootROM and host software using Boot menu, you are recommended to
use the PC directly connected to the device as TFTP server to promote upgrading
reliability.
Remote Software
Loading
If your terminal is not directly connected to the switch, you can telnet to the switch, and
use FTP or TFTP to load BootROM and host software remotely.
Remote Loading Using FTP
1 Loading Process Using FTP Client
As shown in Figure 32, a PC is used as both the configuration device and the FTP server.
You can telnet to the switch, and then execute the FTP commands to download the
BootROM program 4500G.btm from the remote FTP server (with an IP address 10.1.1.1)
to the switch.
100
GigabitEthernet port
FTP Client
When using different FTP server software on PC, different information will be output to
the switch.
b Update the BootROM program on the switch.
<3Com> bootrom update file 4500G.btm
This will update BootRom file ,Continue? [Y/N] y
Upgrading BOOTROM, please wait...
Upgrade BOOTROM succeeded!
Before restarting the switch, make sure you have saved all other configurations that you
want, so as to avoid losing configuration information.
Loading the host software is the same as loading the BootROM program, except for that
the file to be downloaded is the host software file, and that you need to use the
boot-loader command to select the host software at reboot of the switch.
After the above operations, the BootROM and host software loading is completed.
The loading of BootROM and host software takes effect only after you restart the
switch with the reboot command.
If the space of the Flash memory is not enough, you can delete the useless files in the
Flash memory before software downloading.
a As shown in Figure 33, connect the switch through an Ethernet port to the PC (with IP
address 10.1.1.1)
b Configure the IP address of VLAN1 on the switch to 192.168.0.39, and subnet mask
to 255.255.255.0.
You can configure the IP address for any VLAN on the switch for FTP transmission.
However, before configuring the IP address for a VLAN interface, you have to make sure
whether the IP addresses of this VLAN and PC can be routed.
<3Com> system-view
System View: return to User View with Ctrl+Z.
[3Com] interface Vlan-interface 1
[3Com-Vlan-interface1] ip address 192.168.0.39 255.255.255.0
c Enable FTP service on the switch, configure the FTP user name to test and password to
pass.
[3Com-Vlan-interface1] quit
[3Com] ftp server enable
[3Com] local-user test
New local user added.
[3Com-luser-test] password simple pass
[3Com-luser-test] service-type ftp
102
d Enable FTP client software on PC. Refer to Figure 34 for the command line interface in
Windows operating system.
Figure 34 Command line interface
e Enter cd in the interface to switch to the path that the BootROM upgrade file is to be
stored, and assume the name of the path is D:\Bootrom, as shown in Figure 35.
Figure 35 Switch to BootROM
f Enter ftp 192.168.0.39 and enter the user name test, password pass, as shown in
Figure 36, to log on the FTP server.
Figure 36 Log on the FTP server
g Use the put command to upload the file 4500G.btm to the switch, as shown in
Figure 37.
Figure 37 Upload file 4500G.btm to the switch
h Configure 4500G.btm to be the BootROM at reboot, and then restart the switch.
<3Com> bootrom update file 4500G.btm
This will update Bootrom on unit 1.
Upgrading Bootrom, please wait...
Upgrade Bootrom succeeded!
<3Com> reboot
Continue? [Y/N] y
104
When rebooting the switch, use the file 4500G.btm as BootROM to finish BootROM
loading.
Loading the host software is the same as loading the BootROM program, except for that
the file to be downloaded is the host software file, and that you need to use the
boot-loader command to select the host software at reboot of the switch.
The steps listed above are performed in the Windows operating system, if you use
other FTP client software, refer to the corresponding users guide before operation.
Only the configurations steps concerning loading are illustrated here, for detailed
description on the corresponding configuration commands, refer to the chapter File
System Management .
Device
Management
Configuration
Rebooting an
Ethernet Switch
When a fault occurs to a running device, you can remove the fault by rebooting it,
depending on the actual situation. You can also set a time at which the device can
automatically reboot.
Table 52 Reboot an Ethernet switch
To...
Remarks
reboot
schedule reboot at
Optional
Optional
By default, the timing reboot
function for the switch disabled.
display schedule
reboot
Optional
Any view
The precision of switch timer is 1 minute. That is, with the timing reboot function
enabled, a switch reboots in one minute after the rebooting time is due.
CAUTION: The reboot, schedule reboot at and schedule reboot delay
commands all cause system rebooting and service interruption. Cautions should be taken
when using these commands.
If multiple .app files reside in the Flash, you can specify the one to be used for the next
startup by performing the operation listed in Table 53.
Table 53 Specify the .app file to be used for the next startup
To...
Remarks
Upgrading BootROM
Required
During the operation of the device, you can use the Bootrom programs in the FLASH to
upgrade the running Bootrom programs.
Since the BootROM files of switching processing units (SRPUs) and line processing units
(LPUs) vary with devices, users are easily confused to make serious mistakes when
upgrading BootROM files. After the validity check function is enabled, the device will
strictly check the BootROM upgrade files for correctness and version configuration
information to ensure a successful upgrade. You are recommended to enable the validity
check function before upgrading BootROM files.
Table 54 Upgrade BootROM
To...
system-view
bootrom-update
Optional
security-check enable By default, the file validity check
Remarks
quit
bootrom update file
file-url
Required
In real network, network management software requires the device to provide the
unified and stable 16-bit interface indexes, that is, it is best to keep one interface name
match one interface index on a device.
To ensure the stability of the interface index, the system will keep the 16-bit interface
index for the interface even if the logical interface or the card is removed from the
system. In this way, the interface index keeps unchanged when the interface is created
again.
Repeated insertion and removal of different sub cards or interface cards, or creating or
deleting large amount of logical interfaces of different types may use up the interface
indexes. If so, you may fail to create an interface. To avoid this, you can perform the
following configuration in user view to clear the saved but unused 16-bit interface
indexes in the current system.
After the configuration:
For new created interface, its new index cannot be ensured to be identical with the
original one.
For the existing interface, its interface index will not be changed.
106
Table 55 Clear the unused 16-bit interface index in the current system
To...
CAUTION: Your conformation is needed when the command is executed. If you do not
confirm during 30 seconds, or input N, the operation will be canceled.
Displaying the
Device
Management
Configuration
After the above configurations, you can execute the display command in any view to
display the operating status of the device management to verify the configuration
effects.
Table 56 Display the operating status of the device management
To...
Remarks
display boot-loader
Any view
display environment
display memory
display power [ power-id ]
Remote Switch
Update
Configuration
Example
Network requirements
Configure an FTP user, whose name and password are switch and hello respectively.
Authorize the user with the read-write right of the Switch directory on the PC.
Telnet to the switch from a PC remotely and download applications from the FTP
server to the Flash memory of the switch to remotely update the switch software by
using the device management commands through CLI.
Network diagram
Figure 38 Network diagram of FTP configuration
User
Telnet
Network
Switch
FTP Server
FTP Client
Configuration procedure
1 Configure the FTP-Server
3 Execute the get command to download the switch.app and boot.btm files on the FTP
server to the Flash memory of the switch.
[ftp] get switch.app
[ftp] get boot.btm
4 Execute the quit command to terminate the FTP connection and return to user view.
[ftp] quit
<3Com>
108
11
A fully qualified filename with the path included to indicate a file under a specific
path. The filename can be 1 to 135 characters in length.
A short filename with the path excluded to indicate a file in the current path. The
filename can be 1 to 91 characters in length.
File System
Management
Overview
A major function of the file system is to manage storage devices. It allows you to perform
operations such as directory create and delete, and file copy and display.
If an operation, delete or overwrite for example, may cause problems such as data loss or
corruption, the file system will ask you to confirm the operation by default.
Depending on the managed object, file system operations fall into directory operations,
file operations, storage device operations, and file system prompt mode setting.
Directory Operations
Directory operations include create, delete, display the current directory, display files or
subdirectories in a specific directory as shown in Table 57.
Table 57 Directory operations
To do
Remarks
Create a directory
mkdir directory
Optional
Available in user view
Remove a directory
rmdir directory
Optional
Available in user view
pwd
Optional
Available in user view
Optional
Available in user view
cd directory
Optional
Available in user view
File Operations
File operations include delete (removing files into the recycle bin), restore the deleted,
permanently delete (deleting files from the recycle bin), display, rename, copy, and move
as shown in Table 58.
CAUTION: You can create a file by using operations such as copy, download or save.
110
Remarks
delete [ /unreserved ]
file-url
Optional
reset recycle-bin
[ file-url ] [ /force ]
Optional
more file-url
Optional
Rename a file
rename fileurl-source
fileurl-dest
Optional
Copy a file
copy fileurl-source
Optional
fileurl-dest
move fileurl-source
Optional
fileurl-dest
Optional
Move a file
Display files or directories
execute filename
Optional
Available in system view
CAUTION:
Storage Device
Operations
Empty the recycle bin timely with the reset recycle-bin command to save
memory space.
You can only move a file on the same device. The move command fails if you try to
move a file to another device.
Storage device operations include disk fix and format as shown in Table 59. You may use
these two commands when some space of a storage device becomes inaccessible as the
result of some abnormal operations for example.
Table 59 Storage device operations
To do
Remarks
fixdisk device
Optional
format device
CAUTION: Use caution when formatting the storage device (usually the Flash) where the
configuration file is stored, as the operation can destroy all data on the storage device
and the action cannot be undone.
Alert, where the system warns you about operations that may bring undesirable
consequence such as file corruption or data loss.
Quiet: where the system does not do that in any cases. To prevent undesirable
consequence resulted from mis-operations, the alert mode is preferred.
Remarks
Optional
The default is alert.
File System
Operations Example
1 Display the files under the root directory.
<3Com> dir
Directory of flash:/
0
-rw6648612 Jan 01
1
-rw31181 Apr 27
2
-rw234823 Apr 28
3
-rw31126 Apr 27
4
drw- Apr 27
15240 KB total (8449 KB free)
2006
2000
2000
2000
2000
00:00:00
11:41:08
12:50:32
11:25:14
13:00:10
aabbcc.bin
config.cfg
default.diag
test.txt
test
mytest
Configuration File
Management
Overview
Configuration type
The configuration of a device falls into two types:
Running configuration, which takes effect during system operation and temporarily
saved in the RAM but cannot survive a reboot if not saved.
112
List commands in sections by view in this view order: system, physical interface,
logical interface, routing protocol, and so on. Sections are separated with one or
multiple blank lines or comment lines that start with a pound sign (#).
Main/backup attributes
The main and backup attributes allow configuration files that are of the corresponding
attributes. When the main configuration file is corrupted or gets lost, the backup
configuration files can be used to start or configure the device. Compared with the
systems supporting only one type of configuration file, the main/backup configuration
file mechanism enhances the security and reliability of the file system. The main keyword
represents the main attributes of the configuration file, and the backup keyword
represents the backup attribute of the configuration file. You can use corresponding
commands to configure the main/backup attributes of a configuration file. A
configuration file can be configured with both the main attribute and the backup
attribute at the same time. However, a device can have only one configuration file that is
of a specific attribute at a time.
The main and backup attributes are mainly used as follows in file system.
You can specify the main/backup/common attribute of the configuration file when
saving the current configuration.
You can specify to erase the main configuration file or the backup configuration file
when you erase the configuration file in the device. For the configuration file with
both the main attribute and the backup attribute, you can specify to erase the main
attribute or backup attribute of the configuration file.
You can specify the main/backup attribute of a configuration file when you specify
the configuration file to be used the next time.
If the default configuration file does not exist, the system is started without loading
any configuration.
Saving Running
Configuration
You can modify running configuration on your device at the command line interface
(CLI). To use it at next startup, you need to save it to the startup configuration file before
rebooting the system with the save command.
You can save the current configuration files in one of the following two ways:
Ways of saving the configuration files
Fast mode: If the safely keyword is not provided, the system saves the configuration
files in the fast mode. In this mode, the configuration files are saved fast. However,
the configuration files will be lost if the device is restarted or the power is off when
the configuration files are being saved.
Safe mode: If the safely keyword is provided, the system saves the configuration files
in the safe mode. In this mode, the configuration files are saved slowly. However, the
configuration files will be saved in the Flash if the device is restarted or the power is
off when the configuration files are being saved.
The main attribute. When the save [ [ safely ] [ main ] command is used to save
the current configuration into a configuration file, the attribute of the configuration
file is main. If the configuration file is an existing configuration file with the backup
attribute, the configuration file will posses both the main attribute and the backup
attribute at the same time. If a main configuration file is existing in the system, the
main attribute of the existing configuration file will be replaced by the new one, so
that there is only one main configuration file in the system.
The backup attribute. When the save [ [ safely ] [ backup ] command is used to
save the current configuration into a configuration file, the attribute of the
configuration file is backup. If the configuration file is an existing configuration file
with the main attribute, the configuration file will posses both the main attribute and
the backup attribute at the same time. If a backup configuration file exists in the
system, the backup attribute of the existing configuration file will be replaced by the
new one, so that there is only one backup configuration file in the system.
The common attribute. When the save cfgfile command is used to save the
current configuration into a configuration file, if the configuration file named cfgfile
does not exist, the saved configuration file possesses neither the main attribute nor
the backup attribute; if the configuration file cfgfile exists, the attribute of the new
configuration file is determined by its attribute before the saving operation.
Remarks
You are recommended to adopt the fast saving mode in the conditions of stable
power and adopt the safe mode in the conditions of unstable power or remote
maintenance.
114
You may erase the startup configuration file by using the command showed in Table 62 .
If no startup configuration is available, the default parameters are used.
You may need to erase the startup configuration file for one of these reasons:
After you upgrade software, the old configuration file does not match the new
software.
The startup configuration file is destroied or not the one you needed.
When you erase a configuration file, the following cases may occur:
Specifying a
Configuration File for
Next Startup
To do
Remarks
reset
saved-configuration
[ main | backup ]
You can set the main/backup attributes of a configuration file. The attribute of an
configuration file is generated in two ways, as described below.
Set the main attribute of the startup configuration file
When the current configuration is saved into the main configuration file, the system
will automatically adopt the main configuration file as the main startup configuration
file.
When the current configuration is saved into the backup configuration file, the
system will automatically adopt the backup configuration file as the backup startup
configuration file.
Remarks
startup
saved-configuration
cfgfile [ main| backup ]
CAUTION: This operation can delete the configuration file from the device permanently,
so be careful to perform this operation..
Backing Up/Restoring
the Configuration File
for Next Startup
Feature overview
Through this feature, you can back up and restore the configuration file for next startup
through the command line. TFTP is used to transmit data between the device and the
server. You can back up the configuration file for next startup to the TFTP server, and
download the configuration file saved on the TFTP server to the device and configure it as
the configuration file for next startup.
You can only back up and restore the main configuration file.
Backing up the configuration file for next startup
T
Remarks
Back up the
backup
Required
configuration file for next startup-configuration
This operation can be executed only
startup
to dest-addr [ filename ]
in user view
Make sure that the route between the device and the server is reachable, TFTP is
enabled at the server end, and the client on which you will perform the backup and
restoration operations obtains the corresponding read/write right.
Use the display startup command in user view to check whether the
configuration file for next startup is configured, and then use the dir command to
check whether the configuration file for next startup exists. If the configuration file is
configured as NULL or the configuration file does not exist, the backup operation will
fail.
Remarks
Before restoring the configuration file, make sure that the route between the device
and the server is reachable, TFTP is enabled at the server end, and the client on which
you will perform the backup and restoration operations obtains the corresponding
read/write right.
After the command is executed successfully, use the display startup command
in user view to check whether the name of the configuration file for next startup is
consistent with the filename argument, and then use the dir command to check
whether the restored configuration file for next startup exists.
116
Displaying and
Maintaining Device
Configuration
Remarks
display
saved-configuration
[ by-linenum ]
display startup
display
Available in any view
current-configuration
[ configuration
[ configuration-type ] |
interface
[ interface-type ]
[ interface-number ] ]
[ by-linenum ] [ | { begin |
include | exclude } text ]
Configuration files are displayed in the same format in which they are saved.
FTP Configuration
Overview
FTP (file transfer protocol) is commonly used in IP-based networks to transmit files. Before
World Wide Web comes into being, files are transferred through command lines, and the
most popular application is FTP. At present, although E-mail and Web are the usual
methods for file transmission, FTP still has its strongholds.
An Ethernet switch can act as an FTP client or the FTP server in FTP-employed data
transmission:
FTP server
An Ethernet switch can operate as an FTP server to provide file transmission services for
FTP clients. You can log into a switch operating as an FTP server by running an FTP client
program on your PC to access files on the FTP server. Before you log into the FTP server,
the administrator must configure an IP address for it.
FTP client
A switch can operate as an FTP client, through which you can access files on FTP servers.
In this case, you need to establish a connection between your PC and the switch through
a terminal emulation program or Telnet and then execute the ftp command on your
PC.
Figure 39 Network diagram for FTP
The configurations needed when a switch operates as an FTP client are showed in
Table 67.
Table 67 Configurations needed when a switch operates as an FTP client
Device
Configuration
Default
Description
Switch
FTP server
The configurations needed when a switch operates as an FTP server are showed in
Table 68.
Table 68 Configurations needed when a switch operates as an FTP server
Device
Configuration
Default
Switch
Configure the
authentication information
on the FTP server
time is 30 minutes.
PC
Description
CAUTION: The FTP-related functions require that the route between a FTP client and the
FTP server is reachable.
Configuring the FTP
Client
Remarks
Required
[ -a source-ip ] ]
Optional
remotehelp
Optional
verbose
[ protocol-command ]
Optional
The verbose function is enabled
by default.
118
Remarks
ascii
binary
cd pathname
Optional
By default, files are transferred
in ASCII characters.
Optional
By default, files are transferred
in ASCII characters.
Optional
Optional
dir [remotefile [
Optional
ls [remotefile [
get remotefile [
localfile ] ]
Optional
localfile ] ]
Optional
localfile ]
Upload a local file to the remote put localfile [
FTP server
remotefile ]
Optional
pwd
Optional
lcd
Optional
Optional
passive
Optional
delete remotefile
rmdir pathname
Optional
disconnect
Optional
close
Optional
bye
Optional
Optional
Optional
It is equivalent to bye
command under FTP Client
view.
CAUTION: FTP-based file transmission is performed in the following two modes: Binary
mode for program file transfer and ASCII mode for text file transfer.
The ls command can just query the name of all files and directories, while the dir
command can query the details of all files and directories.
Remarks
system-view
Required
Disabled by default.
Optional
The default is 30 minutes.
Optional
Normal update is used by
default.
Remarks
system-view
local-user user-name
Required
No local user exists by
default.
Required
password
Assign the FTP service to the local service-type ftp
user
Required
Optional
Reference an authorization
scheme to the domain
service-type ftp [
ftp-directory directory]
domain [isp-name ] [ default {
disable | enable isp-name } ]
authentication
{ radius-scheme
radius-scheme-name [ local ] |
hwtacacs-scheme
hwtacacs-scheme-name [ local ] |
local | none }
authorization
{ hwtacacs-scheme
hwtacacs-scheme-name | none }
Not assigned by
default.
Optional
Optional
Optional
For more information about authentication and authorization commands, refer to the
AAA-RADIUS-TACACS+ chapter of this manual.
120
FTP Client
Configuration
Example
To do
Remarks
display ftp-server
display ftp-user
Network requirements
Use your device as an FTP client to download an application file (APP file, .bin file) for
upgrading purpose from the FTP server with the IP address 10.1.1.1/16.
On the FTP server, an FTP user account has been created for the FTP client, with the
username being abc and the password being pwd.
Network diagram
Figure 40 Network diagram for FTPing a startup file from an FTP Server
cable
Configuration procedure
1 Check files on your device. Remove those redundant to ensure adequate space for the
APP file to be downloaded.
<3Com> dir
Directory of flash:/
0
drw- Dec 07 2005
1
drw- Jan 02 2006
2
-rw1216 Jan 02 2006
3
-rw1216 Jan 02 2006
4
-rw184108 May 26 2006
15240 KB total (2511 KB free)
<3Com> delete flash:/backup.cfg
10:00:57
14:27:51
14:28:59
16:27:26
18:02:16
filename
logfile
config.cfg
backup.cfg
aaa.bin
3 Specify the main APP file for next startup with the boot-loader command.
<3Com> boot-loader file bbb.bin main
<3Com> reboot
The APP file for next startup specified by boot-loader command must be saved
under the root directory. You can use copy or move operation to change its path.
FTP Server
Configuration
Example
Network requirements
Use your device as an FTP server. Create a user account for an FTP user on it, setting the
username to abc and the password to pwd.
Upload an APP file from a PC to the FTP server.
Network diagram
Figure 41 Network diagram for FTPing a startup file to the FTP server
Configuration procedure
1 Configure the Ethernet Switch
a Create an FTP user account, setting its username and password.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] local-user abc
[3Com-luser-abc] service-type ftp
[3Com-luser-abc] password simple pwd
122
e Check files on your device. Remove those redundant to ensure adequate space for the
APP file to be uploaded.
<3Com> dirDirectory of flash:/
0
drw- Dec 07 2005
1
drw- Jan 02 2006
2
-rw1216 Jan 02 2006
3
-rw1216 Jan 02 2006
4
drw- Jan 02 2006
5
-rw184108 May 26 2006
15240 KB total (2511 KB free)
<3Com> delete flash:/back.cfg
10:00:57
14:27:51
14:28:59
16:27:26
15:20:21
18:02:16
filename
logfile
config.cfg
back.cfg
ftp
aaa.bin
2 Configure the PC
a Upload the APP file to the FTP server.
c:\> ftp 1.1.1.1
ftp> put aaa.bin bbb.bin
When upgrading the configuration file with FTP, put the new file on under the root
directory.
When upgrading the Boot ROM program with FTP remotely, you must perform the
bootrom update command after the file transfer is completed.
b Specify the main APP file for next startup with the boot-loader command.
<3Com> boot-loader file bbb.bin main
<3Com> reboot
CAUTION: The APP file for next startup must be saved under the root directory.
TFTP Configuration
Overview
The trivial file transfer protocol (TFTP) provides functions similar to those provided by FTP,
but it is not as complex as FTP in interactive access interface and authentication.
Therefore, it is more suitable where complex interaction is not needed between client
and server.
TFTP uses the UDP service for data delivery. In TFTP, file transfer is initiated by the client.
In a normal file downloading process, the client sends a read request to the TFTP server,
receives data from the server, and then sends the acknowledgement to the server.
In a normal file uploading process, the client sends a write request to the TFTP server,
sends data to the server, and receives the acknowledgement from the server.
TFTP transfers files in two modes: binary for programming files and ASCII for text files.
Before performing TFTP-related configurations, you need to configure IP addresses for
the TFPT client and the TFTP server, and make sure the route between the two is
reachable.
A switch can only operate as a TFTP client.
Table 73 describes the operations needed when a switch operates as a TFTP client.
Table 73 Configurations needed when a switch operates as a TFTP client
Device
Configuration
Default
Description
Switch
Remarks
system-view
tftp-server acl acl-number
quit
tftp tftp-server get source-file [
Optional
dest-file | -a source-ip ]*
Required
Optional
dest-file | -a source-ip ]*
TFTP Client
Configuration
Example
Network requirements
Use a PC as the TFTP server and your device as the TFTP client.
As shown in the following figure,
PC uses IP address 1.2.1.1/16 and a TFTP working directory has been defined for the
client.
TFTP an APP file from PC for upgrading and a configuration file to PC for backup.
124
Network diagram
Figure 43 Network diagram for TFTP client configuration
Configuration procedure
1 On PC
Enable TFTP server and configure a TFTP working directory for the TFTP client.
2 On Device
CAUTION: If available space on the Flash memory of the switch is not enough to hold
the file to be uploaded, you need to delete files from the Flash memory to make room
for the new file.
a Enter system view.
<Sysname> system-view
b Assign VLAN interface 1 an IP address 1.1.1.1/16, making sure that the port
connected to PC belongs to the same VLAN.
[Sysname] interface vlan-interface 1
[Sysname-vlan-interface1] ip address 1.1.1.1 255.255.0.0
[Sysname-vlan-interface1] return
c Download an application file aaa.bin from the TFTP server. (Before that, make sure
that adequate memory is available.)
<Sysname> tftp 1.2.1.1 get aaa.bin bbb.bin
e Specify the APP file for next startup with the boot-loader command.
<Sysname> boot-loader file bbb.bin
<Sysname> reboot
CAUTION: The APP file for next startup must be saved under the root directory. You can
use copy or move operation to change its path.
12
VLAN CONFIGURATION
VLAN Overview
Introduction to VLAN
The virtual local area network (VLAN) technology is developed for switches to control
broadcast operations in LANs.
By creating VLANs in a physical LAN, you can divide the LAN into multiple logical LANs,
each of which has a broadcast domain of its own. Hosts in the same VLAN communicate
with each other as if they are in a LAN. However, hosts in different VLANs cannot
communicate with each other directly. In this way, broadcast packets are confined within
a VLAN. Figure 44 illustrates a VLAN implementation.
Figure 44 A VLAN implementation
VLAN A
LAN Switch
VLAN B
VLAN A
LAN Switch
VLAN A
VLAN B
VLAN B
Router
A VLAN can span across multiple switches, or even routers. This enables hosts in a VLAN
to be dispersed in a more loose way. That is, hosts in a VLAN can belong to different
physical network segments.
VLAN enjoys the following advantages.
Broadcasts are confined to VLANs. This decreases bandwidth utilization and improves
network performance.
Network security is improved. VLANs cannot communicate with each other directly.
That is, hosts in different VLANs cannot communicate with each other directly. To
enable communications between different VLANs, network devices operating on
Layer 3 (such as routers or Layer 3 switches) are needed.
Configuration workload is reduced. VLAN can be used to group specific hosts. When
the physical position of a host changes, no additional network configuration is
required if the host still belongs to the same VLAN
126
VLAN Classification
Depending on how VLANs are established, VLANs fall into the following six categories:
Port-based VLAN
MAC-based VLAN
Protocol-based VLAN
Policy-based VLAN
Other VLAN
3Com Switch 4500G Ethernet Switch supports the port-based VLAN. This chapter
focuses on the port-based VLAN.
Basic VLAN
Configuration
Remarks
system-view
vlan { vlan-id1 [ to
Create VLAN
vlan-id2 ] }
Enter VLAN view
vlan vlan-id
Optional
This command is mainly used to create
multiple VLANs
Required
If the specified VLAN does not exist,
this command will first create the
VLAN, and then enter VLAN view.
description text
quit
Optional
By default, the description string of a
VLAN is its VLAN ID, such as VLAN
0001.
Basic VLAN
Interface
Configuration
VLAN interface is a virtual interface in Layer 3 mode, and mainly used in realizing the
Layer 3 connectivity between different VLANs.
Table 76 Configure a VLAN interface
To do
system-view
Enter VLAN interface view interface
vlan-interface
vlan-interface-id
Configure IP address of
VLAN interface
Remarks
Required
If the specified VLAN interface does
not exist, this command will create it
first and then enter VLAN interface
view.
Optional
Optional
undo shutdown
Before creating a VLAN interface, the corresponding VLAN must exist. Otherwise, you
cannot create the VLAN interface successfully.
Port-Based VLAN
Configuration
Introduction of
Port-Based VLAN
Port-based VLAN is the simplest and most effective VLAN division method. It defines its
VLAN members according to the ports of a switch. After a specified port is added into a
specified VLAN, the port can forward the packets of the specified VLAN.
Link Type of the Ethernet Port
According to the different port-to-VLAN binding mode, the link type of the Ethernet port
falls into the following three ones:
Access port. An access port carries one VLAN only, used for connecting to the users
computer.
Trunk port. A trunk port can belong to more than one VLAN and receive/send the
packets on multiple VLANs, used for connection between the switches.
Hybrid port. A hybrid port can also carry more than one VLAN and receive/send the
packets on multiple VLANs, used for connecting both the switches and users
computers.
128
The difference between the hybrid port and the trunk port is that:
A hybrid port allows the packets from multiple VLANs to be sent without tags.
A trunk port only allows the packets from the default VLAN to be sent without tags.
Default VLAN
You can configure some VLANs allowed to pass through a port. In additional, you can
also configure a default VLAN for the port. By default, the default VLAN of all the ports is
VLAN 1. But you can configure it as needed.
An access port can only belong to one VLAN, so that its default VLAN is the VLAN it
belongs to, and it is not necessary for you to configure it.
Both of the trunk port and hybrid port allow multiple VLANs to pass through. You can
configure the default VLAN for them.
After you delete the default VLAN of a port through the undo vlan command, for
an access port, its default VLAN restore to VLAN 1; for a trunk or a hybrid port, its
default VLAN configuration remain unchanged, that is, a trunk port or hybrid port can
use the presently nonexistent VLAN as the default VLAN.
After the default VLAN is configured, a port receives and sends packets in different ways.
Refer to the following table for details:
Table 77 Receive and send packets
Receive packets
Port type
Access port
Send packets
Trunk port
Hybrid port
Configuring an
Access Port-Based
VLAN
You can add an access port to a specified VLAN in two ways: configure it in VLAN view,
or configure it in Ethernet port view/port group view.
Table 78 Configure an access port-based VLAN (in VLAN view)
To do
Remarks
system-view
vlan vlan-id
Required
If the specified VLAN does not exist,
this command will create the VLAN
first and then enter VLAN view of the
VLAN.
port interface-list
Required
By default, the system adds all ports
to VLAN 1.
Table 79 Configure an access port-based VLAN (in Ethernet port view or port group view)
To do
Remarks
system-view
interface
interface-type
interface-number
Enter
Ethernet port
view or port
group view
Enter Ethernet
port view
Enter port
group view
port-group { manual
port-group-name |
aggregation agg-id }
Optional
vlan-id
130
Configuring a Trunk
Port-Based VLAN
A trunk port allows multiple VLANs to pass, but you can only configure it in Ethernet port
view/port group view.
Table 80 Configure a trunk port-based VLAN
To do
system-view
Enter Ethernet Enter Ethernet interface
port view or
port group
view
port view
interface-type
interface-number
Enter port
group view
port-group { manual
port-group-name |
aggregation agg-id }
Remarks
Required
Required
Optional
vlan-id
A trunk port and a hybrid port cannot switch to each other directly but must be
configured as an access port first. For example, a trunk port cannot be configured to
be a hybrid port directly; you must specify it as an access port first, and then specify it
as a hybrid port.
The default VLAN ID of the trunk port on the local switch must be the same as that of
the trunk port on the opposite switch. Otherwise, the packets cannot be transmitted
correctly.
Configuring a Hybrid
Port-Based VLAN
A hybrid port allows multiple VLANs to pass, but you can only configure it in Ethernet
port view/port group view.
Table 81 Configure a hybrid port-based VLAN
To do
Remarks
system-view
Enter
Enter
Ethernet port Ethernet port
view or port view
group view
Enter port
group view
port-group { manual
port-group-name |
aggregation agg-id }
Configure a port as a Hybrid port link-type hybrid
port
Required
Required
Set the default VLAN for the port hybrid pvid vlan
hybrid port.
vlan-id
Displaying VLAN
Configuration
A trunk port and a hybrid port cannot switch to each other directly but must be
configured as an access port first. For example, a trunk port cannot be configured to
be a hybrid port directly. You must specify it as an access port first, and then specify it
to a hybrid port.
The VLANs configured to be permitted to pass through a hybrid port must exist.
The default VLAN ID of the hybrid port on the local switch must be the same as that
of the hybrid on the opposite switch. Otherwise, the packets cannot be transmitted
correctly.
After the above configuration, you can execute the display command in any view to
view the running of the VLAN configuration, and to verify the effect of the configuration.
Table 82 Display the information about specified VLANs
To do
Remarks
vlan-interface-id ]
132
VLAN
Configuration
Example
Network
Requirements
Network Diagram
The port permits the packets from VLAN 2, VLAN 6 through 50, and VLAN 100 to
pass.
GigabitEthernet1/0/1
Switch A
Switch B
Configuration
Procedure
1 Configure Switch A
a Create VLAN 2, VLAN 6 through VLAN 50 and VLAN 100.
<3Com> system-view
System View: return to User View with Ctrl+Z.
[3Com] vlan 2
[3Com-vlan2] vlan 100
[3Com-vlan100] vlan 6 to 50
Please wait... Done.
13
Voice VLAN
Overview
Voice VLANs are VLANs configured specially for voice data stream. By adding the ports
with voice devices attached to voice VLANs, you can perform QoS (quality of
service)-related configuration for voice data, ensuring the transmission priority of voice
data stream and voice quality.
The Switch 4500G determines whether a received packet is a voice packet by checking
its source MAC address. If the source MAC addresses of packets comply with the
organizationally unique identifier (OUI) addresses configured by the system, the packets
are determined as voice packets and transmitted in voice VLAN.
You can configure an OUI address for voice packets or specify to use the default OUI
address.
The following table shows the five default OUI addresses of a switch.
Table 83 Default OUI addresses preset by the switch
Number
OUI Address
Vendor
0003-6b00-0000
Cisco phone
000f-e200-0000
00d0-1e00-0000
Pingtel phone
00e0-7500-0000
Polycom phone
00e0-bb00-0000
3com phone
An OUI address is a globally unique identifier assigned to a vendor by IEEE. You can
determine which vendor a device belongs to according to the OUI address which
forms the first 24 bits of a MAC address.
A voice VLAN can operate in two modes: automatic mode and manual mode. You can
configure the operation mode for a voice VLAN according to data stream passing
through the ports of the voice VLAN.
In automatic mode, the system identifies the source MAC address contained in the
untagged packet sent when the IP phone is powered on and matches it against the
OUI addresses. If a match is found, the system will automatically add the port into the
Voice VLAN and send ACL rules to ensure the packet precedence. An aging time can
be configured on the device. The system will remove a port from the voice VLAN if no
voice packets are received from it within the aging time. The adding and deleting of
ports are automatically realized by the system.
134
In manual mode, administrators add the IP phone access port directly to the voice
VLAN. It then identifies the source MAC address contained in the packet, matches it
against the OUI addresses, and decides whether to forward the packet in the voice
VLAN. The administrators send ACL rules while adding or deleting a port from the
voice VLAN. In this mode, the adding or deleting of ports is realized by the
administrators.
Both modes forward tagged packets in the same manner: forward them based on the
VLAN ID contained in the packets.
The above two working modes are only configured under Ethernet interface view. The
working modes for different voice VLAN vary and different ports can be configured to
work in different modes.
The following table lists the co-relation between the working modes of a voice VLAN, the
voice traffic type of an IP phone, and the interface modes of a VLAN interface.
Table 84 Port modes and voice stream types
Port voice
VLAN mode
Automatic
mode
Voice
stream
type
Port type
Tagged
Access
voice stream
Trunk
Supported or not
Not supported
Supported
Make sure the default VLAN of the port exists and is
not a voice VLAN. And the access port permits the
packets of the default VLAN.
Hybrid
Supported
Make sure the default VLAN of the port exists and is in
the list of the tagged VLANs whose packets are
permitted by the access port.
Untagged
Access
voice stream
Trunk
Hybrid
Manual mode
Tagged
Access
voice stream
Trunk
Hybrid
Supported
Make sure the default VLAN of the port exists and is in
the list of the tagged VLANs whose packets are
permitted by the access port.
Untagged
Access
voice stream
Trunk
Supported
Make sure the default VLAN of the port is a voice
VLAN.
Supported
Make sure the default VLAN of the port is a voice
VLAN and the port permits the packets of the VLAN.
Hybrid
Supported
Make sure the default VLAN of the port is a voice
VLAN and is in the list of untagged VLANs whose
packets are permitted by the port.
CAUTION:
If the voice stream transmitted by your IP phone is with VLAN tag and the port which
the IP phone is attached to is enabled with 802.1x authentication and 802.1x guest
VLAN, assign different VLAN IDs for the voice VLAN, the default VLAN of the port,
and the 802.1x guest VLAN to ensure the two functions to operate properly.
If the voice stream transmitted by the IP phone is without VLAN tag, the default VLAN
of the port which the IP phone is attached can only be configured as a voice VLAN for
the voice VLAN function to take effect. In this case, 802.1x authentication is
unavailable.
The default VLAN of all ports is VLAN 1. You can use the corresponding command to
specify a default VLAN for a port, and allow certain VLAN to pass through the port.
Relate command 1.4 Port-Based VLAN.
Use the display interface command to display the VLANs allowed to pass
through a port and the default VLAN of the port.
Voice VLAN works in security mode or ordinary mode according to the packet filtering
rule of the port enabled with voice VLAN function.
In security mode, the port with the voice VLAN function enabled allow only the voice
packets with source MAC address being recognizable OUI address. Other packets are
discarded (including some authentication packets, like 802.1x authentication
packets).
In ordinary mode, the port with voice VLAN function enabled allow both voice
packets and other types of packets to pass. Voice packets comply with the filtering
rule of the voice VLAN and other types of packets comply with the filtering rule of the
ordinary VLAN.
You are recommended not to transmit voice data and other service data in a voice VLAN
simultaneously. If you need to do so, make sure you have disabled the security mode of
the voice VLAN.
Voice VLAN
Configuration
Configuration
Prerequisites
VLAN 1 is the default VLAN and do not need to be created. But VLAN 1 does not
support the voice VLAN function.
136
Configuring a Voice
VLAN to Operate in
Automatic Mode
system-view
Set the aging time for the voice voice vlan aging
VLAN
minutes
Remarks
Optional
The default aging time is 1,440
minutes, and only effective for the
port in automatic mode.
Optional
Optional
Required
interface
interface-type
interface-number
Set the voice VLAN operation
mode to automatic mode
Required
Execute the voice vlan security enable command and the undo voice
vlan security enable command before you enabled the voice VLAN function
globally. Otherwise, the two commands will not take effect.
Configuring a Voice
VLAN to Operate in
Manual Mode
Remarks
system-view
voice vlan aging
minutes
Optional
Optional
Optional
voice vlan
mac-address oui mask
oui-mask [ description
text ]
Required
interface
interface-type
interface-number
Remarks
Required
Required
Required
Displaying and
Maintaining Voice
VLAN
Required
By default, the voice VLAN
function is disabled on a port.
You can enable the voice VLAN function for only one VLAN on a switch at a time.
You cannot enable the voice VLAN function for a port if it has been enabled with the
link aggregation control protocol (LACP).
A dynamic VLAN will be changed to a static VLAN after the VLAN is enabled with the
voice VLAN function.
Execute the voice vlan security enable command and the undo voice
vlan security enable command before you enabled the voice VLAN function
globally. Otherwise, the two commands will not take effect.
After the above configurations, you can execute the display command in any view to
view the running status and verify the configuration effect.
Table 87 Display and debug a voice VLAN
To...
Remarks
138
Voice VLAN
Configuration
Example
Voice VLAN
Configuration
Example (Automatic
Mode)
Network requirements
Create VLAN 2 and configure it as a voice VLAN with an aging time of 100 minutes.
Configure GigabitEthernet1/0/1 port as a trunk port, with VLAN 6 as the default port.
The device allows voice packets from GigabitEthernet 1/0/1 with an OUI address of
0011-2200-0000 and a mask of ffff-ff00-0000 to be forwarded through the voice
VLAN.
Configuration procedure
1 Create VLAN 2, VLAN 6.
<3Com> system-view
System View: return to User View with Ctrl+Z.
[3Com] vlan 2
[3Com-vlan2] quit
[3Com] vlan 6
[3Com-vlan6] quit
7 Set the default VLAN of the port to VLAN 6, and the port permits VLAN 6 to pass.
[3Com-GigabitEthernet1/0/1] port trunk permit vlan 6
[3Com-GigabitEthernet1/0/1] port trunk pvid vlan 6
Voice VLAN
Configuration
Example (Manual
Mode)
Network requirements
The voice stream transmitted by the IP phone is untagged, and the port which the IP
phone is attached to is a Hybrid port GigabitEthernet1/0/1.
GigbitEthernet1/0/1 works in manual mode, and only permits the voice packets with
the following features to pass: OUI address is 0011-2200-0000; network mask is
ffff-ff00-0000 and description string is test.
Network diagram
None
Configuration procedure
1 Set the voice VALN to work in security mode to permit the legal voice packets to pass
(optional, defaults to security mode).
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] voice vlan security enable
4 Create VLAN 2, and enable the voice VLAN function for it.
[3Com] vlan 2
[3Com-vlan2] quit
[3Com] voice vlan 2 enable
8 Manually add Hybrid port GigabitEthernet1/0/1 in the untagged format to the voice
VLAN.
[3Com-GigabitEthernet1/0/1] port hybrid vlan 2 untagged
140
Description
Cisco phone
3Com Aolynk phone
test
Pingtel phone
Polycom phone
3com phone
14
GVRP CONFIGURATION
Introduction to
GARP
Introduction to GARP
The generic attribute registration protocol (GARP), provides a mechanism that allows
participants in a GARP application to distribute, propagate, and register with other
participants in a bridged LAN the attributes specific to the GARP application, such as the
VLAN or multicast address attribute.
Leave to announce the willingness to deregister with other participants. Together with
Join messages, Leave messages guarantee attribute reregistration and deregistration.
Through message exchange, all attribute information that needs registration propagates
to all GARP participants throughout a bridged LAN.
2 GARP timers
GARP sets interval for sending GARP messages by using these four timers:
Hold timer When a GARP application entity receives the first registration request, it
starts a hold timer and collects succeeding requests. When the timer expires, the
entity sends all these requests in one Join message. This can thus help you save
bandwidth.
Join timer Each GARP application entity sends a Join message twice for reliability
sake and uses a join timer to set the sending interval.
Leave timer Starts upon receipt of a Leave message. When this timer expires, the
GARP application entity removes attribute information as requested.
Leaveall timer Starts when a GARP application entity starts. When this timer
expires, the entity sends a LeaveAll message so that other entities can re-register its
attribute information. Then, a leaveall timer starts again.
142
The settings of GARP timers apply to all GARP applications, such as GVRP, running on
a LAN.
Unlike other three timers which are set on a port basis, the leaveall timer is set in
system view and takes effect globally.
A GARP application entity may send LeaveAll messages at the interval set by its
LeaveAll timer or the leaveall timer of another GARP application entity on the
network, whichever is smaller.
Description
Value
Protocol ID
Message
Attribute Type
Attribute List
Attribute
Attribute Length
2 to 255 in bytes
Attribute Event
0: LeaveAll
1: JoinEmpty
2: JoinIn
3: LeaveEmpty
4: LeaveIn
5: Empty
Introduction to GVRP
Attribute Value
Attribute value
End Mark
Protocols and
Standards
144
Configuring GVRP
When configuring GVRP, you need to configure timers, enable GVRP, and configure
GVRP registration mode.
Configuration
Prerequisites
Use the port link-type trunk command to set the link type of the port on which
you want to use GVRP to trunk.
Configuration
Procedure
Remarks
system-view
gvrp
Required
Disabled by default
Enter
Ethernet
interface view
or port-group
view
Enter
interface interface-type
Ethernet
interface-number
interface view
Enter
port-group
view
port-group { manual
port-group-name |
aggregation agg-id }
gvrp
gvrp registration {
Optional
normal | fixed | forbidden } The default is normal
Remarks
system-view
garp timer leaveall
timer-value
Enter
Ethernet
interface view
or port-group
view
Enter
interface interface-type
Ethernet
interface-number
interface view
Enter
port-group
view
port-group { manual
port-group-name |
aggregation agg-id }
Optional
When configuring GARP timers, note that their values are dependent on each other and
must be a multiplier of five centiseconds. If the value range for a timer is not desired, you
may change it by tuning the value of another timer as shown in the following table:
Table 91 Dependencies of GARP timers
Displaying and
Maintaining GVRP
Timer
Lower limit
Upper limit
Hold
10 centiseconds
Join
Leave
Greater than two times the join timer Less than the leaveall timer setting
setting
Leaveall
32,765 centiseconds
Remarks
GVRP Configuration
Example
Example 1
Network requirements
Configure GVRP for dynamic VLAN information registration and update among devices.
Network diagram
Figure 47 Network diagram for GVRP configuration
GE1/0/1
Switch A
GE1/0/2
Switch B
146
Configuration procedure
1 Configure Switch A
a Enable GVRP globally.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] gvrp
2 Configure Switch B
a Enable GVRP globally.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] gvrp
Example 2
Network requirements
Enable GVRP on devices and configure the port registration mode as fixed to realize
dynamic registration and update of some VLAN information between devices.
Network diagram
Figure 48 Network diagram for GVRP configuration
GE1/0/1
GE1/0/2
Switch A
Switch B
Configuration procedure
1 Configure Switch A
a Enable GVRP globally.
<3Com> system-view
System View: return to User View with Ctrl+Z.
[3Com] gvrp
2 Configure Switch B
a Enable GVRP globally.
<3Com> system-view
System View: return to User View with Ctrl+Z.
[3Com] gvrp
148
GVRP Configuration
Examples
Network requirements
Enable GVRP on devices and configure the port registration mode as forbidden to forbid
dynamic registration and update of VLAN information between devices.
Network diagram
Figure 49 Network diagram for GVRP configuration
GE1/0/1
GE1/0/2
Switch A
Switch B
Configuration procedure
1 Configure Switch A
a Enable GVRP globally.
<3Com > system-view
System View: return to User View with Ctrl+Z.
[3Com] gvrp
2 Configure Switch B
a Enable GVRP globally.
<3Com > system-view
System View: return to User View with Ctrl+Z.
[3Com] gvrp
150
15
General Ethernet
Interface
Configuration
Combo Port
Configuration
Single Combo port: the two Ethernet interfaces in the device panel correspond to
only one interface view, in which the state on the two interfaces can be realized. A
single Combo port can be a Layer 2 Ethernet interface or a Layer 3 Ethernet interface.
Double Combo port: the two Ethernet interfaces in the device panel correspond to
two interface views. The state switchover can be realized in users own interfaces
view. A double Combo port can only be a layer 2 Ethernet interface.
Currently, the Switch 4500G Family series support double combo ports.
152
Remarks
system-view
interface
interface-type
interface-number
Enable a specified double
Combo port
undo shutdown
Optional
By default, out of the two ports
in a Combo port, the one with a
smaller port ID is enabled.
The port with the smaller port ID
is of electrical type.
Basic Ethernet
Interface
Configuration
Full-duplex mode (full): in this mode, the sending and receiving of data packets
happen simultaneously;
Half-duplex mode (half): in this mode, at a particular time, either the sending or
receiving of data packets is allowed, but not both;
If you configure the transmission rate for an Ethernet interface to be auto, then the rate
will be automatically negotiated between peer Ethernet interfaces.
Follow these steps to make basic Ethernet interface configurations:
Table 94 Basic Ethernet Interface Configuration
To...
Remarks
system-view
interface
interface-type
interface-number
Enable an Ethernet interface
undo shutdown
Optional
Enabled by default. Use the
shutdown command to
disable a port.
description text
Optional
Default to the current interface
name followed by the interface
string.
Optional
Optional
Default to auto.
Default to auto.
Configuring Flow
Control on an
Ethernet Interface
For the double combo port, the optical port goes up when you use the undo
shutdown command on it, and the electrical port in pair goes down, and vice versa.
The mdi and virtual-cable-test commands are not available on the optical
combo port.
The optical combo port cannot work in half-duplex mode, only supports two speed
options: 1000 Mbps and auto.
When the port works at 1000 Mbps, you cannot configure it in half-duplex mode,
and vice versa.
When flow control is turned on between peer Ethernet interfaces, if traffic congestion
occurs at the ingress interface, it will send a Pause frame notifying the egress interface to
temporarily suspend the sending of packets. The egress interface is expected to stop
sending any new packets when it receives the Pause frame. In this way, flow controls
helps to avoid the dropping of packets. Note that only after both the ingress and the
egress interfaces have turned on their flow control will this be possible.
Follow these steps to configure flow control on an Ethernet interface:
Table 95 Configuring Flow Control on an Ethernet Interface
To...
Remarks
system-view
interface
interface-type
interface-number
Turn on flow control on an
Ethernet interface
flow-control
Required
Turned off by default
Currently, the Switch 4500G Family series only support flow control in inbound direction.
Configuring
Loopback Testing on
an Ethernet Interface
You can enable loopback testing to check whether the Ethernet interface is functioning
properly. Note that no data packets can be forwarded during the testing. Loopback
testing falls into the following two categories:
Internal loopback testing: The packets from an interface go inside the switch and
then back to the original interface. If the internal loopback test succeeds, the
interface is OK.
154
Remarks
system-view
interface interface-type
interface-number
Configure to enable loopback
testing
Configuring a Port
Group
loopback { external |
internal }
Optional
Disabled by default
The loopback testing is not applicable when the interface is in a shutdown state;
The speed, duplex, mdi, and shutdown commands are not applicable during a
loopback testing;
To make the configuration task easier for users, certain devices allow users to configure
on a single port as well as on multiple ports in a port group. In port group view, the user
only needs to input the configuration command once on one port and that
configuration will apply to all ports in the port group. This effectively reduces redundant
configurations.
A Port group could belong to one of the following two categories:
Manual port group: manually created by users. Multiple Ethernet interfaces can be
added to the same port group;
Dynamic port group: dynamically created by system, currently mainly applied in link
aggregation port groups. A link aggregation port group is automatically created
together with the creation of a link aggregation group and cannot be created by
users through command line input. Adding or deleting of ports in a link aggregation
port group can only be achieved through operations on the link aggregation group.
Remarks
system-view
port-group manual
port-group-name
port-group aggregation
agg-id
Remarks
system-view
Create a manual port group, and port-group manual
Configuring Storm
Suppression Ratio on
an Ethernet Interface
Required
port-group-name
For details on configuring link aggregation port group, refer to Link Aggregation.
system-view
Enter Ethernet Enter Ethernet interface interface-type
interface view interface view interface-number
or port group
Enter port
port-group { manual
view
group view
port-group-name |
aggregation agg-id }
Remarks
broadcast-suppression { Optional
ratio | pps pps }
Default to 100%, that is,
broadcast traffic is not
suppressed by default
multicast-suppression { Optional
ratio | pps pps }
Default to 100%, that is,
multicast traffic is not
suppressed by default
unicast-suppression {
ratio | pps pps }
Optional
Default to 100%, that is,
unknown unicast traffic is not
suppressed by default
156
Copying
Configurations from
a Specified Port to
Other Ports
Using the copy configuration command you can easily copy configurations from a
specified Ethernet interface to other Ethernet interfaces provided that they all work in
Layer 2 mode.
Configurations that can be copied include VLAN, QoS, STP, and port configurations, as
illustrated below:
VLAN configurations: VLANs that are allowed to pass through the port, default VLAN
ID;
Follow the following steps to copy configurations from a specified port to other ports:
Table 100 Copying Configurations from a Specified Port to Other Ports
To...
Remarks
system-view
copy configuration source
Enabling the
Forwarding of Jumbo
Frames
Required
interface-type
interface-number destination
interface-list
Due to tremendous amount of traffic occurred in Ethernet, it is likely that some frames
might have a frame size greater than the standard Ethernet frame size. By allowing such
frames (called jumbo frames) to pass through Ethernet interfaces, you can forward
frames with a size greater than the standard Ethernet frame size and yet still within the
specified size range.
Follow the following steps to enable the forwarding of jumbo frames
Table 101 Enabling the Forwarding of Jumbo Frames
To...
Remarks
system-view
port-group { manual
Configuring an
Ethernet Interface to
Perform Loopback
Detection
port-group-name |
aggregation agg-id }
jumboframe enable
interface interface-type
interface-number
jumboframe enable
If an Access port has been detected with loopbacks, it will be shutdown. A Trap
message will be sent to the terminal and the corresponding MAC address forwarding
entries will be deleted.
If a Trunk port or Hybrid port has been detected with loopbacks, a Trap messag
loopback detection control feature is enabled on them. In addition, a Trap message
will be sent to the terminal and the corresponding MAC address forwarding entries
will be deleted.
Remarks
system-view
loopback-detection
enable
Required
loopback-detection
interval-time time
Optional
interface
Disabled by default
Default to 30 seconds
interface-type
interface-number
Enable loopback detection on a
specified port
loopback-detection
enable
Required
loopback-detection
control enable
Optional
loopback-detection
per-vlan enable
Optional
display
loopback-detection
Disabled by default
Disabled by default
CAUTION:
Loopback detection on all ports will be disabled after the issuing of the undo
loopback-detection enable command under system view.
158
Configuring Cable
Type on an Ethernet
Interface
Ethernet interfaces use two types of cable: cross-over cable and straight-through cable.
The former is normally used in connecting data terminal equipment (DTE) and Data
communication equipment (DCE) while the latter connects DTEs only.
Follow the following steps to configure cable type on Ethernet Interface:
Table 103 Configuring Cable Type on an Ethernet Interface
To...
Remarks
system-view
interface
interface-type
interface-number
Configure the cable type for an
Ethernet interface
Ethernet Interface
Cable Testing
Optional
Defaults to auto, that is, system
automatically detects the type of
cable in use.
For the mdi command, only auto mode can be successfully implemented on the
Switch 4500G Family series.
Follow the following steps to test the current working state of Ethernet interface cables.
System will return the testing result within five seconds, indicating the receiving direction
(RX), the transmit direction (TX), any short cut or open cut, and the length of failed
cables.
Table 104 Ethernet Interface Cable Testing
To...
Remarks
system-view
interface
interface-type
interface-number
virtual-cable-test
Required
Maintaining and
Displaying an
Ethernet Interface
Remarks
display interface [
interface-type [
interface-number ] ]
160
16
Link aggregation aggregates multiple physical Ethernet ports into one logical link, also
called a logical group, to increase reliability and bandwidth.
When configuring this feature, use the following table to identify where to go for
interested information:
Table 106 Information
Link Aggregation
Overview
If you need to
Go to
Link aggregation is used to group multiple Ethernet ports together to form an aggregate
group. An upper layer entity adopting link aggregation service considers multiple physical
links in an aggregation group as one logical link.
Link aggregation allows you to increase bandwidth by distributing incoming/outgoing
traffic on the member ports in an aggregation group. In addition, it provides reliable
connectivity because these member ports can dynamically back up each other.
To get more information about link aggregation, go to these topics:
LACP
LACP
The link aggregation control protocol (LACP) is defined in IEEE 802.3ad. Link aggregation
control protocol data unit (LACPDU) is used for exchanging information among
LACP-enabled devices.
162
LACP is enabled automatically after the port is added to a static link aggregation group.
The port sends LACPDUs to notify the remote system of its system LACP priority, system
MAC address, port LACP priority, port number, and operational key. Upon receipt of an
LACPDU, the remote system compares the received information with the information
received on other ports to determine the ports that can operate as selected ports. This
allows the two systems to reach agreement on the states of the related ports
When aggregating ports, link aggregation control automatically assigns each port an
operational key based on its rate, duplex mode, and other basic configurations. In an
aggregation group, the selected ports share the same operational key.
Consistency
Considerations for
Ports in an
Aggregation
Considerations
STP
QoS
Rate limiting
Default 802.1p priority
Bandwidth assurance
Congestion avoidance
Traffic policing, SP queueing, WRR queue scheduling, packet priority trust
mode, traffic-template
GVRP
VLAN
Port attribute
Port rate
Duplex mode
Up/down state of the link
Inside the isolate group or not
Broadcast/Multicast/Unicast suppression ration
Jumbo frame enable/disable state
Approaches to Link
Aggregation
Port states in a
manual aggregation
group
Manual aggregations are created manually. Member ports in a manual aggregation are
LACP-disabled.
In a manual aggregation group, ports can be selected or unselected, where selected
ports can receive and transmit data frames whereas unselected ones cannot.
The port in the Selected state and with the least port ID is the master port of the
aggregation group, and other ports in the aggregation group are member ports.
When setting the state of the ports in a manual aggregation group, the system performs
the following:
When ports in up state are present in the group, select a master port in the order of
full duplex/high speed, full duplex/low speed, half duplex/high speed, and half
duplex/low speed, with the full duplex/high speed being the most preferred. When
two ports with the same duplex mode/speed pair are present, the one with the lower
port number wins out. Then, place those ports with the same speed/duplex pair, link
state and basic configuration in selected state and others in unselected state.
When all ports in the group are down, select the port with the lowest port number as
the master port and set all ports (including the master) in unselected state.
Place the ports that cannot aggregate with the master in unselected state.
Manual aggregation limits the number of selected ports in an aggregation group. When
the limit is exceeded, the system changes the state of selected ports with greater port
numbers to unselected until the number of selected ports drops under the limit.
In addition, to ensure the ongoing service on current selected ports, a port that joins the
group after the limit is reached will not be placed in selected state as it should be in
normal cases.
In addition, unless the master port should be selected, a port that joins the group after
the limit is reached will not be placed in selected state even if it should be in normal
cases. This is to prevent the ongoing service on selected ports from being interrupted.
You need to avoid the situation however as the selected/unselected state of a port may
become different after a reboot.
Port Configuration
Considerations in
manual aggregation
164
Note:
Currently the Switch 4500G series switches support up to twelve valid aggregation
groups, each contains up to eight GE ports or two 10GE ports in Selected condition.
An aggregation group can be valid only when the number of selected member ports
is more than one.
Static aggregations are created manually. After you add a port to a static aggregation,
LACP is enabled on it automatically.
Port states in a static aggregation group
In a static aggregation group, ports can be selected or unselected, where both can
receive and transmit LACPDUs but only selected ports can receive and transmit data
frames. The selected port with the lowest port number is the master port as mentioned
in Consistency Considerations for Ports in an Aggregation on page 162.
All member ports that cannot aggregate with the master are placed in unselected state.
These ports include those using the basic configurations different from the master port.
Member ports in up state can be selected if they have the configuration same as that of
the master port. The number of selected ports however, is limited in a static aggregation
group. When the limit is exceeded, the local and remote systems negotiate the state of
their ports as follows:
1 Compare the actor and partner system IDs that each comprises a two-byte system LACP
priority plus a six-byte system MAC address as follow:
If they are the same, compare the MAC addresses. The system with the smaller ID has
higher priority.
2 Compare the port IDs that each comprises a two-byte port LACP priority and a two-byte
port number on the system with higher ID as follows:
If two ports with the same port LACP priority are present, compare their port
numbers. The state of the ports with higher IDs then changes to unselected, so does
the state of the corresponding remote ports.
Note:
An aggregation group takes effect only when there are more than one member ports
that are in selected state.
Link aggregation groups fall into load sharing aggregation groups and non-load sharing
aggregation groups depending on their support to load sharing.
Link aggregation groups perform load sharing depending on availability of hardware
resources. When hardware resources are available, link aggregation groups created
containing at least two ports perform load sharing; and link aggregation groups created
with only one port perform non-load sharing. After hardware resources become
depleted, link aggregation groups work in non-load sharing mode.
Note:
Aggregation Port
Group
When only one single port is left in an aggregation group, the group will be become
non-load sharing.
The newly created aggregation group will be non-load sharing one when the valid
aggregation groups more than twelve.
When you delete an existing valid aggregation group, a new valid aggregation group
may be created automatically from the non-load sharing ones according to the port
speed and duplex, and the Selected ports in this aggregation group may be chosen
again.
166
Configuring Link
Aggregation
CAUTION:
Configuring a Manual
Link Aggregation
Group
When you change the configurations for a member port of an aggregation group in
the port view, the change will not be synchronized to other member ports of the
group; to realize configuration synchronization, you must make configuration in port
group view.
For two connected ports, they must both in the aggregation group.
Remarks
system-view
link-aggregation group
agg-id mode manual
interface interface-type
Required
interface-number
Assign the Ethernet port to the
aggregation group
port link-aggregation
group agg-id
Required
You may create a manual aggregation group by changing the type of a static or dynamic
aggregation group that has existed. If the specified group contains ports, its group type
changes to manual with LACP disabled on its member ports; if not, its group type directly
changes to manual.
When you create an aggregation group, consider the following:
The aggregation group type is changed to the new type you configured if there is no
port in the group.
If there are ports in the aggregation group, you can only change the static
aggregation group to the manual one.
When assigning an Ethernet port to a manual aggregation group, consider the following:
An aggregation group cannot include monitor ports in mirroring, ports with static
MAC addresses, or 802.1x-enabled ports.
You can remove all ports in a manual aggregation group by removing the group. If
this group contains only one port, you can remove the port only by removing the
group.
Note: To guarantee a successful aggregation, ensure that the ports at the two ends of
each link to be aggregated, are consistent in selected/unselected state.
Configuring a Static
LACP Link
Aggregation Group
system-view
Remarks
system-priority-value
32768 by default
link-aggregation
group agg-id mode
static
interface
Required
interface-type
interface-number
Configure the port LACP priority lacp port-priority
port-priority-value
Optional
Required
port
link-aggregation
group agg-id
32768 by default
You may create a static aggregation group by changing the type of an existing link
aggregation group.
When assigning an Ethernet port to a static aggregation group, consider the following:
After you assign an LACP-disabled port to a static aggregation group, its LACP is
enabled.
For a LACP aggregation group that contains only one port, you can remove the port
from the aggregation group only by removing the aggregation group.
Configuring an
Aggregation Group
Name
Forwarding anomaly resulted from inconsistency of the two ends in the number of
selected ports.
Some protocols such as GVRP malfunction because the state of the remote port
connected to the master port is unselected.
Remarks
system-view
link-aggregation
group agg-id
description agg-name
Required
None is configured by default.
168
Note:
Entering Aggregation
Port Group View
When configuring a name or description for a link aggregation group, make sure that
the group exists. You may check for existing link aggregation groups with the
display link-aggregation summary command or the display
link-aggregation interface command.
If you save the current configuration using the save command, the manual/static
aggregation configuration (including aggregation groups created and aggregation
group names) remain valid even if the device restarts.
In aggregation port group view, you can configure for all the member ports in a link
aggregation group at one time.
Follow these steps to enter aggregation port group view:
Table 110 Entering Aggregation Port Group View
To do
Remarks
system-view
port-group aggregation
agg-id
CAUTION: In aggregation port group view, you can configure aggregation related
settings such as STP, VLAN, QoS, GVRP, multicast, but cannot add or remove member
ports.
Displaying and
Maintaining Link
Aggregation
Remarks
Available in any view
interface-type
interface-number ]
Display summaries for all link
aggregation groups
Display detailed information
about specified or all link
aggregation groups
Clear the statistics about LACP
for specified or all ports
display
link-aggregation
summary
display
link-aggregation
verbose [ agg-id ]
reset lacp statistics [
interface interface-type
interface-number [ to
interface-type
interface-number ] ]
Link Aggregation
Configuration
Example
Network requirements
Switch A aggregates ports GigabitEthernet 1/0/1 through GigabitEthernet 1/0/3 to form
one link connected to Switch B, achieving load sharing among these ports.
Network diagram
Figure 50 Network diagram for link aggregation
Switch A
Link aggregation
Switch B
Configuration procedure
This example only describes how to configure on Switch A. To achieve link aggregation,
do the same on Switch B.
1 In manual aggregation approach
a Create manual aggregation group 1.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] sysname SwitchA
[SwitchA] link-aggregation group 1 mode manual
1/0/1
link-aggregation group 1
1/0/2
link-aggregation group 1
1/0/3
link-aggregation group 1
1/0/1
link-aggregation group 1
1/0/2
link-aggregation group 1
1/0/3
link-aggregation group 1
170
The three ports can form one dynamic aggregation group only when they share the
same basic configuration.
17
Port Isolation
Overview
Through the port isolation feature, you can add the ports to be controlled into an
isolation group to isolate the Layer 2 and Layer 3 data between each port in the isolation
group. Thus, you can improve the network security and network in a more flexible way.
Currently, you can configure only one isolation group on a switch. The number of
Ethernet ports an isolation group can accommodate is not limited.
The port isolation function is independent of VLAN configuration.
Port Isolation
Configuration
Command
system-view
Enter Ethernet Enter Ethernet interface
Displaying Port
Isolation
Configuration
interface-type
interface-number
port-isolate enable
port-group { manual
port-group-name |
aggregation agg-id }
Description
After the above configuration, you can execute the display command in any view to
display the running state after port isolation configuration. You can verify the
configuration effect through checking the displayed information.
Table 113 Display port isolation configuration
Operation
Command
Description
You can execute the display
command in any view
172
Port Isolation
Configuration
Example
Network requirements
Network diagram
Figure 51 Network diagram for port isolation configuration
Internet
GE1/0/1
Switch
GE1/0/2
GE1/0/4
GE1/0/3
PC2
PC3
PC4
Configuration procedure
1 Add GigabitEthernet1/0/2, GigabitEthernet1/0/3, and GigabitEthernet1/0/4 ports to the
isolation group.
<3Com> system-view
System View: return to User View with Ctrl+Z.
[3Com] interface GigabitEthernet1/0/2
[3Com-GigabitEthernet1/0/2] port-isolate enable
[3Com-GigabitEthernet1/0/2] quit
[3Com] interface GigabitEthernet1/0/3
[3Com-GigabitEthernet1/0/3] port-isolate enable
[3Com-GigabitEthernet1/0/3] quit
[3Com] interface GigabitEthernet1/0/4
[3Com-GigabitEthernet1/0/4] port-isolate enable
GigabitEthernet1/0/4
18
Introduction to
Managing MAC
Address Table
174
Figure 52 A Ethernet switch forwards packets according to the MAC address tab
MACD MACA
MACA
MACB
MACC
MACD
......
Port 1
Port 2
MACD MACA
......
The Ethernet switch also provides the function of MAC address aging. If the Ethernet
switch does not receive a packet from a network device within a period of time, it will
delete the corresponding entry from the MAC address table.
You can configure (add or modify) the MAC address entries manually according to the
actual network environment. The entries can be static ones or dynamic ones.
Configuring the
MAC Address Table
Configuring MAC
Address Table Entries
Administrators can manually add, modify, or delete the entries in a MAC address table
according to actual needs.
Table 114 Configure MAC Address Table Entries
To do
Remarks
system-view
mac-address { blackhole |
dynamic | static }
mac-address interface
Required
interface-type
interface-number vlan
vlan-id
Enter the interface view of a
specified interface
interface interface-type
mac-address { blackhole |
dynamic | static }
mac-address vlan vlan-id
interface-number
Required
Configuring MAC
Address Aging Time
for the System
Setting the aging time too long results in a large number of outdated table entries being
kept in the MAC address table, and thereby exhausting the MAC address table resources
and making it impossible for the Ethernet switch to update the MAC address table
according to the network change. On the other hand, if the aging time is set too short,
valid MAC address table entries may be deleted by the the Ethernet switch, resulting in
flooding a large number of data packets and degrades the switch performance.
Therefore, it is important that subscribers set an appropriate aging time according to the
actual network environment in order to implement MAC address aging effectively.
Table 115 Configure MAC address aging time for the system
To do
Remarks
system-view
mac-address timer {
aging seconds |
no-aging }
Optional
300 seconds by default
This command takes effect on all ports. However, the address aging only functions on
the dynamic addresses (the learned or configured as age entries by the user).
Configuring the
Maximum MAC
Addresses that an
Ethernet Port or a
Port Group Can Learn
Use the following commands, users can set an amount limit on MAC address table
entries maintained by the Ethernet switch. Setting the number too big may degrade the
forwarding performance. If the maximum number of MAC address is set to count, then
after the number of learned MAC addresses has reached to count, the interface will no
longer learn any more MAC addresses.
Table 116 Configuring the maximum MAC addresses that an Ethernet port or a port group can
learn
To do
Remarks
system-view
interface
interface-type
interface-number
Enter the
interface
view of a
port or port
group view
of a port
group
Required
By default, the Maximum MAC
Addresses that an Ethernet Port
or a Port Group Can Learn is not
configured
176
Displaying and
Maintaining the
MAC Address Table
Remarks
interface-type
interface-number ] [
vlan vlan-id ] [ count ] ]
Display the aging time of
dynamic address table entries
display mac-address
aging-time
Network diagram
The user logs on the switch through the Console port. Configure the MAC address table
management function. Configure the aging time for dynamic table entries to be 500
seconds. Add a static address table entry 00e0-fc35-dc71 to the interface Gigabit
Ethernet 1/0/7 in VLAN 1.
Figure 53 Typical configuration of address table management
Internet
Network Port
Console Port
Switch
Configuration
procedure
1 Enter the system view of the switch.
<3Com> system-view
2 Add a static MAC address (specify the native VLAN, port, and state).
[3Com] mac-address static 00e0-fc35-dc71 interface GigabitEthernet 1/0/7
vlan 1
3 Configure the aging time for dynamic MAC address table entries to be 500 seconds.
[3Com] mac-address timer aging 500
Config static
---
GigabitEthernet 1/0/7
AGING
178
19
MSTP CONFIGURATION
MSTP Overview
Introduction to STP
Functions of STP
The spanning tree protocol (STP) is a protocol used to eliminate loops in a local area
network (LAN). Devices running this protocol detects any loop in the network by
exchanging information with one another and eliminate the loop by properly blocking
certain ports until the loop network is pruned into a loop-free tree, thereby avoiding
proliferation and infinite recycling of packets in a loop network.
Designated bridge
Designated port
For a device
For a LAN
180
Figure 54 shows designated bridges and designated ports. In the figure, AP1 and AP2,
BP1 and BP2, and CP1 and CP2 are ports on Switch A, Switch B, and Switch C
respectively.
If Switch A forwards BPDUs to Switch B through AP1, the designated bridge for
Switch B is Switch A, and the designated port is the port AP1 on Switch A.
Two devices are connected to the LAN: Switch B and Switch C. If Switch B forwards
BPDUs to the LAN, the designated bridge for the LAN is Switch B, and the designated
port is the port BP2 on Switch B.
AP2
CP1
BP1
Switch C
Switch B
CP2
BP2
LAN
Root bridge ID: consisting of root bridge priority and MAC address.
Root path cost: the cost of the shortest path to the root bridge.
For the convenience of description, the description and examples below involve only four
parts of a configuration BPDU:
Initial state
Upon initialization of a device, each port generates a BPDU with itself as the root, in
which the root path cost is 0, designated bridge ID is the device ID, and the designated
port is the local port.
Each device sends out its configuration BPDU and receives configuration BPDUs from
other devices.
The process of selecting the optimum configuration BPDU is as follows:
Table 119 Selection of the optimum configuration BPDU
Step
Description
Upon receiving a configuration BPDU on a port, the device performs the following
processing:
If the received configuration BPDU has a lower priority than that of the configuration
BPDU generated by the port, the device will discard the received configuration BPDU
without doing any processing on the configuration BPDU of this port.
If the received configuration BPDU has a higher priority than that of the configuration
BPDU generated by the port, the device will replace the content of the configuration
BPDU generated by the port with the content of the received configuration BPDU.
The device compares the configuration BPDUs of all the ports and chooses the optimum
configuration BPDU.
The configuration BPDU that has the lowest root bridge ID has the highest priority.
If all the configuration BPDUs have the same root bridge ID, they will be compared for
their root path costs. If the root path cost in a configuration BPDU plus the path cost
corresponding to this port is S, the configuration BPDU with the smallest S value has
the highest priority.
If all configuration BPDU have the same root path cost, they will be compared for
their designated bridge IDs, then their designated port IDs, and then the IDs of the
ports on which they are received. The smaller the ID, the higher message priority.
182
The process of selecting the root port and designated ports is as follows:
Table 120 Selection of the root port and designated ports
Step
Description
The root port is the port on which the optimum configuration BPDU was received.
Based on the configuration BPDU and the path cost of the root port, the device calculates a
designated port configuration BPDU for each of the rest ports.
The root bridge ID is replaced with that of the configuration BPDU of the root port.
The root path cost is replaced with that of the configuration BPDU of the root port plus
the path cost corresponding to the root port.
The device compares the computed configuration BPDU with the configuration BPDU on
the corresponding port, and performs processing accordingly based on the comparison
result:
If the configuration BPDU is superior, the device will block this port without changing its
configuration BPDU, so that the port will only receive BPDUs, but not send any, and will
not forward data.
If the computed configuration BPDU is superior, this port will serve as the designated
port, and the configuration BPDU on the port will be replaced with the computed
configuration BPDU, which will be sent out periodically.
When the network topology is stable, only the root port and designated ports forward
traffic, while other ports are all in the blocked state they only receive STP packets but
do not forward user traffic.
Once the root bridge, the root port on each non-root bridge and designated ports have
been successfully elected, the entire tree-shaped topology has been constructed.
The following is an example of how the STP algorithm works. The specific network
diagram is shown in Figure 55. In the feature, the priority of Switch A is 0, the priority of
Switch B is 1, the priority of Switch C is 2, and the path costs of these links are 5, 10 and
4 respectively.
with priority 0
AP1
AP2
5
10
BP1
Switch
BB
Switch
with priority 11
BP2
CP1
CP2
Switch C
Switch C
with priority 22
Port name
BPDU of port
Switch A
AP1
{0, 0, 0, AP1}
AP2
{0, 0, 0, AP2}
BP1
{1, 0, 1, BP1}
BP2
{1, 0, 1, BP2}
CP1
{2, 0, 2, CP1}
CP2
{2, 0, 2, CP2}
Switch B
Switch C
184
The following table shows the comparison process and result on each device.
Table 122 Comparison process and result on each device
BPDU of port after
comparison
Device
Comparison process
Switch A
Port AP1 receives the configuration BPDU of Switch B {1, AP1: {0, 0, 0, AP1}
0, 1, BP1}. Switch A finds that the configuration BPDU of
AP2: {0, 0, 0, AP2}
the local port {0, 0, 0, AP1} is superior to the configuration
received message, and discards the received configuration
BPDU.
Switch B
Switch B compares the configuration BPDUs of all its ports, Root port BP1:
and determines that the configuration BPDU of BP1 is the
{0, 0, 0, AP1}
optimum configuration BPDU. Then, it uses BP1 as the root
port, the configuration BPDUs of which will not be
Designated port BP2:
changed.
{0, 5, 1, BP2}
Based on the configuration BPDU of BP1 and the path cost
of the root port (5), Switch B calculates a designated port
configuration BPDU for BP2 {0, 5, 1, BP2}.
Device
Comparison process
Switch C
Port CP1 receives the configuration BPDU of Switch A {0, CP1: {0, 0, 0, AP2}
0, 0, AP2}. Switch C finds that the received configuration
CP2: {1, 0, 1, BP2}
BPDU is superior to the configuration BPDU of the local
port {2, 0, 2, CP1}, and updates the configuration BPDU of
CP1.
By comparison:
By comparison:
Because the root path cost of CP2 (9) (root path cost of
{0, 0, 0, AP2}
the BPDU (5) + path cost corresponding to CP2 (4)) is
Root port CP2:
smaller than the root path cost of CP1 (10) (root path cost
of the BPDU (0) + path cost corresponding to CP2 (10)),
{0, 5, 1, BP2}
the BPDU of CP2 is elected as the optimum BPDU, and CP2
is elected as the root port, the messages of which will not
be changed.
186
After the comparison processes described in the table above, a spanning tree with
Switch A as the root bridge is stabilized, as shown in Figure 56
Figure 56 The final computed spanning tree
Switch
Switch A
A
with priority 0
0
AP1
5
BP1
Switch
SwitchBB
with
priority11
BP2
CP2
SwitchCC
Switch
with
priority22
Upon network initiation, every switch regards itself as the root bridge, generates
configuration BPDUs with itself as the root, and sends the configuration BPDUs at a
regular interval of hello time.
If it is the root port that received the configuration BPDU and the received
configuration BPDU is superior to the configuration BPDU of the port, the device will
increase message age carried in the configuration BPDU by a certain rule and start a
timer to time the configuration BPDU while it sends out this configuration BPDU
through the designated port.
If the configuration BPDU received on the designated port has a lower priority than
the configuration BPDU of the local port, the port will immediately sends out its
better configuration BPDU in response.
If a path becomes faulty, the root port on this path will no longer receive new
configuration BPDUs and the old configuration BPDUs will be discarded due to
timeout. In this case, the device will generate a configuration BPDU with itself as the
root and sends out the BPDU. This triggers a new spanning tree computing process so
that a new path is established to restore the network connectivity.
However, the newly computed configuration BPDU will not be propagated throughout
the network immediately, so the old root ports and designated ports that have not
detected the topology change continue forwarding data through the old path. If the
new root port and designated port begin to forward data as soon as they are elected, a
temporary loop may occur. For this reason, STP uses a state transition mechanism.
Namely, a newly elected root port or designated port requires twice the forward delay
time before transitioning to the forwarding state, when the new configuration BPDU has
been propagated throughout the network.
Introduction to MSTP
Why MSTP
1 Disadvantages of STP and RSTP
STP does not support rapid state transition of ports. A newly elected root port or
designated port must wait twice the forward delay time before transitioning to the
forwarding state, even if it is a port on a point-to-point link or it is an edge port, which
directly connects to a user terminal rather than to another device or a shared LAN
segment.
The rapid spanning tree protocol (RSTP) is an optimized version of STP. RSTP allows a
newly elected root port or designated port to enter the forwarding state much quicker
under certain conditions than in STP. As a result, it takes a shorter time for the network
to reach the final topology stability.
In RSTP, a newly elected root port can enter the forwarding state rapidly if this
condition is met: The old root port on the device has stopped forwarding data and
the upstream designated port has started forwarding data.
In RSTP, a newly elected designated port can enter the forwarding state rapidly if this
condition is met: The designated port is an edge port or a port connected with a
point-to-point link. If the designated port is an edge port, it can enter the forwarding
state directly; if the designated port is connected with a point-to-point link, it can
enter the forwarding state immediately after the device undergoes handshake with
the downstream device and gets a response.
Although RSTP support rapid network convergence, it has the same drawback as STP
does: All bridges within a LAN share the same spanning tree, so redundant links cannot
be blocked based on VLANs, and the packets of all VLANs are forwarded along the same
spanning tree.
2 Features of MSTP
The multiple spanning tree protocol (MSTP) overcomes the shortcomings of STP and
RSTP. In addition to support for rapid network convergence, it also allows data flows of
different VLANs to be forwarded along their own paths, thus providing a better load
sharing mechanism for redundant links.
MSTP features the following:
MSTP divides a switched network into multiple regions, each containing multiple
spanning trees that are independent of one another.
MSTP prunes loop networks into a loop-free tree, thus avoiding proliferation and
endless recycling of packets in a loop network. In addition, it provides multiple
redundant paths for data forwarding, thus supporting load balancing of VLAN data in
the data forwarding process.
188
BPDU
A
CST
C
D
Region D0
VLAN 1 mapped to instance 1,
B as regional root bridge
VLAN 2 mapped to instance 2,
C as regional root bridge
Other VLANs mapped CIST
BPDU
Region B0
VLAN 1 mapped to instance 1
VLAN 2 mapped to instance 2
Other VLANs mapped CIST
Region C0
VLAN 1 mapped to instance 1
VLANs 2 and 3 mapped to instance 2
Other VLANs mapped CIST
1 MST region
An MST region is composed of multiple devices in a switched network and network
segments among them. These devices have the following characteristics:
In area A0 in Figure 57, for example, all the device have the same MST region
configuration: the same region name, the same VLAN-to-instance mapping (VLAN1 is
mapped to MST instance 1, VLAN2 to MST instance 2, and the rest to the command and
internal spanning tree (CIST). CIST refers to MST instance 0), and the same MSTP revision
level (not shown in the figure).
Multiple MST regions can exist in a switched network. You can use an MSTP command to
group multiple devices to the same MST region.
2 VLAN-to-instance mapping table
As an attribute of an MST region, the VLAN-to-instance mapping table describes the
mapping relationships between VLANs and MST instances. In Figure 57, for example, the
VLAN-to-instance mapping table of region A0 describes that the same region name, the
same VLAN-to-instance mapping (VLAN1 is mapped to MST instance 1, VLAN2 to MST
instance 2, and the rest to CIST.
3 IST
Internal spanning tree (IST) is a spanning tree that runs in an MSTP region, with the
instance number of 0. ISTs in all MST regions the common spanning tree (CST) jointly
constitute the common and internal spanning tree (CIST) of the entire network. An IST is
a section of the CIST in an MST region. In Figure 57, for example, the CIST has a section
is each MST region, and this section is the IST in each MST region.
4 CST
The CST is a single spanning tree that connects all MST regions in a switched network. If
you regard each MST region as a device, the CST is a spanning tree computed by these
devices through MSTP. For example, the red lines in Figure 57 describe the CST.
5 CIST
Jointly constituted by ISTs and the CST, the CIST is a single spanning tree that connects all
devices in a switched network. In Figure 57, for example, the ISTs in all MST regions plus
the inter-region CST constitute the CIST of the entire network.
6 MSTI
Multiple spanning trees can be generated in an MST region through MSTP, one spanning
tree being independent of another. Each spanning tree is referred to as a multiple
spanning tree instance (MSTI). In Figure 57, for example, multiple spanning tree can exist
in each MST region, each spanning tree corresponding to a VLAN. These spanning trees
are called MSTIs.
7 Regional root bridge
The root bridge of the IST or an MSTI within an MST region is the regional root bridge of
the MST or that MSTI. Based on the topology, different spanning trees in an MST region
may have different regional roots. For example, in region D0 in Figure 57, the regional
root of instance 1 is device B, while that of instance 2 is device C.
8 Common root bridge
The root bridge of the CIST is the common root bridge. In Figure 57, for example, the
common root bridge is a device in region A0.
9 Boundary port
A boundary port is a port that connects an MST region to another MST configuration, or
to a single spanning-tree region running STP, or to a single spanning-tree region running
RSTP.
During MSTP computing, a boundary port assumes the same role on the CIST and on
MST instances. Namely, if a boundary port is master port on the CIST, it is also the master
port on all MST instances within this region. In Figure 57, for example, if a device in
region A0 is interconnected with the first port of a device in region D0 and the common
root bridge of the entire switched network is located in region A0, the first port of that
device in region D0 is the boundary port of region D0.
190
10 Roles of ports
In the MSTP computing process, port roles include designated port, root port, master
port, alternate port, backup port, and so on.
Root port: a port responsible for forwarding data to the root bridge.
Designated port: a port responsible for forwarding data to the downstream network
segment or device.
Master port: A port on the shortest path from the entire region to the common root
bridge, connect the MST region to the common root bridge.
Alternate port: The standby port for a root port or master port. If a root port or
master port is blocked, the alternate port becomes the new root port or master port.
Backup port: If a loop occurs when two ports of the same device are interconnected,
the device will block either of the two ports, and the backup port is that port to be
blocked.
Within an MST region, the packet is forwarded along the corresponding MSTI.
Between two MST regions, the packet is forwarded along the CST.
Root guard
BPDU guard
Loop guard
192
Configuring the
Root Bridge
Configuration Tasks
Before configuring the root bridge, you need to know the position of each device in each
MST instances: root bridge or leave node. In each instance, one, and only one device acts
as the root bridge, while all others as leaf nodes. Complete these tasks to configure a
device that acts as the root bridge:
Table 123 Configuration Tasks
Task
Remarks
Required
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Required
If both GVRP and MSTP are enabled on a device at the same time, GVRP packets will be
forwarded along the CIST. Therefore, if both GVRP and MSTP are running on the same
device and you wish to advertise an certain VLAN within the network through GVRP,
make sure that this VLAN is mapped to the CIST (instance 0) when configuring the
VLAN-to-instance mapping table.
Configuring an MST
Region
Configuration procedure
Follow these steps to configure an MST region:
Table 124 Configuring an MST Region
To...
Remarks
system-view
stp region-configuration
region-name name
Required
Configure the
instance instance-id vlan
Use either command
VLAN-to-instance mapping vlan-list
All VLANs in an MST region
table
vlan-mapping modulo modulo are mapped to MST instance 0
Configure the MSTP
revision level of the MST
region
revision-level level
Optional
active
region-configuration
Required
check
region-configuration
Optional
display stp
region-configuration
0 by default
CAUTION: Two device belong to the same MST region only if they are configure to have
the same MST region name, the same VLAN-to-instance mapping entries in the MST
region and the same MST region revision level, and they are interconnected via a physical
link.
Your configuration of MST regionrelated parameters, especially the VLAN-to-instance
mapping table, will cause MSTP to launch a new spanning tree computing process,
which may result in network topology instability. To reduce the possibility of topology
instability caused by configuration, MSTP will not immediately launch a new spanning
tree computing process when processing MST regionrelated configurations; instead,
such configurations will take effect only if you:
Configuration example
1 Configure the MST region name to be info, the MSTP revision level to be 1, and VLAN
2 through VLAN 10 to be mapped to instance 1 and VLAN 20 through VLAN 30 to
instance 2.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] stp region-configuration
[3Com-mst-region] region-name info
[3Com-mst-region] instance 1 vlan 2 to 10
[3Com-mst-region] instance 2 vlan 20 to 30
[3Com-mst-region] revision-level 1
[3Com-mst-region] active region-configuration
194
MSTP can determine the root bridge of a spanning tree through MSTP computing.
Alternatively, you can specify the current device as the root bridge using the commands
provided by the system.
Specifying the current device as the root bridge of a specific spanning tree
Follow these steps to specify the current device as the root bridge of a specific spanning
tree:
Table 125 Specifying the current device as the root bridge of a specific spanning tree
To...
Remarks
system-view
stp [ instance instance-id ]
root primary [ bridge-diameter
bridge-number ] [ hello-time
Required
centi-seconds ]
Remarks
system-view
stp [ instance instance-id ] root
secondary [ bridge-diameter
bridge-number ] [ hello-time
Required
centi-seconds ]
Note that:
Upon specifying the current device as the root bridge or a secondary root bridge, you
cannot change the priority of the device.
You can configure the current device as the root bridge or a secondary root bridge of
an MST instance, which is specified by instance instance-id in the command. If
you set instance-id to 0, the current device will be the root bridge or a secondary root
bridge of the CIST.
The current device has independent roles in different instances. It can act as the root
bridge or a secondary root bridge of one instance while it can also act as the root
bridge or a secondary root bridge of another instance. However, the same device
cannot be the root bridge and a secondary root bridge in the same instance at the
same time.
You can specify the current device as the root bridge of different MST instances, but
you cannot specify two or more root bridges for the same instance at the same time.
Namely, do not use the same command on two or more devices to specify root
bridges for the same instance.
You can specify multiple secondary root bridges for the same instance. Namely, you
can specify secondary root bridges for the same instance on two or more than two
device.
When the root bridge of an instance fails or is shut down, the secondary root bridge
(if you have specified one) can take over the role of the instance. However, if you
specify a new root bridge for the instance at this time, the secondary root bridge will
not become the root bridge. If you have specified multiple secondary root bridges for
an instance, when the root bridge fails, MSTP will select the secondary root bridge
with the lowest MAC address as the new root bridge.
When specifying the root bridge or a secondary root bridge, you can specify the
network diameter and hello time. However, these two options are effective only for
MST instance 0, namely the CIST. If you include these two options in your command
for any other instance, your configuration can succeed, but they will not actually
work. For the description of network diameter and hello time, refer to Configuring
the Network Diameter of a Switched Network and Configuring Timers of MSTP.
Alternatively, you can also specify the current device as the root bridge by setting by
priority of the device to 0. For the device priority configuration, refer to Configuring
the Priority of the Current Device.
Configuration example
1 Specify the current device as the root bridge of MST instance 1 and a secondary root
bridge of MST instance 2.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] stp instance 1 root primary
[3Com] stp instance 2 root secondary
Configuring the
Work Mode of
MSTP Device
MSTP and RSTP can recognize each others protocol packets, so they are mutually
compatible. However, STP is unable to recognize MSTP packets. For hybrid networking
with legacy STP devices and full inter operability with RSTP-compliant devices, MSTP
supports three work modes: STP-compatible mode, RSTP mode, and MSTP mode.
In STP-compatible mode, all ports of the device send out STP BPDUs,
In RSTP mode, all ports of the device send out RSTP BPDUs. If the device detects that
it is connected with a legacy STP device, the port connecting with the legacy STP
device will automatically migrate to STP-compatible mode.
In MSTP mode, all ports of the device send out MSTP BPDUs. If the device detects that
it is connected with a legacy STP device, the port connecting with the legacy STP
device will automatically migrate to STP-compatible mode.
Configuration procedure
Follow these steps to configure the MSTP work mode:
Table 127 Configuring the Work Mode of MSTP Device
To...
Remarks
system-view
stp mode { stp | rstp | mstp }
Configuration example
1 Configure MSTP to work in STP-compatible mode.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] stp mode stp
Optional
MSTP mode by default
196
Configuring the
Priority of the
Current Device
The priority of a device determines whether it can be elected as the root bridge of a
spanning tree. A lower value indicates a higher priority. By setting the priority of a device
to a low value, you can specify the device as the root bridge of spanning tree. An
MSTP-compliant device can have different priorities in different MST instances.
Configuration procedure
Follow these steps to configure the priority of the current device:
Table 128 Configuring the Priority of the Current Device
To...
Remarks
system-view
stp [ instance instance-id ]
priority priority
Optional
32768 by default
CAUTION:
Upon specifying the current device as the root bridge or a secondary root bridge, you
cannot change the priority of the device.
During root bridge selection, if all devices in a spanning tree have the same priority,
the one with the lowest MAC address will be selected as the root bridge of the
spanning tree.
Configuration example
1 Set the device priority in MST instance 1 to 4096.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] stp instance 1 priority 4096
Configuring the
Maximum Hops of
an MST Region
By setting the maximum hops of an MST region, you can restrict the region size. The
maximum hops setting configured on the regional root bridge will be used as the
maximum hops of the MST region.
After a configuration BPDU leaves the root bridge of the spanning tree in the region, its
hop count is decremented by 1 whenever it passes a device. When its hop count reaches
0, it will be discarded by the device that has received it. As a result, devices beyond the
maximum hops are unable to take part in spanning tree computing, and thereby the size
of the MST region is restricted.
Configuration procedure
Follow these steps to configure the maximum hops of the MST region
Table 129 Configuring the Maximum Hops of an MST Region
To...
Remarks
system-view
stp max-hops hops
Optional
20 by default
A larger maximum hops setting means a larger size of the MST region. Only the
maximum hops configured on the regional root bridge can restrict the size of the MST
region.
Configuration example
1 Set the maximum hops of the MST region to 30.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] stp max-hops 30
Configuring the
Network Diameter of
a Switched Network
Any two stations in a switched network are interconnected through specific paths, which
are composed of a series of devices. Represented by the number of devices on a path,
the network diameter is the path that comprises more devices than any other among
these paths.
Configuration procedure
Follow these steps to configure the network diameter of the switched network:
Table 130 Configuring the Network Diameter of a Switched Network
To...
Remarks
system-view
stp bridge-diameter
bridge-number
7 by default
Optional
Based on the network diameter you configured, MSTP automatically sets an optimal
hello time, forward delay, and max age for the device.
The configured network diameter is effective for the CIST only, and not for MSTIs.
Configuration example
1 Set the network diameter of the switched network to 6.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] stp bridge-diameter 6
Configuring Timers of
MSTP
MSTP involves three timers: forward delay, hello time and max age.
Forward delay: the time a device will wait before changing states. A link failure can
trigger a spanning tree computing process, and the spanning tree structure will
change accordingly. However, as a new configuration BPDU cannot be propagated
throughout the network immediately, if the new root port and designated port begin
to forward data as soon as they are elected, a temporary loop may occur. For this
reason, the protocol uses a state transition mechanism. Namely, a newly elected root
port or designated port must wait twice the forward delay time before transitioning
to the forwarding state, when the new configuration BPDU has been propagated
throughout the network.
Hello time is sued to detect whether a link is faulty. A device sends a hello packet to
the devices around it at a regular interval of hello time to check whether any link is
faulty.
Max time is a used for determining whether a configuration BPDU has expired. A
BPDU that has expired will be discarded by the device.
198
Configuration procedure
Follow these steps to configure the timers of MSTP:
Table 131 Configuring Timers of MSTP
To...
Remarks
system-view
stp timer
forward-delay
Optional
centiseconds
Optional
centiseconds
Optional
centiseconds
These three timers set on the root bridge of the CIST apply on all the devices on the
entire switched network.
CAUTION:
The length of the forward delay time is related to the network diameter of the
switched network. Typically, the larger the network diameter is, the longer the
forward delay time should be. Note that if the forward delay setting is too small,
temporary redundant paths may be introduced; if the forward delay setting is too big,
it may take a long time for the network to resume connectivity. We recommend that
you use the default setting.
An appropriate hello time setting enables the device to timely detect link failures on
the network without using excessive network resources. If the hello time is set too
long, the device will take packet loss on a link for link failure and trigger a new
spanning tree computing process; if the hello time is set too short, the device will
send repeated configuration BPDUs frequently, which adds to the device burden and
causes waste of network resources. We recommend that you use the default setting.
If the max age time setting is too small, the network devices will frequently launch
spanning tree computing and may take network congestion to a link failure; if the
max age setting is too large, the network may fail to timely detect link failures and fail
to timely launch spanning tree computing, thus reducing the auto-sensing capability
of the network. We recommend that you use the default setting.
The setting of hello time, forward delay and max age must meet the following formulae;
otherwise network instability will frequently occur.
We recommend that you specify the network diameter in the stp root primary
command and let MSTP automatically calculate an optimal setting of these three timers.
Configuration example
1 Set the forward delay to 1,600 centiseconds, hello time to 300 centiseconds, and max
age to 2,100 centiseconds.
<3Com>
[3Com]
[3Com]
[3Com]
Configuring the
Timeout Factor
system-view
stp timer forward-delay 1600
stp timer hello 300
stp timer max-age 2100
A device sends a BPDU to the devices around it at a regular interval of hello time to check
whether any link is faulty. Typically, if a device does not receive a BPDU from the
upstream device within nine times the hello time, it will assume that the upstream device
has failed and start a new spanning tree computing process.
In a very stable network, this kind of spanning tree computing may occur because the
upstream device is busy. In this case, you can avoid such unwanted spanning tree
computing by lengthening the timeout time.
Configuration procedure
Follow these steps to configure the timeout factor:
Table 132 Configuring the Timeout Factor
To...
system-view
Configure the timeout factor of stp timer-factor number
the device
Remarks
Optional
3 by default
Typically, we recommend that you set the timeout factor to 5, or 6, or 7 for a stable
network.
Configuration example
1 Set the timeout factor to 6.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] stp timer-factor 6
Configuring the
Maximum
Transmission Rate of
Ports
The maximum transmission rate of a port refers to the maximum number of MSTP
packets that the port can send within each hello time.
The maximum transmission rate of an Ethernet port is related to the physical status of
the port and the network structure. You can make your configuration based on the
actual networking condition.
200
Configuration procedure
Following these steps to configure the maximum transmission rate of a port or a group
of ports:
Table 133 Configuring the Maximum Transmission Rate of Port
To...
Remarks
system-view
interface
interface-type
interface-number
Enter
Enter
Ethernet port Ethernet port
view or port view
group view
Enter port
group view
port-group {
manual
port-group-name |
aggregation agg-id }
stp
transmit-limit
packet-number
Optional
3 by default
If the maximum transmission rate setting of a port is too big, the port will send a large
number of MSTP packets within each hello time, thus using excessive network resources.
We recommend that you use the default setting.
Configuration example
1 Set the maximum transmission rate of port GigabitEthernet 1/0/1 to 5.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] interface GigabitEthernet 1/0/1
[3Com-GigabitEthernet1/0/1] stp transmit-limit 5
Configuring Ports
as Edge Ports
If a port directly connects to a user terminal rather than another device or a shared LAN
segment, this port is regarded as an edge port. When the network topology changes, an
edge port will not cause a temporary loop. Therefore, if you specify a port as an edge
port, this port can transition rapidly from the blocked state to the forwarding state
without delay.
Configuration procedure
Following these steps to specify a port or a group of ports as edge port(s):
Table 134 Configuring Ports as Edge Ports
To...
Remarks
system-view
interface
Enter
Ethernet
port view or
port group
view
Enter
Ethernet port interface-type
view
interface-number
Enter port
group view
port-group { manual
port-group-name |
aggregation agg-id }
stp edged-port
enable
With BPDU guard disabled, when a port set as an edge port receives a BPDU from
another port, it will become a non-edge port again. In this case, you must reset the
port before you can configure it to be an edge port again.
Configuration example
1 Configure GigabitEthernet1/0 /1to be an edge port.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] interface GigabitEthernet 1/0/1
[3Com-GigabitEthernet1/0/1] stp edged-port enable
Configuring Whether
Ports Connect to
Point-to-Point Links
A point-to-point link is a link directly connecting with two devices. If the two ports across
a point-to-point link are root ports or designated ports, the ports can rapidly transition to
the forwarding state by transmitting synchronization packets.
Configuration procedure
Following these steps to configure whether a port or a group of ports connect to
point-to-point links:
Table 135 Configuring Whether Ports Connect to Point-to-Point Links
To...
system-view
Enter Ethernet interface
Enter
Ethernet
port view
port view
or port
Enter port
group view
group view
Configure whether the
port(s) connect to
point-to-point links
interface-type
interface-number
port-group { manual
port-group-name |
Remarks
aggregation agg-id }
stp point-to-point Optional
{ force-true |
default setting is auto; namely the
force-false | auto The
device automatically detects whether an
Configuration example
1 Configure port GigabitEthernet 1/0/1 as connecting to a point-to-point link.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] interface GigabitEthernet 1/0/1
[3Com-GigabitEthernet1/0/1] stp point-to-point force-true
202
Configuring the
MSTP Packet
Format for Ports
Compatible format
The default packet format setting is auto, namely a port recognizes the two MSTP
packet formats automatically. You can configure the MSTP packet format to be used by a
port on your command line. After your configuration, when working in MSTP mode, the
port sends and receives only MSTP packets of the format you have configured.
Configuration procedure
Follow these steps to configure the MSTP packet format for a port or a group of ports:
Table 136 Configuring the MSTP Packet Format for Ports
To...
system-view
Enter Ethernet interface
Enter
Ethernet
port view
port view
or port
Enter port
group view
group view
interface-type
interface-number
port-group { manual
port-group-name |
Remarks
aggregation agg-id }
Configure the MSTP packet stp compliance {
Optional
format for the port(s)
auto | dot1s | legacy auto by default
}
If the port is configured not to detect the packet format automatically while it works
in the MSTP mode, and if it receives a packet in the format other than as configured,
that port will become a designated port, and the port will remain in the discarding
state to prevent the occurrence of a loop.
If a port receives MSTP packets of different formats frequently, this means that the
MSTP packet formation configuration contains error. In this case, if the port is
working in MSTP mode, it will be disabled for protection. Those ports closed thereby
can be restored only by the network administers.
Configuration example
1 Configure port GigabitEthernet 1/0/1 to receive and send standard-format MSTP
packets.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] interface GigabitEthernet 1/0/1
[3Com-GigabitEthernet1/0/1] stp compliance dot1s
Configuration procedure
Follow these steps to enable the MSTP feature:
Table 137 Enabling the MSTP Feature
To...
Remarks
system-view
stp enable
Required
Enter
Ethernet
port view
or port
group view
Enter
interface
Ethernet port interface-type
interface-number
view
Enter port
group view
port-group {
manual
port-group-name |
aggregation agg-id
}
Enable the MSTP feature
for the port(s)
stp enable
stp disable
or undo stp
Optional
By default, MSTP is enabled for all ports
after it is enabled for the device globally
Optional
To control MSTP flexibly, you can disable
the MSTP feature for certain Ethernet ports
so that these ports will not take part in
spanning tree computing and thus to save
the devices CPU resources
You must enable MSTP for the device before any other MSTP-related configuration can
take effect.
Configuration example
1 Enable MSTP for the device and disable MSTP for port GigabitEthernet 1/0/1.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] stp enable
[3Com] interface GigabitEthernet 1/0/1
[3Com-GigabitEthernet1/0/1] stp disable
204
Configuring Leaf
Nodes
Configuration Tasks
Before configuring the root bridge, you need to know the position of each device in each
MST instances: root bridge or leaf node. In each instance, one and only one device acts
as the root bridge, while all others as leaf nodes. Complete these tasks to configure a
device that acts as a leaf node:
Table 138 Configuring Leaf Nodes
Task
Remarks
Required
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Required
If both GVRP and MSTP are enabled on a device, GVRP packets will be forwarded along
the CIST. Therefore, if both GVRP and MSTP are running on the same device and you
wish to advertise an certain VLAN within the network through GVRP, make sure that this
VLAN is mapped to the CIST (instance 0) when configuring the VLAN-to-instance
mapping table.
Configuring an MST
Region
Configuring the Work
Mode of MSTP
Configuring the
Timeout Factor
Configuring the
Maximum
Transmission Rate of
Ports
Configuring Ports as
Edge Ports
Configuring Path
Costs of Ports
The device can automatically calculate the default path cost; alternatively, you can also
configure the path cost for ports.
Specifying a standard that the device uses when calculating the default path
cost
You can specify a standard for the device to use in automatic calculation for the default
path cost. The device supports the following standards:
dot1d-1998: The device calculates the default path cost for ports based on IEEE
802.1D-1998.
dot1t: The device calculates the default path cost for ports based on IEEE 802.1t.
legacy: The device calculates the default path cost for ports based on a private
standard.
Follow these steps to specify a standard for the device to use when calculating the
default path cost:
Table 139 Specifying a standard that the device uses when calculating the default path cost
To...
Remarks
system-view
Specify a standard for the stp
Optional
device to use when
pathcost-standard { The default standard used by the device
calculating the default path dot1d-1998 | dot1t |
depends on the specific device model.
cost of the link connected legacy }
with the device
Duplex state
802.1D-1998
802.1t
Private
standard
65535
200,000,000
200,000
10Mbit/s
Half-Duplex/Full-Duplex
100
2,000,000
2,000
100
1,000,000
1,800
100
666,666
1,600
100
500,000
1,400
Half-Duplex/Full-Duplex
19
200,000
200
19
100,000
180
19
66,666
160
19
50,000
140
Full-Duplex
20,000
20
10,000
18
6,666
16
5,000
14
Full-Duplex
2,000
1,000
666
500
100Mbit/s
1000Mbit/s
10Gbit/s
206
In the calculation of the path cost value of an aggregated link, 802.1D-1998 does not
take into account the number of ports in the aggregated link. Whereas, 802.1T takes the
number of ports in the aggregated link into account. The calculation formula is: Path
Cost = 200,000,000/link speed in 100 kbps, where link speed is the sum of the link
speed values of the non-blocked ports in the aggregated link.
Configuring Path Costs of Ports
Follow these steps to configure the path cost of ports:
Table 141 Configuring Path Costs of Ports
To...
Remarks
system-view
interface
interface-type
interface-number
Enter Ethernet
port view or
port group
view
Enter Ethernet
port view
Enter port
group view
port-group { manual
port-group-name |
aggregation agg-id }
stp [ instance
instance-id ] cost cost
Required
By default, MSTP automatically
calculates the path cost of
each port
CAUTION:
If you change the standard that the device uses in calculating the default path cost,
the port path cost value set through the stp cost command will be out of effect.
When the path cost of a port is changed, MSTP will re-compute the role of the port
and initiate a state transition. If you use 0 as instance-id, you are setting the path cost
of the CIST.
Configuration example(1)
1 Set the path cost of GigabitEthernet 1/0/1 in MST instance 1 to 2000.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] interface GigabitEthernet 1/0/1
[3Com-GigabitEthernet1/0/1] stp instance 1 cost 2000
Configuring Port
Priority
The priority of a port is an import basis that determines whether the port can be elected
as the root port of device. If all other conditions are the same, the port with the highest
priority will be elected as the root port.
system-view
Enter Ethernet interface
Enter
Ethernet
port view
port view
or port
Enter port
group view
group view
Configure port priority
interface-type
interface-number
Remarks
port-group-name |
aggregation agg-id }
stp [ instance
Optional
instance-id ] port
priority priority
port-group { manual
When the priority of a port is changed, MSTP will re-compute the role of the port and
initiate a state transition.
Generally, a lower configured value priority indicates a higher priority of the port. If
you configure the same priority value for all the Ethernet ports on the a device, the
specific priority of a port depends on the index number of that port. Changing the
priority of an Ethernet port triggers a new spanning tree computing process.
Configuration example
1 Set the priority of port GigabitEthernet 1/0/1 to 16 in MST instance 1.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] interface GigabitEthernet 1/0/1
[3Com-GigabitEthernet1/0/1] stp instance 1 port priority 16
Configuring Whether
Ports Connect to
Point-to-Point Links
Configuring the
MSTP Packet Format
for Ports
208
Performing mCheck
Ports on an MSTP-compliant device have three working modes: STP compatible mode,
RSTP mode, and MSTP mode.
In a switched network, if a port on the device running MSTP (or RSTP) connects to a
device running STP, this port will automatically migrate to the STP-compatible mode.
However, if the device running STP is removed, this will not be able to migrate
automatically to the MSTP (or RSTP) mode, but will remain working in the
STP-compatible mode. In this case, you can perform an mCheck operation to force the
port to migrate to the MSTP (or RSTP) mode.
You can perform mCheck on a port through two approaches, which lead to the same
result.
Configuration prerequisites
MSTP has been correctly configured on the device.
Performing mCheck globally
Follow these steps to perform mCheck:
Table 143 Performing mCheck globally
To...
Remarks
system-view
stp mcheck
Perform mCheck
Required
Remarks
system-view
interface interface-type
interface-number
Perform mCheck
stp mcheck
Required
CAUTION: The stp mcheck command is meaningful only when the device works in
the MSTP (or RSTP) mode, not in the STP-compatible mode.
Configuration example
1 Perform mCheck on port GigabitEthernet 1/0/1.
a Method 1: Perform mCheck globally.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] stp mcheck
Configuring
Protection Functions
BPDU guard
Root guard
Loop guard
Among loop guard, root guard and edge port setting, only one function can take effect
on the same port at the same time.
The purposes of these protection functions are as follows:
BPDU guard
For access layer devices, the access ports generally connect directly with user terminals
(such as PCs) or file servers. In this case, the access ports are configured as edge ports to
allow rapid transition of these ports. When these ports receive configuration BPDUs, the
system will automatically set these ports as non-edge ports and starts a new spanning
tree computing process. This will cause network topology instability. Under normal
conditions, these ports should not receive configuration
BPDUs. However, if someone forges configuration BPDUs maliciously to attack the
devices, network instability will occur.
MSTP provides the BPDU guard function to protect the system against such attacks.
With the BPDU guard function enabled on the devices, when edge ports receive
configuration BPDUs, the system will close these ports and notify the NMS that these
ports have been closed by MSTP.Those ports closed thereby can be restored only by the
network administers.
Root guard
The root bridge and secondary root bridge of a panning tree should be located in the
same MST region. Especially for the CIST, the root bridge and secondary root bridge are
generally put in a high-bandwidth core region during network design. However, due to
possible configuration errors or malicious attacks in the network, the legal root bridge
may receive a configuration BPDU with a higher priority. In this case, the current root
bridge will be superseded by another device, causing undesired change of the network
topology. As a result of this kind of illegal topology change, the traffic that should go
over high-speed links is drawn to low-speed links, resulting in network congestion.
To prevent this situation from happening, MSTP provides the root guard function to
protect the root bridge. If the root guard function is enabled on a port, this port will
keep playing the role of designated port on all MST instances. Once this port receives a
configuration BPDU with a higher priority from an MST instance, it immediate sets that
instance port to the listening state, without forwarding the packet (this is equivalent to
disconnecting the link connected with this port). If the port receives no BPDUs with a
higher priority within a sufficiently long time, the port will revert to its original state.
210
Loop guard
By keeping receiving BPDUs from the upstream device, a device can maintain the state of
the root port and other blocked ports. However, due to link congestion or unidirectional
link failures, these ports may fail to receive BPDUs from the upstream device. In this case,
the downstream device will reselect the port roles: those ports failed to receive upstream
BPDUs will become designated ports and the blocked ports will transition to the
forwarding state, resulting in loops in the switched network. The loop guard function
can suppress the occurrence of such loops.
If a loop guardenabled port fails to receive BPDUs from the upstream device, and if the
port took part in STP computing, all the instances on the port, no matter what roles they
play, will be set to, and stay in, the Discarding state.
The support for this feature depends on the specific device model.
We recommend that you enable BPDU guard if your device supports this function.
Configuration procedure
Following these steps to enable BPDU guard:
Table 145 Enabling BPDU Guard
To...
Remarks
system-view
stp bpdu-protection
Required
Configuration example
1 Enable BPDU protection.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] stp bpdu-protection
The support for this feature depends on the specific device model.
We recommend that you enable root guard if your device supports this function.
Configuration procedure
Follow these steps to enable root guard:
Table 146 Enabling Root Guard
To...
Remarks
system-view
interface
interface-type
interface-number
Enter Ethernet
port view or
port group
view
Enter Ethernet
port view
Enter port
group view
port-group { manual
port-group-name |
aggregation agg-id }
stp root-protection
Required
Disabled by the default
Configuration example
1 Enable the root guard function for port GigabitEthernet 1/0/1.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] interface GigabitEthernet 1/0/1
[3Com-GigabitEthernet1/0/1] stp root-protection
The support for this feature depends on the specific device model.
We recommend that you enable loop guard if your device supports this function.
Configuration procedure
Follow these steps to enable loop guard:
Table 147 Enabling Loop Guard
To...
Remarks
system-view
interface
interface-type
interface-number
Enter Ethernet
port view or
port group
view
Enter Ethernet
port view
Enter port
group view
port-group { manual
port-group-name |
aggregation agg-id }
Enable the loop guard function
for the ports(s)
stp loop-protection
Required
Disabled by the default
212
Configuration example
1 Enable the loop guard function for port GigabitEthernet 1/0/1.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] interface GigabitEthernet 1/0/1
[3Com-GigabitEthernet1/0/1] stp loop-protection
Enabling TC-BPDU
Attack Guard
Configuration procedure
Follow these steps to enable TC-BPDU attack guard
Table 148 Enabling TC-BPDU Attack Guard
To...
Remarks
system-view
stp tc-protection
enable
Optional
Enabled by the default
Displaying and
Maintaining MSTP
MSTP
Configuration
Example
Remarks
Available in any
view
Available in any
view
Available in user
view
Network requirements
Configure MSTP so that packets of different VLANs are forwarded along different
spanning trees. The specific configuration requirements are as follows:
Packets of VLAN 10 are forwarded along MST region 1, those of VLAN 30 are
forwarded along MST instance 3, those of VLAN 40 are forwarded along MST
instance 4, and those of VLAN 20 are forwarded along MST instance 0.
Switch A and Switch B are convergence layer devices, while Switch C and Switch D
are access layer devices. VLAN 10 and VLAN 30 are terminated on the convergence
layer devices, and VLAN 40 is terminated on the access layer devices, so the root
bridges of MST instance 1 and MST instance 3 are Switch A and Switch B respectively,
while the root bridge of MST instance 4 is Switch C.
Network diagram
Figure 59 Network diagram for MSTP configuration
Permit :all VLAN
Switch A
Switch B
Permit :
VLAN 10, 20
Permit :
VLAN 20, 30
Permit :
VLAN 10, 20
Permit :
VLAN 20, 30
Switch D
Switch C
Permit :VLAN 20, 40
Permit: beside each link in the figure is followed by the VLANs the packets of which are
permitted to pass this link.
Configuration procedure
1 Configuration on Switch A
a Configure an MST region.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] stp region-configuration
[3Com-mst-region] region-name example
[3Com-mst-region] instance 1 vlan 10
[3Com-mst-region] instance 3 vlan 30
[3Com-mst-region] instance 4 vlan 40
[3Com-mst-region] revision-level 0
d View the MST region configuration information that has taken effect.
[3Com] display stp region-configuration
Oper configuration
Format selector
:0
Region name
:example
Revision level
:0
Instance
0
1
3
4
Vlans Mapped
1 to 9, 11 to 29, 31 to 39, 41 to 4094
10
30
40
214
2 Configuration on Switch B
a Configure an MST region.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] stp region-configuration
[3Com-mst-region] region-name example
[3Com-mst-region] instance 1 vlan 10
[3Com-mst-region] instance 3 vlan 30
[3Com-mst-region] instance 4 vlan 40
[3Com-mst-region] revision-level 0
d View the MST region configuration information that has taken effect.
[3Com] display stp region-configuration
Oper configuration
Format selector
:0
Region name
:example
Revision level
:0
Instance
0
1
3
4
Vlans Mapped
1 to 9, 11 to 29, 31 to 39, 41 to 4094
10
30
40
3 Configuration on Switch C
a Configure an MST region.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] stp region-configuration
[3Com-mst-region] region-name example
[3Com-mst-region] instance 1 vlan 10
[3Com-mst-region] instance 3 vlan 30
[3Com-mst-region] instance 4 vlan 40
[3Com-mst-region] revision-level 0
d View the MST region configuration information that has taken effect.
[3Com] display stp region-configuration
Oper configuration
Format selector
:0
Region name
:example
Revision level
:0
Instance
0
1
3
4
Vlans Mapped
1 to 9, 11 to 29, 31 to 39, 41 to 4094
10
30
40
4 Configuration on Switch D
a Configure an MST region.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] stp region-configuration
[3Com-mst-region] region-name example
[3Com-mst-region] instance 1 vlan 10
[3Com-mst-region] instance 3 vlan 30
[3Com-mst-region] instance 4 vlan 40
[3Com-mst-region] revision-level 0
c View the MST region configuration information that has taken effect.
[3Com] display stp region-configuration
Oper configuration
Format selector
:0
Region name
:example
Revision level
:0
Instance
0
1
3
4
Vlans Mapped
1 to 9, 11 to 29, 31 to 39, 41 to 4094
10
30
40
216
20
IP ADDRESSING CONFIGURATION
IP Addressing
Overview
IP Address Classes
If you need to
Go to
IP Addressing Overview
Configuring IP Addresses
IP Address Classes
IP addresses are represented in dotted decimal notation, each being four octets in length,
for example, 10.1.1.1.
Each IP address breaks down into two parts:
Net-id, the first several bits of the IP address defining a network, also known as class
bits.
For administration sake, IP addresses are divided into five classes. Which class an IP
address belongs to depends on the first one to four bits of the net-id, as shown in the
following figure.
218
Host-id
Class A
Class B
1 0
Class C
1 1 0
Class D
1 1 1 0
Multicast address
Class E
1 1 1 1 0
Reserved address
Net-id
Host-id
Net-id
Host-id
Net-id
The following table describes the address ranges of these five classes.
Table 151 IP address classes
Subnetting and
Masking
Class
Address range
Description
0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255
128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255
192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255
224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255
In 1980s, subnetting was developed to address the risk of IP address exhaustion resulted
from fast expansion of the Internet. The idea is to break a network down into smaller
networks called subnets by using some bits of the host-id to create a subnet-id. To
identify the boundary between the net-id and the host-id, masking is used.
Each subnet mask comprises 32 bits related to the corresponding bits in an IP address. In
a mask, the part containing consecutive ones identifies the net-id whereas the part
containing consecutive zeros identifies the host-id.
Figure 61 shows how a Class B address is subnetted.
Figure 61 Subnetting a Class B address
0
Class B address
Mask
Subneting
Mask
21
15
Net-id
31
Host-id
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Net-id
Subnet-id
Host-id
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
While allowing you to create multiple logical networks within a single Class A, B, or C
network, subnetting is transparent to the rest of the Internet. All these networks still
appear as one. As subnetting adds an additional level, subnet-id, to the two-level
hierarchy with IP addressing, IP routing now involves three steps: delivery to the site,
delivery to the subnet, and delivery to the host.
Subnetting is a trade-off between subnets and accommodated hosts. For example, a
Class B network can accommodate 65,534 hosts before being subnetted. After you
break it down into 64 subnets by using the first 6 bits of the host-id for the subnet, you
have only 10 bits for the host-id and thus have only 1022 (210 2) hosts in each subnet.
The maximum number of hosts is thus 65,408 (64 x 1022), 126 less after the network is
subnetted.
Class A, B, and C networks, before being subnetted, use these default masks (also called
natural masks): 255.0.0.0, 255.255.0.0, and 255.255.255.0 respectively.
Configuring IP
Addresses
For a VLAN interface, an IP address can be obtained in one of the three ways:
The three methods are mutually exclusive and the use of a new method will result in the
IP address obtained by the old method being released. For example, if you obtain an IP
address by using the IP address configuration command, and then use the ip address
bootp-alloc command to apply for an IP address, the originally configured IP address
is deleted and a new IP address will be allocated by BOOTP for the VLAN interface.
This chapter only covers how to assign an IP address manually.
This chapter only introduces how to configure an IP address manually. For the other two
methods of obtaining IP addresses, refer to the DHCP module.
This section includes:
Assigning an IP
Address to an
Interface
Remarks
system-view
interface
interface-type
interface-number
Assign an IP address to the
Interface
ip address ip-address
{ mask | mask-length }
Required
No IP address is assigned by
default.
220
You can configure IP addresses for VLAN interface and Loopback interface on Switch
4500G Switches.
IP Addressing
Configuration
Example
Network requirements
Set the IP address and subnet mask of VLAN interface 1 to 129.2.2.1 and 255.255.255.0
respectively.
Network diagram
Figure 62 IP address configuration
Console cable
Sw itch
PC
Configuration procedure
Configure an IP address for VLAN interface 1.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] interface Vlan-interface 1
[3Com-Vlan-interface1] ip address 129.2.2.1 255.255.255.0
Displaying IP
Addressing
Remarks
display ip interface
brief [ interface-type
interface-type
interface-number ]
interface-number ]
21
IP PERFORMANCE CONFIGURATION
Introduction to IP
performance
In some network environments, you need to adjust the parameters for the best IP
performance. IP performance configuration includes:
Configuring TCP
attributes
TCP timer
synwait timer: Before sending a SYN packet, TCP starts the synwait timer. If no
response packets are received before synwait timeout, TCP connection is not
successfully created.
finwait timer: When the TCP connection is in FIN_WAIT_2 state, finwait timer will be
started. If no FIN packets are received before the timer timeouts, the TCP connection
will be terminated. If FIN packets are received, the TCP connection state changes to
TIME_WAIT, and it recounts time from receiving the last non-FIN packet until the
connection is broken after the timer timeouts.
Remarks
system-view
tcp timer syn-timeout
time-value
Optional
time-value
Optional
Optional
By default, the buffer is 8k bytes.
222
Configuring
sending ICMP error
packets
Sending error packets is a major function of ICMP protocol. ICMP packets are typically
sent by protocols on the network or transfer layer to notify corresponding devices so as
to facilitate control and management.
Advantage of sending ICMP error packets
There are three kinds of ICMP error packets: redirection packets, timeout packets and
destination unreachable packets. Their sending conditions and functions are as follows.
1 Sending ICMP redirect packets
It may have only one default route to the default gateway in the routing table when the
host starts. The default gateway will send ICMP redirect packets to the source host and
notify it to reselect a correct router for the next hop in order to send the following
packets, if the following conditions are satisfied:
The device finds that the receiving and sending interfaces are the same while
forwarding data packets.
The selected router has not been created or modified by ICMP redirect packets.
The source IP address of the data packets and the next hops IP address in the selected
router belong to the same network section.
You can use ICMP redirect packets to simplify host administration and find out the best
routing by establishing a sound routing table for hosts with little routing information.
2 Sending ICMP timeout packets
Sending ICMP timeout packet will enable the device to drop the data packet and send an
ICMP error packet to the source when there is a timeout error after a device received an
IP data packet.
The device will send an ICMP timeout packet under the following conditions:
If a device finds the destination of the packet is not local after receiving a data packet
whose TTL field is 1, it will send a TTL timeout ICMP error message.
When the device receives the first fragment IP packets whose destination address is
local, it will start the timer. If the timer timeouts before receiving all the fragments,
the device will send a reassembly timeout ICMP error packets.
When forwarding a packet, if the device finds no corresponding forward route and
default route in the routing table, it will send a network unreachable ICMP error
packets.,
When receiving a data packet whose destination address is local, if the transfer layer
protocol is unavailable for the device, then the device sends a protocol
unreachable ICMP error packets.
When receiving a data packet with the destination address as local and transfer layer
as UDP, if the packets port number does not match with the running process, the
device will send source a port unreachable ICMP error packet.
When sending packets using strict source routing", if the intermediate finds that the
source point to a device not directly connected to the network, it will send source a
source routing fails ICMP error packets.
When forwarding a packet, if the MTU of the forward interface is smaller than the
packet but the packet has been set unfragmentable, the device sends the source a
fragmenting is required but unavailable ICMP error packet.
If the device receives a lot of malicious packets that sends much ICMP error packets, it
will reduce the device's performance.
As redirecting increases a hosts routing, it will reduce the hosts performance if there
is a great increase in the hosting.
In order to prevent such phenomena, you can disable the device sending ICMP error
packets to reduce network flows and avoid malicious attacks.
Table 155 Disable sending ICMP error packets
To do
Remarks
system-view
Required
Required
Required
undo ip
unreachables
The device stops sending network unreachable and source route unsuccessful
ICMP error packets after sending ICMP destination unreachable packets is disabled.
But other destination unreachable packets will be sent normally.
The device stops sending TTL timeout ICMP error packets after sending ICMP
timeout packets is disabled. But reassembly timeout error packets will be sent
normally.
224
Permitting
Receiving and
Forwarding of
Directed Broadcast
Packets
Permitting Receiving
and Forwarding of
Directed Broadcast
Packets
system-view
ip forward-broadcast Optional
Remarks
interface
Vlan-interface
vlan-id
Enable the specified VLAN
interface to forward directed
broadcast packets
ip forward-broadcast Optional
[ acl-number ]
If ACL rules are configured when VLAN interfaces are enabled to forward directed
broadcast packets, the directed broadcast packets to be forwarded must be filtered by
the configured ACL rule. The directed broadcast packets which do not match the ACL
rule will be dropped.
CAUTION: If the ip forward-broadcast [ acl acl-number ] command is
configured on one interface repeatedly, the latest configured acl-number argument will
replace these configured previously. If the acl-number argument is not provided in this
command, the acl-number arguments configured previously will be disabled.
Configuration
Example
Network requirements
As shown in Figure 63, PC1 and PC2 are in the same network segment 1.1.1.0/24 with
VLAN-interface 1 of Switch A, while VLAN-interface 2 of Switch A and VLAN-interface 2
of Switch B are in the network segment 2.2.2.0/24. Static routes are configured on
Switch B. As a result, both PC 1 and PC 2 are reachable to Switch B.
Network diagram
Figure 63 Network diagram for permitting receiving and forwarding of directed broadcast
packets
PC
PC1
1.1.1.1/24
VLAN1
1.1.1.2/24
VLAN2
2.2.2.1/24
VLAN2
2.2.2.2/24
Switch A
Switch B
PC2
PC
1.1.1.3/24
Configuration procedure
1 Configure Switch A
a Permit the receiving of directed broadcast packets.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] ip forward-broadcast
2 Configure Switch B
a Permit the receiving of directed broadcast packets.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] ip forward-broadcast
After this configuration, use the ping command on PC 1 to ping the broadcast address
2.2.2.255 of the subnetwork segment where VLAN-interface 2 of Switch A resides, as a
result, PC 1 receives response packets from both Switch A and Switch B; use the ping
command on PC 2 to ping the broadcast address 2.2.2.255 of the subnetwork segment
where VLAN-interface 2 of Switch A resides, as a result, PC 2 receives response packets
from only Switch A.
226
Displaying and
maintaining IP
performance
After finishing the configuration, run the display command in any view to display
running status and configuration effect of the IP performance.
In user view, you can run the reset command to clear statistics of IP, TCP and UDP
flows.
Table 157 Displaying and maintaining IP performance
To do
display
display
display
display
display
display
tcp status
tcp statistics
udp statistics
ip statistics
icmp statistics
ip socket [ socktype
22
Go to these sections for information about IP routing that you are interested in:
A router in this chapter refers to a generic router or a Layer 3 switch running routing
protocols. To improve readability, this will not be described in the present manual again.
IP Routing and
Routing Table
Routing
Routing Through a
Routing Table
Routing in the Internet is achieved through routers. Upon receiving a packet, a router
identifies an optimal route based on the destination address and forwards the packet to
the next router in the path until the packet reaches the last router, which forwards the
packet to the intended destination host.
Routing table
Routing table plays a key role in allowing routers to forward packets. Each router
maintains a routing table, and each entry in the table specifies which physical interface a
packet destined for a certain destination should go out to reach the next hop (the next
router) or the directly connected destination.
Routes in a routing table can be divided into three categories by origin:
Direct routes: Routes discovered by data link protocols, also known as interface
routes.
Network mask: Specifies, in company with the destination address, the address of the
destination network. A logical AND operation between the destination address and
the network mask yields the address of the destination network. For example, if the
destination address is 129.102.8.10 and the mask 255.255.0.0, the address of the
destination network is 129.102.0.0. A network mask is made of a certain number of
consecutive 1s. It can be expressed in dotted decimal format or by the number of the
1s.
228
Outbound interface: Specifies the interface through which the IP packets are to be
forwarded.
IP address of the next hop: Specifies the address of the next router on the route. If
only the outbound interface is configured, its address will be the IP address of the
next hop.
Priority for the route. Multiple routes may exist to the same destination, each of
which has a different next hop and may be generated by various routing protocols or
be manually configured. The optimal route is the one with the highest priority (with
the smallest metric).
Based on whether the destination is directly connected to a given router, routes can be
divided into:
To prevent the routing table from getting too large, you can configure a default route. All
packets with no matching entry in the routing table will be forwarded through the
default route.
In Figure 64, the IP address on each cloud represents the address of the network. Router
R8 resides in three networks and therefore has three IP addresses for its three physical
interfaces. Its routing table is shown on the right of the network topology.
Figure 64 A sample routing table
Routing Protocol
Overview
Static Routing and
Dynamic Routing
Static routing is easy to configure and requires less system resources. It works well in
small, stable networks with simple topologies. Its major drawback is that you must
perform routing configuration again whenever the network topology changes; it cannot
adjust to network changes by itself.
Dynamic routing, on the other hand, is based on dynamic routing protocols, which can
detect network topology changes and recalculate the routes accordingly. Therefore,
dynamic routing is suitable for large networks. Its disadvantages are that it is complicated
to configure, and that it not only imposes higher requirements on the system, but also
eats away a certain amount of network resources.
Classification of
Dynamic Routing
Protocols
Exterior gateway protocols (EGPs): Work between autonomous systems. The most
popular one is BGP.
An autonomous system refers to a group of routers that share the same routing policy
and work under the same administration.
Routing algorithm
Distance-vector protocols: Includes mainly RIP and BGP. BGP is also considered a
path-vector protocol.
The main differences between the above two types of routing algorithms lie in the way
routes are discovered and calculated.
Type of the destination address
This chapter focuses on unicast routing protocols. For information on multicast routing
protocols, refer to Multicast Configuration.
Routing Protocols
and Routing Priority
Different routing protocols may find different routes to the same destination. However,
not all of those routes are optimal. In fact, at a particular moment, only one protocol can
uniquely determine the current optimal routing to the destination. For the purpose of
route selection, every route (including static routes) is assigned a priority according to its
origin. The route with the highest priority is preferred.
230
The following table lists some routing protocols and the default priorities for routes
found by them:
Table 158 Routing Protocols and Routing Priority
Routing approach
Priority
DIRECT
OSPF
10
IS-IS
15
STATIC
60
RIP
100
OSPF ASE
150
OSPF NSSA
150
IBGP
256
EBGP
256
UNKNOWN
255
The priority for a direct route is always 0, which you cannot change. Any other type of
routes can have their priorities manually configured.
Load Balancing
In multi-route mode, multiple routes from the same routing protocol may exist to the
same destination. These routes have the same priority and will all be used to accomplish
load balancing if there is no other route with a higher priority available.
A given routing protocol may find several routes with the same metric to the same
destination, and if this protocol has the highest priority among all the active protocols,
then all its routes will be regarded as valid current routes. Therefore, realizes load
balancing of network traffic.
In current implementations, routing protocols supporting load balancing are RIP, OSPF,
and IS-IS. In addition, load balancing is also supported for static routes.
The number of routes for load balancing varies by device.
Route backup
Route backup can help in improving network reliability. With route backup, you can
configure multiple routes to the same destination, expecting the one with the highest
priority to be the main routes and all the rest backup routes.
Under normal circumstances, packets are forwarded through the main route. When the
main route goes down, the route with the highest priority among the backup routes is
selected to forward packets. When the main route recovers, the route selection process is
performed again and the main route is selected again to forward packets.
Sharing of Routing
Information
Displaying and
Maintaining a
Routing Table
As different routing protocols use different algorithms to calculate routes, they may find
different routes. In a large network with multiple routing protocols, routing protocols
must share their routing information. Each routing protocol has its own route
redistribution mechanism. For detailed information, refer to IP Routing Configuration.
Remarks
| protocol }
232
23
CONFIGURING IPV6
The descriptions and examples in the text applies to both switches and routers, unless
there is a warning.
IPv6 Overview
IPv6 Features
Internet protocol version 6 (IPv6), also called IP next generation (IPng), was designed by
the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) as the successor to Internet protocol version 4
(IPv4).The significant difference between IPv6 and IPv4 is that IPv6 increases the IP
address size from 32 bits to 128 bits.
IPv6 provides the following features:
Header Format SimplificationIPv6 cuts down some IPv4 header fields or move
them to extension headers to reduce the load of basic IPv6 headers, thus making IPv6
packet handling simple and improving the forwarding efficiency.Although the IPv6
address size is four times that of IPv4 addresses, the size of basic IPv6 headers is only
twice that of IPv4 headers (excluding the Options field).
Figure 65 Comparison between IPv4 header format and IPv6 header format
0
Ver
IHL
15
Identification
TTL
31 0
TOS
Protocol
Total length
F
Fragment offset
Ver
7
Traffic
class
Payload length
15
31
Flow label
Next
header
Hop limit
Header checksum
Source address
128 bits
Padding
IPv4 header
Destination address
128 bits
IPv6 header
Adequate Address SpaceThe source IPv6 address and the destination IPv6
address are both 128 bits (16 bytes) long.IPv6 can provide 3.4 x 1038 addresses to
completely meet the requirements of hierarchical address division as well as allocation
of public and private addresses.
234
configuration means that the host automatically configures an IPv6 address and
related information based on its own link-layer address and the prefix information
issued by the router.In addition, a host can generate a link-local address based on its
own link-layer address and the default prefix (FE80::/64) to communicate with other
hosts on the link.
Introduction to IPv6
Address
Support for QoSThe Flow Label field in the IPv6 header allows the device to label
packets in a flow and provide special handling for these packets.
Flexible extension headersIPv6 cancels the Options field in IPv4 packets but
introduces multiple extension headers. In this way, IPv6 enhances the flexibility greatly
to provide scalability for IP while improving the processing efficiency.The Options field
in IPv4 packets contains only 40 bytes, while the size of IPv6 extension headers is
restricted by that of IPv6 packets.
Leading zeros in each group can be removed. For example, the above-mentioned
address can be represented in shorter format as 2001:0:130F:0:0:9C0:876A:130B.
If an IPv6 address contains two or more consecutive groups of zeros, they can
replaced by the double-colon :: option. For example, the above-mentioned address
can be represented in the shortest format as 2001:0:130F::9C0:876A:130B.
Caution: The double-colon :: can be used only once in an IPv6 address. Otherwise, the
device is unable to determine how many zeros the double-colon represents when
converting it to zeros to restore the IPv6 address to a 128-bit address.
An IPv6 address consists of two parts: address prefix and interface ID.The address prefix
and the interface ID are respectively equivalent to the network ID to the host ID in an IPv4
address.
An IPv6 address prefix is written in IPv6-address/prefix-length notation,where
IPv6-address is an IPv6 address in any of the notations and prefix-length is a decimal
number indicating how many bits from the utmost left of an IPv6 address are the address
prefix.
IPv6 prefix ID
Unassigned address
::/128
Loopback address
::1/128
Link-local address
1111111010
FE80::/10
Site-local address
1111111011
FEC0::/10
Multicast address
11111111
Anycast address
FF00::/8
IPv6 addresses mainly fall into three types: unicast address, multicast address and anycast
address.
The aggregatable global unicast address, equivalent to an IPv4 public address, is used
for aggregatable links and provided for network service providers.The structure of
such a type of address allows efficient routing aggregation to restrict the number of
global routing entries.
IPv6 unicast site-local addresses are similar to private IPv4 addresses.Routers must not
forward any packets with site-local source or destination addresses outside of the site
(equivalent to a private network).
236
interface.Like the loopback address in IPv4, it may be used by a node to send an IPv6
packet to itself.
Unassigned address: The unicast address :: is called the unassigned address and may
not be assigned to any node.Before acquiring a valid IPv6 address, a node may fill this
address in the source address field of an IPv6 packet, but may not use it as a
destination IPv6 address.
Multicast address
Multicast addresses listed in Table 161 are reserved for special purpose.
Table 161 Reserved IPv6 multicast addresses
Address
Application
FF01::1
FF02::1
FF01::2
FF02::2
FF05::2
0012-3400-ABCD
Represented in binary:
Insert FFFE
EUI-64 address:
Introduction to IPv6
Neighbor Discovery
Protocol
0212:34FF:FE00:ABCD
The IPv6 neighbor discovery protocol (NDP) uses five types of ICMPv6 messages to
implement the following functions:
Address resolution
Redirection
Table 162 lists the types and functions of ICMPv6 messages used by the NDP.
Table 162 Types and functions of ICMPv6 messages
ICMPv6 message
Function
238
Function
Redirect message
NS
NA
NS
NA
240
The receiving interface and the forwarding interface are the same.
The selected route itself is not created or modified by an IPv6 ICMP redirect message.
The forwarded IPv6 packet does not contain any extension header carrying the
routing information of intermediate nodes on the forwarding path.
The links that a packet passes from the source to the destination may have different
MTUs.In IPv6, when the packet size exceeds the MTU of a link, the packet will be
fragmented at the source so as to reduce the processing pressure of the forwarding
device and utilize network resources rationally.
The path MTU (PMTU) discovery mechanism is to find the minimum MTU on the path
from the source to the destination. Figure 69 shows the working procedure of the PMTU
discovery.
Figure 69 Working procedure of the PMTU discovery
MTU=1500
MTU=1500
MTU=1350
MTU=1400
3&
6RXUFH
3&
'HVWLQDWLRQ
Packet with MTU=1500
In the IPv6 network, a domain name system (DNS) supporting IPv6 converts domain
names into IPv6 addresses.Different from an IPv4 DNS, an IPv6 DNS converts domain
names into IPv6 addresses, instead of IPv4 addresses.
However, just like an IPv4 DNS, an IPv6 DNS also covers static domain name resolution
and dynamic domain name resolution.The function and implementation of these two
types of domain name resolution are the same as those of an IPv4 DNS.For details, refer
to DNS module.
Usually, the DNS server connecting IPv4 and IPv6 networks contain not only A records
(IPv4 addresses) but also AAAA records (IPv6 addresses). The DNS server can convert
domain names into IPv4 addresses or IPv6 addresses.In this way, the DNS server has the
functions of both IPv6 DNS and IPv4 DNS.
Protocol
Specifications
RFC 2463: Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMPv6) for the Internet Protocol
Version 6 (IPv6) Specification
242
Configuring Basic
IPv6 Functions
Configuring the IPv6
Packet Forwarding
Function
Before IPv6-related configurations, you must enable the IPv6 packet forwarding function
for an interface.Otherwise, the interface cannot forward IPv6 packets even if an IPv6
address is configured, resulting in interworking failures in the IPv6 network.
Follow the steps in Table 163 to configure the IPv6 packet forwarding function.
Table 163 Configuring the IPv6 packet forwarding function
Configuring an IPv6
Unicast Address
To...
Remarks
system-view
ipv6
Required
Disabled by default.
IPv6 site-local addresses and aggregatable global unicast addresses can be configured in
either of the following ways:
EUI-64 format: When the EUI-64 format is adopted to form IPv6 addresses, the IPv6
address prefix of an interface is the configured prefix and the interface identifier is
derived from the link-layer address of the interface.
The manual assignment takes precedence over the automatic generation. That is, if
you first adopt the automatic generation and then the manual assignment, the
manually assigned link-local address will overwrite the automatically generated one. If
you first adopt the manual assignment and then the automatic generation, the
automatically generated link-local address will not take effect and the link-local
address of an interface is still the manually assigned one. You must delete the
manually assigned link-local address before adopting the automatic generation.
You must issue the ipv6 address auto link-local command before you issue the
undo ipv6 address auto link-local command. However, if an IPv6 site-local address
or aggregatable global unicast address is already configured for an interface, the
interface still has a link-local address because the system automatically generates one
for the interface. If no IPv6 site-local address or aggregatable global unicast address is
configured, the interface has no link-local address.
Remarks
system-view
interface interface-type
interface-number
Alternative
ipv6 address
ipv6-address/prefix-length
eui-64
Only one aggregatable global unicast address or site-local address can be configured on
an interface at a time.
Configuring IPv6
NDP
Configuring a Static
Neighbor Entry
The IPv6 address of a neighbor node can be resolved into a link-layer address dynamically
through NS and NA messages or statically through manual configuration.
The device uniquely identifies a static neighbor entry according to the IPv6 address and
the layer 3 interface ID.
Configure the corresponding IPv6 address and link-layer address for a layer 3 interface.
Follow the steps in Table 165 to configure a static neighbor entry.
Table 165 Configuring a static neighbor entry
To...
Remarks
system-view
Required
244
Configuring the
Maximum Number of
Neighbors
Dynamically Learned
The device can dynamically acquire the link-layer address of a neighbor node through NS
and NA messages.Too large a neighbor table from which neighbor entries can be
dynamically acquired may lead to the forwarding performance degradation of the
device.Therefore, you can restrict the size of the neighbor table by setting the maximum
number of neighbors that an interface can dynamically learn.When the number of
dynamically learned neighbors reaches the threshold, the interface will stop learning
neighbor information.
Follow the steps in Table 166 to configure the maximum number of neighbors
dynamically learned.
Table 166 Configuring the maximum number of neighbors dynamically learned
Configuring
Parameters Related
to an RA Message
To
Remarks
system-view
interface interface-type
interface-number
ipv6 neighbors
max-learning-num number
Optional
The default value is 1024
You can configure whether the interface sends an RA message, the interval for sending
RA messages, and parameters in RA messages.After receiving an RA message, a host can
use these parameters to perform corresponding operations. Table 167 lists the
configurable parameters in an RA message and their descriptions.
Table 167 Parameters in an RA message and their descriptions
Parameters
Description
When sending an IPv6 packet, a host uses the value of this parameter to
fill the Hop Limit field in IPv6 headers.Meanwhile, the value of this
parameter is equal to the value of the Cur Hop Limit field in response
messages of the device.
Prefix information
options
After receiving the prefix information, the hosts on the same link can
perform stateless autoconfiguration operations.
M flag
O flag
Description
Router lifetime
This field is used to set the lifetime of the router that sends RA messages
to serve as the default router of hosts.According to the router lifetime in
the received RA messages, hosts determine whether the router sending
RA messages can serve as the default router of hosts.
Retrans timer
Reachable time
The values of the retrans timer field and the reachable time field configured for an
interface are sent to hosts via RA messages. Furthermore, the interface sends NS
messages at intervals of the value of the retrans timer field and considers a neighbor
reachable in the time of the value of the reachable time field.
Follow the steps in Table 168 to configure parameters related to an RA message:
Table 168 Configuring parameters related to an RA message
To
Remarks
system-view
Optional
interface interface-type
interface-number
Optional
ipv6 nd ra interval
max-interval-value mininterval-value
64 by default.
Optional
ipv6 nd autoconfig
managed-address-flag
Optional
246
Remarks
Optional
By default, the O flag bit is set to 0,
that is, hosts acquire other
information through stateless
autoconfiguration.
Optional
1,800 seconds by default.
Optional
By default, the local interface sends
NS messages at intervals of 1,000
milliseconds and the Retrans Timer
field in RA messages sent by the
local interface is equal to 0.
Optional
By default, the neighbor reachable
time on the local interface is 30,000
milliseconds and the Reachable
Timer field in RA messages is 0.
Caution:The maximum interval for sending RA messages should be less than or equal to
the router lifetime in RA messages.
Configuring the
Attempts to Send an
NS Message for
Duplicate Address
Detection
The device sends a neighbor solicitation (NS) message for duplicate address detection. If
the device does not receive a response within a specified time (set by the ipv6 nd ns
retrans-timer value command), the device continues to send an NS message. If the device
still does not receive a response after the number of attempts to send an NS message
reaches the maximum, the device judges the acquired address is available
Follow the steps in Table 169 to configure the attempts to send an NS message for
duplicate address detection:
Table 169 Configuring the attempts to send an NS message for duplicate address detection
To
Remarks
system-view
interface interface-type
interface-number
Optional
1 by default. When the value
argument is set to 0, the duplicate
address detection is disabled.
Configuring PMTU
Discovery
Configuring a Static
PMTU for a Specified
IPv6 Address
You can configure a static PMTU for a specified IPv6 address.When forwarding packets,
an interface compares the MTU of the interface with the static PMTU of the specified
destination IPv6 address, and uses the smaller one to fragment packets.
Follow the steps in Table 170 to configure a static PMTU for a specified address:
Table 170 Configuring a static PMTU for a specified address
Configuring the
Aging Time for PMTU
To
Remarks
system-view
ipv6 pathmtu
ipv6-address [ value ]
Required
By default, no static PMTU is
configured.
After the MTU of the path from the source host to the destination host is dynamically
determined, the source host uses this MTU to send subsequent packets to the
destination host.After the aging time expires, the dynamically determined PMTU is
deleted and the source host re-determines the MTU to send packets according to the
PMTU mechanism.
The aging time is invalid for static PMTU.
Follow the steps Table 171 to configure the aging time for PMTU:
Table 171 Configuring the aging time for PMTU
To
Remarks
system-view
Configure the aging time for PMTU ipv6 pathmtu age age-time
Optional
10 minutes by default.
Configuring IPv6
TCP Properties
synwait timer: When a SYN packet is sent, the synwait timer is triggered. If no
response packet is received before the synwait timer expires, the IPv6 TCP connection
establishment fails.
finwait timer: When the IPv6 TCP connection status is FIN_WAIT_2, the finwait timer
is triggered. If no packet is received before the finwait timer expires, the IPv6 TCP
connection is terminated. If FIN packets are received, the IPv6 TCP connection status
becomes TIME_WAIT. If other packets are received, the finwait timer is reset from the
last packet and the connection is terminated after the finwait timer expires.
Remarks
system-view
248
Remarks
Optional
Optional
Optional
Configuring the
Maximum Number
of IPv6 ICMP Error
Packets Sent within
a Specified Time
If too many IPv6 ICMP error packets are sent within a short time in a network, network
congestion may occur.To avoid network congestion, you can control the maximum
number of IPv6 ICMP error packets sent within a specified time. Currently, the token
bucket algorithm is adopted.
You can set the capacity of a token bucket, namely, the number of tokens in the bucket.
In addition, you can set the update period of the token bucket, namely, the interval for
updating the number of tokens in the token bucket to the configured capacity.One
token allows one IPv6 ICMP error packet to be sent. Each time an IPv6 ICMP error packet
is sent, the number of tokens in a token bucket decreases by 1.If the number of IPv6
ICMP error packets successively sent exceeds the capacity of the token bucket, the
subsequent IPv6 ICMP error packets cannot be sent out until the number of tokens in the
token bucket is updated and new tokens are added to the bucket.
Follow the steps in Table 173 to configure the maximum number of IPv6 ICMP error
packets sent within a specified time period:
Table 173 Configuring the maximum number of IPv6 ICMP error packets sent within a specified
time period
To
Remarks
system-view
Optional
By default, the capacity of a token
bucket is 10 and the update period
to 100 milliseconds. That is, at most
10 IPv6 ICMP error packets can be
sent within 100 milliseconds.
Configuring IPv6
DNS
Configuring Static
IPv6 DNS
You can establish the mapping between host name and IPv6 address through the
following configuration.You can directly use a host name when applying telnet
applications and the system will resolve the host name into an IPv6 address.Each host
name can correspond to eight IPv6 addresses at most.
Follow the steps in Table 174 to configure a host name and the corresponding IPv6
address:
Table 174 Configuring a host name and the corresponding IPv6 address
Configuring Dynamic
IPv6 DNS
To
Remarks
system-view
Required
If you want to use the dynamic domain name function, you can use the following
command to enable the dynamic domain name resolution function. In addition, you
should configure a DNS server so that a query request message can be sent to the correct
server for resolution.The system can support at most six DNS servers.
You can configure a domain name suffix so that you only need to enter some fields of a
domain name and the system automatically adds the preset suffix for address
resolution.The system can support at most 10 domain name suffixes.
Follow the steps Table 175 to configure dynamic IPv6 DNS:
Table 175 Configuring dynamic IPv6 DNS
To
Remarks
system-view
dns resolve
Required
Required
Required
Disabled by default.
The dns resolve and dns domain commands are the same as those of IPv4 DNS.
Displaying and
Maintaining IPv6
Use the commands in Table 176 to display and maintain IPv6 information.
Table 176 Displaying and maintaining IPv6 information
To
Remarks
Any view
Any view
Any view
Any view
Any view
250
Remarks
Any view
Any view
Any view
Any view
Any view
Any view
Any view
Any view
In user view
In user view
In user view
In user view
Clear the statistics of all IPv6 TCP reset tcp ipv6 statistics
packets
In user view
In user view
The display dns domain and display dns server commands are the same as those of
the IPv4 DNS. For details about the commands, refer to DNS module.
IPv6 Configuration
Example
Network
requirements
Two switches are directly connected through two GigabitEthernet ports. The
GigabitEthernet ports belong to VLAN1. Different types of IPv6 addresses are configured
for the VLAN 1 interface to verify the connectivity between two switches. The
aggregatable global unicast address of Switch A is 3001::1/64, and the aggregatable
global unicast address of Switch B is 3001::2/64.
Network diagram
Figure 70 Network diagram for IPv6 address configuration
VLAN 1 interface
VLAN 1 Interface
Switch A
Switch B
Configuration procedure
1 Configure Switch A.
# Enable the IPv6 packet forwarding function on Switch A.
<SwitchA> system-view
[SwitchA] ipv6
2 Configure Switch B.
# Enable the IPv6 packet forwarding function.
<SwitchB> system-view
[SwitchB] ipv6
Verification
# Display the brief IPv6 information of an interface on Switch A.
<SwitchA> display ipv6 interface vlan-interface 1
Vlan-interface1 current state :UP
Line protocol current state :UP
IPv6 is enabled, link-local address is FE80::7D6C:0:5C0C:1
Global unicast address(es):
3001::1, subnet is 3001::/64
Joined group address(es):
FF02::1:FF0C:1
FF02::1:FF00:1
FF02::2
FF02::1
MTU is 1500 bytes
252
# On Switch A, ping the link-local address and aggregatable global unicast address of
Switch B.If the configurations are correct, the above two types of IPv6 addresses can be
pinged.
Caution: When you ping the link-local address, you should use the "-i" parameter to
specify the interface for a link-local address.
<SwitchA> ping ipv6 FE80::E525:0:F01D:1 -i vlan-interface 1
PING FE80::E525:0:F01D:1 : 56 data bytes, press CTRL_C to break
Reply from FE80::E525:0:F01D:1
bytes=56 Sequence=1 hop limit=255 time = 80 ms
Reply from FE80::E525:0:F01D:1
bytes=56 Sequence=2 hop limit=255 time = 60 ms
Reply from FE80::E525:0:F01D:1
bytes=56 Sequence=3 hop limit=255 time = 60 ms
Reply from FE80::E525:0:F01D:1
bytes=56 Sequence=4 hop limit=255 time = 70 ms
Reply from FE80::E525:0:F01D:1
bytes=56 Sequence=5 hop limit=255 time = 60 ms
--- FE80::E525:0:F01D:1 ping statistics --5 packet(s) transmitted
5 packet(s) received
0.00% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max = 60/66/80 ms
<SwitchA> ping ipv6 3001::2
PING 3001::2 : 56 data bytes, press
Reply from 3001::2
bytes=56 Sequence=1 hop limit=255
Reply from 3001::2
bytes=56 Sequence=2 hop limit=255
Reply from 3001::2
bytes=56 Sequence=3 hop limit=255
CTRL_C to break
time = 50 ms
time = 60 ms
time = 60 ms
time = 70 ms
time = 60 ms
254
24
Introduction to IPv6
Application
IPv6 has become widely used as it is developing with time. Most of IPv6 application are
the same as those of IPv4, including:
Ping IPv6
Ping
Traceroute
FTP
TFTP
Telnet
Traceroute IPv6
Traceroute IPv6 is used to record the route of IPv6 packets from source to destination, so
as to check whether the link is available and determine the point of trouble.
Figure 71 Tracerout process
RTA
RTB
RTC
RTD
Hop Limit = 1
TTL exceeded
Hop Limit = 2
TTL exceeded
Hop Limit = n
UDP port unreachable
The source sends a IP datagram with TTL as 1 (the UDP port number of the carrier
UDP packet is a port number that is not available to any application in the destination.
256
If the first device receiving the datagram reads the TTL as 1, it will discard the packet
and return a ICMP timeout error message. Thus, the source can get the first device's
address in the route.
The source sends a datagram with TTL as 2 and the second hop device returns a ICMP
timeout error message. And the source gets the second device's address in the route.
This process continues until the datagram reaches the destination host. As there is no
application using the UDP port, the destination returns a "port unreachable" ICMP
error message.
The source receives the "port unreachable" ICMP error message and understands
that the packet has reached the destination, thus determines the route of the packet
from source to destination.
To traceroute IPv6, iussue the following command (which is available in any view):
tracert ipv6 [ -f first-hop-limit | -m max-hop-limit | -p port-number | -q probenum | -w
wait-time ]* { ipv6-address | hostname }
FTP Configuration
Configuration
Prerequisites
FTP Configuration
IPv6 supports file transfer protocol (FTP) applications. You can log into the switch (serving
as an FTP client) by running the terminal emulation program on your PC or by using
Telnet. Then, you can use the ftp command to connects the switch to a remote FTP server
and access the files on the remote FTP server.
The FTP server is started, with the related parameters, such as username, password, and
user rights, configured. Refer to File System Management module for detailed
procedures.
You can perform the following configuration task on an authorized directory when the
device serves as an FTP client
Table 177 Configure FTP
To
Remarks
Establish a control
connection with a
remote FTP server
Required
Use this command in
user view.
Caution: Make sure you use the -i keyword to specify the interface for a link-local
address.
TFTP Configuration
Configuration
Preparation
IPv6 supports TFTP (Trival File Transfer Protocol). As a client, the device can download files
from or upload files to a TFTP server.
Start the TFTP server and specify the route to download or upload files. Refer to TFTP
server configuration specifications for specific instructions.
TFTP Configuration
Remarks
system-view
Required
ACL is not related to TFTP
application by default.
Download files
Following the following steps to download files from TFTP servers
Table 179
To
Remarks
Required
Available in user view
Caution: Make sure to specify the -i parameter when the destination address is a link
local address.
Upload files
Follow the following steps to upload files to TFTP servers:
To doUse the commandRemarks
Upload files to TFTP serverstftp ipv6 { tftp-server-ipv6-address | hostname } [-i
interface-type interface-number ] put source-filename [ destination-filename ]Required
Available in user view
Caution: Make sure to specify the -i parameter when the destination address is a link
local address.
IPv6 Telnet
Telnet protocol belongs to application layer protocols of the TCP/IP protocol suite, and is
used to provide remote login and virtual terminals. The device can be used either as a
Telnet client or a Telnet server.
As the following figure shows, the Host is running Telnet client application of IPv6 to set
up an IPv6 Telnet connection with Device A, which serves as the Telnet server. If Device A
again connects to Device B through Telnet, the Device A is the Telnet client and Device B
is the Telnet server.
258
Telnet Client
Device B
Telnet Server
Telnet Client
Configuration
Prerequisites
Setting up IPv6 Telnet
Connections
Telnet has three kinds of authentications: None, Password and Scheme, with the default
as Password. Refer to Login module for specific instructions.
Follow the following steps to set up IPv6 Telnet connections:
To doUse the commandRemarks
Perform the Telnet command at the Telnet client to login and manage other devices
telnet ipv6 { ipv6-address | hostname } [ -i interface-type interface-name] [ port-number ]
Required
Available in user view
Caution: Make sure you specify the -i parameter when the destination address is a link
local address.
Displaying and
Maintaining IPv6
Telnet
Examples of Typical
IPv6 Application
Configurations
Network
requirements
In Figure 73, SWA, SWB and SWC represent three switchs in the public domain. In the
same LAN, there is a Telnet server and a TFTP server for providing Telnet service and TFTP
service to the switch respectively.
Network diagram
Telnet_Server
3001::2
TFTP_Server
3001::3
3001::4 /64
3002::1/64
SWC
3002::2/64
3003::1/64
SWB
3003::2 /64
SWA
Configuration
procedure
Configure the IPv6 address at the switch's and server's interfaces and ensure that the
route between the switch and the server is accessible before the following configuration.
# Ping SWB's IPv6 address from SWA.
<SWA> ping ipv6 3003::1
PING 3003::1 : 56 data bytes, press
Reply from 3003::1
bytes=56 Sequence=1 hop limit=255
Reply from 3003::1
bytes=56 Sequence=2 hop limit=255
Reply from 3003::1
bytes=56 Sequence=3 hop limit=255
Reply from 3003::1
bytes=56 Sequence=4 hop limit=255
Reply from 3003::1
bytes=56 Sequence=5 hop limit=255
CTRL_C to break
time = 2 ms
time = 2 ms
time = 2 ms
time = 2 ms
time = 2 ms
260
Now begin to download file from remote tftp server, please wait for a
while...
TFTP:
11369 bytes received in 1 seconds.
File downloaded successfully.
Troubleshooting
IPv6 Application
Unable to Ping a
Remote Destination
Symptom
Unable to Ping a remote destination and return an error message.
Solution
Unable to Run
Traceroute
Use the display ipv6 interface command to determine the interfaces of the source and
the destination and the link-layer protocol between them are in the up state.
Use the display current-configuration command to check whether the IPv6 forward
function is enabled. If not, enable it with the ipv6 command.
Use the debugging ipv6 icmpv6 command to enable ICMPv6 debugging and check
the request and response packets.
Symptom
Unable to trace the route by performing Traceroute operations.
Solution
If yes, check whether the UDP port used by Traceroute has the required application in
the destination host If yes again, specify a UDP port that is unreachable in the tracert
ipv6 command.
Use the debugging udp ipv6 packet command to enable UDP packet debugging to
send and receive UDP packets.
Use the debugging ipv6 icmpv6 command to check the ICMPv6 packets received
from different devices.
Symptom
Unable to download and upload files by performing TFTP operations.
Solution
Determine that the ACL configured for the TFTP server does not block the connection
to the TFTP server.
Determine that the file system of the device is usable. You can check it by running the
dir command under the user view.
Use the debugging udp ipv6 packet command to enable UDP packet debugging to
send and receive UDP packets under the user view.
Symptom
Unable to login to Telnet server by performing Telnet operations.
Solution
Determine the Telnet server application is running on the server. Check the
configuration allows the server reachable.
Run the debugging telnet command to debug Telnet under the user view.
Run the debugging tcp ipv6 packet command to check the packet information under
the user view.
262
25
A router in this chapter refers to a generic router or a Layer 3 switch running routing
protocols. To improve readability, this will not be described in the present manual again.
Introduction
Static Routing
A static route is a special route that is manually configured by the network administrator.
If a network is relatively simple, you only need to configure static routes for the network
to work normally. The proper configuration and usage of static routes can improve a
networks performance and ensure bandwidth for important network applications.
The disadvantage of static routing is that, if a fault or a topological change occurs to the
network, the route will be unreachable and the network breaks. In this case, the network
administrator has to modify the configuration manually.
Default Routes
A default route is another special route generated from a static route or some dynamic
routes, such as OSPF and IS-IS.
Generally, a router selects the default route only when it cannot find any matching entry
in the routing table. In a routing table, the default route is in the form of the route to the
network 0.0.0.0 (with the mask 0.0.0.0). You can check whether a default route has
been configured by running the display ip routing-table command.
If the destination address of a packet fails to match any entry in the routing table, the
router selects the default route to forward the packet. If there is no default route and the
destination address of the packet is not in the routing table, the packet will be discarded
and an ICMP packet is sent to the source reporting that the destination or the network is
unreachable.
Application
Environment of Static
Routing
264
In fact, all the route entries must specify the next hop address. While forwarding a
packet, the corresponding route is determined by searching the routing table for the
packets destination address. Only after the next hop address is specified, the
corresponding link-layer address can be found for the link-layer to forward the packet.
3 Other attributes
You can configure different preferences for different static routes for the purpose of easy
routing management policy. For example, while configuring multiple routes to the same
destination, using identical preference allows for load sharing while using different
preference allows for routing backup.
While running the ip route-static command to configure static, configuring
all-zero destination address and mask specifies using the default route.
Switch 4500G Family does not support load sharing.
Configuring Static
Route
Configuration
Prerequisites
Configuring Static
Routes
Before configuring a static route, you need to finish the following tasks:
Command
Description
system-view
ip route-static
Required
ip-address { mask |
mask-length } { [
vlan-interface
vlan-id ] nexthop-address
| NULL interface-number } [
preference preference |
description
description-info | tag
tag-value ]*
Configure the default preference
for a static route
ip route-static
Optional
default-preference
The preference is 60 by
default-preference-value
default.
While configuring a static route, it will use the default preference if no value is
specified. After resetting the default preference, it is valid only for the newly created
static route.
The description text can describe the usage and function of some specific routes, thus
make it easy for you to classify and manage different static routes.
You can easily control the routes by using the tag set in the routing policy.
Displaying and
Maintaining Static
Routes
After the configuration, you can run the display command in any view to display the
running status and configuration effect of the static route configuration.
You can use the delete command in the system view to delete all the static routes
configured.
Follow these steps to display and maintain a static route:
Table 181 Displaying and Maintaining Static Routes
Operation
Command
display current-configuration
display ip routing-table
display ip routing-table verbose
display ip routing-table protocol
static [ inactive | verbose ]
delete static-routes all
You can use the undo ip route-static demand in the system view to delete a static route,
and use the delete state-routes all demand in the system view to delete all the static
routes configured (including the default IPv4 routes configured manually) at the same
time.
Example of Static
Routes
Configuration
Network requirements
The switches interfaces and the hosts IP addresses and masks are shown in the
following figure. It requires static routes to connect the hosts for inter-communication.
Network diagram
Figure 74 Network diagram for static routes
PC2
1.1.2.2/24
Vlan-interface102
1.1.2.1/24
Vlan-interface100
1.1.4.2/30
Vlan-interface101
1.1.4.5/30
SwitchB
Vlan-interface200 Vlan-interface100
1.1.1.1/24
1.1.4.1/30Vlan-interface101
1.1.4.6/30
PC1
1.1.1.2/24
SwitchA
Vlan-interface300
1.1.3.1/24
SwitchC
PC3
1.1.3.2/24
266
Configuration procedure
1 Configuring the interfaces IP addresses
Omitted.
2 Configuring the static route
a Configure a default route on Switch A.
[Switch A] ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 1.1.4.2
Proto
Pre
Cost
NextHop
Interface
0.0.0.0/0
1.1.1.0/24
1.1.1.1/32
1.1.4.0/30
1.1.4.1/32
127.0.0.0/8
127.0.0.1/32
Static
Direct
Direct
Direct
Direct
Direct
Direct
60
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.1.4.2
1.1.1.1
127.0.0.1
1.1.4.1
127.0.0.1
127.0.0.1
127.0.0.1
Vlan100
Vlan200
InLoop0
Vlan100
InLoop0
InLoop0
InLoop0
ms
ms
ms
ms
ms
268
26
RIP CONFIGURATION
The term "router" in this document refers to a router in a generic sense or a Layer 3
switch. To improve readability, this will not be described in the present manual again.
RIP Overview
RIP is a simple Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP), which is mainly used in small-size
networks, such as academic networks and simple structured LANs.
RIP is still widely used in practical networking due to its simple implementation, and
easier configuration and maintenance than OSPF and IS-IS.
RIP Mechanism
Routing time: The amount of time since the entry was last updated. The time is reset
to 0 when the routing entry is updated every time.
Route change tag: Indicates that the information about this route has changed.
RIP timers
RIP uses four timers to control its operation. They are Update, Timeout, Suppress, and
Garbage-Collect.
270
Suppress timer. A route changes to the suppress status when no updated messages
are send within the timeout-value or the metric value reaches 16. In the suppress
status, the router only accepts update messages with the metric value less than 16
and from the same neighbor to replace the unreachable route.
Garbage-Collect timer. The period from the metric value of a route reaches 16 to the
route is purged from the table is defined as the garbage collection time in RFC.
During the Garbage-Collect time, RIP keeps advertising the route with a metric value
of 16. Once the Garbage-Collect time expires and the route is not updated, the route
is deleted from the table.
Counting to infinity. The metric value of 16 is defined as infinity. When a routing loop
occurs, the route is considered as unreachable when the metric value reaches 16.
Split Horizon. The router does not send the routing table to neighboring routers via
the same interface on which it receives. Split Horizon can definitely prevent routing
loops and save the bandwidth.
Poison Reverse. The router sends routing tables through the same interface from
which the tables are received with a metric value of 16 (means infinite). This method
can remove useless information in routing tables of neighboring routers.
Triggered Updates. Each router sends out its new routing table as long as it receives
an update, rather than waiting until the usual update period expires. This can speed
up the network convergence.
RIP Version
Supports Route Tag. The Route Tag is intended to differentiate the internal RIP routes
from the external RIP routes.
Supports next hop, which must be directly reachable on the broadcast network.
Supports multicasting to reduce unnecessary load on hosts that do not need to listen
to RIP-2 messages.
7
command
15
31
version
must be zero
must be zero
IP address
Route
Entries
must be zero
must be zero
metric
IP Address: IP address of the destination. Only natural addresses are acceptable here.
272
7
Command
15
31
Version
unused
Route Tag
IP Address
Route
Entries
Subnet Mask
Next Hop
Metric
Route Tag: An attribution to indicate from where the routes are imported.
Next Hop: The address of the best next hop. 0.0.0.0 indicates that the originator of
the route is the best next hop.
RIP-2 authentication
RIP-2 supports plain text authentication, which uses the first Route Entry for
authentication. The value of 0xFFFF indicates that the entry is authentication information
rather than routing information. See Figure 77
Figure 77 RIP-2 Authentication Message
0
15
command
version
0xFFFF
31
unused
Authentication Type
FC 1723 only defines plain text authentication. For information about MD5
authentication, see RFC2082 RIP-2 MD5 Authentication.
RIP Feature
Supported
RIP-1
RIP-2
RIP Basic
Configuration
Configuration
Prerequisites
Configuring RIP Basic
Function
In this section, you are presented with the information needed to configure the basic RIP
features.
Before configuring RIP features, please first configure IP address on each interface, and
make sure all routers are reachable.
Enabling RIP and specify networks
Follow these steps to enable RIP:
Table 182 Configuring RIP Basic Function
Operation
Enter system view
Command
system-view
Enable RIP and enter RIP view
rip [ process-id ]
Enable RIP on specified network network network-address
Description
Required
Disabled by default
If you perform some RIP configurations in interface view before enabling RIP, those
configurations will take effect after RIP is enabled.
The router does not send, receive or forward any routing information if you do not
enable RIP on that network.
You can enable RIP on all interfaces of the network by using the network 0.0.0.0
command.
274
Command
Description
system-view
rip [ process-id ]
silent-interface all
Optional
silent-interface
interface interface-type
interface-type
interface-number
interface-number
Configure an interface to
receive routing updates
rip input
Optional
Configure an interface to
send routing updates
rip output
Stopping routing updates means that the router receives routing updates without
forwarding them.
Configuring the RIP version
Follow these steps to configure the RIP version:
Table 184 Configuring the RIP version
Operation
Command
Description
system-view
rip [ process-id ]
version { 1 | 2 }
interface interface-type
Optional
RIP-1 by default
interface-number
Specify a RIP version on the
interface
rip version { 1 | 2 [
broadcast | multicast ] }
Optional
By default, the router receives
RIP-1 and RIP-2 messages, but
only sends RIP-1 messages. If
the RIP version is 2, you can
specify the message is
broadcast or multicast.
If the RIP version specified on the interface and the global RIP version are inconsistent,
the RIP version specified on the interface is used.
If no RIP version is specified on the interface, the global RIP version is used.
In some complex network environments, you need to make the RIP configuration more
precise.
This section covers the following topics:
Redistributing routes
Before configuring RIP routing information, finish the following tasks first:
Configuring RIP
Route Control
Configure IP address on each interface, and make sure all routers are reachable.
Command
Description
system-view
interface interface-type
interface-number
Define an additional routing
metric for incoming routes
Optional
0 by default
Optional
1 by default
rip metricout is only applied to its own routing and those learned by RIP. For those
imported from other routing protocols, this command is not applicable.
Configuring route summarization
The route summarization is that subnet routes in a natural network are summarized until
the whole network is advertised as a single natural mask route. This function can reduce
the size of the routing tables so that to reduce the network load.
RIP-1 does not support route summarization. So when RIP-2 is running, you need to
disable the route summarization function if you want to advertise all subnet routes.
276
Command
Description
system-view
rip [ process-id ]
summary
Optional
interface interface-type
Enabled by default
interface-number
Assign an IP address and
network mask for the
summarized routes to be
advertised
Optional
rip summary-address
network-address network-mask
Command
Description
system-view
rip [ process-id ]
Optional
Enabled by default
Command
Description
system-view
rip [ process-id ]
default-route originate
cost value
Required
Command
system-view
rip [ process-id ]
filter-policy { acl-number |
Required
ip-prefix ip-prefix-name [
gateway ip-prefix-name ] } import [
Description
interface-type interface-number ]
Command
Description
system-view
rip [ process-id ]
preference [ route-policy
route-policy-name ] value
Optional
100 by default
Redistributing route
Follow these steps to import exterior route:
Table 191 Redistributing route
Operation
Command
Description
system-view
rip [ process-id ]
default-cost value
Optional
If no value is set during
importing, use this default
value as the route cost.
import-route protocol [
process-id ] [ cost cost-value |
route-policy
route-policy-name | tag
Required
tag-value ]*
Define the filtering policy for filter-policy { acl-number | Optional
the redistributed route
ip-prefix ip-prefix-name }
export [ protocol [ process-id ]
| interface-type
interface-number ]
278
When advertising routing information, you can set the protocol parameter to filter those
routing information imported from other protocols. If the no protocol parameter is set,
all routing information including RIP routes (directly connected routes) and imported
routes are advertised.
RIP Configuration
Optimization
In special network environment, you need to configure some other RIP features to
optimize the network performance.
This section covers the following topics:
Configuration
Procedure
Command
system-view
Enter RIP view
rip [ process-id ]
Assign a value to each timers { garbage-collect
timer
garbage-collect-value |
suppress suppress-value |
timeout timeout-value |
update update-value }
Description
Optional
By default, 30s for update timer,
180s for timeout timer, 180s for
Suppress timer, 240s for
Garbage-collect timer
When configuring the values of RIP timers, you should take network performance into
consideration and perform consistent configuration on all routers running RIP to avoid
unnecessary network traffic and network route oscillation.
Command
Description
system-view
interface interface-type
interface-number
Enable split horizon
rip split-horizon
rip poison-reverse
Command
Description
system-view
rip [ process-id ]
Optional
Optional
validate-source-add
ress
Enabled by default
Enabled by default
Some fields in RIP-1 message must be zero, which is called zero fields. The RIP-1
message is not processed if the value in the zero field is not zero. As a RIP-2 packet
has no zero fields, this configuration is invalid for RIP-2.
The RIP router checks the source address when receiving messages. For messages
received on the Ethernet interface, if the source address and the routers interface
address are not in the same network, the router discards the message.
Disable the source address validation when RIP is not running on the neighboring
routers.
280
Command
Description
system-view
interface interface-type
interface-number
Configure RIP-2
authentication mode
password } }
Command
Description
system-view
rip [ process-id ]
peer ip-address
Required
Usually, RIP broadcast or
multicast messages
Displaying and
Maintaining RIP
Command
Description
RIP Configuration
Example
Configuring RIP
Version
Network requirements
As shown in Figure 78, enable RIP-2 on all interfaces on Switch A and Switch B.
Network diagram
Figure 78 Network diagram for RIP configuration
Loopback1
172.17.1.1/24
172.17.1.1/32
Loopback1
10.2.1.1/24
10.2.1.1/32
GE 1/0/1
Loopback0
172.16.1.1/24
172.16.1.1/32
Sw itchA
Vlan-interface100
192.168.1.2/24
Vlan-interface100
192.168.1.1/24
Loopback0
10.1.1.1/24
10.1.1.1/32
GE 1/0/1
Sw itchB
Configuration procedure
1 Configure IP address for each interface (only the VLAN configuration procedures are
given in the following examples)
a Configure Switch A.
<Switch
[Switch
[Switch
[Switch
[Switch
[Switch
[Switch
[Switch
A> system-view
A] vlan 100
A-vlan100]quit
A]interface GigabitEthernet 1/0/1
A-GigabitEthernet1/0/1]port access vlan 100
A-GigabitEthernet1/0/1]quit
A] interface vlan-interface 100
A-Vlan-interface100] ip-address 192.168.1.1 24
b Configure Switch B.
<Switch
[Switch
[Switch
[Switch
[Switch
[Switch
[Switch
[Switch
B> system-view
B] vlan 100
B-vlan100]quit
B]interface GigabitEthernet 1/0/1
B-GigabitEthernet1/0/1]port access vlan 100
B-GigabitEthernet1/0/1]quit
B] interface vlan-interface 100
B-Vlan-interface100] ip-address 192.168.1.2 24
A> system-view
A] rip
A-rip-1] network 192.168.1.0
A-rip-1] network 172.16.0.0
A-rip-1] network 172.17.0.0
b Configure Switch B.
<Switch
[Switch
[Switch
[Switch
B> system-view
B] rip
B-rip-1] network 192.168.1.0
B-rip-1] network 10.0.0.0
282
B> system-view
B] rip
B-rip-1] version 2
B-rip-1] undo summary
From the routing table, you can see RIP-2 use classless subnet mask.
Due to the long aging time of the routing information, RIP-1 routing information can
exist in the routing table after RIP-2 is configured.
Troubleshooting RIP
Configuration
Symptom 1
Analysis:
The device cannot get any RIP updating messages with all connections are alive.
After enabling RIP, make sure you use the network command to enable corresponding
interfaces. If the interface behavior is configured, make sure you do not disable the
interface or forbid receiving and forwarding RIP messages.
If RIP messages are multicast on the other end of the router, multicast should be used on
the local router as well.
Solution
Symptom 2
With all connections alive, route shaking happens, which means that sometimes you
cannot see some of the routes in the routing table.
Analysis
In the RIP network, make sure all timers within the whole network are set to coordinate
each other. For example, the timeout value should be greater than the update value.
Solution
Use the display rip command to check the configuration of RIP timers
284
27
A routing policy is used on the router for route inspection, filtering, attributes modifying
when routes are received, advertised, or redistributed.
When configuring routing policy, go to these sections for information you are interested
in:
The term router in this document refers to a router in a generic sense or a Layer 3 switch.
To improve readability, this will not be described in the present manual again.
Introduction to
Routing Policy
Routing Policy and
Policy Routing
Filters
Routing protocols can use three filters: ACL, IP prefix list and route policy.
ACL
When defining an ACL, you can specify IP addresses and subnet segments for matching
destinations or next hops of routing information.
286
Defining Filtering
Lists
Configuration
Prerequisites
Identified by name, each IPv4 prefix list can comprise multiple items. Each item specifies a
matching address range in the form of network prefix, which is identified by index
number. For example, the following IPv4 prefix list named abcd:
ip ip-prefix abcd index 10 permit 1.0.0.0 8
ip ip-prefix abcd index 20 permit 2.0.0.0 8
During matching, the system checks list items identified by index number in the
ascending order. If one item matched, IP-prefix list filtering is passed, without needing to
match other items.
To define an IPv4 prefix list, use the following commands:
Table 198 Defining IPv4 Prefix List
Operation
Command
system-view
ip ip-prefix ip-prefix-name [ Required
index index-number ] { permit | Not defined by default
deny } network-address len [
greater-equal greater-equal
| less-equal less-equal ]
Description
If all items are set to the deny mode, no route can pass the IPv4 prefix list. In order to
allow other IPv4 routing information to pass, define the permit 0.0.0.0 0 less-equal 32
item following multiple deny mode items.
If more than one ip-prefix item is defined, the match mode of at least one item should be
the permit mode.
Configuring a
Routing Policy
Routing policy is used to match attributes in given routing information, and modify some
attributes of the routing information after rules satisfied. Matching rules can be
configured using filters above mentioned.
A routing policy can comprise multiple nodes, each node contains:
if-match clauses: define the matching rules routing information must satisfy. The
matching objects are some attributes of routing information.
apply clauses: specifies the actions performed after specified matching rules satisfied,
concerning attribute settings for passed routing information.
288
Configuration
Prerequisites
Creating a Routing
Policy
Matching rules
Attributes to be modified
Command
Description
system-view
route-policy
Required
route-policy-name { permit |
Not created by default
deny } node node-number
If a node is specified as permit mode using permit, routing information meeting the
nodes conditions will be handled using the apply clauses of this node, without
needing to match the next node. If routing information does meet the nodes
conditions, it will go to the next node for matching.
If a node specified as deny mode using deny, the apply clauses of the node will not
be executed. When routing information meets all if-match clauses, it cannot pass the
node, nor can it go to the next node. If route information cannot meet some
if-match clause of the node, it will go to the next node for matching.
When a routing policy defined with more than one node, at least one node should be
configured using the permit keyword. If the routing policy is applied for filtering
routing information, routing information that does not meet any nodes conditions
cannot pass the routing policy. If all nodes of the routing policy are set using the
deny keyword, no routing information can pass it.
Defining if-match
Clauses for the
Routing Policy
Command
Description
system-view
route-policy
Required
route-policy-name { permit |
deny } node node-number
Optional
if-match interface {
Optional
interface-type
interface-number }
if-match ip { next-hop |
route-source } { acl
acl-number | ip-prefix
Optional
ip-prefix-name }
Optional
Not configured by default
Defining apply
Clauses for the
Routing Policy
The if-match clauses of a route-policy are in logic AND relationship, namely, routing
information has to satisfy all if-match clauses before executed with apply clauses.
If no if-match clause specified, all routing information can pass the node.
You can specify no if-match clause or multiple if-match clauses for a node.
Command
system-view
Create a routing policy and enter route-policy
Description
Required
its view
route-policy-name {
permit | deny } node
node-number
apply ip-address
next-hop ip-address
apply ip-address
next-hop command does
not take effect for route
redistribution.
Set routing protocol preference
Set the tag field of routing
information
apply preference
Optional
preference
Optional
290
Displaying and
Maintaining the
Routing Policy
Command
Description
display ip ip-prefix [
ip-prefix-name ]
Display routing policy information display route-policy [
route-policy-name ]
Clear IPv4 prefix list statistics
reset ip ip-prefix [
ip-prefix-name ]
Routing Policy
Configuration
Example
Applying Routing
Policy When
Redistributing IPv4
Routes
Network Requirements
Switch A and Switch B communicate with each other, both using RIP.
Network diagram
Figure 79 Network diagram for routing policy application to route redistribution
static 20.0.0.0/8
30.0.0.0/8
40.0.0.0/8
Vlan-interface200
12.0.0.1/8
Vlan-interface100
10.0.0.1/8
Switch A
Vlan-interface100
10.0.0.2/8
Switch B
Configuration procedure
1 Configure Switch A.
a Configure IP addresses for interfaces.
[Switch
[Switch
[Switch
[Switch
[Switch
[Switch
c Enable RIP.
[Switch A] rip
[Switch A-rip-1]network 10.0.0.0
[Switch A-rip-1] quit
d Configure an ACL.
[Switch
[Switch
[Switch
[Switch
2 Configure Switch B.
a Configure IP addresses for interfaces.
<Switch
[Switch
[Switch
[Switch
B> system-view
B] interface vlan-interface 100
B-Vlan-interface100] ip address 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
B-Vlan-interface100] quit
b Enable RIP.
[Switch B] rip
[Switch B-rip-1] network 10.0.0.0
292
Troubleshooting
Routing Policy
Configuration
IPv4 Routing
Information Filtering
Failed
Symptom
Filtering routing information failed, while routing protocol runs normally.
Analysis
At least one item of the IP prefix list should be configured as permit mode, and at least
one node in the Route-policy should be configured as permit mode.
Processing procedure
1 Use the display ip ip-prefix command to display IP prefix list.
2 Use the display route-policy command to display route policy information.
28
802.1X CONFIGURATION
The 802.1x protocol was proposed by IEEE802 LAN/WAN committee for security
problems on wireless LANs (WLAN). Currently, it is used on Ethernet as a common port
access control mechanism.
When configuring 802.1x, use the following table to identify where to go for interested
information:
Table 203 Information
If you need to
Go to
802.1x Overview
Configuring 802.1x
Architecture of 802.1x
Operation of 802.1x
802.1x Timers
Implementation of 802.1x
294
Architecture of
802.1x
802.1x operates in the typical client/server model and defines three entities: supplicant
system, authenticator system, and authentication server system, as shown in Figure 80.
Figure 80 Architecture of 802.1x
Authenticator
system
Supplicant
system
Supplicant
PAE
Services offered by
Authenticator system
Controlled
port
Authenticator
PAE
Uncontrolled
port
Port
Authentication
server system
Authentication
server
unauthorized
LAN/WLAN
Supplicant system: A system at one end of the LAN segment, which is authenticated
by the system at the other end. A supplicant system is usually a user-end device and
initiates 802.1x authentication through 802.1x client software supporting the EAP
over LANs (EAPOL) protocol.
Authenticator system: A system at one end of the LAN segment, which authenticates
the system at the other end. An authenticator system is usually an 802.1x-enabled
network device and provides ports (physical or logical) for supplicants to access the
LAN.
The above systems involve three basic concepts: PAE, controlled port, control direction.
PAE
Port access entity (PAE) refers to the entity on a given port of a device that performs the
802.1x algorithm and protocol operations. The authenticator PAE uses the
authentication server to authenticate the supplicant trying to access the LAN and
controls the status of the controlled port (authorized or unauthorized) according to the
authentication result. The supplicant PAE responds to the authentication request of the
authenticator PAE and provides authentication information. The supplicant PAE can also
send authentication requests and logoff requests to the authenticator.
Controlled port
An authenticator provides ports for supplicants to access the LAN. Each of the ports can
be regarded as two virtual ports: a controlled port and an uncontrolled port.
The uncontrolled port is always open in both the inbound and outbound directions to
allow EAPOL protocol frames to pass, guaranteeing that the supplicant can always
send or receive authentication frames.
The controlled port is open to allow normal traffic to pass only when it is in the
authorized state.
The controlled port and uncontrolled port are two parts of the same port. Any frames
arriving at the port are visible to both of them.
Control direction
In the unauthorized state, the controlled port can be set to deny traffic to and from the
supplicant or just the traffic from the supplicant. Currently, Devices support only denying
the traffic from the supplicant.
Operation of 802.1x
The 802.1x authentication system employs the extensible authentication protocol (EAP)
to support authentication information exchange between the supplicant PAE,
authenticator PAE, and authentication server.
Figure 81 Operation of 802.1x
EAPOL
Supplicant
PAE
EAP Encapsulation
over LANs
RADIUS
Authenticator
PAE
Authentication
server
Between the supplicant PAE and authenticator PAE, EAP protocol packets are
encapsulated using EAPOL and transferred over LANs.
Between the authenticator PAE and authentication server, EAP protocol packets can
be encapsulated using the EAP attributes of RADIUS and then relayed to the RADIUS
server, or terminated at the authenticator PAE, repackaged in the PAP or CHAP
attributes of RADIUS, and then transferred to the RADIUS server. The former is
referred to as EAP relay mode, and the latter as EAP termination mode.
After a user passes the authentication, the authentication server passes information
about the user to the authenticator, which controls the status of the controlled port
according to the instruction of the authentication server.
2
PAE Ethernet type
3
Protocol version
4
Type
N bytes
6
Length
Packet body
296
Length: Length of the data, that is, length of the Packet body field, in bytes. If the value
of this field is 0, no subsequent data field is present.
Packet body: The format of this field varies with the value of the Type field.
A frame with a type of EAPOL-Start, EAPOL-Logoff, or EAPOL-Key exists between a
supplicant and an authenticator. A frame with a type of EAP-Packet is repackaged and
transferred over RADIUS to get through complex networks to reach the authentication
server. A frame with a type of EAPOL-Encapsulated-ASF-Alert encapsulates network
management-related information (for example, various warning messages) and is
terminated at the authenticator.
EAP packet format
An EAPOL frame with a type of EAP-Packet carries an EAP packet in its Packet body field.
The structure of the EAP packet is shown in Figure 83.
Figure 83 EAP packet format
1
Code
2
Identifier
4
Length
N by
Data
Code: Type of the EAP packet, which can be Request, Response, Success, or Failure.
Identifier: Allows matching of responses with requests.
Length: Length of the EAP packet, including the Code, Identifier, Length, and Data fields.
Data: This field is zero or more bytes and its format is determined by the Code field.
An EAP packet of the type of Success or Failure has no Data field, and has a length of 4.
An EAP packet of the type of Request or Response is in the format shown in Figure 84
Figure 84 Format of the EAP request/response packet
Type
Type data
Type: EAP authentication type. A value of 1 represents Identity, indicating that the packet
is for querying the identity of the supplicant. A value of 4 represents MD5-Challenge,
which corresponds closely to the PPP CHAP protocol.
EAP Encapsulation
over RADIUS
Two attributes of RADIUS are intended for supporting EAP authentication: EAP-Message
and Message-Authenticator. For information about RADIUS packet format, refer to the
RADIUS overview section in theAAA, RADIUS, and TACACS+ Configuration chapter.
EAP-Message
The EAP-Message attribute is used to encapsulate EAP packets. Figure 85 shows its
encapsulation format. The value of the Type field is 79. The String field can be up to 253
bytes. If the EAP packet is longer than 253 bytes, it can be fragmented and encapsulated
into multiple EAP-Message attributes.
2 bytes
1
Type
Length
String...
EAP-Packets
Message-Authenticator
The Message-Authenticator attribute is used to prevent access requests from being
snooped during EAP authentication. It must be included in any packet with the
EAP-Message attribute; otherwise, the packet will be considered invalid and get
discarded. Figure 86 shows the encapsulation format of the Message-Authenticator
attribute.
Figure 86 Encapsulation format of the Message-Authenticator attribute
0
1
Type=80
Authentication
Process of 802.1x
18 byt es
2
Length =18
S tring. ..
298
EAPOL
EAPOR
Authenticator
PAE
RADIUS server
EAPOL-Start
EAP-Request/Identity
RADIUS Access-Request
(EAP-Response/Identity)
EAP-Response/Identity
EAP-Request/MD5 Challenge
RADIUS Access-Challenge
(EAP-Request/MD5 Challenge)
EAP-Response/MD5 Challenge
RADIUS Access-Request
(EAP-Response/MD5 Challenge)
EAP-Success
RADIUS Access-Accept
(EAP-Success)
Port
authorized
Handshake request
[EAP-Request/Identity]
The handshake
timer expires.
Handshake response
[EAP-Response/Identity]
......
EAPOL-Logoff
Port unauthorized
3 When a user launches the 802.1x client software and enters the registered username and
password, the 802.1x client software generates an EAPOL-Start frame and sends it to the
authenticator to initiate an authentication process.
4 Upon receiving the EAPOL-Start frame, the authenticator responds with an
EAP-Request/Identity packet for the identity of the supplicant.
5 When the supplicant receives the EAP-Request/Identity packet, it encapsulates the
identity information in an EAP-Response/Identity packet and sends the packet to the
authenticator.
6 Upon receiving the EAP-Response/Identity packet, the authenticator relays the packet in
a RADIUS Access-Request packet to the authentication server.
7 When receiving the RADIUS Access-Request packet, the authentication server compares
the identify information against its user information table to obtain the corresponding
password information. Then, it encrypts the password information using a randomly
generated challenge, and sends the challenge information through a RADIUS
Access-Challenge packet to the authenticator.
8 After receiving the RADIUS Access-Challenge packet, the authenticator relays the
contained EAP-Request/MD5 Challenge packet to the supplicant.
9 When receiving the EAP-Request/MD5 Challenge packet, the supplicant uses the offered
challenge to encrypt the password part (this process is not reversible), creates an
EAP-Response/MD5 Challenge packet, and then sends the packet to the authenticator.
10 After receiving the EAP-Response/MD5 Challenge packet, the authenticator relays the
packet in a RADIUS Access-Request packet to the authentication server.
11 When receiving the RADIUS Access-Request packet, the authentication server compares
the password information encapsulated in the packet with that generated by itself. If the
two are identical, the authentication server considers the user valid and sends to the
supplicant a RADIUS Access-Accept packet, instructing the authenticator to open the
port to permit the access request of the supplicant.
12 After the supplicant gets online, the authenticator periodically sends
EAP-Request/Identity packets to the supplicant to check whether the supplicant is still
online. By default, if two consecutive handshake attempts end up with failure, the
authenticator concludes that the supplicant has gone offline and performs the necessary
operations, guaranteeing that the authenticator always knows when a supplicant goes
offline.
13 The supplicant can also sends an EAPOL-Logoff frame to the authenticator to terminate
the authenticated status. In this case, the authenticator changes the status of the port
from authorized to unauthorized.
EAP termination
In EAP termination mode, EAP packets are terminated at the authenticator and then
repackaged into the PAP or CHAP attributes of RADIUS and transferred to the RADIUS
server for authentication, authorization, and accounting. See Figure 88 for the message
exchange procedure.
300
EAPOL
Authenticator
PAE
RADIUS
RADIUS server
EAPOL-Start
EAP-Request/Identity
EAP-Response/Identity
EAP-Request/MD5 Challe nge
EAP-Response/MD5 Challe nge
RADIUS Access-Request
(CHAP-Response/MD5 Challenge)
RADIUS Access-Accept
(CHAP-Success)
EAP-Success
Port
authorized
The handshake
timer expires.
Handshake request
[EAP-Request/Identity]
Handshake response
[EAP-Response/Identity]
......
EAPOL-Logoff
Port
unauthorized
Different from the authentication process in EAP relay mode, it is the authenticator that
generates the random challenge for encrypting the user password information in EAP
termination authentication process. Consequently, the authenticator sends the challenge
together with the username and encrypted password information from the supplicant to
the authentication server for authentication.
802.1x Timers
Several timers are used in the 802.1x authentication process to guarantee that the
accessing users, the authenticators, and the RADIUS server interact with each other in a
reasonable manner. The following are the major 802.1x timers:
Implementation of
802.1x
Devices extend and optimize the mechanism that the 802.1x protocol specifies by:
Allowing multiple users to access network services through the same physical port.
These extensions can help improve network security and manageability dramatically.
Features Working
Together with 802.1x
Return String
Tunnel-Medium-type
802
Tunnel-Private-Group-ID
Tunnel-Type
VLAN
Comment
VLAN value
For the Switch 4500G, currently the VLAN assignment function is available only for the
ports whose link type is ACCESS.
GuestVlan
If you fail to pass authentication for many reasons such as there is no proprietary
authentication Client or lower Client version, you will be added into GuestVlan.
GuestVlan is a default VLAN that you can access it without authentication. You can
access the resources in the VLAN, like Client download and upgrade. After installing or
upgrading the authentication Client, with these resources, you can carry out the
authentication procedure so as to access network resources.
302
After 802.1x is enabled and GuestVlan is configured correctly, the switch sends
authentication-triggering packet (EAP-Request/identity) through a port. The port will be
added in GuestVlan when the switch sends authentication-triggering packet
(EAP-Request/Identity) beyond the maximum times before it receives no response packet.
At this point, you initiate an authentication. If you fail to pass the authentication, the
port is still in GuestVlan. If you pass the authentication, there are two following cases:
Configuring 802.1x
Configuration
Prerequisites
The authentication server delivers a VLAN. In this case, the port leaves from GuestVlan
and joins the delivered VLAN. After you disconnect the Internet, the port first returns
back to the configured VLAN (the one where the port locates before it joins
GuestVlan, i.e. original VLAN).
The authentication server does not deliver a VLAN. In this case, the port leaves from
GuestVLan and joins the configured VLAN. After you disconnect the Internet, the port
is still in the configured VLAN.
For remote RADIUS authentication, the username and password information must be
configured on the RADIUS server and the relevant configurations must be performed
on the authenticator.
For local authentication, the username and password information must be configured
on the authenticator and the service type must be set to lan-access.
For details about these configuration tasks, refer to AAA, RADIUS, and TACACS+
Configuration.
Configuration
Procedure
Remarks
system-view
dot1x
Required
Disabled by default
dot1x interface
Required
interface-list
Disabled by default
interface interface-type
interface-number
dot1x
quit
dot1x port-control {
Remarks
Optional
authorized-force | unauthorized-force |
auto by default
auto } [ interface interface-list ]
dot1x port-method {
macbased | portbased } [
interface interface-list ]
Set the maximum number of
dot1x max-user
accessing users for specified or user-number [ interface
Optional
macbased by default
Optional
256 per port by default
all ports
interface-list ]
dot1x
authentication-method {
chap | pap | eap }
dot1x retry
Optional
max-retry-value
2 by default
dot1x timer {
handshake-period
Optional
handshake-period-value |
quiet-period
quiet-period-value |
tx-period tx-period-value |
supp-timeout
supp-timeout-value |
server-timeout
server-timeout-value }
CHAP by default
Optional
dot1x quiet-period
Optional
Disabled by default
interface interface-type
interface-num
Enable online user handshake
dot1x handshake
Optional
Enabled by default
CAUTION:
802.1x must be enabled both globally in system view and definitely for the intended
ports in system view or Ethernet interface view. Otherwise, it does not function.
Some 802.1x timers are configurable. This makes sense in some special or extreme
network environments. Normally, leave the defaults unchanged.
With 802.1x enabled on a port, you cannot configure the maximum number of MAC
addresses that the port can learn (by using the mac-address max-mac-count
command), and vice versa.
If you perform a configuration in system view and do not specify the interface-list
argument, the configuration applies to all ports. Configurations performed in
304
Ethernet port view apply to the current Ethernet port only and the interface-list
argument is not needed in this case.
If EAP authentication is used for 802.1x users, the contents you enter on the client
will be directly sent to the server after encapsulation. In this case, the configuration
with the user-name-format command is invalid.
If version number included is configured on the client or you enter a username with a
blank character included, you cannot search or release user connections by username.
However, you can search or release user connections in other ways, such as using IP
addresses or connection indexes.
Currently 10GE ports of the Switch 4500G does not support 802.1x.
Enable 802.1x.
Configuring
GuestVlan
Configuration
Prerequisites
Configuring
GuestVlan
Command
Remarks
system-view
dot1x guest-vlan
vlan-id [ interface
Configure GuestVlan of
the specified port
interface-list ]
Displaying and
Maintaining 802.1x
Required
By default, GuestVlan is not
configured on the port.
Remarks
display dot1x [
Available in any view
sessions | statistics ]
[ interface
reset dot1x
statistics [
interface
interface-list ]
interface-list ]
802.1x
Configuration
Example
Network requirements
The access control method of macbased is required on the port to control accessing
users.
All AAA accessing users belong to default domain aabbcc.net, which can
accommodate up to 30 users. For authentication, RADIUS authentication is
performed at first, and then local authentication when no response from the RADIUS
server is received. For accounting, get a user offline if the RADIUS accounting fails.
Whenever a user remains idle for over 20 minutes, tear down the connection.
A server group with two RADIUS servers is connected to the switch. The IP addresses
of the servers are 10.11.1.1 and 10.11.1.2 respectively. Use the former as the primary
authentication/secondary accounting server, and the latter as the secondary
authentication/primary accounting server.
Set the shared key for the device to exchange packets with the authentication server
as name, and that for the device to exchange packets with the accounting server as
money.
Specify the device to remove the domain name from the username before passing the
username to the RADIUS server.
Set the username of the 802.1x user as localuser and the password as localpass and
specify to use clear text mode. Enable the idle cut function.
Network diagram
Figure 90 Network diagram for 802.1x configuration
Authentication Servers
(RADIUS Server Cluster
IP Address: 10.11.1.1
10.11.1.2)
Switch
GigabitEthernet1/0/1
Supplicant
Internet
Authenticator
306
Configuration procedure
The following configuration procedure covers most AAA/RADIUS configuration
commands for the authenticator, while configuration on the supplicant and RADIUS
server are omitted.
For information about AAA/RADIUS configuration commands, refer to the AAA,
RADIUS, and TACACS+ Configuration chapter.
1 Enable 802.1x globally.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] dot1x
3 Set the port access control method. (Optional. The default answers the requirement.)
[3Com] dot1x port-method macbased interface GigabitEthernet 1/0/1
5 Configure the IP addresses of the primary authentication and accounting RADIUS servers.
[3Com-radius-radius1] primary authentication 10.11.1.1
[3Com-radius-radius1] primary accounting 10.11.1.2
7 Specify the shared key for the device to exchange packets with the authentication server.
[3Com-radius-radius1] key authentication name
8 Specify the shared key for the device to exchange packets with the accounting server.
[3Com-radius-radius1] key accounting money
9 Set the interval for the device to retransmit packets to the RADIUS server and the
maximum number of transmission attempts.
[3Com-radius-radius1] timer response-timeout 5
[3Com-radius-radius1] retry 5
10 Set the interval for the device to send real time accounting packets to the RADIUS server.
[3Com-radius-radius1] timer realtime-accounting 15
11 Specify the device to remove the domain name of any username before passing the
username to the RADIUS server.
[3Com-radius-radius1] user-name-format without-domain
[3Com-radius-radius1] quit
13 Set radius1 as the RADIUS scheme for users of the domain and specify to use local
authentication as the secondary scheme.
[3Com-isp-aabbcc.net] authentication default radius-scheme radius1
local
[3Com-isp-aabbcc.net] authorization default radius-scheme radius1 local
[3Com-isp-aabbcc.net] accounting default radius-scheme radius1 local
15 Enable the idle cut function and set the idle interval.
[3Com-isp-aabbcc.net] idle-cut enable 20
[3Com-isp-aabbcc.net] quit
16 Add local access user localuser, Enable the idle cut function and set the idle interval.
[3Com] local-user localuser
[3Com-luser-localuser] service-type lan-access
[3Com-luser-localuser] password simple localpass
[3Com-luser-localuser] attribute idle-cut 20
Typical GuestVlan
Configuration
Example
Network requirement
As shown in Figure 91, a PC connects to the network through 802.1x authentication.
The authentication server is radius server. GigabitEthernet1/0/3 of the Supplicant access
switch belongs to VLAN 1; Authentication Server belongs to VLAN 2; Update Server
belongs to VLAN 10 which is used for Client download and upgrade;
GigabitEthernet1/0/8 through which the switch accesses the Internet belongs to VLAN 5.
Figure 91 Typical network diagram
Authentication Server
Update Server
VLAN 10
VLAN 2
GigabitEthernet1/0/5
GigabitEthernet1/0/3
VLAN 1
GigabitEthernet1/0/8
VLAN 5
Internet
Supplicant
308
Update Server
Authentication Server
VLAN 10
VLAN 2
VLAN 10 GigabitEthernet1/0/5
GigabitEthernet1/0/3
Guest VL AN 10
GigabitEthernet1/0/8
VLAN 5
Internet
Supplicant
As shown in Figure 93, Authentication Server delivers Vlan 5 after you pass
authentication and access the Internet . In this case, Supplicant and GigabitEthernet1/0/8
belong to VLAN 5. Supplicant can access the Internet.
Figure 93 User online and VLAN delivery
Update Server
Authentication Server
VLAN 2
VLAN 10
GigabitEthernet1/0/5
GigabitEthernet1/0/8
GigabitEthernet1/0/3
VLAN 5
VLAN 5
VLAN 5
Internet
Supplicant
Configuration procedure
1 Enable 802.1x globally.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] dot1x
310
29
Introduction to
HABP
HABP CONFIGURATION
HABP Server
Configuration
With the HABP server launched, a management device sends HABP request packets
regularly to the attached switches to collect their MAC addresses. You need also to
configure the interval on the management device for an HABP server to send HABP
request packets.
Table 207 Configure an HABP server
Operation
Command
Description
system-view
habp enable
Enable HABP
Optional
HABP is enabled by default.
Required
By default, a switch operates as an
HABP client after you enable HABP
on the switch.
Optional
The default interval for an HABP
server to send HABP request packets
is 20 seconds.
312
HABP Client
Configuration
HABP clients reside on switches attached to HABP servers. After you enable HABP for a
switch, the switch operates as an HABP client by default. So you only need to enable
HABP on a switch to make it an HABP client.
Table 208 Configure an HABP client
Operation
Command
Description
system-view
habp enable
Enable HABP
Optional
HABP is enabled by default. And a
switch operates as an HABP client
after you enable HABP for it.
Displaying HABP
Optional
by default. And a switch operates as
an HABP client
After performing the above configuration, you can display and verify your HABP-related
configuration by execute the display command in any view.
Table 209 Display HABP
Operation
Command
Description
display habp
30
MAC authentication is a method for authenticating users based on port and MAC
address.
When configuring MAC authentication, use the following table to identify where to go
for interested information:
Table 210 Information
MAC
Authentication
Overview
If you need to
Go to
MAC authentication controls user network access based on port and MAC address. It
does not require users to have any supplicant system software installed. The MAC
address of the host is used as the user name and password for authentication. Once a
switch detects a new MAC address, it initiates the authentication process.
Ethernet switches support remote RADIUS authentication and local authentication:
For local authentication, create a local user and configure the password.
For RADIUS authentication, ensure that the switch and the RADIUS server can reach
each other.
Configuring MAC
Authentication
Configuration
Prerequisites
314
Configuration
Procedure
The MAC address to be used as the user name and password of a local user must be
in the format of HHH.
Remarks
system-view
mac-authentication
Required
mac-authentication
interface interface-list
Required
mac-authentication
domain isp-name
Optional
mac-authentication
timer offline-detect
Optional
Disabled by default
offline-detect-value
Set the quiet timer
mac-authentication
timer quiet quiet-value
timer server-timeout
server-timeout-value
Disabled by default
The default ISP domain is used by
default
300 seconds by default
Optional
1 minute by default
Optional
100 seconds by default
CAUTION:
Displaying and
Maintaining MAC
Authentication
You can enable MAC authentication for specified ports or set MAC authentication
parameters before enabling MAC authentication globally. However, your
configuration takes effect only after you enable MAC authentication globally.
MAC authentication cannot coexist with 802.1x authentication on the same port.
Remarks
display
mac-authentication [
interface
interface-list ]
MAC
Authentication
Configuration
Example
For local authentication, you configure the MAC address of a host as the user name
and password on the switch.
For RADIUS authentication, you configure the MAC address of a host as the user
name and password on the RADIUS server.
Network requirements
As shown in Figure 94, a user is connected to the switch through port GigabitEthernet
1/0/1.
MAC authentication is required on every port to control user access to the Internet.
Set the offline-detect timer to 180 seconds and the quiet timer to 3 minutes.
Network diagram
Figure 94 Network diagram for MAC authentication
Switch
GigabitEthernet 1/0/1
PC
Internet
Authenticator
Configuration procedure
1 Add a local user.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] local-user 00e0fc010101
[3Com-luser-00e0fc010101] password simple 00e0fc010101
[3Com-luser-00e0fc010101] service-type lan-access
[3Com-luser-00e0fc010101] quit
316
31
Overview
Introduction to AAA
AAA is shortened from the three security functions: authentication, authorization and
accounting. It provides a uniform framework for you to configure the three security
functions to implement the network security management.
The network security mentioned here mainly refers to access control. It mainly controls:
Authentication
AAA supports the following authentication methods:
None authentication: Users are trusted and are not authenticated. Generally, this
method is not recommended.
Authorization
AAA supports the following authorization methods:
Direct authorization: Users are trusted and directly authorized. Users have the default
rights now.
RADIUS authorization: Users are authorized after they pass the RADIUS
authentication. The authentication and authorization of RADIUS protocol are bound
together, and you cannot perform RADIUS authorization alone without RADIUS
authentication.
318
Accounting
AAA supports the following accounting methods:
Local accounting: This function can count the accessed users, for a purpose of
limiting access of local users.
Generally, AAA adopts the client/server structure, where the client acts as the managed
resource and the server stores user information. This structure has good scalability and
facilitates the centralized management of user information. AAA can be based on
multiple protocols, and currently RADIUS or TACACS+ is used.
Introduction to ISP
Domain
An Internet service provider (ISP) domain is a group of users who belong to the same ISP.
For a user name in the format of userid@isp-name, the isp-name following the @
character is the ISP domain name. The access device uses userid as the user name for
authentication, and isp-name as the domain name.
In a multi-ISP environment, the users connected to the same access device may belong to
different domains. Since the users of different ISPs may have different attributes (such as
different compositions of user name and password, different service types/rights), it is
necessary to distinguish the users by setting ISP domains.
You can configure a set of ISP domain attributes (including AAA policy, RADIUS scheme,
and so on) for each ISP domain independently in ISP domain view.
Introduction to
RADIUS
AAA is a management framework. It can be implemented by not only one protocol. But
in practice, the most commonly used protocol for AAA is RADIUS.
What is RADIUS
RADIUS (remote authentication dial-in user service) is a distributed information exchange
protocol in client/server structure. It can prevent unauthorized access to the network and
is commonly used in network environments where both high security and remote user
access service are required.
The RADIUS service involves three components:
Protocol: Based on the UDP/IP layer, RFC 2865 and 2866 define the frame format and
message transfer mechanism of RADIUS, and define 1812 as the authentication port
and 1813 as the accounting port.
Server: The RADIUS server runs on a computer or workstation at the center. It stores
and maintains the information on user authentication and network service access.
Client: The RADIUS clients run on the dial-in access server device. They can be
deployed anywhere in the network.
RADIUS is based on client/server model. Acting as a RADIUS client, the switch passes user
information to a designated RADIUS server, and makes processing (such as
connecting/disconnecting users) depending on the responses returned from the server.
The RADIUS server receives user's connection requests, authenticates users, and returns
all required information to the switch.
Overview 319
Generally, the RADIUS server maintains the following three databases (as shown in
Figure 95):
Users: This database stores information about users (such as user name, password,
adopted protocol and IP address).
Clients: This database stores the information about RADIUS clients (such as shared
keys).
Dictionary: This database stores the information used to interpret the attributes and
attribute values of the RADIUS protocol.
In addition, the RADIUS server can act as the client of some other AAA server to provide
the authentication or accounting proxy service.
Basic message exchange procedure of RADIUS
The messages exchanged between a RADIUS client (a switch, for example) and the
RADIUS server are verified by using a shared key. This enhances the security. The RADIUS
protocol combines the authentication and authorization processes together by sending
authorization information in the authentication response message. Figure 96 depicts the
message exchange procedure between user, switch and RADIUS server.
320
Overview 321
Identifier
Length
Authenticator
Attribute
1 The Code field decides the type of the RADIUS packet, as shown in Table 213.
Table 213 Description on major values of the Code field
Code
Packet type
Packet description
Access-Request
Direction: client->server.
The client transmits this packet to the server to determine if the
user can access the network.
This packet carries user information. It must contain the
User-Name attribute and may contain the following attributes:
NAS-IP-Address, User-Password and NAS-Port.
Access-Accept
Direction: server->client.
The server transmits this packet to the client if all the attribute
values carried in the Access-Request packet are acceptable (that
is, the user passes the authentication).
Access-Reject
Direction: client->server.
The client transmits this packet to the server to determine if the
user can access the network.
This packet carries user information. It must contain the
User-Name attribute and may contain the following attributes:
NAS-IP-Address, User-Password and NAS-Port.
Accounting-Request
Direction: client->server.
The client transmits this packet to the server to request the
server to start or end the accounting (whether to start or to end
the accounting is determined by the Acct-Status-Type attribute
in the packet).
This packet carries almost the same attributes as those carried
in the Access-Request packet.
Accounting-Response
Direction: server->client.
The server transmits this packet to the client to notify the client
that it has received the Accounting-Request packet and has
correctly recorded the accounting information.
2 The Identifier field (one byte) identifies the request and response packets. It is subject to
the Attribute field and varies with the received valid responses, but keeps unchanged
during retransmission.
322
3 The Length field (two bytes) specifies the total length of the packet (including the Code,
Identifier, Length, Authenticator and Attribute fields). The bytes beyond the length will
be regarded as padding bytes and are ignored upon receiving the packet. If the received
packet is shorter than the value of this field, it will be discarded.
4 The Authenticator field (16 bytes) is used to verify the packet returned from the RADIUS
server; it is also used in the password hiding algorithm. There are two kinds of
authenticators: Request and Response.
5 The Attribute field contains special authentication, authorization, and accounting
information to provide the configuration details of a request or response packet. This
field is represented by a field triplet (Type, Length and Value):
The Type field (one byte) specifies the type of the attribute. Its value ranges from 1 to
255. Table 214 lists the attributes that are commonly used in RADIUS authentication
and authorization.
The Length field (one byte) specifies the total length of the Attribute field in bytes
(including the Type, Length and Value fields).
The Value field (up to 253 bytes) contains the information about the attribute. Its
content and format are determined by the Type and Length fields.
Attribute type
Attribute type
User-Name
23
Framed-IPX-Network
User-Password
24
State
CHAP-Password
25
Class
NAS-IP-Address
26
Vendor-Specific
NAS-Port
27
Session-Timeout
Service-Type
28
Idle-Timeout
Framed-Protocol
29
Termination-Action
Framed-IP-Address
30
Called-Station-Id
Framed-IP-Netmask
31
Calling-Station-Id
10
Framed-Routing
32
NAS-Identifier
11
Filter-ID
33
Proxy-State
12
Framed-MTU
34
Login-LAT-Service
13
Framed-Compression
35
Login-LAT-Node
14
Login-IP-Host
36
Login-LAT-Group
15
Login-Service
37
Framed-AppleTalk-Link
16
Login-TCP-Port
38
Framed-AppleTalk-Network
17
(unassigned)
39
Framed-AppleTalk-Zone
18
Reply-Message
40-59
19
Callback-Number
60
CHAP-Challenge
20
Callback-ID
61
NAS-Port-Type
21
(unassigned)
62
Port-Limit
22
Framed-Route
63
Login-LAT-Port
The RADIUS protocol takes good scalability. Attribute 26 (Vender-Specific) defined in this
protocol allows a device vendor to extend RADIUS to implement functions that are not
defined in standard RADIUS.
Overview 323
Figure 98 depicts the structure of attribute 26. The Vendor-ID field representing the code
of the vendor occupies four bytes. The first byte is 0, and the other three bytes are
defined in RFC1700. Here, the vendor can encapsulate multiple customized
sub-attributes (containing Type, Length and Value) to obtain extended RADIUS
implementation.
Figure 98 Part of the RADIUS packet containing extended attribute
Introduction to
TACACS+
What is TACACS+
Terminal Access Controller Access Control System Plus (TACACS+) is an enhanced
security protocol based on TACACS. Similar to the RADIUS protocol, it implements AAA
for different types of users (such as PPP/VPDN login users and terminal users) through
communications with TACACS servers in the Client-Server mode. Switch 4500G switches
support authentication, authorization, and accounting for telnet, FTP, Aux, and SSH
users.
Compared with RADIUS, TACACS+ provides more reliable transmission and encryption,
and therefore is more suitable for security control. Table 215 lists the primary differences
between TACACS+ and RADIUS protocols.
Table 215 Comparison between TACACS+ and RADIUS
TACACS+
RADIUS
Adopts UDP.
Not support.
324
In a typical TACACS+ application, a dial-up or terminal user needs to log in to the device
for operations. As the client of TACACS+ in this case, the switch sends the username and
password to the TACACS server for authentication. After passing authentication and
being authorized, the user can log in to the switch to perform operations, as shown in
Figure 99.
Figure 99 Network diagram for a typical TACACS+ application
Terminal user
TACACS server
129.7.66.66
ISDN /PSTN
ISDN/PSTN
Dial - up user
HWTACACS client
TACACS server
129.7.66.67
Overview 325
U ser
U s e r lo g s in
R e q u e s t U s e r fo r th e u s e r n a m e
U s e r e n te rs t h e u s e r n a m e
R e q u e s t U s e r fo r th e p a s s w o rd
U s e r e n te rs t h e p a s s w o r d
HTACACS+
W TA C A C S
S Server
e rv e r
A u th e n tic a ti o n S ta r t R e q u e s t p a c k e t
A u th e n tic a ti o n r e s p o n s e p a c k e t,
re q u e s ti n g fo r th e u s e r n a m e
A u th e n tic a ti o n c o n tin u a n c e p a c k e t
c a rry in g th e u s e r n a m e
A u th e n tic a ti o n r e s p o n s e p a c k e t,
re q u e s ti n g fo r th e p a s s w o r d
A u th e n tic a ti o n c o n tin u a n c e p a c k e t
c a rry in g th e p a s s w o r d
A u th e n tic a ti o n s u c c e s s p a c k e t
A u th o riz a ti o n r e q u e s t p a c k e t
A u th o riz a ti o n s u c c e s s p a c k e t
U s e r is p e rm i tte d
A c c o u n tin g s ta r t re q u e s t p a c k e t
A c c o u n tin g s t a r t re s p o n s e p a c k e t
U s e r q u its
A c c o u n tin g s to p p a c k e t
A c c o u n tin g s to p r e s p o n s e p a c k e t
326
6 The TACACS server sends back an authentication response indicating that the user has
passed the authentication.
7 The TACACS client sends the user authorization request packet to the TACACS server.
8 The TACACS server sends back the authorization response, indicating that the user has
passed the authorization.
9 Upon receipt of the response indicating an authorization success, the TACACS client
pushes the configuration interface of the switch to the user.
10 The TACACS client sends an accounting start request packet to the TACACS server.
11 The TACACS server sends back an accounting response, indicating that it has received
the accounting start request.
12 The user logs out; the TACACS client sends an accounting stop request to the TACACS
server.
13 The TACACS server sends back an accounting stop packet, indicating that the
accounting stop request has been received.
Configuration Tasks
Description
Related section
Required
Configuring the
authentication scheme
for the ISP domain
Configuring AAA
Authentication of an ISP
Domain
Required If local
authentication is adopted.
Refer to Configuring the
Attributes of a Local User.
If RADIUS authenticati on is
adopted, refer to RADIUS
Configuration.
If HWTACAC authentication
is adopted, refer to
TACACS+ Configuration.
Configure an AAA
authorization scheme
for the ISP domain
Optional
Configuring AAA
Authorization of an ISP
Domain
Configure an AAA
accounting scheme for
the ISP domain
Optional
Optional
TACACS+
configuration
Description
Related section
Create a RADIUS
scheme
Required
Configure RADIUS
authentication/authoriz
ation servers
Required
Configure RADIUS
accounting servers
Required
Configuring RADIUS
Accounting Servers
Required
Configure the
maximum number of
transmission attempts
of RADIUS requests
Optional
Configure the
supported RADIUS
server type
Optional
Optional
Configure a local
RADIUS authentication
server
Optional
Create a TACAS+
scheme
Required
Configure TACACS+
authentication servers
Required
Configuring TACACS+
Authentication Servers
Configure TACACS+
authorization servers
Required
Configuring TACACS+
Authorization Servers
Configure TACACS+
accounting servers
Optional
Configuring TACACS+
Accounting Servers
Optional
328
AAA Configuration
Configuration
Prerequisites
Creating an ISP
Domain
The goal of AAA configuration is to protect network devices against unauthorized access
and at the same time provide network access services to authorized users. If you need to
use ISP domains to implement AAA management on access users, you need to configure
the ISP domains.
If you want to adopt remote AAA method, you must create a RADIUS or TACACS+
scheme.
Command
Description
system-view
domain isp-name
quit
disable |enable
isp-name}
Required
Optional
The default ISP domain is
"system".
To remove the default ISP domain you define, you must first use the domain default
disable command.
Configuring the
Attributes of an ISP
Domain
Command
Description
system-view
domain isp-name
Optional
Required
Command
Description
access-limit {
disable | enable
Optional
idle-cut { disable |
enable minute flow
Optional
self-service-url {
disable | enable
Optional
max-user-number }
url-string }
330
Command
Remarks
system-view
domain isp-name
authentication
default {
radius-scheme
Optional
radius-scheme-name [
local ] |
Required
hwtacacs-scheme
hwtacacs-scheme-name [
local ] | local | none }
Configure authentication for
login user
hwtacacs-scheme
hwtacacs-scheme-name [
local ] | local | none }
Configure authentication for
lan-access user
authentication
lan-access {
radius-scheme
Optional
radius-scheme-name [
local ] | local | none }
Configuring AAA
Authorization of an
ISP Domain
There are three types of users for AAA: login, command authorization, and
lan-access. You can configure authentication/authorization/accounting policy
independently according to the real requirements of users.
If you have configured RADIUS as the solution for authentication, AAA only receives
authentication results from RADIUS Server. Although it is carried in the packet
responded for authentication success, but RADIUS authorization information is not
handled in the process of authentication response.
In the case of that local or none is used as the first solution for authentication, you
can only use the local authentication or unauthentication. You cannot use RADIUS
solution simultaneously.
By fault, the authorization scheme for an ISP domain is local. If you configure the
authorization scheme as none, no authorization is required. In this case, the
authenticated users have only default right. For example, by default ECEC users (for
instance, Telnet users) have the lowest visit right. And FTP users are authorized to use the
root directory. You can configure authorization according to the following three steps:
1 If you choose TACACS+ authorization scheme, you should first define the TACACS+
scheme to be used. For RADIUS authorization, it takes effect only when the RADIUS
scheme of authentication and authorization are configured similarly.
2 Determine the access ways or service types to configure. You can configure authorization
based on different access ways and service types, and restrict the authorization protocols
available for access through configuration.
3 Determine whether to configure a default authorization for all access ways or service
types.
Table 220 Configure AAA authorization of an ISP Domain
Operation
Command
Remarks
system-view
domain isp-name
Configure default
authorization for all users
Required
Optional
hwtacacs-scheme
hwtacacs-scheme-name [ local ] |
local | none }
Configure authorization for
login users
authorization login
{ radius-scheme
radius-scheme-name [ local ] |
hwtacacs-scheme
Optional
hwtacacs-scheme-name
[ local ] | local | none }
Configure authorization for
lan-access users
authorization lan-access {
radius-scheme
radius-scheme-name [ local ] |
local | none }
Optional
authorization command
hwtacacs-scheme
Optional
hwtacacs-scheme-name
332
Configuring AAA
Accounting of an ISP
Domain
In the case of that local or none is used as the first solution for authorization, you
can only use the local authorization or unauthorization. You cannot use RADIUS
solution simultaneously.
Command
Remarks
system-view
domain isp-name
Open/close the
accounting-optional switch
accounting-optional
Optional
accounting default {
radius-scheme
radius-scheme-name [
local ] |
hwtacacs-scheme
hwtacacs-scheme-name [
local ] | local | none }
Configure accounting for login
users
accounting login {
radius-scheme
Optional
radius-scheme-name [
local ] |
hwtacacs-scheme
hwtacacs-scheme-name [
local ] |
Configure accounting for
lan-access users
local | none }
accounting
lan-access {
radius-scheme
radius-scheme-name [
local ] |local | none }
Optional
Configuring the
Attributes of a Local
User
When charging a user, if the system does not find any available accounting server or
fails to communicate with any accounting server, it will not disconnect the user as
long as the accounting optional command has been executed.
Local accounting is only used to manage the connections of local users. It has no real
statistics function. The management of local connections only has effect to local
accounting, not local authentication and authorization.
In the case of that local or none is used as the first solution for accounting, you can
only use the local accounting or no accounting. You cannot use RADIUS or TACACS+
solution simultaneously.
When local scheme is chosen as the AAA scheme, you should create local users on the
switch and configure the relevant attributes.
The local users are users set on the switch, with each user uniquely identified by a user
name. To make a user who is requesting network service pass through the local
authentication, you should add an entry in the local user database on the switch for the
user.
Table 222 Configure the attributes of a local user
Operation
Command
Description
system-view
local-user
password-displaym ode {
cipher-force auto
Optional
By default, the password
display mode of all access
users is auto, indicating the
passwords of access users are
displayed in the modes set
with the password
command.
local-user
Required
user-name
password { simple |
cipher } password
state { active |
block }
Optional
Optional
By default, the local users are
in the active state once they
are created, that is, they are
allowed to request network
services.
334
Command
Description
service-type {
lan-access | { telnet
| ssh | terminal } * [
level level ] }
Required
service-type ftp [
ftp-directory
Optional
directory]
level level
attribute { ip
ip-address | mac
mac-address |
idle-cut minute |
access-limit
max-user-number |
vlan vlan-id |
location { nas-ip
ip-address port
portnum | port portnum
}}*
Optional
If the user is bound to a
remote port, you must
specify the nas-ip parameter
(the following ip-address is
127.0.0.1 by default,
representing this device). If
the user is bound to a local
port, you do not need to
specify the nas-ip parameter.
If the configured authentication method (local or RADIUS) requires a user name and a
password, the command level that a user can access after login is determined by the
priority level of the user. For SSH users, when they use RSA shared keys for
authentication, the commands they can access are determined by the levels set on
their user interfaces.
If a user is not authorized with any service type, he or she cannot pass the
authentication of a specific service type. By default, no service type is authorized to
users.
Command
Description
system-view
cut connection { all
|access-type { dot1x
|mac-authentication } | domain
domain-name | interface
interface-type interface-number
| ip ip-address | mac mac-address |
vlan vlan-id | ucibindex
ucib-index | user-name
user-name }
RADIUS
Configuration
Required
This command is only
available for service-type of
lan-access
Creating a RADIUS
Scheme
The RADIUS protocol configuration is performed on a RADIUS scheme basis. You should
first create a RADIUS scheme and enter its view before performing other RADIUS
protocol configurations.
Table 224 Create a RADIUS scheme
Operation
Command
Description
system-view
radius scheme
radius-scheme-name
Required
336
Configuring RADIUS
Authentication/Auth
orization Servers
Command
Description
system-view
radius scheme
radius-scheme-name
primary
authentication
Required
secondary
authentication
ip-address [
port-number ]
ip-address [
port-number ]
Required
The authentication response sent from the RADIUS server to the RADIUS client carries
the authorization information. Therefore, no separate authorization server can be
specified.
In an actual network environment, you can either specify two RADIUS servers as the
primary and secondary authentication/authorization servers respectively, or specify
only one server as both the primary and secondary authentication/authorization
servers.
The IP address and port number of the primary authentication server used by the
default RADIUS scheme "system" are 127.0.0.1 and 1645.
You are not allowed to assign the same IP address to both primary and secondary
authentication/authorization servers; otherwise, unsuccessful operation is prompted
Configuring RADIUS
Accounting Servers
Command
Description
system-view
radius scheme
radius-scheme-name
primary accounting
Required
stop-accounting-buf
fer enable
Optional
retry
stop-accountingretry
Optional
retry
realtime-accounting
number of
real-time
accounting request
ip-address [ port-number
]
ip-address [ port-number ]
-times
retry-times
Required
attempts
In an actual network environment, you can either specify two RADIUS servers as the
primary and secondary accounting servers respectively, or specify only one server as
both the primary and secondary accounting servers. In addition, because RADIUS
adopts different UDP ports to transceive authentication/authorization packets and the
accounting packets, you must set a port number for accounting different from that
set for authentication/authorization.
Stop-accounting requests are critical to billing and will eventually affect the charges
of the users; they are important for both the users and the ISP. Therefore, the switch
should do its best to transmit them to the RADIUS accounting server. If the RADIUS
server does not respond to such a request, the switch should first buffer the request
on itself, and then retransmit the request to the RADIUS accounting server until it
gets a response, or the maximum number of transmission attempts is reached (in this
case, it discards the request).
You can set the maximum number of real-time accounting request attempts in the
case that the accounting fails. If the switch makes all the allowed real-time
accounting request attempts but fails to perform accounting, it cuts down the
connection of the user.
338
Configuring Shared
Keys for RADIUS
Packets
The IP address and the port number of the default primary accounting server
"system" are 127.0.0.1 and 1646.
You are not allowed to assign the same IP address to both primary and secondary
accounting servers; otherwise, unsuccessful operation is prompted
The RADIUS client and server adopt MD5 algorithm to encrypt the RADIUS packets
exchanged with each other. The two parties verify the validity of the exchanged packets
by using the shared keys that have been set on them, and can accept and respond to the
packets sent from each other only if both of them have the same shared keys.
Table 227 Configure shared keys for RADIUS packets
Operation
Command
Description
system-view
radius scheme
radius-scheme-name
Required
Required
By default, no key is set for any
RADIUS server.
Set a shared key for the RADIUS key accounting string Required
accounting packets
By default, no key is set for any
RADIUS server.
Configuring the
Maximum Number of
Transmission
Attempts of RADIUS
Requests
The communication in RADIUS is unreliable because this protocol adopts UDP packets to
carry data. Therefore, it is necessary for the switch to retransmit a RADIUS request if it
gets no response from the RADIUS server after the response timeout timer expires. If the
maximum number of transmission attempts is reached and the switch still receives no
answer, the switch considers that the request fails.
Table 228 Configure the maximum transmission attempts of RADIUS request
Operation
Command
Description
system-view
radius scheme
radius-scheme-name
Required
Optional
By default, the system tries three
times to transmit a RADIUS
request.
The product of the retry-times here and the seconds of the timer
response-timeout command can be greater than 75.
Configuring the
Supported RADIUS
Server Type
Command
Description
system-view
radius scheme
radius-scheme-name
server-type {
extended | standard }
Optional
Configuring the
Status of RADIUS
Servers
Required
Command
Description
system-view
radius scheme
radius-scheme-name
state primary
authentication {
block | active }
Optional
state primary
accounting { block |
active }
state secondary
authentication {
block | active }
state secondary
accounting { block |
active }
Required
340
Configuring the
Attributes for Data to
be Sent to RADIUS
Servers
Table 231 Configure the attributes for data to be sent to the RADIUS servers
Operation
Command
Description
system-view
radius scheme
Required
radius-scheme-name
without-domain }
Optional
By default, the user names sent
from the switch to RADIUS
servers carry ISP domain names.
Optional
Optional
radius nas-ip
ip-address
Generally, the access users are named in the userid@isp-name format. Where,
isp-name behind the @ character represents the ISP domain name, by which the
device determines which ISP domain it should ascribe the user to. However, some old
RADIUS servers cannot accept the user names that carry ISP domain names. In this
case, it is necessary to remove the domain names carried in the user names before
sending the user names to the RADIUS server. For this reason, the user-name-format
command is designed for you to specify whether or not ISP domain names are carried
in the user names sent to the RADIUS server.
For a RADIUS scheme, if you have specified that no ISP domain names are carried in
the user names, you should not adopt this RADIUS scheme in more than one ISP
domain. Otherwise, such errors may occur: the RADIUS server regards two different
users having the same name but belonging to different ISP domains as the same user
(because the usernames sent to it are the same).
In the default RADIUS scheme "system", no ISP domain names are carried in the user
names by default.
The nas-ip command in RADIUS scheme view only takes effect for the current
RADIUS scheme, while that in system view is for all RADIUS schemes. The former one
takes priority in implementation.
Configuring a Local
RADIUS
Authentication
Server
Command
system-view
local-server nas-ip Required
ip-address key password
By default, a local RADIUS
Description
Configuring the
Timers of RADIUS
Servers
When you use the local RADIUS authentication server function, the UDP port number
for the authentication/authorization service must be 1645, the UDP port number for
the accounting service is 1646, and the IP addresses of the servers must be set to the
addresses of the switch.
The packet encryption key set by the local-server command with the key
password parameter must be identical with the authentication/authorization packet
encryption key set by the key authentication command in RADIUS scheme
view.
If the switch gets no response from the RADIUS server after sending out a RADIUS
request (authentication/authorization request or accounting request) and waiting for a
period of time, it should retransmit the packet to ensure that the user can obtain the
RADIUS service. This wait time is called response timeout time of RADIUS servers; and the
timer in the switch system that is used to control this wait time is called the response
timeout timer of RADIUS servers.
Table 233 Set the timers of RADIUS server
Operation
Command
Description
system-view
radius scheme
radius-scheme-name
Required
Optional
Set the wait time for the primary timer quiet minutes
server to restore the active state
Optional
Optional
timer
realtime-accounting
minutes
The product of the retry-times of retry command and the seconds of the timer
response-timeout command can be greater than 75.
342
TACACS+
Configuration
Creating a TACACS+
Scheme
Command
system-view
Create a TACACS+ scheme and hwtacacs scheme
enter TACACS+ view
hwtacacs-scheme-name
Description
Required
By default, no TACACS+ scheme
exists.
The system supports up to 16 TACACS+ schemes. You can only delete the schemes that
are not being used.
Configuring TACACS+
Authentication
Servers
Command
system-view
Create a TACACS+ scheme and hwtacacs scheme
Description
Required
hwtacacs-scheme-name
primary
authentication
Required
secondary
authentication
ip-address [ port ]
ip-address [ port ]
The primary and secondary authentication servers cannot use the same IP address.
Otherwise, the system will prompt unsuccessful configuration.
You can remove a server only when it is not used by any active TCP connection for
sending authentication packets.
Configuring TACACS+
Authorization Servers
Command
system-view
Create a TACACS+ scheme and hwtacacs scheme
Required
hwtacacs-scheme-name
primary
authorization
Required
secondary
authorization
ip-address [ port ]
ip-address [ port ]
Configuring TACACS+
Accounting Servers
Description
The primary and secondary authorization servers cannot use the same IP address.
Otherwise, the system will prompt unsuccessful configuration.
You can remove a server only when it is not used by any active TCP connection for
sending authorization packets.
Command
system-view
Create a TACACS+ scheme and hwtacacs scheme
Description
Required
hwtacacs-scheme-name
primary accounting
Required
stop-accounting-buf
fer enable
ip-address [ port ]
ip-address [ port ]
344
Configuring Shared
Keys for RADIUS
Packets
The primary and secondary accounting servers cannot use the same IP address.
Otherwise, the system will prompt unsuccessful configuration.
You can remove a server only when it is not used by any active TCP connection for
sending accounting packets.
Currently, RADIUS and TACACS+ does not support the accounting of FTP users
When using a TACACS+ server as an AAA server, you can set a key to improve the
communication security between the router and the TACACS+ server.
The TACACS+ client and server adopt MD5 algorithm to encrypt the exchanged
TACACS+ packets. The two parties verify the validity of the exchanged packets by using
the shared keys that have been set on them, and can accept and respond to the packets
sent from each other only if both of them have the same shared keys.
Table 238 Configure shared keys for TACACS+ packets
Operation
Command
Description
system-view
hwtacacs scheme
hwtacacs-scheme-name
key { accounting |
authorization |
authentication }
Required
Configuring the
Attributes for Data to
be Sent to TACACS+
Servers
string
Required
Table 239 Configure the attributes for data to be sent to TACACS servers
Operation
Command
Description
system-view
hwtacacs scheme
hwtacacs-scheme-name
without-domain }
Set the units of measure for data data-flow-format
flows sent to TACACS servers
data { byte | giga-byte
| kilo-byte | ega-byte
}m
data-flow-format
packet { giga-packet |
kilo-packet |
mega-packet |
one-packet }
Set the source IP address used by TACACS+ view
the switch to send TACACS+
nas-ip ip-address
packets
System view
hwtacacs nas-ip
ip-address
Required
Optional
By default, the user names sent
from the switch to TACACS
servers carry ISP domain names.
Optional
By default, in a TACACS scheme,
the unit of measure for data is
byte and that for packets is
one-packet.
Optional
By default, no source IP address
is specified; the IP address of the
outbound interface is used as the
source IP address.
Configuring the
Timers of TACACS
Servers
Generally, the access users are named in the userid@isp-name format. Where,
isp-name behind the @ character represents the ISP domain name. If the TACACS
server does not accept the user name carrying isp domain name, it is necessary to
remove the domain name from the user names before they are sent to the TACACS
server.
The nas-ip command in TACACS+ scheme view only takes effect for the current
TACACS+ scheme, while that in system view is for all TACACS+ schemes. The former
one takes priority in implementation.
Command
Description
system-view
hwtacacs scheme
hwtacacs-scheme-name
Required
Optional
Set the wait time for the primary timer quiet minutes
server to restore the active state
Optional
Optional
timer
realtime-accounting
minutes
346
Displaying and
Maintaining AAA &
RADIUS & TACACS+
Information
After the above configurations, you can execute the display commands in any view
to view the operation of AAA, RADIUS and TACACS+ and verify your configuration.
You can use the reset command in user view to clear the corresponding statistics.
Table 241 Display AAA information
Operation
Command
Description
display connection [
access-type { dot1x |
mac-authentication } | domain
domain-name | interface
interface-type interface-number |
Command
Description
display
stop-accounting-buffer {
radius-scheme
radius-scheme-name | session-id
session-id | time-range
start-time stop-time | user-name
user-name }
Command
Description
display command
in any view
hwtacacs-scheme-name |
session-id session-id |
time-range start-time
stop-time | user-name
user-name }
The configuration procedure for the remote authentication of SSH users through
RADIUS server is similar to that of Telnet users. The following description only takes
the remote authentication of Telnet users as example.
Currently, RADIUS and TACACS+ does not support the accounting of FTP users.
Network requirements
In the network environment shown in Figure 101, you are required to configure the
switch so that the Telnet users logging into the switch are authenticated by the RADIUS
server.
On the switch, set the shared key that is used to exchange packets with the
authentication RADIUS server to "expert".
348
You can use a CAMS server as the RADIUS server. If you use a third-party RADIUS server,
you can select standard or extended as the server type in the RADIUS scheme. When you
use a CAMS server, you should select extended for server-type in the RADIUS scheme.
On the RADIUS server:
Set the shared key it uses to exchange packets with the switch to "expert".
The Telnet user name added to the RADIUS server must be in the format of
userid@isp-name if you have configure the switch to include domain names in the user
names to be sent to the RADIUS server.
Network diagram
Figure 101 Remote RADIUS authentication of Telnet users
Configuration procedure
1 Enter system view.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com]
4 Configure optional accounting. This configuration is required if the CAMS server also
serves as the RADIUS severer, since the CAMS server does not respond to accounting
packets. If independent RADIUS server, Windows 2000 for example, is used, this
configuration is not required.
[3Com-isp-cams] accounting optional
[3Com-isp-cams] quit
6 Configure AAA scheme for the domain. If authentication, authorization and accounting
all are required, you need to configure authentication scheme, authorization scheme and
accounting scheme. If only one or two types of services are required, you just configure
the corresponding items accordingly.
[3Com] domain cams
[3Com-isp-cams] authentication login radius-scheme cams
[3Com-isp-cams] authorization login radius-scheme cams
[3Com-isp-cams] accounting login radius-scheme cams
Local Authentication,
Authorization and
Accounting for
FTP/Telnet of Users
For FTP users, no accounting is required and their local authentication and authorization
are the same as those of Telnet users. Therefore, the following only describes the
configurations for Telnet users.
Network requirements
Make local authentication, authorization and accounting schemes on the switch for
Telnet users.
Networking diagram
Figure 102 Local authentication, authorization and accounting configuration for Telnet users
Internet
telnet user
350
Configuration procedure
1 Method 1: Using local authentication, authorization and accounting.
a Set Telnet users to use AAA scheme.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] user-interface vty 0 4
[3Com-ui-vty0-4] authentication-mode scheme
[3Com-ui-vty0-4] quit
The user enters the username userid @system, to use the authentication of the system
domain.
2 Method 2: using a local RADIUS server
This method is similar to the remote authentication method described in section
Remote RADIUS Authentication of Telnet/SSH Users . You only need to change the
server IP address, the authentication password, and the UDP port number for
authentication service in configuration step "Configure a RADIUS scheme" in section
Remote RADIUS Authentication of Telnet/SSH Usersto 127.0.0.1, 3Com, and 1645
respectively, and configure local users
TACACS Authentication/Authorization
and Accounting of
Telnet Users
Network requirements
You are required to configure the switch so that the Telnet users logging in to the
TACACS server are authenticated, authorized and accounted. Configure the switch to A
TACACS server with IP address 10.110.91.164 is connected to the switch. This server is
used as the AAA server. On the switch, set the shared key that is used to exchange
packets with the AAA TACACS server to "expert". Configure the switch to strip off the
domain name in the user name to be sent to the TACACS server.
Configure the shared key to expert on the TACACS server for exchanging packets with
the switch.
Networking diagram
Figure 103 Remote TACACS authentication authorization and accounting of Telnet users
Configuration procedure
1 Set Telnet users to use AAA scheme
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] user-interface vty 0 4
[3Com-ui-vty0-4] authentication-mode scheme
[3Com-ui-vty0-4] quit
352
Local Authentication,
TACACS+
Authorization and
RADIUS Accounting
of Telnet users
Network requirements
Set the switch to perform local authentication, TACACS+ authorization and RADIUS
accounting. The username and password both are telnet.
Configure the switch to A TACACS server with IP address 10.110.91.165 is connected to
the switch. This server will be used as the Accounting server. On the switch, set the
shared key that is used to exchange packets with the Accounting TACACS server to
"expert".
For the AAA applications of users of other access types, their AAA configurations on the
domain are similar to those of Telnet users, except different access types.
Networking diagram
Figure 104 Local authentication, TACACS+ authorization and RADIUS accounting of Telnet users
Configuration procedure
1 Set Telnet users to use AAA scheme
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] user-interface vty 0 4
[3Com-ui-vty0-4] authentication-mode scheme
[3Com-ui-vty0-4] quit
Troubleshooting
AAA & RADIUS &
TACACS+
Configuration
Troubleshooting the
RADIUS Protocol
Symptom 1
Possible reasons and
solutions
Symptom 2
Possible reasons and
solutions
Symptom 3
The RADIUS protocol is at the application layer in the TCP/IP protocol suite. This protocol
prescribes how the switch and the RADIUS server of the ISP exchange user information
with each other.
User authentication/authorization always fails.
The user name is not in the userid@isp-name format, or no default ISP domain is
specified on the switch - Use the correct user name format, or set a default ISP
domain on the switch.
The user is not configured in the database of the RADIUS server - Check the database
of the RADIUS server, make sure that the configuration information about the user
exists.
The user input an incorrect password - Be sure to input the correct password.
The switch and the RADIUS server have different shared keys - Compare the shared
keys at the two ends, make sure they are identical.
The switch cannot communicate with the RADIUS server (you can determine by
pinging the RADIUS server from the switch) - Take measures to make the switch
communicate with the RADIUS server normally.
The communication links (physical/link layer) between the switch and the RADIUS
server is disconnected/blocked - Take measures to make the links
connected/unblocked.
None or incorrect RADIUS server IP address is set on the switch - Be sure to set a
correct RADIUS server IP address.
One or all AAA UDP port settings are incorrect - Be sure to set the same UDP port
numbers as those on the RADIUS server.
The user passes the authentication and gets authorized, but the accounting information
cannot be transmitted to the RADIUS server.
354
Troubleshooting the
TACACS+ Protocol
The accounting port number is not properly set - Be sure to set a correct port number
for RADIUS accounting.
The switch requests that both the authentication/authorization server and the
accounting server use the same device (with the same IP address), but in fact they are
not resident on the same device - Be sure to configure the RADIUS servers on the
switch according to the actual situation.
32
IGMP Snooping
Overview
Principle of IGMP
Snooping
Multicast
Router
Source
Multicast
Router
Source
Layer 2 Ethernet
Swit ch
Host A
Receiver
Host B
Host C
Receiver
Layer 2 Ethernet
Switch
Host A
Receiver
Host B
Host C
Receiver
Multicast Packets
Basic Concepts in
IGMP Snooping
356
Receiver
Router A
Sw itch A
GigabitEthernet 1/0/ 1
GigabitEthernet 1/0/ 2
Host A
GigabitEthernet 1/0/ 3
Receiver
GigabitEthernet 1/0/1
Source
Host B
GigabitEthernet 1/0/2
Sw itch B
Host C
Multicast Packets
Router Port
Member Port
Host D
Ports involved in IGMP Snooping, as shown in Figure 106, are described as follows:
Router port: On an Ethernet switch, a router port connects the switch to a multicast
router. In the figure, GigabitEthernet1/0/1 of Switch A and GigabitEthernet1/0/1 of
Switch B are router ports. A switch registers all its local router ports in its router port
list.
Member port: On an Ethernet switch, a member port (also known as multicast group
member port) connects the switch to a multicast group member. In the figure,
GigabitEthernet1/0/2 and GigabitEthernet1/0/3 of Switch A and GigabitEthernet1/0/2
of Switch B are member ports.
Timer
Description
Router port
aging timer
Member port
aging timer
Work Mechanism of
IGMP Snooping
If the receiving port is a router port existing in its router port list, the switch resets the
aging timer of this router port.
If the receiving port is not a router port existing in its router port list, the switch adds
it into its router port list and sets an aging timer for this router port.
IGMP reports
A host sends an IGMP report to the multicast router in the following circumstances:
Upon receiving an IGMP query, a multicast group member host responds with an
IGMP report.
When intended to join a multicast group, a host sends an IGMP report to the
multicast router to announce that it is to join the multicast group.
Upon receiving the IGMP report, the switch forwards it to all the router ports in the VLAN
and performs the following to the receiving port:
Resolves the address of the multicast group that the host is to join and add a
forwarding entry for this port in the forwarding table.
A switch will not an IGMP report to a non-router port in the VLAN for the following
reason: When IGMP report suppression is enabled, if member hosts of that multicast
group still exist under other non-router ports, the switch will stop sending IGMP reports
when it receives the message. Thus, the switch will not know that members of that
multicast group are still attached to these ports.
IGMP leave messages
When an IGMPv1 host leaves an multicast group, the host does not send an IGMP leave
message, so the switch cannot know immediately that the host has left the multicast
group. However, as the host stops sending IGMP reports as soon as it leaves a multicast
group, the switch deletes the forwarding entry for the member port corresponding to
the host from the forwarding table when its aging timer expires.
When an IGMPv2 or IGMPv3 host leaves a multicast group, the host sends an IGMP leave
message to the multicast router to announce that it has leaf the multicast group.
Upon receiving an IGMP leave message, a switch forwards it to all router ports in the
VLAN. Because the switch does not know whether any other member hosts of that
multicast group still exists under the port to which the IGMP leave message arrived, the
switch does not immediately delete the forwarding entry corresponding to that port
from the forwarding table; instead, it resets the aging timer of the member port.
358
IGMP Snooping
Configuration Tasks
If a response to an IGMP report from that multicast group is arrives to the member
port before its aging timer expires, this means that some other members of that
multicast group still exist under that port: the switch resets the aging timer of the
member port.
If no IGMP report from that multicast group arrives to this member port before its
aging timer expires as a response to the IGMP group-specific query , this means that
no members of that multicast group still exist under the port: the switch deletes the
forwarding entry corresponding to the port from the forwarding table when the
aging timer expires.
Remarks
Required
Configuring IGMP-Related
Functions
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Configurations performed in IGMP Snooping view are effective for all VLANs, while
configurations made in VLAN view are effective only for ports belonging to the
current VLAN. However, configurations made in VLAN view override the
corresponding configurations made in IGMP Snooping view.
configurations performed in port group view are effective only for all the ports in the
current port group.
The system gives priority to configurations made in port view or port group view.
Configurations made in IGMP Snooping view are used only if the corresponding
configurations have not been carried out in port view or port group view.
Configuring Basic
Functions of IGMP
Snooping
Configuration
Prerequisites
Before configuring the basic functions of IGMP Snooping, complete the following tasks:
Before configuring the basic functions of IGMP Snooping, prepare the following data:
Enabling IGMP
Snooping
Remarks
system-view
igmp-snooping
Configuring the
Version of IGMP
Snooping
Required
Not globally enabled by default
quit
vlan vlan-id
Before enabling IGMP Snooping in a VLAN, be sure to enable IGMP Snooping globally
in system view; otherwise the IGMP Snooping setting will not take effect.
If you enable IGMP Snooping in a specified VLAN, this function takes effect for
Ethernet ports in this VLAN only.
By configuring the IGMP Snooping version, you are actually configuring the version of
IGMP messages that can be analyzed and processed by IGMP Snooping.
If the current version is 2, IGMP Snooping can analyze and process IGMPv1 and
IGMPv2 messages, but cannot analyze and process IGMPv3 messages: in this case,
IGMPv3 messages will be broadcast in the VLAN.
If the current is 3, IGMP Snooping can analyze and process IGMPv1, IGMPv2 and
IGMPv3 messages.
360
Remarks
system-view
vlan vlan-id
igmp-snooping
version version-number
Optional
Version 2 by default
CAUTION: If you switch IGMP Snooping from version 3 to version 2, the system will
automatically delete all the IGMP Snooping entries and re-effectuate the valid static
configurations.
Configuring Port
Aging Timers
If the switch does not receive an IGMP general query or an PIM hello message before the
aging timer of a router port expires, the switch deletes this router port from the router
port list when the aging timer times out.
If the switch does not receive an IGMP report from a multicast group before the aging
timer of a member port expires, the switch deletes this member port from the
forwarding table for that multicast group when the aging timers times out.
If multicast group memberships change frequently, you can set a relatively small value for
the member port aging timer, and vice versa.
Configuring port aging timers globally
Follow these steps to configure port aging timers globally:
Table 248 Configuring port aging timers globally
To...
Remarks
system-view
igmp-snooping
Configure router port aging time router-aging-time
Configure member port aging
time
Optional
seconds
host-aging-time
Optional
seconds
system-view
Enter VLAN view
vlan vlan-id
Configure router port aging time igmp-snooping
router-aging-time
seconds
Configure member port aging
time
igmp-snooping
host-aging-time
seconds
Remarks
Optional
180 seconds by default
Optional
260 seconds by default
Configuring Port
Functions
Configuration
Prerequisites
Enable IGMP Snooping in the VLAN or enable IGMP on the desired VLAN interface
Configuring Static
Ports
If the host attached to a port needs to receive multicast data addressed to a particular
multicast group or from a particular multicast source/group, you can configure this port
to be a static member port of that multicast group or multicast source/group.
In a network with a stable topology structure, you can configure router ports of a switch
into static router ports, through which the switch can receive IGMP messages from
routers or Layer 3 switches.
Follow these steps to configure static ports:
Table 250 Configuring Static Ports
To...
system-view
Enter Ethernet interface interface-type
Enter
the
port view
correspo
Enter port
nding
group view
view
Configure a static
member port
Configuring a static
router port
Enabling Simulated
Host Joining
Remarks
interface-number
port-group { manual
port-group-name | aggregation
agg-id }
igmp-snooping static-group
group-address [ source-ip
source_address ] vlan vlan-id
igmp-snooping
static-router-port vlan vlan-id
Required
Disabled by default
Required
Disabled by default
The function of static joining to a multicast source/group is available only for IGMP
Snooping version 3.
When you configure or remove a port as a static member port of a multicast group or
multicast source/group, the port will not initiate an IGMP report or an IGMP leave
message.
Static member ports and static router ports never age out. To delete such a port, you
need to use the corresponding command.
Generally, a host running IGMP responds to IGMP queries from a multicast router. If a
host fails to respond due to some reasons, the multicast router will deem that no
member of this multicast group exists on the network segment, and therefore will
remove the corresponding forwarding path.
362
To avoid this situation from happing, you can configure a port of the switch as a member
of the multicast group. When an IGMP query arrives, that member port will give a
response. As a result, the switch can continue receive multicast data.
A simulated host can implement the following multicast functions of a real host:
When simulated host joining is enabled on an Ether port, the simulated sends an
IGMP report to this port.
When receiving an IGMP general query, the simulated host responds with an IGMP
report.
When simulated host joining is disabled on an Ether port, the simulated sends an
IGMP leave message to this port.
Remarks
system-view
interface interface-type
Enter
the
correspo
nding
view
Enter Ethernet
port view
Enter port
group view
interface-number
port-group { manual
port-group-name | aggregation
agg-id }
igmp-snooping host-join
Required
group-address [ source-ip
source_address ] vlan vlan-id
Disabled by default
The IGMP version of the simulated host is the same as the IGMP Snooping version
current running on the device.
By default, when receiving an IGMP leave message from host announcing its leaving a
multicast group, the switch sends an IGMP group-specific query message through the
receiving port rather than directly deleting the port from the multicast forwarding table.
If the switch receives no response within a certain period of waiting time, it deletes the
port from the forwarding table.
With the port fast leave function enabled, when the switch receive an IGMP leave
message from a host announcing its leaving a multicast group, the switch directly deletes
this port from the forwarding table. From then on, when receiving an IGMP query
specific to that multicast group, the switch will not forward the IGMP message to that
port.
system-view
igmp-snooping
Remarks
Disabled by default
Remarks
system-view
Enter Ethernet port interface interface-type
Enter
the
view
correspo
Enter port group
nding
view
view
Enable port fast leave
interface-number
port-group { manual
port-group-name | aggregation
agg-id }
igmp-snooping fast-leave [
vlan vlan-list ]
Configuring IGMP
Report Suppression
Required
Disabled by default
When a Layer 2 device receives an IGMP report from a multicast group member, the
switch forwards the message to the Layer 3 device directly connected with it. Thus, when
multiple members belonging to a multicast group exit on the Layer device, the Layer 3
device directly connected with it will receive identical IGMP reports from the multiple
members of the same group.
With the IGMP report suppression function enabled, within a query interval, the Layer 2
device forwards only the first IGMP report of a multicast group to the Layer device and
discards the rest IGMP reports from the same multicast group.
Follow these steps to configure IGMP report suppression:
Table 254 Configuring IGMP Report Suppression
To...
Enter system view
system-view
Enter IGMP Snooping view
igmp-snooping
Enable IGMP report suppression report-aggregation
Remarks
Optional
Enabled by default
364
Configuring
IGMP-Related
Functions
Configuration
Prerequisites
Enabling IGMP
Snooping Querier
On a multicast network running IGMP, a Layer 3 multicast device may exist that serves as
an IGMP querier responsible for sending IGMP query messages.
On a network without Layer 3 multicast device, however, no IGMP querier-related
function can be implemented because a Layer 2 device does not support IGMP. To
address this issue, you can enable an IGMP Snooping querier on a Layer 2 device so that
the device can generate and maintain multicast forwarding entries at data link layer,
thereby implementing IGMP querier-related functions.
Follow these steps to configure IGMP Snooping querier:
Table 255 Enabling IGMP Snooping Query
To...
Remarks
system-view
vlan vlan-id
igmp-snooping
querier
Required
Disabled by default
CAUTION:
An IGMP Snooping querier does not take part in IGMP querier election.
Configuring IGMP
Timers
You can tune the IGMP general query interval based on actual condition of the network.
Upon receiving an IGMP query (general query or group-specific query), a host starts a
timers for each multicast group it has joined. This timer is initialized to a random value in
the range of 0 to the maximum response time (the host obtains the value of the
maximum response time from the Max Response Time field in the IGMP query it
received). When the timer value comes down to 0, the host sends an IGMP report to the
corresponding multicast group.
An appropriate setting of the maximum response time for IGMP queries allows hosts to
respond to queries quickly and avoids burstiness of IGMP traffic on the network caused
by reports simultaneously sent by a large number of hosts when corresponding timers
expires simultaneously.
For IGMP general queries, you can configure the maximum response time to fill their
Max Response time field.
For IGMP group-specific queries, you can configure the IGMP last-member query
interval to fill their Max Response time field. Namely, for IGMP group-specific queries,
the maximum response time equals to the IGMP last-member query interval.
Remarks
system-view
igmp-snooping
max-response-time
seconds
10 seconds by default
last-member-query-i
nterval seconds
Optional
Optional
1 second by default
Remarks
system-view
vlan vlan-id
igmp-snooping
query-interval
seconds
Configure the maximum
response time for IGMP general
queries
igmp-snooping
max-response-time
igmp-snooping
last-member-query-i
nterval seconds
seconds
Optional
60 second by default
Optional
10 seconds by default
Optional
1 second by default
CAUTION: In the configuration, make sure that the IGMP general query interval is larger
than the maximum response time for IGMP general queries.
366
Configuring Source IP
Address of IGMP
Queries
We recommend that you configure a valid IP address as the source IP address of IGMP
queries to prevent some switches from automatically dropping messages whose source IP
address is 0.0.0.0.
Follow these steps to configure source IP address of IGMP queries:
Table 258 Configuring Source IP Address of IGMP Queries
To...
Remarks
system-view
vlan vlan-id
Configure the source address of igmp-snooping
IGMP general queries
general-query source-ip {
current-interface |
Optional
0.0.0.0 by default
ip-address }
Configure the source IP address
of IGMP group-specific queries
igmp-snooping
special-query source-ip {
current-interface |
Optional
0.0.0.0 by default
ip-address }
CAUTION: The source address of IGMP query messages may affect IGMP querier
selection within the segment.
Configuring the
Function of Dropping
Unknown Multicast
Data
Unknown multicast data refers to multicast data whose forwarding entries do not exist in
the corresponding multicast forwarding table.
Follow these steps to configure the function of dropping unknown multicast data in a
VLAN:
Table 259 Configuring the Function of Dropping Unknown Multicast Data
To...
Enter system view
system-view
Enter VLAN view
vlan vlan-id
Enable the function of dropping igmp-snooping
unknown multicast data
drop-unknown
Remarks
Required
Disabled by default
Configuring a
Multicast Group
Policy
Configuration
Prerequisites
Before configuring a multicast group filtering policy, complete the following tasks:
Enable IGMP Snooping in the VLAN or enable IGMP on the desired VLAN interface
Before configuring a multicast group filtering policy, prepare the following data:
Configuring a
Multicast Group Filter
The maximum number of multicast groups that can pass the ports
Remarks
system-view
igmp-snooping
group-policy
acl-number [ vlan
vlan-list ]
Required
No filter configured by default
368
Remarks
system-view
interface interface-type
Enter
the
correspo
nding
view
Enter
Ethernet port
view
Enter port
group view
Configure a multicast
group filter
Configuring Multicast
Source Port Filtering
interface-number
port-group { manual
port-group-name | aggregation agg-id }
igmp-snooping group-policy
acl-number [ vlan vlan-list ]
Required
No filter configured by
default
When enabled to filter multicast based on the source ports, the switch filters multicast
data received on the router ports.
Configuring multicast source port filtering globally
Follow these steps to configure multicast source port filtering globally:
Table 262 Configuring multicast source port filtering globally
To...
Remarks
system-view
igmp-snooping
source-deny port
interface-list
Disabled by default
Required
system-view
Enter Ethernet port interface interface-type
Enter
the
view
correspo
Enter port group
nding
view
view
Configuring
Maximum Multicast
Groups that Can Pass
Ports
Remarks
interface-number
port-group { manual
port-group-name | aggregation
agg-id }
By configuring the maximum number of multicast groups that can pass a port or a group
of ports, you can limit the number of number of multicast programs available to VOD
users, thus to control the port bandwidth.
When the number of multicast groups an Ethernet port has joined exceeds the maximum
number configured, the system deletes all IGMP Snooping entries related to that port
and restarts to add new entries to the IGMP Snooping multicast group list.
Follow these steps to configure the maximum number of multicast groups that can pass
the port(s):
Table 264 Configuring Maximum Multicast Groups that Can Pass Ports
To...
Enter system view
Enter
the
correspo
nding
view
Enter
Ethernet port
view
Remarks
system-view
interface interface-type interface-number
Use either
command
Enter port
group view
Optional
128 by default
If you have configured a port to be as static member port or enabled simulated host
joining, the system deletes all IGMP Snooping entries related to that port and
re-effectuate these configurations, until the number of multicast groups the has joined
exceeds the maximum number configured.
Configuring Multicast
Group Replacement
For some special reasons, the number of multicast groups passing through a switch or
Ethernet port may exceed the number configured for the switch or the port. To address
this situation, you can enable the multicast group replacement function on the switch or
certain Ethernet ports. When the number of multicast groups an Ethernet port has joined
exceeds the limit,
If the multicast group replacement is enabled, the newly joined multicast group
automatically replaces an existing multicast group with the lowest address.
If the multicast group replacement is not enabled, new IGMP reports will be
automatically discarded.
Remarks
system-view
igmp-snooping
overflow-replace [ vlan
vlan-list ]
Required
Disabled by default
370
Remarks
system-view
interface interface-type
Enter
the
correspo
nding
view
Enter Ethernet
port view
Enter port group
view
port-group { manual
port-group-name | aggregation
agg-id }
igmp-snooping
overflow-replace [ vlan
vlan-list ]
Displaying and
Maintaining IGMP
Snooping
interface-number
Required
Disabled by default
display igmp-snooping
group [ vlan vlan-id ] [
verbose ]
View the statistics information of display igmp-snooping
IGMP messages learned by IGMP statistics
Remarks
Available in any view
Snooping
Clear IGMP Snooping entries
reset igmp-snooping
Available in user view
group { group-address | all }
[ vlan vlan-id ]
reset igmp-snooping
Available in user view
statistics
IGMP Snooping
Configuration
Examples
Simulated Host
Joining
Network requirements
After the configuration, Host A and Host B, regardless of whether they have joined the
multicast group 224.1.1.1, can receive multicast data from the multicast group 224.1.1.1
to the multicast group 1.1.1.1/24.
Network diagram
Figure 107 Network diagram for simulated host joining configuration
Receiv er
Host A
1. 1. 1.1/24
Receiv er
Source
Router A
Switch A
GigabitEthernet 1/0/2
Host B
Multicast Packets
Host C
Configuration procedure
1 Configuring a VLAN
a Create VLAN 100.
<SwitchA> system-view
[SwitchA] vlan 100
372
interface GigabitEthernet1/0/3
GigabitEthernet1/0/3] igmp-snooping host-join 224.1.1.1
1.1.1.1 vlan 100
GigabitEthernet1/0/3] quit
interface GigabitEthernet 1/0/4
GigabitEthernet 1/0/4] igmp-snooping host-join 224.1.1.1
1.1.1.1 vlan 100
GigabitEthernet 1/0/4] quit
Network requirements
No multicast protocol is running on Router B. After the configuration, Switch A should
be able to forward multicast data to the router.
Network diagram
Figure 108 Network diagram for static router port configuration
Router B
1.1. 1.1/24
GigabitEthernet 1/0/4
Switch A
GigabitEthernet 1/0/1
GigabitEthernet 1/0/3
Source
Router A
GigabitEthernet 1/0/2
Receiver
Host B
Multicast Packets
Host A
Configuration procedure
1 Configuring a VLAN
a Create VLAN 100.
<SwitchA> system-view
[SwitchA] vlan 100
374
Total 1 IP Source(s).
Total 1 MAC Group(s).
Port flags: D-Dynamic port, S-Static port, A-Aggregation port, C-Copy
port
Subvlan flags: R-Real VLAN, C-Copy VLAN
Vlan(id):100.
Total 1 IP Group(s).
Total 1 IP Source(s).
Total 1 MAC Group(s).
Router port(s):total 2 port.
GigabitEthernet1/0/1
(D) (
00:01:30 )
GigabitEthernet1/0/4
(S)
( 00:01:30 )
IP group(s):the following ip group(s) match to one mac group.
IP group address:224.1.1.1
(1.1.1.1, 224.1.1.1):
Attribute:
Host Port
Host port(s):total 1 port.
GigabitEthernet1/0/3
(D)
( 00:03:23 )
MAC group(s):
MAC group address:0100-5e01-0101
Host port(s):total 1 port.
GigabitEthernet1/0/3
Troubleshooting
IGMP Snooping
Configuration
Switch Fails in Layer 2
Multicast Forwarding
Symptom
Analysis
Solution
1 Enter the display current-configuration command to view the running status
of IGMP Snooping.
2 If IGMP Snooping is not enabled, use the igmp-snooping command to enable IGMP
Snooping globally and then use igmp-snooping enable command to enable IGMP
Snooping in VLAN view.
3 If IGMP Snooping is disabled only for the corresponding VLAN, just use the
igmp-snooping enable command in VLAN view to enable IGMP Snooping in the
corresponding VLAN.
Configured Multicast
Group Policy Fails to
Take Effect
Symptom
Analysis
Although a multicast group policy has been configured to allow hosts to join specific
multicast groups, the hosts can still receive multicast data from other groups than these
multicast groups.
Certain ports have been configured as static member ports of multicast groups, and
this configuration conflicts with the configured multicast group policy.
Solution
1 Use the display acl command to check the configured ACL rule. Make sure that the
ACL rule conforms to the multicast group policy to be implemented.
2 Use the display this command to whether the multicast group policy has been
applied. If not, use the igmp-snooping group-policy command to apply the
multicast group policy.
3 Use the display current-configuration command to whether the function of
dropping unknown multicast data is enabled. If not, use the drop-unknown or
igmp-snooping drop-unknown command to enable the function of dropping
unknown multicast data.
4 Use the display igmp-snooping group command to check whether any port has
been configured as a static member port of any multicast group. If so, check whether this
configuration conflicts with the configured multicast group policy. If any conflict exists,
remove the configuration.
376
33
Multicast VLAN
Based on the current multicast-on-demand mode, when users in different VLANs request
the service, a multicast flow is duplicated in each VLAN. This mode causes waste of a
great deal of bandwidth.
By configuring multicast VLAN, you can add switch ports to a multicast VLAN and enable
IGMP Snooping to allow users in different VLANs to share the same multicast VLAN, with
the multicast flow transferred in only one multicast VLAN, thus saving bandwidth.
As multicast VLAN is isolated from user VLANs, this guarantees both data security and
enough bandwidth. Therefore, the multicast VLAN function ensures continuous
transmission of multicast information flow to users.
Configuring Multicast
VLAN
Create VLAN
Command
Description
system-view
igmp-snooping enable
Required
Multicast VLAN is
disabled by default.
multicast-vlan vlan-id
subvlan vlan-list
Required
A multicast VLAN does
not have a sub-VLAN
by default.
378
Multicast VLAN
Configuration
Example
Network requirements
The following table lists the devices to be configured in the network. Suppose port types,
VLAN division, and so on, have been configured.
Table 269 Network devices to be configured
Device ID
Device
type
Port to configure
Device
connected
to the port Description
Router A
Router
Ethernet0/0/0
Switch B
Ethernet0/0/0 belongs to
VLAN1024. Enable PIM SM
and IGMP on Ethernet0/0/0.
Switch B
Layer 3
switch
GigabitEthernet1/0/1
Router A
GigabitEthernet1/0/2
Switch C
GigabitEthernet1/0/1 belongs
to VLAN1024.
GigabitEthernet1/0/3
Switch D
Configure
GigabitEthernet1/0/2 as a
TRUNK port belonging to
VLAN1 through VLAN3.
Configure
GigabitEthernet1/0/3 as a
TRUNK port belonging to
VLAN4 through VLAN6.
Switch C
Layer 2
switch
Switch D
Layer 2
switch
Network diagram
Figure 109 Network diagram for multicast VLAN
Router A
Ethernet 0/0/0
Layer 2 Switch
Switch D
Layer 2 Switch
Switch C
Host A
(VLAN 1)
Host B
(VLAN 2)
Host C
(VLAN 3)
Host C
(VLAN 4)
Host C
(VLAN 5)
Host C
(VLAN 6)
Configuration procedure
1 Configure Router A.
<Router-A> system-view
Enter system view, return to user view with Ctrl+Z
[Router-A] multicast routing-enable
[Router-A] interface Ethernet0/0/0
[Router-A-Ethernet0/0/0] pim sm
[Router-A-Ethernet0/0/0] igmp enable
[Router-A-Ethernet0/0/0] quit
[Router-A]
2 Configure Switch B.
<3Com> system-view
Enter system view, return to user view with Ctrl+Z
[3Com] igmp-snooping enable
[3Com] vlan 1024
[3Com-vlan1024] multicast-vlan enable
[3Com-vlan1024] quit
[3Com] multicast-vlan 1024 subvlan 1 to 6
380
34
ARP CONFIGURATION
When configuring ARP, go to these sections for information you are interested in:
ARP Overview
ARP Overview
Configuring ARP
Address resolution protocol (ARP) is used for resolution from IP address to MAC address.
For a host on an Ethernet to send an IP packet to another host, it must know the MAC
address of the latter. This is where ARP comes into play.
With ARP, each host on an Ethernet maintains an ARP mapping table to keep the IP
addresses and the corresponding MAC addresses of the hosts that it recently
communicated with. This table is empty whenever the host boots up.
As shown in Figure 110, the ARP protocol resolves an IP address in the following steps:
Figure 110 ARP process
Host A
Host B
192 .168 . 1 . 1
192 . 168 . 1 . 2
0002 - 6779 - 0 f 4 c
00 a 0 -2470 - febd
Source IP address
0002 - 6779 - 0 f 4 c
192 . 168 . 1 .1
Source IP address
00 a 0 - 2470 - febd
192 . 168 . 1 .2
192 . 168 . 1 . 2
192 . 168 . 1 .1
382
1 When Host A wants to send an IP packet to Host B on the same segment, it looks in its
ARP mapping table to see whether there is a mapping entry for Host B. If it finds the
entry, it uses the MAC address in the entry to encapsulate the IP packet into a data link
layer frame and sends the frame to Host B.
2 If Host A finds no entry for Host B, it pushes the packet to the ARP outbound waiting
queue and creates an ARP request, which contains the IP address of Host B and the IP
address and MAC address of Host A. Then, it broadcasts the request on the Ethernet.
Since the ARP request is broadcast, all hosts on the Ethernet except for Host A will
receive the request. However, only the requested host (Host B) responds to the request.
3 Upon receiving the ARP request from Host A, Host B saves the IP address and MAC
address of Host A into its ARP mapping table, encapsulates its MAC address into an ARP
response, and unicasts the response to Host A.
4 After receiving the ARP response, Host A adds the MAC address and IP address of Host B
into its ARP mapping table, and sends all data packets for Host B in the waiting queue
out to Host B.
Normally, ARP dynamically resolves IP addresses to MAC addresses automatically without
the interference of an administrator.
Configuring ARP
A permanent static ARP entry can be directly used to forward data and never gets
aged or overwritten by a dynamic ARP entry. When configuring a permanent static
ARP entry, you must configure the IP address and MAC address, as well as the VLAN
and outbound interface for the entry.
A non-permanent static ARP entry is initially in the state of unresolved and cannot be
directly used to forward data. When configuring a non-permanent static ARP entry,
you only need to configure the IP address and MAC address; the VLAN and outbound
interface will be dynamically resolved by ARP packets. A resolved non-permanent
static ARP entry can be used to forward data and does not get aged. When the
interface or VLAN interface goes down, or something like that occurs, the entry
becomes unresolved again. Non-permanent static ARP entries are used primarily
when IP and MAC binding is required.
By default, the ARP mapping table of a device is empty and ARP entries are added by
automatically the ARP protocol. The ARP mapping table is usually maintained by the
dynamic ARP protocol and requires manual configuration only in some special cases. In
addition, the ARP mapping table is used within a LAN, and address resolution on a WAN
depends on other configurations or methods, such as reverse address resolution of frame
relay.
Use the
Remarks
system-view
arp static ip-address
mac-address vlan-id
interface-type
interface-number
Required
mac-address
Configure a non-permanent
static ARP entry
Required
A static ARP mapping is effective when the device works normally. However, when
the VLAN or VLAN interface to which an ARP entry of a switch corresponds is deleted,
the entry is deleted accordingly.
The vlan-id argument is used to configure ARP entries on Ethernet switches and
must be the ID of an existing VLAN interface. In addition, the Ethernet interface
following the argument must belong to that VLAN.
Follow these steps to set the maximum number of ARP entries that a VLAN interface can
learn:
Table 271 Setting the Maximum Number of ARP Entries for a VLAN Interface
To do
system-view
interface
Vlan-interface
Remarks
vlan-id
Set the maximum number of
arp max-learning-num Optional
ARP entries that an interface can number
2048 by default
learn
Follow these steps to set the aging time for dynamic ARP entries:
Table 272 Setting the Aging Time for Dynamic ARP Entries
To do
Remarks
system-view
arp timer aging
aging-time
20 minutes by default
Optional
384
The ARP entry checking function can prevent the device from learning multicast MAC
addresses.
Follow these steps to enable ARP entry checking:
Table 273 Enabling ARP Entry Checking
To do
Remarks
system-view
Optional
Enabled by default
Configuring
Gratuitous ARP
Introduction to
Gratuitous ARP
Gratuitous ARP means that the device sends gratuitous ARP packets. Gratuitous ARP
packets are a kind of special packets. The source IP address and destination IP address
carried in such packets are both the address of the local device, the source MAC address
is the MAC address of the local device, and the destination MAC address is the broadcast
address.
With gratuitous ARP, a device can implement the following functions by sending
gratuitous ARP packets:
Informing other nodes about the change of its MAC address so that they can update
their cached ARP entries with its new MAC address in time. This occurs when, for
example, the device is turned off, has its interface card replaced, and is then turned
on.
Through learning gratuitous ARP packets, the device implements the following
functions:
When the device receives a gratuitous ARP packet, it will add the information carried in
the gratuitous ARP packet into the local dynamic ARP mapping table if no ARP entry in
the cache is corresponding to the packet.
Configuring
Gratuitous ARP
Remarks
system-view
gratuitous-arp-sendi Optional
ng enable
A device cannot send gratuitous
ARP packets by default
gratuitous-arp-learn Required
ing enable
Disabled by default
Displaying and
Maintaining ARP
Remarks
Display information about ARP display arp { { all | static | Available in any view
entries in the ARP mapping
dynamic } | vlan vlan-id |
table
interface interface-type
interface-number } [ [ | { begin |
include | exclude } text ] |
count ]
Display the ARP entries
corresponding to the specified
IP address
text ]
Clear ARP entries from the ARP reset arp { all | dynamic |
mapping table
static | interface
interface-type
interface-number }
386
35
When configuring proxy ARP, go to these sections for information you are interested in:
Proxy ARP
Overview
If a host in a network sends an ARP request to another host in the same network
segment but not in the same physical network, the proxy-ARP-enabled device
connecting the two hosts can respond to this ARP request. This process is named proxy
ARP.
Proxy ARP includes normal proxy ARP and local proxy ARP.
In the same network segment, the hosts connected to different VLAN interfaces of the
device can use the normal proxy ARP function of the device to interwork with each other
through forwarding on Layer 3.
In the following case, the local proxy ARP function must be enabled to interwork
interfaces on Layer 3.
Interfaces belonging to the same VLAN are isolated on Layer 2.
Remarks
system-view
interface
Required
interface-type
interface-number
proxy-arp enable
Required
Disabled by default
local-proxy-arp
enable
Required
Disabled by default
Through configuring the proxy-arp enable command, you can enable hosts
connected to different VLAN interfaces of the device to interwork with each other
through forwarding on Layer 3.
388
Displaying and
Maintaining Proxy
ARP
Remarks
display proxy-arp [
Available in any view
interface interface-type
interface-number ]
display
Available in any view
local-proxy-arp [
interface interface-type
interface-number ]
36
Introduction to
DHCP
DHCP OVERVIEW
The fast expansion and growing complexity of networks result in scarce IP addresses
assignable to hosts. Meanwhile, with the wide application of the wireless network, the
frequent movement of laptops across the network requires that the IP addresses be
changed accordingly. Therefore, related configurations on hosts become more complex.
Dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) was introduced to ease network
configuration by providing a framework for passing configuration information to hosts
on a TCP/IP network.
DHCP is built on a client-server model, in which the client sends a configuration request
and then the server returns a reply to send configuration parameters such as an IP
address to the client.
A typical DHCP application, as shown in Figure 111, includes a DHCP server and multiple
clients (PCs and laptops).
Figure 111 A typical DHCP application
DHCP Client
DHCP Client
DHCP Server
LAN
DHCP Client
DHCP Client
DHCP Address
Allocation
Allocation
Mechanisms
Dynamic allocation: DHCP assigns an IP address to a client for a limited period of time,
which is called a lease. Most clients obtain their addresses in this way.
390
Dynamic IP Address
Allocation Procedure
For dynamic allocation, a DHCP client obtains an IP address from a DHCP server via four
steps:
1 The client broadcasts a DHCP-DISCOVER message to locate a DHCP server.
2 A DHCP server offers configuration parameters such as an IP address to the client in a
DHCP-OFFER message.
3 If several DHCP servers send offers to the client, the client accepts the first received offer,
and broadcasts it in a DHCP-REQUEST message to formally request the IP address.
4 All DHCP servers receive the DHCP-REQUEST message, but only the server to which the
client sent a formal request for the offered IP address returns a DHCP-ACK message to
the client confirming that the IP address has been allocated to the client, or returns a
DHCP-NAK unicast message denying the IP address allocation.
IP Address Lease
Extension
If the client receives the DHCP-ACK message, it will probe the IP address using
gratuitous ARP with destination address as the IP address assigned by the server to
check whether the IP address is in use. If the client receives no response within the
specified time, the client can use this IP address.
If there are multiple DHCP servers in the network, the IP addresses offered by other
DHCP servers are still assignable to other clients.
The IP address dynamically allocated by a DHCP server to a client has a lease. After the
lease duration elapses, the IP address will be reclaimed by the DHCP server. If the client
wants to use the IP address again, it has to extend the lease duration.
After the half lease duration elapses, the DHCP client will send the DHCP server a
DHCP-REQUEST unicast message to extend the lease duration. Upon availability of the IP
address, the DHCP server returns a DHCP-ACK unicast confirming that the clients lease
duration has been extended, or a DHCP-NAK unicast denying the request.
If the client receives the DHCP-NAK message, it will broadcast another DHCP-REQUEST
message for lease extension after 7/8 lease duration elapses. The DHCP server will handle
the request as above mentioned.
DHCP Message
Format
The figure below gives the DHCP message format, which is based on the BOOTP
message format and involves eight types. These types of messages have the same format
except that some fields have different values. The numbers in parentheses indicate the
size of each field in octets
Figure 112 .DHCP Message Format
xid: Transaction ID, a 32 bit random number chosen by the client to identify an IP
address allocation.
secs: Filled in by the client, the number of seconds elapsed since the client began
address acquisition or renewal process. Currently this field is reserved and set to 0.
flags: The leftmost bit is defined as the BROADCAST (B) flag. If this flag is set to 1, the
DHCP server sent a reply back by broadcast. The remaining bits of the flags field are
reserved for future use. Currently, the BROADCAST flag is always set to 1.
siaddr: Server IP address, from which the clients obtained configuration parameters.
sname: The server host name, from which the client obtained configuration
parameters.
file: Bootfile name and routing information, defined by the server to the client.
options: Optional parameters field that is variable length; parameters include the
message type, lease, DNS IP address, WINS IP address and so forth.
392
Protocols and
Standards
37
When configuring the DHCP relay agent, go to these sections for information you are
interested in:
Introduction to
DHCP Relay Agent
Application
Environment
Since DHCP clients request IP addresses via broadcast messages, the DHCP sever and
clients must be on the same subnet. Therefore, a DHCP server must be available on each
subnet. It is not practical.
DHCP relay agent solves the problem. Via a relay agent, DHCP clients communicate with
a DHCP server on another subnet to obtain configuration parameters. Thus, DHCP clients
on different subnets can contact the same DHCP server for ease of centralized
management and cost reduction.
Fundamentals
394
DHCP client
Ethernet
Internet
Switch ( DHCP Relay)
DHCP client
DHCP client
DHCP Server
No matter whether a relay agent exists or not, the DHCP server and client interact with
each other in a similar way (see Dynamic IP Address Allocation Procedure). The following
describes the forwarding process on the DHCP relay agent.
The DHCP server returns an IP address to the relay agent, which conveys it to the
client via broadcast.
Configuring the
DHCP Relay Agent
Configuration Task
List
Enabling DHCP
In order to configure the DHCP relate agent, complete the following tasks.
Table 278 Configuration Task List
Task
Remarks
Enabling DHCP
Required
Required
Required
Configuring the DHCP Relay Agent to Send the IP Address Release Request
Optional
Optional
Optional
Remarks
system-view
dhcp enable
Enable DHCP
Required
Disabled by default
With this task completed, upon receiving a DHCP request from an enabled interface, the
relay agent will forward the request to an outside DHCP server for address allocation.
To enable the DHCP relay agent on interfaces, use the following commands:
Table 280 Enabling the DHCP Relay Agent on Interfaces
To do
Remarks
system-view
Required
Not enabled by default
When a DHCP client obtains an IP address from a DHCP server through the DHCP relay,
an IP address pool with the same network segment (network number and mask) as that
of the IP address of the DHCP relay interface connecting the client must has already been
configured on the DHCP server. Otherwise, the DHCP client cannot obtain a correct IP
address.
Correlating a DHCP
Server Group with
Relay Agent
Interfaces
To improve reliability, you can specify several DHCP servers as a group on the DHCP relay
agent and correlate a relay agent interface with the server group. When the interface
receives requesting messages from clients, the relay agent will forward them to all the
DHCP servers of the group.
To correlate a DHCP server group with relay agent interfaces, use the following
commands:
Table 281 Correlating a DHCP Server Group with Relay Agent Interfaces
To do
Remarks
system-view
Specify a DHCP server group
dhcp relay server-group
number and servers in the group group-id ip ip-address
interface interface-type
Required
Not specified by default
interface-number
Correlate the DHCP server group dhcp relay server-select Required
with the current interface
group-id
Not correlated by default
You can specify up to twenty DHCP server groups on the relay agent.
The IP address of any DHCP server in a DHCP server group cannot be on the same
network segment with that of a DHCP relay interface connecting with DHCP clients;
otherwise, the DHCP clients may not be able to obtain IP addresses.
A DHCP server group can correlate with one or multiple DHCP relay agent interfaces,
while a relay agent interface can only correlate with one DHCP server group. Using
the dhcp relay server-select command repeatedly overwrites the previous
configuration. However, if the specified DHCP server group does not exist, the
interface still uses the previous correlation.
The group-id in the dhcp relay server-select command was specified by the
dhcp relay server-group command.
396
Sometimes, you need to release a clients IP address manually on the DHCP relay agent.
With this task completed, the DHCP relay agent can actively send a DHCP-RELEASE
request that contains the clients IP address to the DHCP server. The DHCP server then
releases the IP address for the client.
Configure the release of a clients IP address through the DHCP relay (in system
view)
In system view, when you configure to release a client's IP address through DHCP relay, if
you do not specify the IP address of the DHCP server, the DHCP relay will send a
DHCP-RELEASE request to the DHCP servers of DHCP server groups that correspond to all
interfaces working in the DHCP relay mode.
Table 282 Configure to release a clients IP address through the DHCP relay (in system view)
To do
Remarks
system-view
Required
Configure to release a clients IP address through the DHCP relay (in interface
view)
In interface view, when you configure to release a client's IP address through DHCP relay,
if you do not specify a DHCP server, the DHCP relay will send a DHCP-RELEASE request to
all the DHCP servers of DHCP server group that correspond to the interface. If you specify
a DHCP server, the DHCP relay will send the DHCP-RELEASE request to the specified
DHCP server only.
Table 283 Configure to release a clients IP address through the DHCP relay (in interface view)
To do
Remarks
system-view
interface interface-type
interface-number
Request DHCP server to release
the IP address applied and used
by a client
Required
client-mac [ server-ip ]
Table 284 Creating static bindings and enabling invalid IP addresses check
To do
Remarks
system-view
dhcp relay security
static ip-address
Optional
Not created by default
mac-address
Enter interface view
interface interface-type
interface-number
Disabled by default
Before executing the dhcp relay address-check enable command on the DHCP relay
interface connected to the DHCP server, you need to configure the static binding
between the IP address and MAC address of the DHCP server. Otherwise, the DHCP
client will fail to obtain an IP address.
Remarks
system-view
dhcp relay security
tracker { interval |
auto }
Optional
398
Remarks
system-view
dhcp relay
server-detect
Required
Not enabled by default
With pseudo DHCP server detection enabled, the device puts a record once for each
DHCP server. The administrator needs to find pseudo DHCP servers from the records.
Configuring the DHCP
Relay Agent to
Support Option 82
Introduction to option 82
Option 82 is the relay agent option in the Options field of the DHCP message. It involves
255 sub-options. At least one sub-option must be defined. Now the DHCP relay agent
supports two sub-options: sub-option 1 and sub-option 2.
Option 82 has no unified definition. Its padding formats vary with venders. Currently the
device supports two padding formats: normal and verbose.
The padding contents for sub-options in the normal padding format are:
sub-option 1: padded with the number of the port that receives the DHCP client's
request, and the number of the VLAN where the port belongs.
sub-option 2: padded with the MAC address of the interface that received the client's
request.
The padding contents for sub-options in the verbose padding format are:
sub-option 1: padded with specified access node identifier, the type and number of
the port that receives the DHCP client's request, and the number of the VLAN where
the port belongs.
sub-option 2: padded with the MAC address of the interface that received the client's
request.
Handling
strategy
Padding
format
Option 82
Drop
Keep
Replace
Normal
Verbose
Normal
Verbose
no option 82
Prerequisites
You need to complete the following tasks before configuring the DHCP relay agent to
support option 82
Enabling DHCP
Configure network parameters for DHCP relay agent to ensure the route between the
DHCP relay and the DHCP server is reachable
Remarks
system-view
interface interface-type
interface-number
Enable the relay agent to dhcp relay information
support option 82
enable
Required
Disabled by default
Optional
normal by default
400
Displaying and
Maintaining the
DHCP Relay Agent
Configuration
To support option 82, you must perform related configurations on both the DHCP
server and relay agent. Since the DHCP server configuration varies with devices, it is
not mentioned here.
If the handling strategy of the DHCP relay agent is configured as replace, you need to
configure a padding format for option 82. If the handling strategy is keep or drop,
you need not configure any padding format.
Remarks
group-id ]
Network requirements
Vlan-interface1 on the DHCP relay agent (a switch) connects to the network where DHCP
clients reside. The IP address of Vlan-interface1 is 10.10.1.1/24 and IP address of
Vlan-interface2 is 10.1.1.2/24 that communicates with the DHCP server 10.1.1.1/24. As
shown in the figure below, the DHCP relay agent forwards messages between DHCP
clients and the DHCP server.
Network diagram
Figure 114 Network diagram for DHCP relay agent
D H C P c lie n t
D H C P c lie n t
DHCP
s e rve r
E th e rn e t
1 0 .1 0 .1 .1 /2 4
Vla n -in te rfa c e 1
IP n e tw o rk
D H C P re la y
1 0 .1 .1 .1 /2 4
E th e rn e t
1 0 .1 .1 .2 /2 4
Vla n -in te rfa c e 2
Configuration procedure
1 Enable DHCP.
<Sysname> system-view
[Sysname] dhcp enable
3 Configure the DHCP server group 1 with the DHCP server 10.1.1.1, and correlate the
DHCP server group 1 to Vlan-interface1.
[Sysname] dhcp relay server-group 1 ip 10.1.1.1
[Sysname] interface vlan-interface 1
[Sysname-Vlan-interface1] dhcp relay server-select 1
Performing the configuration on the DHCP server is also required to guarantee the
client-to-server communication via the relay agent. Since the DHCP server
configuration varies with devices, it is not mentioned here.
In this example, the DHCP relay agent and server are on the same subnet. If they are
on different subnets, the routes in between must be reachable.
402
Troubleshooting
DHCP Relay Agent
Configuration
Symptom
DHCP clients cannot obtain any configuration parameters via the DHCP relay agent.
Analysis
Some problems may occur with the DHCP relay agent or server configuration. Enable
debugging and execute the display command on the DHCP relay agent to view the
debugging information and interface state information for locating the problem.
Solution
Verify that:
The address pool on the same subnet where DHCP clients reside is available on the
DHCP server.
The routes between the DHCP server and DHCP relay agent are reachable.
The relay agent interface connected to DHCP clients is correlated with correct DHCP
server group and IP addresses for the group members are correct.chapter title (24 pt.)
38
When configuring the DHCP client, go to these sections for information you are
interested in:
When multiple VLAN interfaces with the same MAC address use DHCP for IP address
acquisition via a relay agent, the DHCP server cannot be a Windows 2000 Server or
Windows 2003 Server.
Introduction to
DHCP Client
With the DHCP client enabled on an interface, the interface will use DHCP to obtain
configuration parameters such as an IP address from the DHCP server.
Remarks
system-view
interface interface-type
interface-number
Enable the DHCP client on
the interface
ip address dhcp-alloc
Required
Disabled by default
404
Displaying the
DHCP Client
DHCP Client
Configuration
Example
Remarks
verbose ] [ interface
interface-type
interface-number ]
Network requirements
On a LAN, the DHCP client (4500G) contacts the DHCP server through the
Vlan-interface1 to obtain an IP address.
Figure 115 A DHCP network (4500G as the DHCP client)
Client
WINS Server
VLA N-interface1
10.1.1.1/25
LAN
DHCP Server
VLA N-interface1
DNS Server
Client
Configuration procedure
The following is the configuration on the client switch shown in Figure 115.
1 Enable the DHCP client on Vlan-interface1.
<Sysname> system-view
[Sysname] interface vlan-interface 1
[Sysname-Vlan-interface1] ip address dhcp-alloc
To implement the DHCP client-server model, you need to perform related configuration
on the DHCP server. Since the DHCP server configuration varies with devices, it is not
mentioned here.
39
The DHCP Snooping supports no link aggregation. If an Ethernet port is added into an
aggregation group, DHCP Snooping configuration on it will not take effect. When the
port is removed from the group, DHCP Snooping can take effect.
The DHCP snooping enabled device does not work if it is between the DHCP relay
agent and DHCP server, and it can work when it is between the DHCP client and relay
agent or between the DHCP client and server.
The DHCP Snooping enabled device cannot be a DHCP server, DHCP relay agent,
DHCP client, or BOOTP client. Therefore, DHCP Snooping must be disabled on a DHCP
server, relay agent, DHCP relay agent, DHCP client, and BOOTP client.
DHCP Snooping
Overview
Function of DHCP
Snooping
DHCP snooping is a DHCP security feature for preventing DHCP clients from receiving IP
addresses provided by untrusted DHCP servers. It allows a device to:
Drop DHCP responses received on untrusted ports, preventing DHCP clients from
receiving IP addresses provided by untrusted DHCP servers.
On a network, DHCP servers fall into two categories: valid and invalid. With DHCP
snooping, the ports of a device can be differentiated by whether they are trusted or
untrusted:
406
Configuring DHCP
Snooping
Remarks
system-view
dhcp-snooping
Required
Disabled by default
interface
interface-type
interface-number
Specify the port as trusted
dhcp-snooping trust
Required
Untrusted by default.
You must specify the ports connected to the valid DHCP servers as trusted to ensure that
DHCP clients can obtain valid IP addresses. The trusted port and the port connected to
the DHCP client must be in the same VLAN.
Displaying DHCP
Snooping
DHCP Snooping
Configuration
Example
Remarks
display dhcp-snooping
display dhcp-snooping
trust
Network requirements
GigabitEthernet1/0/1 forwards DHCP server responses while the other two do not.
D H C P C lie n t
G E 1 /0 /3
D H C P C lie n t
Configuration procedure
1 Enable DHCP snooping.
<Sysname> system-view
[Sysname] dhcp-snooping
All of the DHCP clients and DHCP servers must be configured for the DHCP clients to
obtain IP addresses. The configuration details, varying with the device type, are omitted
here.
408
40
Introduction to
BOOTP Client
BOOTP Application
If several VLAN interfaces sharing the same MAC address obtain IP addresses through
a BOOTP relay agent, the BOOTP server cannot be a Windows 2000 Server or
Windows 2003 Server.
BOOTP Application
After you specify an interface of the device as a BOOTP client, the interface can use
BOOTP to get information (such as IP address) from the BOOTP server, which simplifies
your configuration.
Before using BOOTP, an administrator needs to configure a BOOTP parameter file for
each BOOTP client on the BOOTP server. The parameter file contains information such as
MAC address and IP address of a BOOTP client. When a BOOTP client originates a
request to the BOOTP server, the BOOTP server will search for the BOOTP parameter file
and return the corresponding configuration information.
Because you need to configure a parameter file for each client on the BOOTP server,
BOOTP usually runs under a relatively stable environment. If the network changes
frequently, dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) can be applied. For an
introduction to DHCP, refer to Chapter 1 DHCP Overview
Because a DHCP server can interact with a BOOTP client, you can use the DHCP server to
configure IP address for the BOOTP client without any BOOTP server.
410
Obtaining an IP
Address Dynamically
A DHCP server can take the place of the BOOTP server in the following dynamic IP
address acquisition.
A BOOTP client dynamically obtains an IP address from a BOOTP server in the following
ways:
1 The BOOTP client broadcasts a BOOTP request, which contains its own the BOOTP clients
MAC address.
2 The BOOTP server receives the request and searches the configuration file for the
corresponding IP address according to the MAC address of the BOOTP client. The BOOTP
server then returns a BOOTP response to the BOOTP client.
3 The BOOTP client obtains the IP address from the received response.
Protocols and
Standards
Configuring an
Interface to
Dynamically Obtain
an IP Address
through BOOTP
Remarks
system-view
interface interface-type
interface-number
Configure an interface to
dynamically obtain IP
address through BOOTP
Displaying BOOTP
Client
Configuration
ip address bootp-alloc
Required
By default, an interface does
not use BOOTP to obtain an IP
address.
Remarks
interface-number ]
41
ACL Overview
ACL OVERVIEW
An access control list (ACL) is used primarily to identify traffic flows. In order to filter data
packets, a series of match rules must be configured on the network device to identify the
packets to be filtered. After the specific packets are identified, and based on the
predefined policy, the network device can permit/prohibit the corresponding packets to
pass.
ACLs classify packets based on a series of match conditions, which can be the source
addresses, destination addresses and port numbers carried in the packets.
The packet match rules defined by ACLs can be referenced by other functions that need
to differentiate traffic flows, such as the definition of traffic classification rules in QoS.
Time-Based ACL
A time range-based ACL enables you to implement ACL control over packets by
differentiating the time ranges.
A time range can be specified in each rule in an ACL. If the time range specified in a rule
is not configured, the system will give a prompt message and allow such a rule to be
successfully created. However, the rule does not take effect immediately. It takes effect
only when the specified time range is configured and the system time is within the time
range. If you remove the time range of an ACL rule, the ACL rule becomes invalid the
next time the ACL rule timer refreshes.
IPv4 ACL
IPv4 ACL
Classification
IPv4 ACLs are numbered ACLs. Depending on the header fields used for filtering, they
fall into the following three types:
Ethernet frame header ACL, based on Layer 2 protocol header fields such as source
MAC address, destination MAC address, 802.1p priority, and link layer protocol type.
Each ACL is a sequential collection of rules defined with different matching criteria. The
order in which a packet is matched against the rules may thus affect how the packet is
handled.
412
config: where rules are compared against in the order in which they are configured.
Traditionally, ACL does not check all IP fragments but first ones. All non-first fragments
are handled the way the first fragments are handled. This causes security risk as attackers
may fabricate non-first fragments to attack your network.
Note that ACL rules configured with the fragment keyword only apply to non-first
fragments, and those configured without the keyword apply to all packets (including first
fragments) but non-first fragments.
Look at the following commands:
[3Com-basic-2000] rule
[3Com-basic-2000] rule
[3Com-adv-3001] rule 3
[3Com-adv-3001] rule 4
Among these rules, the first and the third rules only apply to non-first fragments while
the second and the fourth apply to all packets but non-first fragments.
An IPv4 ACL consists of a set of rules. Before you can configure ACL rules, you must first
create an IPv4 ACL.
When creating an IPv4 ACL:
You can optionally specify the match order of the IPv4 ACL.
414
42
Creating a Time
Range
Periodic time range, which recurs periodically on the day or days of the week.
Absolute time range, which takes effect only in a period of time and does not recur.
Compound time range, which recurs on the day or days of the week within a period.
CAUTION: On the Switch 4500G, the start time of an absolute time range cannot be
earlier than 1970/1/1 00:00 and the end time of an absolute time range cannot be later
than 2100/12/31 24:00.
Configuration
Procedure
Remarks
system-view
time-range time-name {
Required
Optional
time-name }
If only a periodic time section is defined in a time range, the time range is active only
within the defined periodic time section.
If only an absolute time section is defined in a time, the time range is active only within
the defined absolute time section.
416
If both a periodic time section and an absolute time section are defined in a time range,
the time range is active only when the periodic time range and the absolute time range
are both matched. Assume that a time range defines an absolute time section from
00:00 January 1, 2004 to 23:59 December 31, 2004, and a periodic time section from
12:00 to 14:00 every Wednesday. This time range is active only from 12:00 to 14:00
every Wednesday in 2004.
If the start time is specified, the time range starts on the current date and ends on the
end date.
If the end date is note specified, the time range is from the date of configuration till the
largest date available in the system.
Configuration
Example
1 Create a time range that spans from 8:00 to 18:00 every working day.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] time-range test 8:00 to 18:00 working-day
[3Com] display time-range test
Current time is 13:27:32 4/16/2005 Saturday
Time-range : test ( Inactive )
08:00 to 18:00 working-day
2 Create an absolute time range that spans from 15:00 2000/1/28 to 15:00 2004/1/28.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] time-range test from 15:00 2000/1/28 to 15:00 2004/1/28
[3Com] display time-range test
Current time is 13:27:32 4/16/2005 Saturday
Time-range : test ( Inactive )
from 15:00 1/28/2000 to 15:00 1/28/2004
Configuring a Basic
IPv4 ACL
Basic IPv4 ACLs filter packets based on source IP address. They are numbered in the
range 2000 to 2999.
Configuration
Prerequisites
If you want to reference a time range to a rule, define it with the time-range
command first.
Configuration
Procedure
system-view
Remarks
config.
Create or modify a rule
step step-value
description text
Optional
rule rule-id comment text
Optional
display acl { all | acl-number } Optional
Available in any view
If you specify a rule ID but a rule with the same rule ID already exists, the existing rule
will be displayed and you can edit the rule.
If you specify a rule ID and no existing rule has the same rule ID, a new rule will be
defined and created.
The content of the rule you are editing or defining cannot be identical with that of
any existing rule. Otherwise, the editing or creating operation will fail, and the system
will prompt that the rule already exists.
If you do not specify a rule ID, a new rule will be defined and created, and the system
will automatically assign the following ID to the rule: the smallest multiple of
step-value that is greater than the largest ID of existing rules. For example, suppose
the step-value is 5 and the largest ID of existing rules is 28; if you do not specify an ID
when defining a rule, the system will automatically assign ID 30 to the rule.
You can add a new rule, delete an existing rule. But you are not allowed to edit an
existing rule (if you do this, an error will be prompted).
A newly defined rule cannot be identical with any existing rule, otherwise the rule
cannot be successfully created (the system will prompt the rule already exists)
If you specify a rule ID and no existing rule has the same rule ID, a new rule will be
defined and created.
418
If you do not specify a rule ID, a new rule will be defined and created, and the system
will automatically assign the following ID to the rule: the smallest multiple of
step-value that is greater than the largest ID of existing rules. For example, suppose
the step-value is 5 and the largest ID of existing rules is 28; if you do not specify an ID
when defining a rule, the system will automatically assign ID 30 to the rule.
The system will insert a newly created rule between existing rules in depth-first order,
without changing the ID of any rule.
CAUTION:
You can modify the match order of an ACL only when it does not contain any rules.
You can use the rule comment command only for existing ACL rules.
Configuration
Example
1 Create IPv4 ACL 2000 to deny the packets with the source address 1.1.1.1 to pass.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] acl number 2000
[3Com-acl-basic-2000] rule deny source 1.1.1.1 0
Configuring an
Advanced IPv4 ACL
Advanced IPv4 ACLs filter packets based on source IP address, destination IP address,
upper protocol carried on IP, and other protocol header fields, such as the TCP/UDP
source port, TCP/UDP destination port, TCP flag, ICMP message type, and ICMP message
code.
In addition, advanced ACLs allow you to filter packets based on three priority criteria:
type of service (ToS), IP precedence, and differentiated services codepoint (DSCP) priority.
Advanced ACLs are numbered in the range 3000 to 3999. Compared to basic ACLs, they
allow of more flexible and accurate filtering.
Configuration
Prerequisites
When you configure both IP priority and ToS priority for a rule, both priorities are
valid.
When you configure both IP/ToS priority and DSCP for a rule, only DSCP is valid.
If you want to reference a time range to a rule, define it with the time-range
command first.
Configuration
Procedure
Remarks
system-view
acl number acl-number
[ match-order { config
| auto } ]
Required
The default match order is
config.
step step-value
this step.
Optional
description text
rule rule-id comment
Optional
Optional
text
Display information about a
specified or all IPv4 ACLs
Optional
Available in any view
If you specify a rule ID but a rule with the same rule ID already exists, the existing rule
will be displayed and you can edit the rule.
If you specify a rule ID and no existing rule has the same rule ID, a new rule will be
defined and created.
The content of the rule you are editing or defining cannot be identical with that of
any existing rule. Otherwise, the editing or creating operation will fail, and the system
will prompt that the rule already exists.
If you do not specify a rule ID, a new rule will be defined and created, and the system
will automatically assign the following ID to the rule: the smallest multiple of
step-value that is greater than the largest ID of existing rules. For example, suppose
the step-value is 5 and the largest ID of existing rules is 28; if you do not specify an ID
when defining a rule, the system will automatically assign ID 30 to the rule.
You can add a new rule, delete an existing rule. But you are not allowed to edit an
existing rule (if you do this, an error will be prompted).
A newly defined rule cannot be identical with any existing rule, otherwise the rule
cannot be successfully created (the system will prompt the rule already exists)
If you specify a rule ID and no existing rule has the same rule ID, a new rule will be
defined and created.
If you do not specify a rule ID, a new rule will be defined and created, and the system
will automatically assign the following ID to the rule: the smallest multiple of
step-value that is greater than the largest ID of existing rules. For example, suppose
the step-value is 5 and the largest ID of existing rules is 28; if you do not specify an ID
when defining a rule, the system will automatically assign ID 30 to the rule.
420
The system will insert a newly created rule between existing rules in depth-first order,
without changing the ID of any rule.
CAUTION:
You can modify the match order of an ACL only when it does not contain any rules.
You can use the rule comment command only for existing ACL rules.
Configuration
Example
1 Create IPv4 ACL 3000 to permit TCP packets with port number 80 sent from 129.9.0.0
to 202.38.160.0.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] acl number 3000
[3Com-acl-adv-3000] rule permit tcp source 129.9.0.0 0.0.255.255
destination 202.38.160.0 0.0.0.255 destination-port eq 80
Configuring an
Ethernet Frame
Header ACL
Ethernet frame header ACLs filter packets based on Layer 2 protocol header fields such
as source MAC address, destination MAC address, 802.1p priority, and link layer protocol
type. They are numbered in the range 4000 to 4999.
Configuration
Prerequisites
If you want to reference a time range to a rule, define it with the time-range
command first.
Configuration
Procedure
Remarks
system-view
acl number acl-number [
match-order { config |
auto } ]
Required
The default match order is
config.
step step-value
Optional
The default step is 5.
description text
rule rule-id comment
Optional
Optional
text
Display information about a
specified or all IPv4 ACLs
Optional
Available in any view
If you specify a rule ID but a rule with the same rule ID already exists, the existing rule
will be displayed and you can edit the rule.
If you specify a rule ID and no existing rule has the same rule ID, a new rule will be
defined and created.
The content of the rule you are editing or defining cannot be identical with that of
any existing rule. Otherwise, the editing or creating operation will fail, and the system
will prompt that the rule already exists.
If you do not specify a rule ID, a new rule will be defined and created, and the system
will automatically assign the following ID to the rule: the smallest multiple of
step-value that is greater than the largest ID of existing rules. For example, suppose
the step-value is 5 and the largest ID of existing rules is 28; if you do not specify an ID
when defining a rule, the system will automatically assign ID 30 to the rule.
You can add a new rule, delete an existing rule. But you are not allowed to edit an
existing rule (if you do this, an error will be prompted).
A newly defined rule cannot be identical with any existing rule, otherwise the rule
cannot be successfully created (the system will prompt the rule already exists)
If you specify a rule ID and no existing rule has the same rule ID, a new rule will be
defined and created.
If you do not specify a rule ID, a new rule will be defined and created, and the system
will automatically assign the following ID to the rule: the smallest multiple of
step-value that is greater than the largest ID of existing rules. For example, suppose
the step-value is 5 and the largest ID of existing rules is 28; if you do not specify an ID
when defining a rule, the system will automatically assign ID 30 to the rule.
The system will insert a newly created rule between existing rules in depth-first order,
without changing the ID of any rule.
CAUTION:
You can modify the match order of an ACL only when it does not contain any rules.
You can use the rule comment command only for existing ACL rules.
Configuration
Example
1 Create IPv4 ACL 4000 to deny frames with the 802.1p priority of 3.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] acl number 4000
[3Com-acl-ethernetframe-4000] rule deny cos 3
422
Displaying and
Maintaining IPv4
ACLs
Remarks
}
time-name }
Available in user view
IPv4 ACL
Configuration
Example
Network
Requirements
Network Diagram
Salary server
192.168.1.2
#3
#2
#1
Switch
R&D Department
Configuration
Procedure
1 Create a time range for office hours
a Create a periodic time range spanning 8:00 to 18:00 in working days.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] time-range trname 8:00 to 18:00 working-day
b Create a rule to control accesses of the R&D Department to the salary server.
[3Com-acl-adv-3000] rule 0 deny ip source any destination 192.168.1.2
0.0.0.0 time-range trname
[3Com-acl-adv-3000] quit
424
43
Introduction
QOS OVERVIEW
Traditional Packet
Delivery Service
The traditional IP network treats all the packets equally. The switch adopts the first in first
out (FIFO) policy in packet processing and assigns resources necessary for packet
forwarding according to the arrival time of the packet. All the packets share the network
and router resources. The resources that the packet can get depend completely on the
chance at packets arrival.
This service policy is called Best-Effort. The switch makes its best effort to deliver the
packets to the destination but it cannot provide any guarantee for delay, delay jitter,
packet loss rate, and reliability in packet delivery.
The traditional Best-Effort service policy is only applicable to services such as WWW, FTP,
and E-mail, which are not sensitive to the bandwidth and the delay performance.
New Requirements
Brought forth by
New Services
With the fast development of computer networks, more and more networks are
connected into Internet. Internet extends very quickly in scale, coverage and the number
of users. More and more users use the Internet as a platform for data transmission and
develop various applications on it.
Besides traditional applications such as WWW, E-mail, and FTP, Internet users also try to
develop new services on Internet, such as tele-education, tele-medicine, video phones,
video conferencing, and video on demand (VOD). Enterprise users also hope to connect
their branch offices in different locations through the VPN technology to develop some
transaction applications, such as to access to the database of the company or to manage
remote switches through Telnet.
426
The new services have one thing in common: they all have special requirements for
delivery performances such as bandwidth, delay, and delay jitter. For example, video
conferencing and VOD require the guarantee of high bandwidth, low delay and low
delay jitter. Some key services such as the transaction handling and the Telnet do not
necessarily require high bandwidth but they are highly dependent on low delay and need
to be processed preferentially in case of congestion.
The emergence of new services brings forward higher requirements for the service
capability of the IP network. In the delivery process, users hope to get better services,
such as dedicated bandwidth for users, reduced packet loss rate, management and
avoidance of network congestion, control of network traffic, provision of packet priority,
and so on, instead of just having packets delivered to the destination. To meet these
requirements, the network service capability need to be further improved.
Occurrence and
Influence of
Congestion and the
Countermeasures
Occurrence of
Congestion
QoS issues that traditional networks face are mainly caused by congestion. Congestion
means reduced service rate and extra delay introduced because of relatively insufficient
resource provisioned.
100M
1000M
100M
100M
100M
100M
1 Packets enter a router over a high-speed link and are forwarded out over a low-speed
link.
2 Packets enter a router through multiple interfaces of the same rate at the same time and
are forwarded out on an interface of the same rate.
If the traffic arrives at the wire speed, the traffic will encounter the bottleneck of
resources and congestion occurs.
Besides bandwidth bottleneck, any insufficiency of resources for packet forwarding, such
as insufficiency of assignable processor time, buffer size, and memory resources can
cause congestion. In addition, congestion will also occur if the traffic that arrives within a
certain period of time is improperly controlled and the traffic goes beyond the assignable
network resources.
Influence of
Congestion
Congestion decreases the effective throughput of the network and the utilization of
the network resources.
Major Traffic
Management
Techniques
Traffic classification, traffic policing (TP), traffic shaping (TS), congestion management,
and congestion avoidance are the foundation for providing differentiated services. Their
main functions are as follows:
TP: Monitors and controls the specifications of specific traffic entering the device.
When the traffic exceeds the threshold, restrictive or punitive measures can be taken
to protect the business interests and network resources of the operator from being
damaged.
TS: TS is a traffic control measure to regulate the output rate of the traffic actively. TS
regulates the traffic to match the network resources that can be provided by the
downstream devices so as to avoid unnecessary packet loss and congestion.
428
Among the traffic management techniques, traffic classification is the basis because it
identifies packets according to certain match rules, which is the prerequisite of providing
differentiated services. TP, TS, congestion management, and congestion avoidance
control network traffic and assigned resources from different approaches, and are the
concrete ways of providing differentiated services.
Switch 4500G Switches support the following functions:
Traffic Classification
Traffic classification
Access control
TP
Congestion management
Precedence
As shown in the figure above, the ToS field in the IP header contains 8 bits, which are
described as follows:
The first three bits indicate IP precedence, in the value range of 0 to 7.
Bit 3 to bit 6 indicate ToS precedence, in the value range of 0 to 15.
RFC2474 re-defines the ToS field in the IP packet header, and it is called the DS field. The
first six bits in the DS field indicate DSCP precedence, in the value rang of 0 to 63. The
last two bits (bit6 and bit7) are reserved.
2 2802.1p priority
802.1p priority lies in the layer 2 packet header. It is suitable for occasions where it is not
necessary to analyze the Layer 3 packet headers and QoS is needed in Layer 2.
Figure 120 The format of an Ethernet frame with an 802.1Q tag header
As shown in the figure above, each host supporting 802.1Q protocol adds a 4-bit
802.1Q tag header after the source address in the original Ethernet frame header when
sending a packet.
The 4-bit 802.1Q tag header contains a 2-bit Tag Protocol Identifier (TPID) whose value is
8100 and a 2-bit Tag Control Information (TCI). TPID is a new type defined by IEEE to
indicate a packet with a 802.1Q tag. The following figure shows the detailed contents of
an 802.1Q tag header.
Figure 121 The format of an 802.1Q tag header
430
In the figure above, the 3-bit Priority field in the TCI byte is the 802.1p priority, in the
value range of 0 to 7.These three bits represent the priority of the frame. There are a
total of eight priority levels to determine which packet is to be sent in priority when
congestion occurs to the switch. These precedence levels fall in 802.1p priority because
the applications related to these precedence levels are all defined in detail in the 802.1p
specification.
Introduction to TP
If the traffic from users is not limited, a large amount of continuous burst packets will
result in worse network congestion. The traffic of users must be limited in order to make
better use of the limited network resources and provide better service for more users. For
example, if a traffic flow obtains only the resources committed to it within a certain
period of time, network congestion due to excessive burst traffic can be avoided.
TP is traffic control policies to limit the traffic and its resource usage through supervision
of the traffic specification. The regulation policy is implemented according to the
evaluation result on the premise of the awareness of whether the traffic exceeds the
specification when TP is implemented. Generally, the token bucket algorithm is adopted
for the evaluation of traffic specification.
Packet
to bevia
sent
sent
this
oninterface
this interface
Continue
to send
Classify
Token
bucket
Drop
Average rate: The rate at which tokens are put into the bucket, namely, the average
rate of permitted traffic flows. It is typically set to the committed information rate
(CIR).
Burst size: The capacity of the token bucket, namely, the maximum traffic size that is
permitted in each burst. It is typically set to the committed burst size (CBS). The set
burst size must be bigger than the maximum packet length.
Modify the precedence and forward: Modify the precedence of the packets whose
evaluation result is partially compliant and forward them.
Introduction to LR
You can use line rate (LR) to limit the total rate of sending packets (including emergent
packets) on a physical interface.
LR also uses token buckets for traffic control. If LR is enabled on a certain interface of the
device, all packets sent via this interface must be firstly processed in the token bucket of
LR. If the token bucket has enough tokens, the packets can be sent. Otherwise, packets
will enter QoS queues for congestion management. Thus, traffic via this physical
interface is controlled.
432
Classify
Packets sent
Queue
Token bucket
Buffer
Because the token bucket is adopted for traffic control, when the token bucket has
tokens, burst transmission of packets is allowed; when the token bucket does not have
tokens, packets cannot be sent until new tokens are created in the token bucket. Thus,
the traffic of packets cannot be bigger than the rate of creating tokens, so the traffic is
limited and burst traffic is permitted.
Compared with TP, LR controls packets sent via physical interfaces. When you just want
to limit the rate of all packets, LR is simpler than TP.
LR Configuration
LR Configuration
Procedure
Configuring LR is to limit the rate of inbound packets or outbound packets via physical
interfaces.
Table 301 LR configuration procedure
To do
Enter system view
Enter
interface
view or
port group
view
Enter port
view
Remarks
system-view
interface interface-type
interface-number
Set LR
Display the LR
configuration and
statistics of an interface
cbs committed-burst-size ]
display qos lr interface You can execute the display
[ interface-type
interface-number ]
LR Configuration 433
LR Configuration
Example
434
44
Overview
QoS policy includes the following three elements: class, traffic behavior and policy. You
can bind the specified class to the specified traffic behavior through QoS policies to
facilitate the QoS configuration.
Class
Class is used for identifying traffic.
The elements of a class include the class name and classification rules.
You can use commands to define a series of rules to classify packets. Additionally, you
can use commands to define the relationship among classification rules: and and or.
and: The devices considers a packet to be of a specific class when the packet matches
all the specified classification rules.
or: The device considers a packet be of a specific class when the packet matches one
of the specified classification rules.
Traffic behavior
Traffic behavior is used to define all the QoS actions performed on packets.
The elements of a QoS behavior include traffic behavior name and actions defined in
traffic behavior.
You can use commands to define multiple actions in a traffic behavior.
Policy
Policy is used to bind the specified class to the specified traffic behavior.
The elements of a policy include the policy name and the name of the
classification-to-behavior binding.
Configuring QoS
Policy
436
Introducing Each
QoS Policy
Class
Command
Accounting
accounting
car
Traffic filtering
filter
Traffic mirroring
mirror-to
Traffic redirection
redirect
Priority remark
remark
Configuring QoS
Policy
Configuration
Prerequisites
Defining a Class
The class name and classification rules are specified in the policy.
The traffic behavior name and the actions in the traffic behavior are specified.
Create a class name first and then configure match rules in this class view.
Configuration procedure
Table 303 Define a class
To do
Remarks
system-view
traffic classifier
tcl-name [ operator {
and | or } ]
if-match
Required
display traffic
Optional
classifier
You can execute the display
user-defined [ tcl-name command
in any view.
]
Required
The operator is and by default,
that is, the relationship among
all the match rules is logic and.
match-criteria
match-criteria: Match rule for a class, see Table 304 for its range.
Table 304 The value range of the match rule for a class
Value
Description
acl access-list-number
any
customer-vlan-id vlan-id-list
destination-mac mac-address
dot1p
dscp dscp-list
ip-precedence ip-precedence-list
service-vlan-id vlan-id-list
source-mac mac-address
Please obey the following restrictions when defining a match rule; otherwise, you will fail
to apply the policies.
When you specify the logic relationship as and, you can configure only one ACL rule.
Configuration example
1 Network requirements
Configure a class named test and define a rule to match packets whose IP precedence
is 6.
2 Configuration procedure
a Enter system view.
<3Com> system-view
Defining a Traffic
Behavior
To define a traffic behavior, create a traffic behavior name first and then configure its
features in this traffic behavior view.
438
Configuration procedure
Table 305 Define a traffic behavior
To do
Remarks
system-view
traffic behavior
behavior-name
behavior-name: Traffic
behavior name
car cir
mirror-to
redirect interface
remark ip-precedence
Required
Required
interface-type
interface-number
interface-type
interface-number
ip-precedence-value
display traffic
behavior
user-defined [
behavior-name ]
Optional
You can execute the display
command in any view.
The red action keyword in the traffic behavior car defines some actions for the packet
not conforming to committed access rate (CAR). The actions include:
CAUTION: Please obey the following restrictions when defining traffic behaviors;
otherwise, you will fail to apply the policies.
filter deny cannot be configured together with any other action except
accounting.
When you configure the car action or accounting action in the traffic behavior, each
rule defined in traffic classification carries out the action defined in the traffic
behavior, rather than all the rules execute the same action. For example, CAR is set to
64 kbps. For a traffic classification including 10 rules, 64 kbps is CAR for packets
matching each rule rather than the total CAR for packets matching all the ten rules.
After traffic mirroring, packets will not go through port mirroring, that is, if you
configure the destination port of traffic mirroring as the source port of a port
mirroring group, the destination port in the port mirroring group cannot receive the
packets after traffic mirroring.
When you configure the ingress port (it belongs to this VLAN according to the VLAN
policy) of packets as the source port of both traffic mirroring and the port mirroring
group at the same time, port mirroring configuration will be replaced by traffic
mirroring configuration. The packets matching the rule are mirrored to the
destination port of traffic mirroring, whereas the packets that do not match the rule
are mirrored to the destination port of the port mirroring group.
Before configuring redirection, you can configure multiple STP instances. If the home
VLAN of the source port for redirection and the home VLAN of the destination port
for redirection belong to different instances, redirection will fail. The packet will be
dropped and will not be forwarded on any port.
Configuration example
1 Network requirements
Configure a traffic behavior named test, enable TP, and set committed information
rate (CIR) to 6,400 kbps.
2 Configuration procedure
a Enter system view.
<3Com> system-view
Configuring a Policy
A policy defines the traffic-behaviorto-class mappings in the policy. Each traffic behavior
consists of a group of QoS actions.
440
Table 306 Specify the traffic behavior for a class in the policy
To do
Remarks
system-view
Required
tcl-name: Class name. The class
must be a defined class, either
system-defined or user-defined.
behavior-name: Traffic
behavior name. The traffic
behavior must be a defined traffic
behavior, either system-defined or
user-defined
Applying a Policy
Optional
You can execute the display
command in any view.
Configuration procedure
Use the qos apply policy command to map a policy to the specified port. A policy
mapping can be applied to multiple ports or port groups.
Table 307 Apply a policy on the port
To do
Remarks
system-view
interface interface-type
interface-number
Enter port
view or
port group
view
Enter port
view
Required
Optional
You can execute the
display command in any
view.
CAUTION: When the configured policy is applied to a port group, if the car or
accounting action is not included in the user-defined traffic behavior, the policy of
multiple ports occupies only one share of hardware resource, that is, resource
multiplexing is implemented. If the car action or accounting action is included in the
user-defined traffic behavior, the policy will occupy n shares of hardware resources,
where n is the number of ports in the port group.
Configuration example
1 Network requirements
Configure a policy named test. Specify the traffic behavior test_behavior for the
packets belonging to the test_class in the policy and apply the policy on the inbound
direction of GigabitEtherenet1/0/1.
2 Configuration procedure
a Enter system view.
<3Com> system-view
Displaying QoS
Policy
After finishing the configurations mentioned above, you can execute the display
command in any view to check the running status of QoS Policy to verify the
configuration.
442
Remarks
policy-name [
classifier tcl-name ] ]
display traffic
behavior
user-defined [
interface-type
interface-number ] [
inbound ]
behavior-name ]
Display the configured class
information
display traffic
classifier
user-defined [ tcl-name
]
45
Overview
CONGESTION MANAGEMENT
When the rate at which the packets arrive is higher than the rate at which the packets
are transmitted on an interface, congestion occurs on this interface. If there is not
enough storage space to store these packets, parts of them will be lost. Packet loss may
cause the transmitting device to retransmit the packets because the lost packets time
out, which causes a malicious cycle.
The core of congestion management is how to schedule the resources and determine the
sequence of forwarding packets when congestion occurs.
Congestion
Management Policy
Queuing technology is generally adopted to solve the congestion problem. The queuing
technology is to classify the traffic according to a specified queue-scheduling algorithm
and then use the specified priority algorithm to forward the traffic. Each queuing
algorithm is used to solve specific network traffic problems and affects the parameters
such as bandwidth allocation, delay and delay jitter.
The following paragraphs describe strict-priority (SP) queue-scheduling algorithm, and
weighted round robin (WRR) queue-scheduling algorithm.
1 SP queue-scheduling algorithm
Figure 124 Diagram for SP queues
Packet sent via
this interface
high queue
Packet sent
middle queue
normal queue
Classify
Sending queue
bottom queue Dequeue
444
Some queues are scheduled through the SP algorithm, while other queues are
scheduled through the WRR algorithm.
Configuring SP
Queue Scheduling
Configuration
Procedure
SP queues include multiple queues. They correspond to different priorities and are
scheduled based on the priorities in descending order.
system-view
interface interface-type One of them is required.
Enter port
view or port
group view
Enter port
view
Enter port
group view
Configure SP
queue-scheduling algorithm
Configuration
Example
interface-number
Remarks
aggregation agg-id }
qos sp
Required
port-group { manual
port-group-name |
Network requirements
Configure GigabitEthernet1/0/1 to adopt the SP queue-scheduling algorithm.
Configuration procedure
1 Enter system view.
<3Com> system-view
446
Configuring WRR
Queue Scheduling
Configuration
Procedure
By default, all ports adopt the WRR queue-scheduling algorithm. The queues which are
not configured on the port adopt the default WRR priority.
system-view
interface interface-type One of them is required.
Enter port
view or port
group view
Enter port
view
Enter port
group view
Remarks
interface-number
port-group { manual
port-group-name |
aggregation agg-id }
Required
qos wrr
interface-number ]
Configuration
Example
1 Network requirements
2 Configuration procedure
a Enter system view.
<3Com> system-view
1
1
1
1
1
weight
weight
weight
weight
weight
1
5
10
2
10
Configuring
SP+WRR Queue
Scheduling
As required, you can configure part of the queues on the port to adopt the SP
queue-scheduling algorithm and parts of queues to adopt the WRR queue-scheduling
algorithm. Through adding the queues on a port to the SP scheduling group and WRR
scheduling group (namely, group 1), the SP+WRR queue scheduling is implemented.
During the queue scheduling process, the queues in the SP scheduling group is
scheduled preferentially. When no packet is to be sent in the queues in the SP scheduling
group, the queues in the WRR scheduling group are scheduled. The queues in the SP
scheduling group are scheduled according to the strict priority of each queue, while the
queues in the WRR queue scheduling group are scheduled according the weight value of
each queue.
Configuration Procedure
Table 311 Configure the SP+WRR queue scheduling
To do
Remarks
system-view
interface
interface-type
interface-number
Enter port
view or
port group
view
Enter port
view
Required
Configuration
Example
Optional
You can execute the display
command in any view.
Network requirements
448
Configuration procedure
1 Enter system view.
<3Com> system-view
sp
sp
1 weight 2
1 weight 7
1 weight 10
46
Overview
PRIORITY MAPPING
When a packet enters the switch, the switch will assign a series of parameters (including
802.1p priority, local precedence and so on) to it according to the precedence that the
switch supports and corresponding rules. The local precedence is the precedence the
switch assigns to the packet locally, which is corresponding to the outbound queue ID on
the port.
The Switch 4500G switches always trust the packet priority instead of port priority. For
tagged packets, the switch performs dot1p-to-lp mapping according to the 802.1p
priority carried in the tags; for untagged packets, all the packets are tagged with 802.1p
priority after they enter the switch. The 802.1p priority is the port priority, according to
which the dot1p-to-lp mapping is performed.
The switch provides the dot1p-to-lp mapping table, as shown in Table 312.
Table 312 The default dot1p-to-lp mapping
802.1p priority (dot1p)
The 3Com Switch 4500G Switches do not support editing dot1p-to-lp (802.1p
priority-to-local priority) mapping table.
450
Configuring Port
Priority
An untagged packet is tagged after it enters the switch. Its 802.1p priority is port priority.
You can assign the packet to different outbound queues on the port according to the
port priority to be set. The port priority is in the range of 0 to 7.
The port priority takes effect only on untagged packets instead of tagged packets.
Configuration
Prerequisites
Configuration
Procedure
Remarks
system-view
interface interface-type
interface-number
Configuration
Example
Network requirements
The switch generates different local precedence values for the packets from
department 1 and department 2 through mapping according to the priorities of the
access ports.
Network diagram
Figure 125 Network diagram for port priority
To the router
GE1/0/1
GE1/0/2
Switch
Department 1
Department 2
Configuration procedure
1 Enter system view.
<3Com> system-view
Displaying Priority
Mapping Table
Use the display qos map-table command to display the detailed configuration
information of a priority mapping table.
Table 314 Display and debug a priority mapping table
To do
Remarks
You can execute the display
command in any view
452
47
Overview
Port-based application: QoS policies are effective for inbound packets on a port.
VLAN-based application: QoS policies are effective for inbound traffic on a VLAN.
VLAN-based QoS policies are also known as VLAN policies for short. VLAN policies can
facilitate the application and management of QoS policies on the switch.
VLAN policies are not effective on dynamic VLANs. VLAN policies will not be applied to
dynamic VLANs. For example, the device may create VLANs dynamically when GVRP
protocol is running. In this case, the corresponding VLAN policies are not effective on
dynamic VLANs.
Applying VLAN
Policies
Configuration
Prerequisites
Configuration
Procedure
VLAN polices have been configured. Refer to Chapter 2 QoS Policy Configuration for
how to define policies.
system-view
Apply VLAN policies to the qos vlan-policy
specified VLAN
policy-name vlan
vlan-id-list inbound
display qos
vlan-policy { name
policy-name | vlan [
vlan-id ] }
Remarks
Required
vlan-id-list: VLAN ID list in the
form of vlan-id to vlan-id. You
can enter multiple discontinuous VLAN
IDs. The device allows you to specify
up to eight VLAN IDs at the same time
Optional
You can execute the display
command in any view
454
Displaying and
Maintaining VLAN
Policy
After the configuration above, you can execute the display command in any view to
display the running status of VLAN policy and verify the configuration.
You can execute the reset command in user view to clear the statistics about VLAN
policies.
Table 316 Display and maintain VLAN policy
To do
VLAN Policy
Configuration
Example
Network
Requirements
Configuration
Procedure
Configure VLAN policy named test to perform TP for packets matching with ACL
2000. CIR is 64.
Apply the VLAN policy named test to the inbound direction of VLAN 200, VLAN 300,
VLAN 400, VLAN 500, VLAN 600, VLAN 700, VLAN 800 and VLAN 900.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] traffic classifier cl1 operator or
[3Com-classifier-cl1] if-match acl 2000
[3Com-classifier-cl1] quit
[3Com] traffic behavior be1
[3Com-behavior-be1] car cir 64
[3Com-behavior-be1] quit
[3Com] qos policy test
[3Com-qospolicy-test] classifier cl1 behavior be1
[3Com-qospolicy-test] quit
[3Com] qos vlan-policy test vlan 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 inbound
48
Overview
Mirroring to port: The desired traffic on a mirrored port is replicated and sent to a
destination port (that is, a mirroring port).
Mirroring to CPU: The desired traffic on a mirrored port is replicated and sent to the
CPU on the board of the port for further analysis.
Mirroring to VLAN: The desired traffic on a mirrored port is replicated and sent to a
VLAN, where the traffic is broadcast and all the ports (if available) in the VLAN will
receive the traffic. If the destination VLAN does not exist, you can still configure the
function, and the function will automatically take effect after the VLAN is created and
a port is added to it.
Currently, the 3Com Switch 4500G Switches only support traffic mirroring to port.
Configuring Traffic
Mirroring to Port
Before you can configure traffic mirroring, you should first enter the traffic behavior view
of an existing traffic behavior.
Table 317 Configure traffic mirroring to port
To do
Remarks
system-view
traffic behavior
Required
behavior-name
Configure a destination mirroring mirror-to interface
Required
port for the traffic behavior
interface-type interface-number
456
Displaying Traffic
Mirroring
Configuration
After the above configuration, you can execute the display command in any view to
display the operation status of traffic mirroring and verify your configuration.
Table 318 Display traffic mirroring configuration
To do
Remarks
display traffic
behavior
user-defined [
behavior-name ]
Display the configuration
information of one or all
user-defined QoS policies
Traffic Mirroring
Configuration
Example
Network
Requirements
You must use the server to monitor and analyze all the packets from PC A.
Network Diagram
Switch A
PC A
GigabitEthernet1/0/2
GigabitEthernet1/0/1
GigabitEthernet1/0/3
Server
Server
PC B
Configuration
Procedure
Configure Switch A:
a Enter system view.
<3Com> system-view
c Configure a traffic classification rule to use ACL 2000 for traffic classification.
[3Com] traffic classifier 1
[3Com-classifier-1] if-match acl 2000
[3Com-classifier-1] quit
e Configure a QoS policy to adopt traffic behavior 1 for traffic classification rule 1.
[3Com] qos policy 1
[3Com-policy-1] classifier 1 behavior 1
[3Com-policy-1] quit
After the above configuration, you can monitor and analyze all the packets from PC A on
the server.
458
49
Introduction to Port
Mirroring
Classification of Port
Mirroring
Implementing Port
Mirroring
There are two kinds of port mirroring: local port mirroring and remote port mirroring.
Local port mirroring is to copy packets at one or more ports (source ports) of a device
to a monitor port (destination port) for analysis and monitoring. In this case, the
source ports and the destination port locate at the same device.
Remote port mirroring breaks the restriction that source and destination ports should
locate at the same device, and allows them to spread through several network
devices. At present, remote port mirroring can pass through up to 2 layers of
network.
Port mirroring is implemented through mirroring groups, which includes local mirroring
groups, remote source mirroring groups and remote destination mirroring groups.
Port Mirroring can be implemented as follows:
Local port mirroring is implemented through local mirroring groups. In this case, the
device copies the packets from mirroring ports and forwards them to monitor ports.
Remote port mirroring is implemented through remote source mirroring group and
remote destination mirroring groups. In this case, the device copies the packets from
mirroring ports and broadcasts them to remote mirroring VLAN through reflector
port. When a remote device receives a packet, it will compare the packets VLAN
number with remote mirroring VLAN of the remote destination mirroring groups. If
they are identical, then the device will forward them to the monitor ports of the
remote destination mirroring groups.
The mirroring group supports monitoring multiple mirroring ports by one monitor
port.
460
Configuring Local
Port Mirroring
Remarks
system-view
mirroring-group groupid
local
mirroring-group groupid
mirroring-port
Configure
monitor port
for the
mirroring
group
Configure
mirroring port
under system
view
Configure
mirroring port
under interface
view
Configure
monitor port
under system
view
Configure
monitor port
under interface
view
Displaying Port
Mirroring
mirroring-port-list {
inbound | outbound | both }
interface interface-type
interface-number
[ mirroring-group groupid ]
mirroring-port { inbound |
outbound | both }
quit
mirroring-group groupid
monitor-port
monitor-port-id
Required
One of them is required.
You can configure multiple
mirroring ports at the same
time under system view, or
configure a mirroring port
under a specific interface
view.
interface interface-type
interface-number
[ mirroring-group groupid ]
monitor-port
display mirroring-group { Optional
groupid | local }
The display command
can be used under any view
You are recommended not to enable STP, MSTP or RSTP on the destination port.
A monitor port cant enable MSTP or RSTP; otherwise it will affect the devices normal
functions. And vice versa.
A monitor port cannot be a member port of the current mirroring group or a trunk
port.
You can configure multiple mirroring ports for a mirroring group, but only one
monitor port.
groupid | local }
display mirroring-group {
Examples of Typical
Port Mirroring
Configuration
Network requirements
The users network is described as follows:
Network diagram
Figure 127 Configuring Local Port Mirroring Network Diagram
Switch A
Department 1
Switch C
GEthernet1/0/1
GEthernet1/0/3
GEthernet1/0/2
Server
Department 2
Switch B
Configuration procedure
Configuring Switch C:
1 Enter system view.
<3Com> system-view
462
After finishing the configuration, the user can monitor all the packets received and sent
by Department 1 and Department 2 on the Server.
50
Introduction to
GMP V2
GMP V2 CONFIGURATION
Cluster Overview
By employing GMP V2, a network administrator can manage multiple switches using the
public IP address of a switch known as a management device. The switches under the
management of the management device are member devices. Normally, a cluster
member device is not assigned a public IP address, and the network administrator
manages and maintains member devices through the management device. The
management device, along with the member devices, forms a cluster.Figure 128 shows a
typical cluster implementation.
464
Network
Manag ement
dev ice
69 .110 .1 .1
A cluster has one (and only one) management device. Note the following when creating
a cluster:
Switch Roles in a
Cluster
You need to designate the management device first. The management device of a
cluster is the portal of the cluster. That is, any operations performed in external
networks and intended for the member devices of a cluster, such as accessing,
configuring, managing, and monitoring, can be implemented through the
management device only.
The management device of a cluster recognizes and controls all the member devices
in the cluster, no matter where they are located on the network or how they are
connected.
The management device collects topology information about all the member and
candidate devices to provide useful information for users to build a cluster.
A management device manages and monitors the devices in the cluster by collecting
and processing (neighbor discovery protocol) NDP/(neighbor topology discovery
protocol) NTDP packets that carry network topology information.
According to their functions and status in a cluster, switches in the cluster play different
roles. You can specify the role a switch plays. A switch also changes its role according to
specific rules.
The following three switch roles exist in a cluster: management device, member device,
and candidate device.
Configuration
Description
Management device
Candidate device
ic e
ev
td
en
em
ag
an
m
as
as
d
n
te
io
na
at ic e
gn v
s ig
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De
de ent
ls
c e em
an nag
a
m
De
t h s ig
e
or nat e
igi
na d as
lo
ne t he
f a new
ils
an m a
n
d
t h age
e
c lu m e
st e nt d
ri
s ev ic
De
un e
t h s ig
gr af
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de e ne nat e
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s
d.
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af an ot
t e ag he
rt
he em e r de
c lu nt v ic
e
st
as
er
is
re
gr
ou
pe
d
Member device
A cluster has one (and only one) management device. After a management device is
designated, it collects NDP/NTDP information to discover and determine candidate
devices, which can be then added to the cluster through manual configurations.
A member device becomes a candidate device after being removed from the cluster.
466
Network neighbor discovery: It uses NDP to discover the information about the
directly connected neighbor devices.
Network topology discovery. It uses NTDP to collect the information about the
network topology, including device connections and candidate device information in
the network. The hop range for topology discovery can be adjusted manually.
Member recognition: The management device recognizes each member in the cluster
by locating each member and then distributes configuration and management
commands to the members.
Member management: The following events are managed through the management
device: adding/removing a member, the members authentication on the
management device, and handshake interval.
Introduction to NDP
NDP is the protocol for discovering the information about the adjacent nodes. NDP
operates on the data link layer, so it supports different network layer protocols.
NDP is used to discover the information about directly connected neighbors, including
the device type, software/hardware version, and connecting port of the adjacent devices.
It can also provide the information concerning device ID, port simplex/duplex status,
product version, Bootrom version and so on.
An NDP-enabled device maintains an NDP information table. Each entry in an NDP table
ages with time. You can also clear the current NDP information manually to have
adjacent information collected again.
An NDP-enabled device broadcasts NDP packets regularly to all ports in up state. An NDP
packet carries the holdtime field, which indicates the period for the receiving devices to
keep the NDP data. Receiving devices only store the information carried in the received
NDP packets rather than forward them. The corresponding data entry in the NDP table is
updated when the received information is different from the existing one. Otherwise,
only the holdtime of the corresponding entry is updated.
Introduction to NTDP
NTDP is a protocol for network topology information collection. NTDP provides the
information about the devices that can be added to clusters and collects the topology
information within the specified hops for cluster management.
Based on the NDP information table created by NDP, NTDP transmits and forwards NTDP
topology collection request to collect the NDP information and neighboring connection
information of each device in a specific network range for the management device or the
network administrator to implement needed functions.
Upon detecting a change occurred on a neighbor, a member device informs the
management device of the change through handshake packets. The management device
then collects the specified topology information through NTDP. Such a mechanism
enables topology changes to be tracked in time.
Handshake packets
Handshake packets are used primarily to maintain the states of the members in a cluster.
Figure 130 Cluster state machine
Management VLAN
After a cluster is built, a member device initiates the handshake process and sends
packets at the default interval of ten seconds. The management device also sends
handshake packets to the member device at the default interval of ten seconds. The
management device and member devices do not respond to the handshake packets
they received but switch to or remain in the Active state.
If the management switch receives no handshake packet from a member switch for
three consecutive times, it changes the state of the member device to Connect.
Likewise, if a member device receives no handshake response packet from the
management device for three consecutive times, the state of the member device
changes from Active to Connect.
In addition, handshake packets are used to notify the management device of topology
changes of neighboring devices.
No device connected to a port not belonging to the management VLAN can join the
cluster. Therefore, the management VLAN of candidate devices needs to be modified
through auto-negotiation if the management device and candidate devices in the cluster
belong to different management VLANs. In this case, the candidate devices must ensure
that the management VLAN exists. If a new VLAN must be created, the devices limit on
the number of VLANs must be satisfied.
468
The ports in the management VLAN of a device must be configured to permit the
packets of the management VLAN to pass with tags (the packets from VLAN1 can pass
without tags); otherwise, the cluster will not work properly.
You can specify the management VLAN only before building a cluster. You cannot modify
the management VLAN after a device has joined the cluster. To modify the management
VLAN after the cluster is built, delete the cluster configuration on the current device
before designating the new management VLAN and finally building the cluster.
GMP V2
Configuration Task
Overview
Configure
member devices
Description
Related section
Required
Configure NDP-related
parameters
Optional
Configuring NDP-related
Parameters.
Configure NTDP-related
parameters
Optional
Configuring NTDP-related
Parameters
Required
Build a cluster
Required
Building a Cluster
Configure cluster
management
Required
Required
Required
Optional
Management
Device
Configuration
Enabling NDP
Globally and for
Specific Ports
Command
Description
system-view
ndp enable
Required
By default, NDP is enabled
globally.
system view
Ethernet port
view
Either is required.
interface-list
interface interface-type
interface-number
ndp enable
CAUTION: NDP works only if it is enabled globally and on the ports.
Configuring
NDP-related
Parameters
Command
system-view
Configure the holdtime of ndp timer aging
Enabling NTDP
Globally and for
Specific Ports
Description
Optional
NDP information
aging-time
Optional
hello-time
Command
Description
system-view
ntdp enable
Optional
By default, NTDP is enabled
globally.
ntdp enable
interfaceinterface-list
interface interface-type
Optional
By default, NTDP is enabled
on all ports.
interface-number
ntdp enable
CAUTION: NTDP works only if it is enabled globally and on the ports.
470
Configuring
NTDP-related
Parameters
Command
Description
system-view
ntdp hop hop-value
Optional
By default, the hop range for
topology collection is 3 hops
Optional
Optional
time
Optional
quit
Start topology
information collection
ntdp explore
Optional
Command
Description
system-view
cluster enable
Optional
By default, the cluster function is
enabled
The ntdp enable command in cluster management is not compatible with the
bpdu-tunnel enable command in BPDU TUNNEL. You cannot configure these two
commands at the same time. For BPDU TUNNEL, refer to VLAN VPN Configuration.
Building a Cluster
Before building a cluster, you must configure a private IP address pool available for the
member devices in the cluster. When a candidate device joins the cluster, the
management device dynamically assigns the candidate device a private IP address for
inner-cluster communication. This enables the management device to manage and
maintain member devices.
Command
Description
system-view
management-vlan vlan-id
Optional
By default, VLAN1 is the
management VLAN.
Cluster
ip-pool
Required
Required
build name
CAUTION:
For a non-VLAN1 management VLAN, if the port on the management device that is
connected to member devices are trunk or hybrid port, to implement cluster
management, you must configure the port to permit the packets of management
VLAN to pass with tags. In addition, you cannot manually change its default VLAN to
the management VLAN. If the port on the management device that is connected to
member devices is an access port, to implement cluster management, you must
manually configure the port as a hybrid port and configure the port to permit the
packets of management VLAN to pass with tags. See the VLAN Operation section for
details.
When the management VLAN is configured as VLAN1, if the port on the member
device that is connected to the management device permits the packets from the
management VLAN to pass with tags, configure the management device by following
the previous description. If the port on the member device that is connected to
management device permits the packets of management VLAN to pass without tags,
to implement cluster management, you must perform one of the following
configuration tasks: configure the corresponding port on the management device as
the access type, or configure the port as trunk and the default VLAN of the port as
VLAN1, or configure the port as hybrid and the default VLAN of the port as VLAN1
and permits the packets of management VLAN to pass the port without tags. See the
VLAN Operation section for details.
You can configure an IP address pool only before the cluster is built. Moreover, you
can perform the configuration on the management device only. You cannot change
the IP address pool for an existing cluster.
472
First, the system prompts you to enter a name for the cluster.
Then, the system lists the candidate devices discovered within the specified hop range
and asks you to confirm whether to add these devices to the cluster.
After you confirm, the system adds all listed candidate devices to the cluster built.
You can press <CTRL+C> to exit automatic cluster establishment. After this operation, no
new device will be added and the added devices remain in the cluster.
Table 328 Building a cluster automatically
Operation
Command
system-view
Specify the management VLAN management-vlan
Configuring Cluster
Management
Description
Optional
vlan-id
cluster
ip-pool
administrator-ip-addres
s { ip-mask |
ip-mask-length }
auto-build [ recover ]
Required
Required
You can manually designate the candidate device to join a cluster or manually remove
the designated member device from the cluster. You must add/remove a member on
the management device; otherwise, an error message will be returned.
If a member device fails due to incorrect configuration, you can control the member
device remotely by using the remote control function of the management device. For
example, you can delete the start configuration file and reboot the member device to
recover the normal communication between the management device and member
devices.
Blacklist management
On the management device, you can configure and manage the specified member
device by switching to the view of the member device. After the configuration is
complete, you can switch back to the management device from the member device.
Command
Description
system-view
cluster
add-member [ member-number
] mac-address mac-address
[ password password ]
delete-member
Optional
Optional
Generally, member numbers
are assigned sequentially. The
original numbers of the
members with the same MAC
address are recorded by the
management device.
member-number [
to-black-list ]
reboot member {
Optional
member-number |
mac-address mac-address }
[ eraseflash ]
Return to system view
quit
quit
Switch between the
cluster switch-to {
Optional
management device view and member-number | mac-address
At present, before using this
a member device view
mac-address |
command, you need to enable
administrator }
"telnet server" on the peer
device and avoid ring
switching.
Blacklist for topology management: Any device in the blacklist is not allowed to join a
cluster automatically. The network Administrator needs blacklist a device manually,
including device MAC address. If a device is blacklisted and connected to the network
through another device not blacklisted, the access devices information and the access
port will be automatically recorded.
The white list and black list are mutually exclusive: nodes in the white list must not be in
the black list, and vice versa. Note that a topology node can be neither in the white list
nor the black list. These are usually new nodes and need to be authenticated by
administrators.
474
The white list and black list and will not disappear even if the management switch is
powered off. They implement two backup and recovery mechanisms: backups on the FTP
server or the Flash of the management switch. In either backup mode, you need to
restore the white list or blacklist manually. When the management switch restarts or the
cluster management is reconfigured, the management switch restores the white list and
blacklist from the Flash.
Table 330 Configure member management
Operation
Command
Description
system-view
cluster
black-list add-mac
Blacklist a device
Optional
mac-address
Remove a device from the backlist black-list delete-mac
{ all | mac-address }
Optional
Optional
Configuring Cluster
Parameters
Optional
Optional
Ensure the original topology
is correct because the device
cannot process incorrect
base topology saved.
Cluster parameters include multicast MAC address for cluster management, interval for
sending multicast packets, device holdtime, and handshake interval.
If the interval for the management device to send multicast packets is 0, the
management device does not send multicast packets to any member device in the
cluster.
Command
Description
system-view
cluster
holdtime seconds
Configuring
Interaction for the
Cluster
Optional
By default, the holdtime is 60 seconds.
timer interval-time
Optional
By default, the handshake interval 10
seconds.
After building a cluster, you can configure a server, NMS host, and log host universally on
the management device for the cluster. A member device in the cluster will access the
server configured through the management device.
All logs of the member devices in the cluster will be output to the log host configured:
when member devices output logs, the logs are directly sent to the management device,
which then translates the address of the logs and sends them to the log host configured
for the cluster. Likewise, all Trap messages sent by member devices are output to the
NMS host configured for the cluster.
Table 332 Configure interaction for the cluster
Operation
Command
Description
system-view
cluster
ftp-server ip-address [
user-name username
password { simple | cipher }
password ]
Configure the TFTP server for
the cluster
tftp-server ip-address
logging-host ip-address
snmp-host ip-address [
community-string read
string1 write string2 ]
Optional
By default, the cluster has
no public FTP server.
Optional
By default, the cluster has
no public TFTP server.
Optional
By default, the cluster has
no public log host.
Optional
By default, the cluster has
no SNMP host.
Optional
CAUTION: The log host configured for the cluster takes effect only after you use the
info-center loghost command in system view. For more about the
info-center loghost command, see the "Information Center Commands".
476
Configuring
Member Devices
Enabling NDP
Globally and on
Specific Ports
Command
Description
system-view
ndp enable
Optional
By default, NDP is enabled
globally.
In system view
Enter Ethernet
port view
ndp enable
interfaceinterface-list
interface interface-type
Either is required
By default, NDP is enabled
on all ports.
interface-number
ndp enable
Enabling NTDP
Globally and on
Specific Ports
Command
Description
system-view
ntdp enable
Optional
By default, NTDP is enabled
globally.
ntdp enable
Optional
interfaceinterface- By default, NTDP is enabled on all
list
ports.
Enter Ethernet
port view
interface
interface-type
interface-number
ntdp enable
Enabling the Cluster
Function
Command
Description
system-view
cluster enable
Optional
By default, the cluster function is
enabled.
Configuring to Add a
Candidate Device to
the Cluster
Command
Description
system-view
cluster
administrator-address
mac-address name name
Displaying and
Maintaining a
Cluster
Optional
By default, a device is not a
member of any cluster.
After the configuration above, you can execute the display command to display the
running status after the cluster configuration. You can verify the configuration effect
through checking the displayed information.
You can use the reset command in user view to clear NDP statistics.
Table 337 Display and maintain cluster configurations
Operation
Command
display ntdp
display ntdp device-list [ verbose ]
display cluster
member-number | verbose ]
478
GMP V2
Configuration
Example
Network
requirements
The 4500G switch manages the rest two member devices as the management device.
The detailed information about the cluster is as follows.
All the devices in the cluster use the same FTP server and TFTP server.
The FTP server and TFTP server share one IP address: 63.172.55.1.
The SNMP site and log host share one IP address: 69.172.55.4.
Network diagram
Figure 131 Network diagram for GMP cluster configuration
Configuration procedure
1 Configure the management device
a Enable NDP globally and for the GigabitEthernet1/0/2 and GigabitEthernet1/0/3 ports.
<3Com> system-view
System View: return to User View with Ctrl+Z.
[3Com] ndp enable
[3Com] interface GigabitEthernet 1/0/2
[3Com-GigabitEthernet1/0/2] ndp enable
[3Com-GigabitEthernet1/0/2] quit
[3Com] interface GigabitEthernet 1/0/3
[3Com-GigabitEthernet1/0/3] ndp enable
[3Com-GigabitEthernet1/0/3] quit
1/0/2
enable
1/0/3
enable
k Configure an IP address pool for the cluster. The IP address pool contains six IP
addresses, starting from 172.16.0.1.
[3Com-cluster] ip-pool 172.16.0.1 255.255.255.248
480
o Configure the FTP Server, TFTP Server, Log host and SNMP host for the cluster.
[aaa_0.3Com-cluster] ftp-server 63.172.55.1
[aaa_0.3Com-cluster] tftp-server 63.172.55.1
[aaa_0.3Com-cluster] logging-host 69.172.55.4
[aaa_0.3Com-cluster] snmp-host 69.172.55.4
Upon the completion of the above configurations, you can execute the cluster
switch-to { member-num | mac-address H-H-H } command on the management
device to switch to member device view to maintain and manage a member device. You
can then execute the cluster switch-to administrator command to resume
the management device view.
51
SNMP Overview
SNMP Mechanism
SNMP CONFIGURATION
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP for short) offers a framework to monitor
network devices through TCP/IP protocol suite. It provides a set of basic operations in
monitoring and maintaining the Internet and has the following characteristics:
SNMP shields network administrators from the physical differences between various
devices and thus provides automatic management of products from different
manufacturers. SNMP only offers the basic set of functions. With SNMP enabled, the
management tasks and the physical features of the managed devices are not affected
by lower layer network protocols. Thus, SNMP achieves effective management of
devices from different manufactures, especially so in small, fast and low cost network
environments.
An SNMP managed network are comprised of Network Management Station (NMS for
short) and Agent.
NMS is a station that runs the SNMP client software. It offers a friendly man-machine
interface, making it easier for network administrators to perform most network
management tasks. Currently, the most commonly used NMS include Quidview, Sun
NetManager, and IBM NetView.
Agent is a device that runs the SNMP server software. It can be a PC, a station, a
normal server, or a router.
NMS manages an SNMP managed network, whereas agents are managed network
devices. They exchange management information through the SNMP protocol.
Get operation: NMS gets the behavior information of Agent through this operation.
Set operation: NMS can reconfigure certain values in the Agent MIB by means of this
set operation to make the Agent perform certain tasks
Trap operation: Agent sends Trap information to the NMS through this operation.
Inform operation: NMS sends Trap information to other NMS through this operation.
482
SNMP Protocol
Version
Currently, 3Com SNMP agents support SNMPv3 and are compatible with SNMPv1 and
SNMPv2c.
SNMPv1 and SNMPv2c perform authentication by means of community name, which
defines the relationship between an SNMP NMS and an SNMP Agent. SNMP packets
with community names that are not acceptable to the device will simply be discarded. A
community name performs a similar role as a key word and can be used to regulate
access from an NMS to the Agent.
SNMPv3 offers an authentication mechanism that is implemented with a User-Based
Security Model (USM for short), which can be authentication with privacy, authentication
without privacy, or no authentication no privacy. USM regulates the access from an NMS
to the Agent in a more efficient way.
Overview
Management Information Base (MIB for short) is a collection of all the objects that can be
managed by NMS. It defines a set of characteristics of the managed objects, such as the
object identifier (OID for short), access right and data type of the objects.
MIB stores data using a tree structure. The node of the tree is the managed object and
can be uniquely identified by a path starting from the root node. As illustrated in the
following figure, the managed object B can be uniquely identified by a string of numbers
{1.2.1.1}. This string of numbers is the OID of the managed object B.
Figure 132 MIB tree
1
2
1
1
1
5
2
2
B
6
Configuring Basic
SNMP Functions
Remarks
system-view
snmp-agent
Optional
Disabled by default
You can enable SNMP Agent
through this command or any
commands that begin with
snmp-agent.
snmp-agent sys-info
{ contact sys-contact |
location sys-location |
version { all | { v1 | v2c
| v3 }* } }
Optional
The defaults are as follows:
3Com Corporation for contact,
Marlborough, MA for location,
v3 for the version.
snmp-agent group v3
Required
group-name [
authentication |
privacy ] [ read-view
read-view ] [ write-view
write-view ] [
notify-view
notify-view ] [ acl
acl-number ]
Add a new user to an SNMP
agent group
snmp-agent packet
max-size byte-count
Optional
snmp-agent
local-engineid
Optional
engineid
Create or update the MIB view
information for an SNMP agent
snmp-agent mib-view
{ included | excluded }
view-name oid-tree [
mask mask-value ]
484
Remarks
system-view
snmp-agent
Optional
Disabled by default
You can enable SNMP Agent
through this command or
any commands that begin
with snmp-agent.
snmp-agent sys-info {
contact sys-contact |
location sys-location |
version { { v1 | v2c | v3 }* |
all } }
Required
The defaults are as follows:
R&D Hangzhou, 3Com
Technologies Co., Ltd. for
contact,
Hangzhou China for
location.
ConfigDirect
ure SNMP configura
NMS
tion
access
right
Configure indirectly
Configur
ea
communi
ty name
snmp-agent community {
read | write }
community-name [ acl
acl-number | mib-view
view-name ]*
Configur
e an
SNMP
group
Add a
new user
to an
SNMP
group
snmp-agent group { v1 |
v2c } group-name [
read-view read-view ] [
write-view write-view ] [
notify-view notify-view ]
[ acl acl-number ]
Required
Both commands can be used
to configure SNMP NMS
access rights. The second
command was introduced
for compatibility with
SNMPv3.
At least one required
snmp-agent usm-user {
v1 | v2c } user-name
group-name [ acl acl-number
]
snmp-agent packet
max-size byte-count
Optional
snmp-agent
Optional
local-engineid engineid Company ID and device ID
by default
Create or update MIB view
information
snmp-agent mib-view {
included | excluded }
view-name oid-tree [ mask
mask-value ]
Optional
ViewDefault by default. NMS
is allowed to access the
nodes below the MIB
subtreee iso, except for
snmpUsmMIB,
snmpVacmMIB, and
snmpModules.18.
Trap Configuration
SNMP Agent sends Trap messages to NMS to alert the latter of some critical and
important events (such as restart of the managed device).
Configuration
Prerequisites
Configuration
Procedure
Remarks
system-view
snmp-agent trap enable
[configuration | flash |
standard [
authentication |
coldstart | linkdown |
linkup | warmstart ]* |
system ]
interface interface-type
Optional
All types of Traps are enabled
by default
interface-number
snmp-agent trap
queue-size size
Optional
100 by default
Optional
120 seconds by default
486
Displaying and
Maintaining SNMP
Display SNMP-agent
system information,
including the contact,
location, and version of
the SNMP
display snmp-agent
statistics
display snmp-agent {
local-engineid |
remote-engineid }
display snmp-agent group [
Remarks
group-name ]
SNMP
Configuration
Example
Network requirements
The NMS is connected with a switch, witch serves as an SNMP agent, through an
Ethernet
On the switch, configure the following: community name, access right, administrator
ID, and contact information, location, and enable Traps Network diagram
Switch
NMS
129.102.149.23/16
Ethernet
129.102.0.1/16
Configuration procedure
1 Configure SNMP Agent
a Configure the community the SNMP Agent group, and SNMP Agent user.
<3Com>system-view
[3Com] snmp-agent
[3Com] snmp-agent
[3Com] snmp-agent
[3Com] snmp-agent
[3Com] snmp-agent
[3Com] snmp-agent
b Specify VLAN interface 2 as the VLAN interface for network management use. Add
the port GigabitEthernet 1/0/3 to VLAN 2. Set the IP address of VLAN 2 interface to
129.102.0.1.
[3Com] vlan 2
[3Com-vlan2] port GigabitGigabitEthernet 1/0/3
[3Com-vlan2] interface Vlan-interface 2
[3Com-Vlan-interface2] ip address 129.102.0.1 255.255.0.0
[3Com-Vlan-interface2] quit
c Configure the ID, contact of the administrator, and the location of the switch.
[3Com] snmp-agent sys-info contact Mr.Wang-Tel:3306
[3Com] snmp-agent sys-info location telephone-closet,3rd-floor
d Enable the device to send Traps to the NMS with an IP address of 129.102.149.23/16,
using public as the community name.
[3Com] snmp-agent trap enable
[3Com] snmp-agent target-host trap address udp-domain 129.102.149.23
udp-port 5000 params securityname public
488
52
RMON CONFIGURATION
RMON Overview
Introduction
If you need to
Go to
RMON Overview
Configure RMON
Configuring RMON
Introduction
RMON Groups
RMON is implemented based on the simple network management protocol (SNMP) and
is fully compatible with the existing SNMP framework. This is beneficial because it needs
no modification to support the latter.
RMON provides an efficient means of monitoring subnets and allows SNMP to monitor
remote network devices in a more proactive and effective way. It reduces traffic between
network management station (NMS) and agent, facilitating large network management.
RMON comprises two parts: NMSs and agents running on network devices.
Each RMON NMS administers the agents within its administrative domain.
Using RMON probes. NMSs can obtain management information from RMON probes
directly and control network resources. In this approach, RMON NMSs can obtain all
RMON MIB information.
490
Embedding RMON agents in network devices such as routers, switches, and hubs to
provide the RMON probe function. RMON NMSs exchange data with SNMP agents
with basic SNMP commands to gather network management information, which, due
to system resources limitation, may not cover all MIB information but four groups of
information, alarm, event, history, and statistics, in most cases.
By using RMON enabled SNMP agents on network monitors, an NMS can obtain
information about traffic size, error statistics, and performance statistics for network
management.
RMON Groups
RMON categorizes objects into groups. This section describes only the major
implemented groups.
Event group
The event group defines event indexes and controls the generation and notifications of
the events triggered by the alarms defined in the alarm group and the private alarm
group. The events can be handled in one of the following ways:
Alarm group
The RMON alarm group monitors specified alarm variables, such as statistics on a port. If
the monitored variable crosses a threshold, an event is triggered. The event is then
handled as defined in the event group.
The following is how the system handles entries in the RMON alarm table:
1 Sample the alarm variables at the specified interval.
2 Compare the sampled values with the predefined threshold and trigger events if all
triggering conditions are met.
If a monitored variable crosses the same threshold multiple times, only the first one can
cause an alarm event.
Compare the result with the defined threshold and generate an appropriate event.
492
Configuring RMON
Configuration
Prerequisites
Before configuring RMON, configure the SNMP agent as described in the SNMP
Configuration part.
Configuration
Procedure
system-view
Create an event entry in the rmon event event-entry [
event table
description string ] { log | trap
trap-community | log-trap
log-trapcommunity | none } [ owner text ]
Enter Ethernet interface view interface interface-type
Remarks
Required
interface-number
Create an entry in the
history table
Optional
alarm-variable sampling-time {
absolute | delta } rising-threshold
threshold-value1 event-entry1
falling-threshold threshold-value2
event-entry2 [ owner text ]
Optional
Required
Optional
Optional
Displaying and
Maintaining RMON
Remarks
[interface-type
interface-number]
Display RMON history
information
[interface-type
interface-number ]
Available in any view
-entry -number ]
[prialarm-entry -number ]
-entry -number ]
Display RMON event log
event-number ]
RMON
Configuration
Network requirements
A monitored switch is connected to a configuration terminal through its console port and
to a remote NMS across the Internet.
Create an entry in the RMON Ethernet statistics table to gather statistics on an Ethernet
port for NMS query.
Network diagram
Figure 134 Network diagram for RMON (on a switch)
NMS
Internet
Agent
Terminal
Console
Console
Portport
Switch
Agent
Switch
Network Port
Network port
494
Configuration procedure
1 Configure RMON to gather statistics for interface GigabitEthernet 1/0/1.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] interface GigabitEthernet 1/0/1
[3Com-GigabitEthernet1/0/1] rmon statistics 1 owner user1-rmon
53
NTP Overview
NTP CONFIGURATION
Defined in RFC 1305, the network time protocol (NTP) synchronizes timekeeping among
distributed time servers and clients. NTP runs over the user datagram protocol (UDP),
using port 123.
The purpose of using NTP is to keep consistent timekeeping among all clock-dependent
devices within the network so that the devices can provide diverse applications based on
the consistent time.
For a local system running NTP, its time can be synchronized by other reference sources
and can be used as a reference source to synchronize other clocks.
Applications of NTP
NTP is used when all devices within the network must be consistent in timekeeping, for
example:
In analysis of the log information and debugging information collected from different
devices in network management, time must be used as reference basis.
All devices must use the same reference clock in a charging system.
To implement certain functions, such as scheduled restart of all devices within the
network, all devices must be consistent in timekeeping.
When multiple systems process a complex event in cooperation, these systems must
use that same reference clock to ensure the correct execution sequence.
For increment backup between a backup server and clients, timekeeping must be
synchronized between the backup server and all the clients.
An administrator can by no means keep synchronized time among all the devices within
a network by changing the system clock on each station, because this is a huge amount
of workload and cannot guarantee the clock precision. NTP, however, allows quick clock
synchronization within the entire network while it ensures a high clock precision.
Advantages of NTP:
NTP uses a stratum to describe the clock precision, and is able to synchronize time
among all devices within the network.
496
Figure 135 shows the basic work flow of NTP. Device 1 and Device 2 are interconnected
over a network. They have their own independent system clocks, which need to be
automatically synchronized through NTP. For an easy understanding, we assume that:
Prior to system clock synchronization between Device 1 and Device 2, the clock of
Device 1 is set to 10:00:00am while that of Device 2 is set to 11:00:00am.
Device 2 is used the NTP time server, namely Device 1 synchronizes its clock to that of
Device 2.
It takes 1 second for an NTP message to travel from one device to the other.
1.
10:00:00
am
10:00:00am
Device 1
Network
Network
NTP
NTPmessage
? ? ?
2.
Device 1
NTPmessage
? ? ?
NTP
Device 2
10:00:00am
10:00:00
am
Network
Network
10:00:00am
10:00:00
am
Device 2
11:00:01am
11:00:01
am
Network
Network
3.
11:00:01am
11:00:01
am
Device 1
11:00:02am
11:00:02
am
Device 2
4.
Device 1
Network
Network
Device 2
When the NTP message leaves Device 2, Device 2 timestamps it. The timestamp is
11:00:02am (T3).
When Device 1 receives the NTP message, the local time of Device 1 is 10:00:03am
(T4).
Up to now, Device has sufficient information to calculate the following two important
parameters:
Time difference between Device 1 and Device 2: Offset = ((T2-T1) + (T3-T4))/2 = 1 hour.
Based on these parameters, Device 1 can synchronize its own clock to the clock of
Device 2.
This is only a brief description of the work mechanism of NTP. For details, refer to
RFC 1305.
NTP Message Format
NTP uses two types of messages, clock synchronization message and NTP control
message. An NTP control message is used in environments where network management
needed. As it is not a must for clock synchronization, it will not be discussed in this
document.
All NTP messages mentioned in this document refer to NTP clock synchronization
messages.
A clock synchronization message is encapsulated in a UDP message, in the format shown
in Figure 136.
Figure 136 Clock synchronization message format
0
LI
7
VN Mode
15
Stratum
31
Poll
Precision
LI: 2-bit leap indicator. When set to 11, it warns of an alarm condition (clock
unsynchronized); when set to any other value, it is not to be processed by NTP.
VN: 3-bit version number, indicating the version of NTP. The latest version is version 3.
Mode: a 3-bit code indicating the work mode of NTP. This field can be set to these
values: 0 reserved; 1 symmetric active; 2 symmetric passive; 3 client; 4 server;
5 broadcast or multicast; 6 NTP control message; 7 reserved for private use.
Stratum: an 8-bit integer indicating the stratum level of the local clock, with the value
ranging 1 to 16. The clock precision decreases from stratum 1 to stratum 16. A
stratum 1 clock has the highest precision, and a stratum 16 clock is not synchronized
and cannot be used as a reference clock.
Poll: 8-bit signed integer indicating the poll interval, namely the maximum interval
between successive messages.
Precision: an 8-bit signed integer indicating the precision of the local clock.
Root Dispersion: the maximum error of the local clock relative to the primary
reference source.
Reference Timestamp: the local time at which the local clock was last set or corrected.
498
Originate Timestamp: the local time at which the request departed the client for the
service host.
Receive Timestamp: the local time at which the request arrived at the service host.
Transmit Timestamp: the local time at which the reply departed the service host for
the client.
A network device can get its clock synchronized in one of the following two ways:
Synchronized to the local clock, which as the reference source. Synchronized to
another device on the network in any of the four NTP operation modes previously
described.
After the 3Com Switch 4500G has been synchronized, it can work in Symmetric peers
mode, Broadcast server mode and Multicast mode. Devices running NTP can
implement clock synchronization in one of the following modes:
Operation Modes of
NTP
Devices running NTP can implement clock synchronization in one of the following
modes:
Server/client mode
When working in the server/client mode, a client sends a clock synchronization message
to servers, with the Mode field in the message set to 3 (client mode). Upon receiving the
message, the servers automatically work in the server mode and send a reply, with the
Mode field in the messages set to 4 (server mode). Upon receiving the replies from the
servers, the client performs clock filtering and selection, and synchronizes its local clock
to that of the optimal reference source.
In this mode, a client can be synchronized to a server, but not vice versa.
Symmetric peers mode
A device working in the symmetric active mode periodically sends clock synchronization
messages, with the Mode field in the message set to 1 (symmetric active); the device that
receives this message automatically enters the symmetric passive mode and sends a reply,
with the Mode field in the message set to 2 (symmetric passive). By exchanging
messages, the symmetric peers mode is established between the two devices. Then, the
two devices can synchronize, or be synchronized by, each other. If the clocks of both
devices have been already synchronized, the device whose local clock has a lower
stratum level will synchronize the clock of the other device.
Broadcast mode
In the broadcast mode, a server periodically sends clock synchronization messages to the
broadcast address 255.255.255.255, with the Mode field in the messages set to 5
(broadcast mode). Clients listen to the broadcast messages from servers. After a client
receives the first broadcast message, the client and the server start to exchange
messages, with the Mode field set to 3 (client mode) and 4 (server mode) to calculate the
network delay between client and the server. Then, the client enters the broadcast client
mode and continues listening to broadcast messages, and synchronizes its local clock
based on the received broadcast messages.
Multicast mode
In the multicast mode, a server periodically sends clock synchronization messages to the
user-configured multicast address, or, if no multicast address is configured, to the default
NTP multicast address 224.0.1.1, with the Mode field in the messages set to 5 (multicast
mode). Clients listen to the multicast messages from servers. After a client receives the
first multicast message, the client and the server start to exchange messages, with the
Mode field set to 3 (client mode) and 4 (server mode) to calculate the network delay
between client and the server. Then, the client enters the multicast client mode and
continues listening to multicast messages, and synchronizes its local clock based on the
received multicast messages.
Configuring the
Operation Modes
of NTP
Server/client mode
Symmetric mode
Broadcast mode
Multicast mode
For the server/client mode or symmetric mode, you need to configure only clients or
symmetric-active peers; for the broadcast or multicast mode, you need to configure both
servers and clients.
A single device can have a maximum of 128 connections at the same time, including
static connections and dynamic connections. A static connection refers to a connection
that a user has manually created by using an NTP command, while a dynamic connection
is a temporary connection created by the system during operation. A dynamic
connection will be removed if the system fails to receive messages from it over a specific
long time. In the server/client mode, for example, when you carry out a command to
synchronize the time to a server, the system will create a static connection, and the server
will just respond passively upon the receipt of a message, rather than creating a
connection (static or dynamic). In the broadcast or multicast mode, static connections
will be created at the server side, and dynamic connections will be created at the client
side.
Configuring NTP
Server/Client Mode
For devices working in the server/client mode, you only need to make configurations on
the clients, and not on the servers.
Follow these steps to configure an NTP client:
Table 345 Configuring NTP Server/Client Mode
To...
system-view
ntp-service unicast-server {
Required
ip-address | server-name } [ version
number | authentication-keyid keyid |
source-interface interface-type
interface-number | priority ] *
Remarks
500
A device can act as a server to synchronize the clock of other devices only after its
clock has been synchronized. If the clock of a server has a stratum level higher than or
equal to that of a clients clock, the client will not synchronize its clock to the servers.
For devices working in the symmetric mode, you only need to make configurations on
the symmetric-active device, and not on symmetric-passive devices.
Following these steps to configure a symmetric-active device:
Table 346 Configuring the NTP Symmetric Mode
To...
Remarks
system-view
Configuring NTP
Broadcast Mode
Required
Typically, at least one of the symmetric-active and symmetric-passive peers has been
synchronized; otherwise the clock synchronization will not proceed.
For devices working in the broadcast mode, you need to configure both the server and
clients. The broadcast server periodically sends NTP broadcast messages to the broadcast
address 255.255.255.255. Because an interface need to be specified on the broadcast
server for sending NTP broadcast messages and an interface also needs to be specified
on each broadcast client for receiving broadcast messages, the NTP broadcast mode can
be configured only in the specific interface view.
Configuring a broadcast client
Follow these steps to configure an NTP broadcast client:
Table 347 Configuring a broadcast client
To...
Remarks
system-view
interface
interface-type
interface-number
ntp-service
broadcast-client
Required
Required
Remarks
system-view
interface interface-type
interface-number
ntp-service
broadcast-server [
authentication-keyid
keyid | version number ]*
Required
Required
A broadcast server can synchronize broadcast clients only after its clock has been
synchronized.
Configuring NTP
Multicast Mode
For devices working in the multicast mode, you need to configure both the server and
clients. The multicast server periodically sends NTP multicast messages to multicast
clients. The NTP multicast mode must be configured in the specific interface view. You
can configure a maximum of 1,024 multicast clients, among which 128 can take effect
at the same time.
Configuring a multicast client
Follow these steps to configure an NTP multicast client:
Table 349 Configuring a multicast client
To...
Remarks
system-view
interface
interface-type
interface-number
Configure the device to work in
the NTP multicast client mode
ntp-service
multicast-client [
Required
Enter the interface used to
receive NTP multicast messages
Required
ip-address ]
Table 350:
To...
Remarks
system-view
interface
interface-type
interface-number
ntp-service
multicast-server [
Required
ip-address ] [
authentication-keyid
keyid | ttl ttl-number |
version number ]*
Required
502
A multicast server can synchronize broadcast clients only after its clock has been
synchronized.
Configuring
Optional
Parameters of NTP
Configuring the
Interface to Send NTP
Messages
Following these steps to configure the interface used to send NTP messages:
Table 351 Configuring the Interface to Send NTP Messages
To...
Remarks
system-view
ntp-service
source-interface
Required
interface-type interface-number
Remarks
system-view
interface
interface-type
interface-number
Disable the interface from
receiving NTP messages
ntp-service
Required
in-interface disable An interface is enabled to receive
NTP messages by default
Configuring the
Allowable Maximum
Number of Dynamic
Sessions
Follow these steps to configure the allowable maximum number of dynamic sessions:
Table 353 Configuring the Allowable Maximum Number of Dynamic Sessions
To...
system-view
ntp-service
Required
max-dynamic-sessions 100 by default
number
Remarks
Configuring
Access-Control
Rights
With the following command, you can configure the NTP service access-control right to
the local device. There are four access-control rights, as follows:
query: control query permitted. This level of right permits the peer device to perform
control query to the NTP service on the local device but does not permit the peer
device to synchronize its clock to the local device. The so-called control query refers
to query of some states of the NTP service, including alarm information,
authentication status, clock source information, and so on.
synchronization: server access only. This level of right permits the peer device to
synchronize its clock to the local device but does not permit the peer device to
perform control query.
server: server access and query permitted. This level of right permits the peer device
to perform synchronization and control query to the local device but does not permit
the local device to synchronize its clock to the peer device.
peer: full access. This level of right permits the peer device to perform
synchronization and control query to the local device and also permits the local device
to synchronize its clock to the peer device.
From the highest NTP service access-control right to the lowest one are peer, server,
synchronization, and query. When a device receives an NTP request, it will perform an
access-control right match and will use the first matched right.
Configuration
Prerequisites
Prior to configuring the NTP service access-control right to the local device, you need to
create and configure an ACL associated with the access-control right.
Configuration
Procedure
Follow these steps to configure the NTP service access-control right to the local device:
Table 354 Configure the NTP Service Access-control
To...
Remarks
system-view
ntp-service access { query |
synchronization | server |
peer } acl-number
Required
peer by default
504
Configuring NTP
Authentication
Configuration
Prerequisites
The NTP authentication feature should be enabled for a system running NTP in a network
where there is a high security demand. This feature enhances the network security by
means of client-server key authentication, which prohibits a client from synchronizing
with a device that has failed authentication.
The configuration NTP authentication involves configuration tasks to be implemented on
the client and on the server.
When configuring the NTP authentication feature, pay attention to the following
principles:
Configuration
Procedure
In the server/client mode, if the NTP authentication feature has not been enabled for
the client, the client can synchronize with the server regardless the NTP authentication
feature has been enabled for the server or not.
For all synchronization modes, when you enable the NTP authentication feature, you
should configure an authentication key and specify it as a trusted key. Namely, the
ntp-service authentication enable command must work together with
the ntp-service authentication-keyid command and the ntp-service
reliable authentication-keyid command.
For all synchronization modes, the server side and the client side must be consistently
configured.
If the NTP authentication is enabled on a client, the client can be synchronized only to
a server that can provide a trusted authentication key.
Remarks
system-view
ntp-service reliable
authentication-keyid keyid
ntp-service unicast-server
{ ip-address | server-name }
authentication-keyid keyid
Symmetric peers mode:
ntp-service unicast-peer {
ip-address | peer-name }
authentication-keyid keyid
Required
No authentication key is
configured to be trusted by
default
Required
After you enable the NTP authentication feature for the client, make sure that you
configure for the client an authentication key that is the same as on the server and
specify that the authentication is trusted; otherwise, the client cannot be
synchronized to the server. For the server/client mode or symmetric mode, you need
to associate the specified authentication key on the client (symmetric-active peer if in
the symmetric peers mode) with the corresponding NTP server (symmetric-passive
peer if in the symmetric peers mode). In these two modes, multiple servers may have
been specified on a client, so the authentication key will be used to determine the
server to which the client is to be synchronized.
For the broadcast server mode or multicast server mode, you need to associate the
specified authentication key on the broadcast server or multicast server with the
corresponding NTP server.
Remarks
system-view
ntp-service
authentication enable
ntp-service
authentication-keyid
Required
keyid
authentication-mode
md5 value
ntp-service reliable
authentication-keyid
keyid
Required
Disabled by default
No NTP authentication key by
default
Required
No authentication key is
configured to be trusted by
default
interface interface-type
interface-number
Required
ntp-service
broadcast-server
authentication-keyid
keyid
Multicast server mode:
ntp-service
multicast-server
authentication-keyid
keyid
506
Displaying and
Maintaining NTP
NTP Configuration
Examples
The 3Com Switch 4500G cannot configure the local clock as a reference source for other
devices.
Configuring NTP
Server/Client Mode
Network requirements
The local clock of Device 1 is to be used as a reference source, with the stratum level of
2. Device 1 is to be used as the NTP server of Device 2, with Device 2 as the client.
Network diagram
Figure 137 Network diagram for NTP server/client mode configuration
VL AN-interface2
1.0.1.11/24
Device1
VL AN-interface2
1.0.1.12/24
Device2
Configuration procedure
1 Configuration on Device 1:
Specify the local clock as the reference source, with the stratum level of 2.
2 Configuration on Device 2:
a View the NTP status of Device 2 before clock synchronization.
<Device2> display ntp-service status
Clock status: unsynchronized
Clock stratum: 16
Reference clock ID: none
Nominal frequence: 100.0000 Hz
Actual frequence: 100.0000 Hz
Clock precision: 2^18
Clock offset: 0.0000 ms
Root delay: 0.00 ms
Root dispersion: 0.00 ms
Peer dispersion: 0.00 ms
Reference time: 00:00:00.000 UTC Jan 1 1900 (00000000.00000000)
d View the NTP session information of Device 2, which shows that an association has
been set up between Device 2 and Device 1.
[Device2] display ntp-service sessions
source
reference
stra reach poll now offset delay disper
************************************************************************
[12345] 1.0.1.11 127.127.1.0
2
63
64
3
-75.5
31.0 16.5
note: 1 source(master),2 source(peer),3 selected,4 candidate,5 configured
Total associations : 1
Network requirements
The local clock of Device 3 is to be configured as a reference source, with the stratum
level of 2. Device 3 is to be used as the NTP server of Device 4, with Device 4 as the
client. At the same time, Device 4 will act as peer of Device 5, Device 5 in the
symmetric-active mode while Device 4 in the symmetric-passive mode.
Network diagram
Figure 138 Network diagram for NTP symmetric peers mode configuration
Device3
VL AN -interface2
3.0.1.31/24
VL AN -interface2
3.0.1.32/24
Device4
VL AN -interface2
3.0.1.33/24
Device5
508
Configuration procedure
1 Configuration on Device 3:
Specify the local clock as the reference source, with the stratum level of 2.
2 Configuration on Device 4:
Specify Device 3 as the NTP server of Device 4.
<Device4> system-view
System View: return to User View with Ctrl+Z.
[Device4] ntp-service unicast-server 3.0.1.31
In the step above, Device 4 and Device 5 are configured as symmetric peers, with Device
5 in the symmetric-active mode and Device 4 in the symmetric-passive mode. Because
the stratus level of Device 5 is 1 while that of Device 4 is 3, Device 4 is synchronized to
Device 5.
5 View the NTP status of Device 4 after clock synchronization.
[Device4] display ntp-service status
Clock status: synchronized
Clock stratum: 2
Reference clock ID: 3.0.1.33
Nominal frequency: 100.0000 Hz
Actual frequency: 100.0000 Hz
Clock precision: 2^18
Clock offset: -21.1982 ms
Root delay: 15.00 ms
Root dispersion: 775.15 ms
Peer dispersion: 34.29 ms
Reference time: 15:22:47.083 UTC Sep 19 2005 (C6D95647.153F7CED)
As shown above, Device 4 has been synchronized to Device 5, and the clock stratum
level of Device 4 is 2, while that of Device 5 is 1.
6 View the NTP session information of Device 4, which shows that an association has been
set up between Device 4 and Device 5.
[Device4] display ntp-service sessions
source
reference
stra reach poll now
offset delay disper
*************************************************************************
[245] 3.0.1.31 127.127.1.0
2
15
64
24
10535.0 19.6
14.5
[12345] 3.0.1.33
LOCL
1
14
64
27
-77.0
16.0
14.8
note: 1 source(master),2 source(peer),3 selected,4 candidate,5 configured
Total associations : 2
Configuring NTP
Broadcast Mode
Network requirements
Device 3s local clock is to be used as a reference source, with the stratum level of 2, and
Device 3 sends out broadcast messages from VLAN interface 2. Device 4 and Device 1
receive broadcast messages through their respective VLAN interface 2.
Network diagram
Figure 139 Network diagram for NTP broadcast mode configuration
VLAN -interface2
3.0.1.31/24
Device3
VLAN -interface2
1.0.1.11/24
Device1
Device0
VLAN -interface2
3.0.1.32/24
Device4
Configuration procedure
1 Configuration on Device 3:
a Specify the local clock as the reference source, with the stratum level of 2.
b Configure Device 3 to work in the broadcast server mode and send broadcast
messages through VLAN interface 2.
[Device3] interface Vlan-interface 2
[Device3-Vlan-interface2] ntp-service broadcast-server
2 Configuration on Device 4:
Configure Device 4 to work in the broadcast client mode and receive broadcast messages
on VLAN interface 2.
<Device4> system-view
System View: return to User View with Ctrl+Z.
[Device4] interface vlan-interface 2
[Device4-Vlan-interface2] ntp-service broadcast-client
3 Configuration on Device 1:
a Configure Device 1 to work in the broadcast client mode and receive broadcast
messages on VLAN interface 2.
<Device1> system-view
System View: return to User View with Ctrl+Z.
[Device1] interface vlan-interface 2
[Device1-Vlan-interface2] ntp-service broadcast-client
Because Device 1 and Device 3 are on different subnets, Device 1 cannot receive the
broadcast messages from Device 3. Device 4 gets synchronized upon receiving a
broadcast message from Device 3.
510
As shown above, Device 4 has been synchronized to Device 3, and the clock stratum
level of Device 4 is 3, while that of Device 3 is 2.
c View the NTP session information of Device 4, which shows that an association has
been set up between Device 4 and Device 3.
[Device4] display ntp-service sessions
source
reference stra reach poll now offset delay disper
*************************************************************************
[1234] 3.0.1.31 127.127.1.0
2
254
64
62
-16.0
32.0
16.6
note: 1 source(master),2 source(peer),3 selected,4 candidate,5 configured
Total associations : 1
Configuring NTP
Multicast Mode
Network requirements
Device 3s local clock is to be used as a reference source, with the stratum level of 2, and
Device 3 sends out multicast messages from VLAN interface 2. Device 4 and Device 1
receive multicast messages through their respective VLAN interface 2.
Network diagram
Figure 140 Network diagram for NTP multicast mode configuration
VLAN -interface2
3.0.1.31/24
Device3
VLAN -interface2
1.0.1.11/24
Device1
Device0
VLAN -interface2
3.0.1.32/24
Device4
Configuration procedure
1 Configuration on Device 3:
a Specify the local clock as the reference source, with the stratum level of 2.
b Set Device 3 to work in the multicast server mode and send multicast messages
through VLAN interface 2.
<Device0> system-view
System View: return to User View with Ctrl+Z.
[Device3] interface Vlan-interface 2
[Device3-Vlan-interface2] ntp-service multicast-server
2 Configuration on Device 4:
a Set Device 4 to work in the multicast client mode and receive multicast messages on
VLAN interface 2.
<Device4> system-view
System View: return to User View with Ctrl+Z.
[Device4] interface vlan-interface 2
[Device4-Vlan-interface2] ntp-service multicast-client
Because Device 4 and Device 3 are on the same subnet, Device 4 can receive the
multicast messages from Device 3 without being IGMP-enabled and can be synchronized
to Device 3.
b View the NTP status of Device 4 after clock synchronization.
[Device4] display ntp-service status
Clock status: synchronized
Clock stratum: 3
Reference clock ID: 3.0.1.31
Nominal frequency: 100.0000 Hz
Actual frequency: 100.0000 Hz
Clock precision: 2^18
Clock offset: 0.0000 ms
Root delay: 31.00 ms
Root dispersion: 8.31 ms
Peer dispersion: 34.30 ms
Reference time: 16:01:51.713 UTC Sep 19 2005 (C6D95F6F.B6872B02)
As shown above, Device 4 has been synchronized to Device 3, and the clock stratum
level of Device 4 is 3, while that of Device 3 is 2.
c View the NTP session information of Device 4, which shows that an association has
been set up between Device 4 and Device 3.
[Device4] display ntp-service sessions
source
reference stra reach poll now offset delay disper
*************************************************************************
[1234] 3.0.1.31 127.127.1.0
2
254
64
62
-16.0
31.0
16.6
note: 1 source(master),2 source(peer),3 selected,4 candidate,5 configured
Total associations : 1
512
3 Configuration on Device 0:
Because Device 1 and Device 3 are on different subnets, you must enable IGMP on
Device 1 and Device 0 before Device 1 can receive multicast messages from Device 3.
Enable IP multicast routing and IGMP.
<Device0> system-view
System View: return to User View with Ctrl+Z.
[Device0] multicast routing-enable
[Device0] interface vlan-interface 2
[Device0-Vlan-interface2] pim dm
[Device0-Vlan-interface2] quit
[Device0] interface vlan-interface 3
[Device0-Vlan-interface3] pim dm
[Device0-Vlan-interface3] igmp enable
4 Configuration on Device 1
a Enable IP multicast routing and IGMP.
<Device1> system-view
System View: return to User View with Ctrl+Z.
[Device1] multicast routing-enable
[Device1] interface vlan-interface 2
[Device1-Vlan-interface2] igmp enable
[Device1-Vlan-interface2] igmp static-group 224.0.1.1
b Configure Device 1 to work in the multicast client mode and receive multicast
messages on VLAN interface 2.
[Device1-Vlan-interface2] ntp-service multicast-client
As shown above, Device 1 has been synchronized to Device 3, and the clock stratum
level of Device 1 is 3, while that of Device 3 is 2.
d View the NTP session information of Device 1, which shows that an association has
been set up between Device 1 and Device 3.
[Device1-Vlan-interface2] display ntp-service sessions
source
reference stra reach poll now offset delay disper
*************************************************************************
[1234] 3.0.1.31 127.127.1.0
2
255
64
26
-16.0
40.0
16.6
note: 1 source(master),2 source(peer),3 selected,4 candidate,5 configured
Total associations : 1
Configuring NTP
Server/Client Mode
with Authentication
Network requirements
The local clock of Device 1 is to be configured as a reference source, with the stratum
level of 2. Device 1 is to be used as the NTP server of Device 2, with Device 2 as the
client. NTP authentication is to be enabled for Device 1 and Device 2 at the same time.
Network diagram
Figure 141 Network diagram for configuration of NTP server/client mode with authentication
VLAN-interface2
VLAN-interface2
1.0.1.11/24
1.0.1.12/24
Device1
Device2
Configuration procedure
1 Configuration on Device 1:
Specify the local clock as the reference source, with the stratum level of 2.
2 Configuration on Device 2:
<Device2> system-view
System View: return to User View with Ctrl+Z.
Before Device 2 can synchronize its clock to that of Device 1, you need to enable NTP
authentication for Device 1.
Perform the following configuration on Device 1:
e Enable NTP authentication.
[Device1] ntp-service authentication enable
514
As shown above, Device 2 has been synchronized to Device 1, and the clock stratum
level of Device 2 is 3, while that of Device 1 is 2.
i View the NTP session information of Device 2, which shows that an association has
been set up Device 2 and Device 1.
[Device2] display ntp-service sessions
source
reference
stra reach poll now offset delay disper
*************************************************************************
[12345] 1.0.1.11 127.127.1.0
2
63
64
3
-75.5
31.0 16.5
note: 1 source(master),2 source(peer),3 selected,4 candidate,5 configured
Total associations : 1
Network requirements
The local clock of Device 3 is to be configured as a reference source, with the stratum
level of 2. Device 3 is to be used as the NTP server of Device 4, with Device 4 as the
client. At the same time, Device 4 will act as peer of Device 5, Device 5 in the
symmetric-active mode while Device 4 in the symmetric-passive mode, with NTP
authentication enabled on every peer.
Network diagram
Figure 142 Network diagram for NTP symmetric peers mode configuration with authentication
Device3
VL AN -interface2
3.0.1.31/24
VL AN -interface2
3.0.1.32/24
Device4
VL AN -interface2
3.0.1.33/24
Device5
Configuration procedure
1 Configuration on Device 3:
a Specify the local clock as the reference source, with the stratum level of 2.
b Configure NTP authentication
<Device3> system-view
System View: return to User View with Ctrl+Z.
2 Configuration on Device 4:
a Specify Device 3 as the NTP server of Device 4.
<Device4> system-view
System View: return to User View with Ctrl+Z.
[Device4] ntp-service unicast-server 3.0.1.31 authentication-keyid 42
In the step above, Device 4 and Device 5 are configured as symmetric peers, with
Device 5 in the symmetric-active mode and Device 4 in the symmetric-passive mode.
Because the stratus level of Device 5 is 1 while that of Device 4 is 3, Device 4 is
synchronized to Device 5.
516
As shown above, Device 4 has been synchronized to Device 5, and the clock stratum
level of Device 4 is 2, while that of Device 5 is 1.
f View the NTP session information of Device 4, which shows that an association has
been set up between Device 4 and Device 5.
[Device4] display ntp-service sessions
source
reference
stra reach poll now
offset delay disper
*************************************************************************
[245] 3.0.1.31 127.127.1.0
2
15
64
24
10535.0 19.6
14.5
[12345] 3.0.1.33
LOCL
1
14
64
27
-77.0
16.0
14.8
note: 1 source(master),2 source(peer),3 selected,4 candidate,5 configured
Total associations : 2
Configuring NTP
Broadcast Mode with
Authentication
Network requirements
Device 3s local clock is to be used as a reference source, with the stratum level of 2, and
Device 3 sends out broadcast messages from VLAN interface 3. Device 4 is to receive
broadcast client through VLAN interface 2, with NTP authentication enabled on both the
server and client.
Network diagram
Figure 143 Network diagram for configuration of NTP broadcast mode with authentication
VLAN -interface2
3.0.1.31/24
Device 3
VLAN -interface2
1.0.1.11/24
Device 1
Device 0
VLAN -interface2
3.0.1.32/24
Device 4
Configuration procedure
1 Configuration on Device 3:
a Specify the local clock as the reference source, with the stratum level of 3.
b Configure NTP authentication
[Device3] ntp-service authentication enable
[Device3] ntp-service authentication-keyid 88 authentication-mode md5
123456
[Device3] ntp-service reliable authentication-keyid 88
2 Configuration on Device 4:
a Configure NTP authentication
<Device4> system-view
System View: return to User View with Ctrl+Z.
[Device4] ntp-service authentication enable
[Device4] ntp-service authentication-keyid 88 authentication-mode md5
123456
[Device4] ntp-service reliable authentication-keyid 88
Now, Device 4 can receive broadcast messages through VLAN interface 2, and Device
3 can send broadcast messages through VLAN interface 2. Upon receiving a
broadcast message from Device 3, Device 4 synchronizes its clock to that of Device 3.
c View the NTP status of Device 4 after clock synchronization.
[Device4] display ntp-service status
Clock status: synchronized
Clock stratum: 4
Reference clock ID: 3.0.1.31
Nominal frequency: 100.0000 Hz
Actual frequency: 100.0000 Hz
Clock precision: 2^18
Clock offset: 0.0000 ms
Root delay: 31.00 ms
Root dispersion: 8.31 ms
Peer dispersion: 34.30 ms
Reference time: 16:01:51.713 UTC Sep 19 2005 (C6D95F6F.B6872B02)
As shown above, Device 4 has been synchronized to Device 4, and the clock stratum
level of Device 4 is 4, while that of Device 3 is 1.
d View the NTP session information of Device 4, which shows that an association has
been set up between Device 4 and Device 3.
[Device4] display ntp-service sessions
source
reference stra reach poll now offset delay disper
*************************************************************************
[1234] 3.0.1.31 127.127.1.0
3
254
64
62
-16.0
32.0
16.6
note: 1 source(master),2 source(peer),3 selected,4 candidate,5 configured
Total associations : 1
518
54
DNS CONFIGURATION
When configuring DNS, go to these sections for information you are interested in:
DNS Overview
DNS Overview
Domain name system (DNS) is a mechanism used for TCP/IP applications such as Telnet to
convert Internet addresses in mnemonic form into the equivalent numeric IP addresses.
There are two types of DNS services, static and dynamic. Each time the DNS Server
receives a name query it checks its static database before using dynamic domain name
resolution. Reduction of the searching time in the dynamic database would increase
efficiency. Some frequently used addresses can be put in the static database.
Dynamic Domain
Name Resolution
The static domain name resolution manually sets up mappings between names and IP
addresses. IP addresses of the corresponding names can be found in the static domain
name resolution database for applications.
Resolving procedure
The 3Com router supports the following dynamic domain name resolution procedures.
The relationships of the user program, DNS Client and DNS Server are shown in
Figure 144.
1 A user program sends a name query to the resolver in the DNS Client.
2 The DNS resolver looks up its cache for a match. If one is found, it sends the
corresponding IP address back. If not, it sends a query to the DNS Server.
3 The DNS Server looks up its database for a match. If no match is found, it sends a query
to its parent DNS Server. If the parent DNS Server does not have the information, it sends
the query to yet another server. This process continues until a result is found, either
successful or fail.
4 The DNS Client performs the next operation according to the result.
520
Request
User program
Resolver
Response
Response
Save
Read
DNS Server
Cache
DNS Client
The resolver and cache comprise the DNS Client. The user program can run on the same
machine as the DNS Client, while the DNS Server and the DNS Client must run on
different machines.
Dynamic domain name resolution allows the DNS Client to store latest mappings
between name and IP address in the dynamic domain name cache. There is no need to
send a request to the DNS Server for the same mapping next time. The aged mappings
are removed from the cache after some time, and latest entries are required from the
DNS Server. The DNS Server decides how long a mapping is valid, and the DNS Client
gets the information from the DNS messages.
DNS suffixes
The DNS Client normally holds a list of suffixes which can be defined by the users. It is
used when the name to be resolved is not complete. The resolver can supply the missing
part. For example, a user can configure com as the suffix for aabbcc.com. The user only
needs to type aabbcc to get the IP address of aabbcc.com. The resolver can add the suffix
and delimiter before passing the name to the DNS Server.
If there is no dot in the domain name, such as aabbcc, the resolver will consider
this as a host name and add the suffix before processing. The original name such as
aabbcc is used if all DNS lookups fail.
If there is a dot in the domain name, such as www.aabbcc, the resolver will use this
domain name to do DNS lookup first before adding any suffix.
If the dot is at the end of the domain name, such as aabbcc.com., the resolver will
consider this as a fully qualified domain name and return the result whether it is a
success or a failure. Hence, the dot (.) is called the terminating symbol.
Currently, the Switch 4500G supports static and dynamic domain name services on the
DNS Client.
Configuring Static
Domain Name
Resolution
Remarks
system-view
Create a hostname to IP ip host hostname
address mapping entry
ip-address
Required
No IP address is assigned to the host
name by default.
The last IP address you assigned to the host name can overwrite the old one if there is
any.
You may create up to 50 entries for the domain name resolution.
Configuring
Dynamic Domain
Name Resolution
Configuration
Procedure
Remarks
system-view
dns resolve
Required
Disabled by default
Required
No IP address is assigned by
default.
No DNS suffix by default
Network requirements
As shown in Figure 145, a router is used as a DNS Client with dynamic domain name
resolution to visit host 1 with IP address 1.1.1.2/16. The DNS Server has IP address
2.1.1.2/16. The DNS suffixes are com and net.
Network diagram
Figure 145 Network diagram for dynamic domain name resolution
2.1.1.2/16
1.1.1.2/16
2.1.1.1/16
D NS Server
1.1.1.1/16
D NS C lient
host1
522
Configuration procedure
Before doing the following configuration, make sure the route between the router and
host 1 is reachable, and configurations are done on both devices. The IP address of each
interface is shown on Figure 145. Make sure the DNS Server works well and has a
mapping between host 1 and IP address 1.1.1.2/16.
1 Enable dynamic domain name resolution.
[3Com] dns resolve
Ping host 1 to verify the configuration and the corresponding IP address should be
1.1.1.2.
Displaying and
Maintaining DNS
Remarks
display ip host
display dns server [
dynamic ]
display dns domain [
dynamic ]
display dns
dynamic-host
Troubleshooting
DNS Configuration
Symptom
Solution
After enabling the dynamic domain name resolution, the user cannot get the IP address
or the IP address is incorrect.
Use the display dns dynamic-host command to check that the specified
domain name is in the cache.
If there is no defined domain name, check that dynamic domain name resolution is
enabled and the DNS Client can communicate with the DNS Server.
If the specified domain name is in the cache, but the IP address is wrong, make sure
the DNS Client has the correct IP address of the DNS Server.
55
INFORMATION CENTER
Information Center
Overview
Introduction to
Information Center
Acting as the system information hub, information center classifies and manages system
information. Together with the debugging functionality, information center offers a
powerful support to the network administrators and developers in monitoring network
performance and diagnosing network problems.
System Information
Format
The closing set of angel brackets, the space, the forward slash, and the colon are all
required in the above format.
Below is the format of log information to be output to a log host:
<188>Sep 28 15:33:46:235 2005 3Com SHELL/5/LOGIN: Console login from con0
524
Note that there is a forward slash between the module and level (severity) fields.
Level (Severity)
System information falls into three categories: log information, debug information, and
trap information. Each kind of information can be further divided into eight levels based
on its severity, as detailed in Table 361. Note that the smaller the severity value, the
higher the severity.
Table 361 Severity Description
Severity
Severity Value
Description
emergencies
alerts
critical
Critical errors
errors
warnings
notifications
informational
Normal prompts
debugging
Debugging prompts
Information filtering by severity works this way: information with severity value greater
than the configured threshold will not be output during the filtering.
If the threshold is set to 1, only information with the severity being emergencies will
be output;
Note that there is a forward slash between the level (severity) and digest fields.
Digest
The digest field is a string of up to 32 characters, outlining the system information.
Note that there is a colon between the digest and content fields.
Content
This field provides the content of the system information.
Configuring
Information Center
Supports information output to the console, the monitor, the log host, the trap
buffer, the log buffer, and the SNMP agent. A default channel is allocated to each
individual output direction, as illustrated in Table 362.
System information is classified into eight categories according to severity and filtered
by severity;
Console
console
Monitor terminal
monitor
Log host
loghost
Trap buffer
trapbuffer
Log buffer
logbuffer
SNMP NMS
snmpagent
Configurations for the seven output directions function independently and take effect
only after the information center has been enabled.
Configuring to
Output System
Information to the
Console
Remarks
system-view
info-center enable
info-center channel
channel-number name
Optional
Enabled by default
channel-name
Configure the channel through
which system information can
be output to the console
Configure the source of the
output information
info-center console
channel {
channel-number |
channel-name }
info-center source {
modu-name | default }
channel {
Optional
Refer to Table 362 for default
channel names
Optional
System information is output to
the console by default with
channel 0 as the default channel
Required
channel-number |
channel-name } [ debug {
level severity | state
state }* | log { level
severity | state state }*
| trap { level severity |
state state }* ]*
Configure the format of the time info-center
stamp
timestamp { log | trap |
debugging } { boot |
date | none }
Optional
By default, the time stamp for
log and trap information is
date whereas that for debug
information is boot.
526
Configuring to
Output System
Information to a
Monitor Terminal
Remarks
Optional
terminal debugging
Optional
terminal logging
terminal trapping
Enabled by default
Disabled by default
Optional
Enabled by default
Optional
Enabled by default
System information can also be output to a monitor terminal, which is a user terminal
that has login connections through the AUX, VTY, or TTY user interface.
Configuring to output system information to a monitor terminal
Table 365 Configure to output system information to a monitor terminal
To do
system-view
Enable information center info-center enable
Remarks
Optional
Enabled by default
info-center channel
channel-number name
channel-name
Optional
Refer to Table 362 for
default channel names
Optional
Required
info-center source {
modu-name | default } channel {
channel-number | channel-name }
[ debug { level severity | state
state }* | log { level severity |
state state }* | trap { level
severity | state state }* ]*
Configure the format of
the time stamp
Remarks
terminal monitor
Required
terminal debugging
terminal logging
Disabled by default
Disabled by default
Configuring to
Output System
Information to a Log
Host
Optional
Optional
Enabled by default
Optional
Enabled by default
Remarks
system-view
info-center enable
info-center channel
channel-number name
Optional
Enabled by default
channel-name
Specify a log host and
configure the channel
through which system
information can be output to
the log host
Optional
Refer to Table 362 for
default channel names
info-center loghost
host-ip [ channel {
Required
Required
info-center source {
Required
modu-name | default } channel
{ channel-number | channel-name
} [ debug { level severity |
state state }* | log { level
severity | state state }* | trap
{ level severity | state state
}* ]*
Optional
The year information is
included by default
528
Configuring to
Output System
Information to the
Trap Buffer
Remarks
system-view
info-center enable
Optional
Enabled by default
info-center channel
channel-number name
channel-name
info-center
trapbuffer [ size
buffersize | channel {
channel-number |
channel-name } ]*
Optional
Refer to Table 362 for default
channel names
Optional
System information is output to
the trap buffer by default with
channel 3 (known as trapbuffer)
as the default channel and a
default buffer size of 256
Configuring to
Output System
Information to the
Log Buffer
Optional
By default, the time stamp for
log and trap information is
date whereas that for debug
information is boot.
Remarks
system-view
info-center enable
Optional
Enabled by default
info-center channel
channel-number name
channel-name
Optional
Refer to Table 362 for default
channel names
Table 369 Configure to output system information to the log buffer (continued)
To do
Remarks
info-center
logbuffer [ channel {
Optional
channel-number |
channel-name } | size
buffersize ]*
info-center source {
modu-name | default }
channel {
channel-number |
channel-name } [ debug {
level severity | state
state }* | log { level
severity | state state }*
| trap { level severity |
state state }* ]*
Configure the format of the
timestamp
Configuring to
Output System
Information to the
SNMP NMS
info-center
timestamp { log | trap |
debugging } { boot |
date | none }
Optional
By default, the time stamp for
log and trap information is
date whereas that for debug
information is boot.
Remarks
system-view
info-center enable
info-center channel
channel-number name
Optional
Enabled by default
channel-name
Configure the channel through
which system information can
be output to the SNMP NMS
info-center snmp
channel {
info-center source {
modu-name | default }
channel {
channel-number |
channel-name }
Optional
Refer to Table 362 for default
channel names
Optional
System information is output to
the SNMP NMS by default with
channel 5 (known as
snmpagent) as the default
channel
Required
channel-number |
channel-name } [ debug {
level severity | state
state }* | log { level
severity | state state }*
| trap { level severity |
state state }* ]*
Configure the format of the
timestamp
info-center
timestamp { log | trap |
debugging } { boot |
date | none }
Optional
By default, the time stamp for
log and trap information is
date whereas that for debug
information is boot.
530
To ensure that system information can be output to the SNMP NMS, you need to make
the necessary configurations on the SNMP agent and the NMS. For detailed information
on SNMP&RMON, refer to SNMP Configuration.
Configuring
Synchronous
Information Output
Synchronous information output refers to the feature that if the users input is
interrupted by system output such as log, trap, or debug information, then after the
completion of system output the system will display a command line prompt (in
command editing mode a prompt, or a [Y/N] string in interaction mode) and the users
input so far.
This command is intended for the scenarios when the users input is interrupted by a
large amount of system output. With this feature enabled, the user can continue their
operations from where they were stopped.
Table 371 Configuring Synchronous Information Output
To do
Remarks
system-view
info-center synchronous
Enable synchronous
information output
Displaying and
Maintaining
Information Center
Required
Disabled by default
If no information is input from the user following the current command line prompt,
the system will not display any command line prompt after system information
output.
In the interaction mode, the user is prompted for some information input. If the input
is interrupted by system output, no system prompt will be made, rather only the
users input will be displayed in a new line.
Display channel
information for a
specified channel
Display the
configurations for all
information channels
except channel 6 to 8.
display info-center
Display a summary of
the log buffer
Display the state of the
trap buffer and the trap
information recorded
Remarks
| channel-name ]
buffersize ]
reset logbuffer
reset trapbuffer
Information Center
Configuration
Example
Configuration
Example 1
Outputting Log
Information to a Unix
Log Host
Network requirements
Log information with severity higher than informational will be output to the log
host;
The log information is in English and the source modules are ARP and CMD.
Network diagram
Figure 146 Network diagram for outputting log information to a Unix log host
Network
1.1.0.1/16
1.2.0.1/16
Switch
PC
Configuration Procedure
1 Configuring the device
a Enable information center.
<3Com> system-view
System View: return to User View with Ctrl+Z.
[3Com] info-center enable
% Information center is enabled
b Specify the channel to output log information to the log host (loghost by default,
optional).
[3Com] info-center loghost 1.2.0.1 channel loghost
c Disable the output of log, trap, and debug information of all modules to the log host.
[3Com]info-center source default channel loghost debug state off log
state off trap state off
CAUTION: As the default system configurations for different channels vary, ensure that
the outputting of log, trap, and debug information for the specified channel (loghost in
this example) of all modules is disabled before the system information can be output to
meet the current network requirements.
Use the display channel command to display the state of a channel.
532
d Set the host with an IP address of 1.2.0.1/16 to be the log host, set the severity to
informational, the output language to English, and the source modules to ARP and
CMD.
[3Com] info-center loghost 1.2.0.1 facility local4 language english
[3Com] info-center source arp channel loghost log level informational
[3Com] info-center source cmd channel loghost log level informational
b Edit the file /etc/syslog.conf as a root user and add the following selector/action pair.
# 3Com configuration messages
local4.info
/var/log/3Com/information
Comments must be on a separate line and must begin with the # sign.
The selector/action pair must be separated with a tab key, rather than a space.
The device name and the accepted severity of log information specified by the
/etc/syslog.conf file must match those on the device using the info-center
loghost host-ip [ channel { channel-number | channel-name } | facility
local-number | language { chinese | english } ]*command, otherwise the
log information may not be output properly to the log host.
c after the log file information has been created and the configuration file
/etc/syslog.conf has been modified, ensure that the configuration file /etc/syslog.conf
is reread:
# ps -ae | grep syslogd
147
# kill -HUP 147
# syslogd -r &
After the above configurations, the system will be able to keep log information in the
related file.
Configuration
Example 2
Outputting Log
Information to a
Linux Log Host
Network requirements
Send log information to a Linux log host; the log host has an IP address of 1.2.0.1/16;
Log information with severity higher than informational will be output to the log
host;
The log information is in English and all modules can output information.
Network diagram
Figure 147 Network diagram for outputting log information to a Linux log host
Network
1.1.0.1/16
1.2.0.1/16
Switch
PC
Configuration Procedure
1 Configuring the device
a Enable information center.
<3Com> system-view
System View: return to User View with Ctrl+Z.
[3Com] info-center enable
% Information center is enabled
b Specify the channel to output log information to the log host (optional, loghost by
default).
[3Com] info-center loghost 1.2.0.1 channel loghost
c Disable the output of log, trap, and debug information of all modules to the log host.
[3Com] info-center source default channel loghost debug state off log
state off trap state off
CAUTION: As the default system configurations for different channels vary, ensure that
the output of log, trap, and debug information for the specified channel (loghost in this
example) of all modules is disabled before the system information can be output to meet
the current network requirements.
Use the display channel command to display the state of a channel.
d Set the host with an IP address of 1.2.0.1/16 to be the log host, set the severity to
informational, the output language to English, and the source modules to be all
modules.
[3Com] info-center loghost 1.2.0.1 facility local7 language english
[3Com] info-center source default channel loghost log level
informational
b Edit the file /etc/syslog.conf as a root user and add the following selector/action pair.
# 3Com configuration messages
local7.info
/var/log/3Com/information
534
Comments must be on a separate line and must begin with the # sign.
The selector/action pair must be separated with a tab key, rather than a space.
The facility name and the accepted severity of the log information specified by the
/etc/syslog.conf file must match those on the device using the info-center
loghost host-ip [ channel { channel-number | channel-name }| facility
local-number | language { chinese | english } ]* command, otherwise the log
information may not be output properly to the log host.
c after the log file information has been created and the /etc/syslog.conf file has been
modified, issue the following commands to display the process ID of syslogd,
terminate a syslogd process, and to restart syslogd using the r option.
# ps -ae | grep syslogd
147
# kill -9 147
# syslogd -r &
Ensure that the syslogd process is started with the r option on a Linux log host.
After the above configurations, system will be able to keep log information in the related
file.
Configuration
Example 3
Outputting Log
Information to the
Console
Network requirements
Log information with a severity higher than informational will be output to the
console;
Network diagram
Figure 148 Network diagram for sending log information to the console
console
PC
Switch
Configuration Procedure
1 Enable information center.
<3Com> system-view
System View: return to User View with Ctrl+Z.
[3Com] info-center enable
% Information center is enabled
2 Specify the channel to output log information to the console (optional, console by
default).
[3Com] info-center console channel console
3 Disable the output of log, trap, and debug information of all modules to the log host.
[3Com] info-center source default channel console debug state off log
state off trap state off
CAUTION: As the default system configurations for different channels vary, ensure that
the output of log, trap, and debug information for the specified channel (console in this
example) of all modules is disabled before the system information can be output to meet
the current network requirements.
Use the display channel command to display the state of a channel.
4 Enable system information output for the ARP and CMD modules, with information
severity ranging from emergencies to informational.
[3Com] info-center source ARP channel console log level informational
[3Com] info-center source cmd channel console log level informational
[3Com] quit
536
56
NQA CONFIGURATION
When configuring Network Quality Analyzer (NQA), go to these sections for information
you are interested in:
NQA Overview
Introduction to NQA
NQA Overview
Introduction to NQA
Ping can use only the Internet control message protocol (ICMP) to test the reachability of
the destination host and the round-trip time of a packet to the destination. NQA is an
enhanced Ping tool used for testing the performance of protocols running on networks.
Besides the Ping functions, NQA can provide the following functions:
Detecting the availability and the response time of DHCP, FTP, HTTP, and SNMP
services.
Different from Ping, NQA does not display the round-trip time or time-out time of each
packet on the console terminal in a realtime way. In this case, you have to carry out the
display nqa results command to view NQA test results. In addition, NQA can help
you to set parameters for various tests and start these tests through the network
management system (NMS).
NQA Server and NQA
Client
In most NQA test systems, you only need to configure an NQA client. However, when
you perform a TCP, UDP, or jitter test, you need to configure an NQA server.Figure 149
shows the relationship between an NQA client and an NQA server.
Figure 149 Relationship between NQA client and NQA server
IP Networ k
Switch A
NQA Client
Sw itch B
NQA Server
538
The NQA server listens to test requests originated by the NQA client and makes a
response to these requests. The NQA server can respond to requests originated by the
NQA client only when the NQA server is enabled and the corresponding destination
address and port number are configured on the server. The IP address and port number
specified for a listening service on the server must be consistent with those on the client.
You can create multiple TCP or UDP listening services on the NQA server, with each
listening service corresponding to a specified destination address and port number.
NQA Test Operation
NQA can test multiple protocols. A test group must be created for each type of NQA test.
Each test group can be related to only one type of NQA test. Each test group has an
administrator name and an operation tag. The administrator name and the operation tag
uniquely identify a test group.
After you create a test group and enter test group view, you can configure related test
parameters. Test parameters vary with the test type. For details, see the configuration
procedure below.
For optional parameters common to different types of tests, refer to Configuring
Optional Parameters for NQA Tests .
To perform an HW test successfully, proceed as follows:
1 Enable the NQA client.
2 Create a test group and configure test parameters according to the test type.
3 Perform the NQA test through the related enable command.
4 View the test results through the related display or debugging command.
After you enable the NQA client, you can create multiple test groups to perform tests. In
this way, you do not need to enable the NQA client repeatedly.
Configuring NQA
Tests
You need to configure the NQA server only for jitter, TCP-Private, TCP-Public,
UDP-Private, and UDP-Public tests.
You are recommended not to use a known port for NQA Jitter/UDP/TCP test.
Otherwise, NQA probe may fail or the service paired with the known port may
become unavailable.
The ICMP test is mainly used to test whether packets from an NQA client can reach a
specified destination and test the round-trip time of packets.
Configuration procedure
Follow these steps to configure the ICMP test:
Table 373 Configuring the ICMP Test
To...
Remarks
system-view
nqa-agent enable
nqa admin-name
Required
operation-tag
Optional
ICMP by default.
Configure a destination
address
destination-ip
Required
ip-address
Optional
datafill text
Optional
source-interface
Optional
interface-type
interface-number
56 bytes by default.
No string of fill characters by default.
Required
test-enable
display nqa results [ Required
admin-name
operation-tag ]
Optional
Configuration example
1 Network requirements
Use the NQA ICMP function to test whether packets from the NQA client (SwitchA) can
reach the specified destination (SwitchB) and test the round-trip time of packets.
540
SwitchB serves as the object that is to be pinged from SwitchA and the IP address is
10.2.2.2/16.
2 Network diagram
Figure 150 Network diagram for the ICMP test
10.1.1.1/16
IP Netw ork
Switch A
NQA Client
10.2.2.2/16
S witchB
3 Configuration procedure
Perform the following configurations on SwitchA:
a Enable the NQA client, create an ICMP test group, and configure related test
parameters.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] nqa-agent enable
[3Com] nqa admin icmp
[3Com-nqa-admin-icmp] test-type icmp
[3Com-nqa-admin-icmp] destination-ip 10.2.2.2
The DHCP test is mainly used to test the existence of a DHCP server on the network as
well as the time necessary for the DHCP server to respond to a client request and assign
an IP address to the client.
Configuration prerequisites
The specified source interface in the source-interface command must be up, that is
to say, an IP address is configured for the source interface. The IP address can be
configured manually or obtained dynamically.
Before the DHCP test, you need to perform some configurations on the DHCP server. For
example, you need to enable the DHCP service and configure an address pool. If the
NQA (DHCP) client and DHCP server are in different network segments, you need
configure DHCP relay also. For detailed configurations, refer to DHCP Operation.
Configuration procedure
Follow these steps to configure the DHCP test:
Table 374 Configuring the DHCP Test
To...
Remarks
system-view
nqa-agent enable
Create an NQA test group nqa admin-name operation-tag
Required
Required
Required
Required
Configure common
optional parameters
Optional
test-enable
display nqa results [
Required
Required
admin-name operation-tag ]
Configuration example
1 Network requirements
Configure SwitchB as a DHCP server and use the NQA DHCP function to test the time
necessary for SwitchA to obtain an IP address from SwtichB.
2 Network diagram
Figure 151 Network diagram for the DHCP test
vlan3
10.1.1.1/16
IP Network
Switch
SwitchA
NQA Client
10.2.2.2/16
SwitchB
DHCP Ser ver
3 Configuration procedure
Perform the following configurations on SwitchA:
a Enable the NQA client, create a DHCP test group, and configure related test
parameters.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] nqa-agent enable
[3Com] nqa admin dhcp
[3Com-nqa-admin-dhcp] test-type dhcp
[3Com-nqa-admin-dhcp] source-interface Vlan-interface 3
542
The FTP test is mainly used to test the connection with a specified FTP server and the time
necessary for the FTP client to transfer a file to the FTP server.
Configuration prerequisites
Before the FTP test, you need to perform some configurations on the FTP server. For
example, you need to configure the username and password used to log in to the FTP
server. For the FTP server configurations.
Configuration procedure
Follow these steps to configure the FTP test:
Table 375 Configuring the FTP Test
To...
Remarks
system-view
nqa-agent enable
Create an NQA test group nqa admin-name
Required
Required
test-type ftp
destination-ip
Required
ip-address
source-ip ip-address
Required
ftp-operation { get |
put }
Optional
Configure a login
username
username name
Required
Configure a login
password
password password
Required
Specify a file to be
transferred between the
FPT server and the FTP
client.
filename file-name
Required
Configure common
optional parameters
Optional
Required
test-enable
display nqa results Required
Configure a destination
address
Required
[ admin-name
operation-tag ]
get by default
Transfer a small file for the FTP test. If the file is too large, the test may fail because of time-out.
When you perform a put operation, a file-name file with a fixed size and contents will be created on
the FTP server, but the uploaded file will not be saved.
When you perform a get operation, the file obtained from the FTP server will not be saved on the
device, either. If there is no such file-name file on the FTP server, the FTP test will fail.
Configuration example
1 Network requirements
Use the NQA FTP function to test the connection with a specified FTP server and the time
necessary for the FTP client to upload a file to the FTP server. The login username is
admin, the login password is nqa, and the file to be transferred to the FTP server is
config.txt.
2 Network diagram
Figure 152 Network diagram for the FTP test
1 0 .1 . 1. 1 /1 6
IP N etw o rk
S witc h A
N Q A C lie n t
1 0 .2 .2 .2 /1 6
S w it c h B
F TP Se r v er
3 Configuration procedure
a Enable the NQA client, create an FTP test group, and configure related test
parameters.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] nqa-agent enable
[3Com] nqa admin ftp
[3Com-nqa-admin-ftp] test-type ftp
[3Com-nqa-admin-ftp] destination-ip 10.2.2.2
[3Com-nqa-admin-ftp] source-ip 10.1.1.1
[3Com-nqa-admin-ftp] ftp-operation put
[3Com-nqa-admin-ftp] username admin
[3Com-nqa-admin-ftp] password nqa
[3Com-nqa-admin-ftp] filename config.txt
544
The HTTP test is mainly used to test the connection with a specified HTTP server and the
time required to obtain data from the HTTP server.
Configuration procedure
Follow these steps to configure the HTTP test:
Table 376 Configuring the HTTP Test
To...
Remarks
system-view
nqa-agent enable
nqa admin-name
Required
Required
operation-tag
Required
test-type http
destination-ip ip-address Required
Equivalent to a destination
address in the Ping command.
Here it is the IP address of the
HTTP server.
http-operation { get |
post }
Configure an HTTP
operation string
Configure common
optional parameters
Optional
test-enable
display nqa results
Required
[ admin-name operation-tag ]
Optional
get by default
Required
You can carry out the command
in any view.
Configuration example
1 Network requirements
Use the HTTP function to test the connection with a specified HTTP server and the time
required to obtain data from the HTTP server.
2 Network diagram
Figure 153 Network diagram for the HTTP test
10.1.1.1/16
Switch A
NQA Client
IP Network
10.2.2.2/16
SwitchB
HTTP Server
3 Configuration procedure
Perform the following configurations on SwtichA:
a Enable the NQA client, create an HTTP test group, and configure related test
parameters.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] nqa-agent enable
[3Com] nqa admin http
[3Com-nqa-admin-http] test-type http
[3Com-nqa-admin-http] destination-ip 10.2.2.2
[3Com-nqa-admin-http] http-operation get
[3Com-nqa-admin-http] http-string /index.htm HTTP/1.0
546
Configuration procedure
1 Configure the NQA server.
Follow these steps to configure the NQA server for a jitter test:
Table 377 Configuring the Jitter Test
To...
Remarks
system-view
nqa-server enable
Required
Disabled by default
nqa-server udpecho
Required
ip-address port-number
Remarks
system-view
nqa-agent enable
nqa admin-name
Required
Required
operation-tag
test-type jitter
destination-ip
Required
ip-address
Configure a destination
port
destination-port
Required
port-number
jitter-packetnum
Optional
number
10 by default.
jitter-interval
Optional
interval
20 ms by default.
Configure common
optional parameters
Optional
Configure a destination
address
Required
Remarks
test-enable
display nqa results [
Required
Optional
admin-name operation-tag
]
Required
admin-name operation-tag
You can carry out the command in
]
any view.
The number of probes made in a jitter test depends on the count command, while the
number of test packets sent in each probe depends on the jitter-packetnum
command.
Configuration example
1 Network requirements
Use the NQA jitter function to test the delay jitter of packet transmission between the
local port (SwitchA) and the specified destination port (SwitchB).
2 Network diagram
Figure 154 Network diagram for the jitter test
10.1.1.1/16
IP Network
10.2.2.2/16
Switch A
NQA Client
SwitchB
NQA Server
b Enable the NQA client, create a jitter test group, and configure related test
parameters.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] nqa-agent enable
[3Com] nqa admin jitter
[3Com-nqa-admin-jitter] test-type jitter
[3Com-nqa-admin-jitter] destination-ip 10.2.2.2
[3Com-nqa-admin-jitter] destination-port 9000
548
Configuring SNMP
Query Test
The SNMP query test is mainly used to test the time the NQA client takes to send an
SNMP query packet to the SNMP agent and then receive a response packet.
Configuration prerequisites
The SNMP agent function must be enabled on the device serving as an SNMP agent.
Configuration procedure
Follow these steps to configure the SNMP query test:
Table 379 Configuring SNMP Query Test
To...
Remarks
system-view
nqa-agent enable
nqa admin-name operation-tag
Required
Required
Required
Configure a destination
address
destination-ip ip-address
Required
Configure common
optional parameters
test-enable
display nqa results [
Equivalent to a destination
address in the Ping command.
Required
Required
admin-name operation-tag ]
Configuration example
1 Network requirements
Use the NQA SNMP query function to test the time it takes SwitchA to send an SNMP
query packet to SwitchB and receive a response packet.
2 Network diagram
Figure 155 Network diagram for the SNMP query test
I P Net work
10. 2.2.2 /16
S w itc hB
S N M P A g en t
3 Configuration procedure
Perform the following configurations on SwitchB which serves as the SNMP agent.
a Enable the SNMP agent service and set the SNMP version to V2C, the read community
to public, and the community write to private.
<3Com>
[3Com]
[3Com]
[3Com]
system-view
snmp-agent sys-info version v2c
snmp-agent community read public
snmp-agent community write private
The SNMP must be enabled on the device specified by the destination address.
Otherwise, no response packet will be received.
In this example, the configuration is based on the SNMP V2C. If the SNMP of other
versions is enabled, the configuration may be different. For details, refer to SNMP
&RMON Operation.
b Enable the NQA client, create an SNMP query test group, and configure related test
parameters.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] nqa-agent enable
[3Com] nqa admin snmp
[3Com-nqa-admin-snmp] test-type snmpquery
[3Com-nqa-admin-snmp] destination-ip 10.2.2.2
For the TCP-Public test, a connection setup request is permanently initiated to TCP
port 7 of the destination address, no destination port needs to be configured on the
client, but TCP port 7 used for listening needs to be configured on the server. Even if
a port is configured on the client, the port does not take effect.
For the TCP-Private test, a connection setup request is initiated to the specified port of
the destination address.
550
Configuration procedure
1 Configure the NQA server.
Follow these steps to configure the NQA server for the TCP test:
Table 380 Configuring the TCP Test
To...
Remarks
system-view
nqa-server enable
Required
Disabled by default
nqa-server
tcpconnect ip-address
port-number
Required
The listening IP address and port
number must be the same as the
destination IP address and port on
the NQA client. If the test type is
TCP-Public, the port number must be
set to 7.
Remarks
system-view
nqa-agent enable
nqa admin-name
Required
Required
operation-tag
Optional
Required
test-enable
display nqa results [
admin-name operation-tag ]
Required
You can carry out the command in
any view.
Configuration example
1 Network requirements
Use the NQA TCP-Private function to test the setup time for the TCP connection between
the local port (SwitchA) and the specified destination port (SwitchB). The port number
used is 9000.
2 Network diagram
Figure 156 Network diagram for the TCP-Private test
10.1.1.1/16
IP Network
10.2.2.2/16
Switch A
NQA Client
SwitchB
NQA Server
3 Configuration procedure
Configure SwitchB.
a Enable the NQA server and configure the listening IP address and port number.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] nqa-server enable
[3Com] nqa-server tcpconnect 10.2.2.2 9000
Configure SwitchA.
b Enable the NQA client, create a TCP test group, and configure related test parameters.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] nqa-agent enable
[3Com] nqa admin tcpprivate
[3Com-nqa-admin-tcpprivate] test-type tcpprivate
[3Com-nqa-admin-tcpprivate] destination-ip 10.2.2.2
[3Com-nqa-admin-tcpprivate] destination-port 9000
552
For the UDP-Public test, a connection setup request is permanently initiated to UDP
port 7 of a destination address, no port needs to be configured on the client, but port
7 for listening needs to be configured on the server. Even if a port is configured on
the client, the port does not take effect.
For the UDP-Private test, a connection setup request is initiated to the specified port
of the destination address.
Configuration procedure
1 Configure the NQA server.
Follow these steps to configure the NQA server for the UDP test:
Table 382 Configuring the UDP Test
To...
Remarks
system-view
nqa-server enable
Required
Disabled by default
nqa-server udpecho
Required
ip-address port-number
Remarks
system-view
nqa-agent enable
nqa admin-name
Required
Required
operation-tag
Required
Configure a destination
address
Configure a destination
port
destination-port
datasize size
datafill text
Configure common
optional parameters
Optional
test-enable
display nqa results [
Required
port-number
Optional
100 bytes by default.
Optional
No string of fill characters by
default.
admin-name operation-tag ]
Required
You can carry out the command in
any view.
Configuration example
1 Network requirements
Use the NQA UDP-Private function to test the setup time for the UDP connection
between the local port (SwitchA) and the specified destination port (SwitchB). The port
number used is 8000.
2 Network diagram
Figure 157 Network diagram for the UDP-Private test
1 0.1.1.1/16
S witch A
NQ A Client
IP Network
1 0.2.2.2/16
S witchB
NQA Serve r
554
3 Configuration procedure
Configure SwitchB.
a Enable the NQA server and configure the listening IP address and port number.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] nqa-server enable
[3Com] nqa-server udpecho 10.2.2.2 8000
Configure SwitchA.
b Enable the NQA client, create a UDP test group, and configure related test
parameters.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] nqa-agent enable
[3Com] nqa admin udpprivate
[3Com-nqa-admin-udpprivate] test-type udpprivate
[3Com-nqa-admin-udpprivate] destination-ip 10.2.2.2
[3Com-nqa-admin-udpprivate] destination-port 8000
Configuring the
DLSw Test
The DLSw test is mainly used to test the response time of the DLSw device.
Configuration prerequisites
Before the DLSw test, a TCP connection can be set up between the NQA client and the
specified device and the DLSw function must be enabled on the specified device.
Configuration procedure
Follow these steps to configure the DLSw test:
Table 384 Configuring the DLSw Test
To...
Remarks
system-view
nqa-agent enable
nqa admin-name
Required
Required
operation-tag
Required
Configure a destination
address
destination-ip
Required
ip-address
Configure common
optional parameters
Optional
test-enable
display nqa results [
Required
admin-name operation-tag ]
Required
You can carry out the command in
any view.
Configuration example
1 Network requirements
Use the NQA DLSw function to test the response time of the DLSw device.
2 Network diagram
Figure 158 Network diagram for the DLSw test
10.1.1.1/1 6
IP Netwo rk
10.2.2.2/16
S wit chB
DL Sw
S witch A
NQ A C lient
3 Configuration procedure
a Enable the NQA client, create a DLSw test group, and configure related test
parameters.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] nqa-agent enable
[3Com] nqa admin dlsw
[3Com-nqa-admin-dlsw] test-type dlsw
[3Com-nqa-admin-dlsw] destination-ip 10.2.2.2
Configuring
Optional
Parameters for NQA
Tests
Unless otherwise specified, the following parameters are applicable to all test types and
they can be configured according to the actual conditions. Optional parameters common
to NQA are valid for all NQA tests, while those common to an NQA test group are valid
only for tests in this test group.
This section covers these topics:
Configuring Optional
Parameters Common
to NQA
Configuring Trap
Remarks
system-view
nqa-agent
max-requests number
Optional
5 by default
556
Configuring Optional
Parameters Common
to an NQA Test Group
Follow these steps to configure the optional parameters common to an NQA test group:
Table 386 Configuring Optional Parameters Common to an NQA Test Group
To...
system-view
Enter NQA test group view nqa admin-name
Remarks
Required
operation-tag
Configure a descriptive
string for a test group
description text
frequency interval
Optional
No descriptive string by default.
Optional
0 seconds by default. That is, the test
isnt cycled.
This command is invalid for the DHCP
test.
count times
Optional
timeout time
history-records
Optional
number
ttl number
Optional
20 by default.
This command is invalid for the DHCP
test.
Optional
0 by default.
This command is invalid for the DHCP
test.
Table 386 Configuring Optional Parameters Common to an NQA Test Group (continued)
To...
Remarks
source-ip ipaddress
source-port
Optional
port-number
sendpacket
passroute
Optional
Disabled by default. If you want to test
the connectivity between the local
address and the destination address,
you can enable this function. After this
function is enabled, the routing table
will not be searched, and the packet is
directly sent to the destination in the
directly connected network. If the
destination is not in the directly
connected network, an error will be
prompted.
This command is invalid for the DHCP
test.
558
Configuring Trap
Delivery
A trap message is generated no matter whether an NQA test succeeds or fails. You can
set a switch to control the delivery of the trap message to the network management
server.
Follow these steps to configure Trap:
Table 387 Configuring Trap Delivery
To...
Remarks
system-view
nqa admin-name
Displaying and
Maintaining NQA
Required
operation-tag
send-trap { all | {
probefailure |
testcomplete |
testfailure }* }
Optional
No trap message is sent to the
network management server by
default.
Optional
Optional
probe-failtimes times
1 by default.
1 by default.
Remarks
admin-name operation-tag ]
admin-name operation-tag ]
57
When configuring SSH, go to these sections for information you are interested in:
SSH Overview
SSH Overview
Secure shell (SSH) offers an approach to securely logging into a remote device. It can
protect devices against attacks such as IP spoofing and plain text password interception.
In a typical SSH scenario, a device running SSH server works as an SSH server and accepts
connections from SSH clients, which run SSH client. The connections are called SSH
connections and can be established either on the local network or over WANs, as shown
in Figure 159 and Figure 160.
Figure 159 SSH channel on the local network
SSH Server
Worksta tion
E thernet
L aptop
Server
SSH Cl ient
560
Workstation
Local Ethernet
Laptop
Server
Local router
SSH client
WAN
Workstation
SSH sever
Remote Ethernet
Remote router
PC
Laptop
Server
At the beginning, the server opens port 22 to wait for connection requests from clients,
while the client sends a TCP connection request to the server and interacts with the
server to establish a TCP connection. Then, the server and the client go through the
following five phases to establish an SSH connection:
1 Version number negotiation
If the server and the client reach agreement, they continue with the key algorithm
negotiation phase. Otherwise, the server tears down the TCP connection.
2 Key algorithm negotiation
The server and the client send key algorithm negotiation packets to each other, which
include the supported server-side public key algorithm list, encryption algorithm list,
MAC algorithm list, and compression algorithm list.
Based on the received algorithm negotiation packets, the server and the client figure
out the algorithms to be used. For information about the algorithms, refer to the SSH
draft.
The server and the client use the DH key exchange algorithm to generate the session
key.
Through the above steps, the server and the client get the same session key, which is to
be used to encrypt and decrypt data exchanged between the server and the client later.
3 Authentication method negotiation
The client sends to the server an authentication request, which includes the username
and authentication method.
If the server is configured not to perform authentication of the client, the server and
the client enter the session request phase. Otherwise, the server initiates a process to
authenticate the client.
The server authenticates the client until the client passes authentication or gets
disconnected due to timeout.
The client encrypts the username and password, encapsulates them into a password
authentication request, and sends the request to the server.
Upon receiving the request, the server decrypts the username and password,
compares them against those it maintains, and then informs the client of the
authentication result.
all: Performs either password authentication or RSA authentication. The client tries
RSA authentication first.
4 Session request
After passing authentication, the client sends a session request to the server, while the
server listens to and processes the request from the client and sends back to the client
the result, which can be an SSH_SMSG_SUCCESS packet for successful processing or an
SSH_SMSG_FAILURE packet if the processing fails or it cannot resolve the request. In the
former case, the server and the client enter the interactive session phase.
5 Interactive session
The server and the client exchanges data in this way:
The client encrypts the command to be executed and sends it to the server.
The server decrypts and executes the command, and then encrypts and sends the
result to the client.
The client decrypts the result and displays the result on the terminal.
562
During the interactive session phase, a client user can issue the commands to be
executed by pasting command text on the client. Note that the text must be no more
than 2,000 bytes in length and the commands pasted had better be in the same view;
otherwise, the server may be unable to execute the commands correctly.
If the text to be pasted is more than 2,000 bytes in length, the user can put it in a
configuration file, upload the configuration file to the server, and then reboot the
server with this new configuration file.
Configuring the
SSH Server
Enabling SSH Server
Remarks
system-view
ssh server enable
Required
Disabled by default
Configuring the
Protocols for the
Current User
Interface to Support
After enabling SSH server, you must configure the device to support the remote SSH
login protocol. By default, the device supports Telnet, and SSH. Note that the
configuration takes effect at next login.
Follow these steps to configure the protocols for the current user interface to support:
Table 390 Configuring the Protocols for the Current User Interface to Support
To do
Remarks
system-view
user-interface [
Required
type-keyword ] number [
ending-number ]
authentication-mode
scheme [
command-authorizati
on ]
Specify the protocols for the user protocol inbound {
interfaces to support
all | ssh | telnet }
Required
Optional
All of the two are supported by
default
CAUTION:
For a user interface configured to support SSH, you cannot configure the
authentication-mode password or authentication-mode none
command.
Creating/Destroying/
Exporting RSA Keys
In SSH2.0, the length of a key ranges from 512 to 2048 bits. However, some clients
require that the keys generated by the server must be at least or more than 768 bits.
Follow these steps to create the host key pair and server key pair:
Table 391 Creating RSA Keys
To do
Remarks
system-view
Required
CAUTION: For a successful SSH login, you must generate the host key pair and server
key pair first
Destroying RSA keys
Follow these steps to destroy the host key pair and server key pair:
Table 392 Destroying RSA Keys
To do
Remarks
system-view
rsa local-key-pair
destroy
Required
Remarks
rsa local-key-pair
export { ssh1 | ssh2 |
openssh } [ filename ]
Required
You can configure the command
in any view.
CAUTION:
For successful SSH login, you must create the RSA key pairs at first.
The configuration of the rsa local-key-pair create command can survive a reboot. You
only need to configure it once.
If the key pair already exists, the system will ask you whether you want to overwrite it.
To choose display the RSA host public key on the screen or export it to a specified file
when exporting the RSA host public key
564
Configuring the
Authentication
Method for an SSH
User
You must specify the authentication method for SSH users; otherwise, the users cannot
log in. The configured authentication method takes effect when the user logs in next
time.
Follow these steps to configure the authentication method for an SSH user:
Table 394 Configuring the Authentication Method for an SSH User
To do
system-view
Remarks
CAUTION: For a user using RSA authentication, you must configure the username and
public keys on the device. For a user using password authentication, you can configure
the accounting information on the device or remote authentication server.
Specifying the Service
Type of an SSH User
Remarks
system-view
ssh user username
service-type {
stelnet | sftp | all }
Optional
stelnet by default
CAUTION: The service type of an SSH user can only be set to stelnet if the user does not
need SFTP service.
Setting the SSH
Management
Parameters
Setting the server key pair update interval can help secure your SSH connections.
Setting the SSH user authentication timeout period.
Setting the maximum number of SSH authentication attempts can assist in avoiding
malicious connection requests.
Remarks
system-view
ssh server
compatible-ssh1x
enable
ssh server
rekey-interval hours
Optional
ssh server
authentication-timeo
ut time-out-value
ssh server
authentication-retri
es times
Optional
Optional
By default, the SSH server can
work with SSH1.x clients.
By default, that is, the server key
pair is not updated.
60 seconds by default
Optional
3 by default
These configurations are required for an SSH user using RSA authentication. For an SSH
user using password authentication, they are not required.
This configuration task is for configuring the RSA public key of a client with an SSH user.
The RSA private key for the SSH user must be configured on the client. The client key pair
is generated randomly by the SSH2.0 client software.
You can also import an RSA public key from a public key file. When you import a public
key, the system automatically converts the public key in SSH1, SSH2, or OpenSSH format
to a string coded using the PKCS standard. Before importing the public key, you must
upload the public key file to the server through FTP or TFTP.
You can use either of the following two ways to configure the RSA public key of an
SSH user.
You configure any of these three commands to create an SSH user: ssh user
assign rsa-key, ssh user authentication-type, and ssh user
service-type. Up to 20 SSH users can be created. By default, the authentication
method for an SSH user is RSA and the service type is stelnet.
With no SSH users created, when a client logs in, the system performs password
authentication and only the service type of stelnet is supported.
566
Remarks
system-view
rsa peer-public-key
Required
keyname
Enter public key code view
public-key-code
begin
To enter the contents of the RSA Spaces and carriage returns are
public key
allowed between the
PKCS-coded characters that
comprises the key.
public-key-code end
peer-public-key end
Required
keyname
Remarks
system-view
Import the RSA public key from a rsa peer-public-key Required
public key file
keyname import sshkey
filename
Configuring the
SSH Client
Configuring the SSH
Client
A variety of SSH client software are available, such as PuTTY and FreeBSD. For an SSH
client to establish a connection with an SSH server, you must complete these
configuration tasks:
Selecting the protocol for remote connection. Usually, a client can use a variety of
remote connection protocols, such as Telnet, Rlogin, SSH. To establish an SSH
connection, you must select SSH.
Selecting the SSH version. Multiple SSH versions are available. However, since the
device supports SSH Server 2.0 now, select 2.0 or lower for the client.
Specifying the RSA private key file. The RSA keys for an SSH user include a public key
and a private key, which are generated by the tool accompanied with the client
software. The public key must be configured on the server, while the private key must
be configured on the client.
The following takes the client software of PuTTY as an example to illustrate how to
configure the SSH client:
568
In the [Host Name (or IP address)] text box, enter the IP address of the server, for
example, 10.110.28.10. Note that the IP address can be the IP address of any interface
on the server that has SSH in the state of up and a route to the client.
Selecting the protocol for remote connection
As shown in Figure 161, select the [SSH] option from the [Protocol] section.
As shown in Figure 162, select [2] from the [Preferred SSH protocol version] section.
570
Click <Browse> to bring up the file selection window, navigate to the private key file and
click <OK>.
2 Enter the username and password. The SSH connection should be created.
3 To log out, enter the quit command.
572
Configuring the
Device as an SSH
Client
Configuration
Prerequisites
Complete the configuration of the SSH server. For detailed configuration information,
refer to Configuring the SSH Server.
Configuration
Procedure
Remarks
system-view
undo ssh client
first-time
rsa peer-public-key
Optional
Optional
Enabled by default
keyname
Enter public key code view
public-key-code
begin
peer-public-key end
ssh client
authentication
server { server-ip |
server-name } assign
rsa-key keyname
ssh client source {
ip ip-address |
interface
Optional
Specify the
source IP
address or
source
interface of the
SSH client
Specify the
source IPv4
address or
interface-type
source
interface of the interface-number }
SSH client
Initiate a
connection to
an SSH server
and specify the
preferred key
exchange
algorithm,
encryption
algorithms, and
HMAC
algorithms of
the client and
the server
Initiate a
connection
between the
SSH client and
an IPv4 server,
and specify the
preferred key
exchange
algorithm,
encryption
algorithm, and
HMAC
algorithm of
the client and
the server
Optional
IP address or interface specified
by the route by default
When an SSH client tries to access a server whose public host key it does not know for
the first time, the first-time authentication function enables it to access the server and
obtain and save the public host key of the server. When the client accesses the server
later, it can use the locally saved public host key of the server to authenticate the server.
With the first-time authentication function enabled on a client, you do not need to
configure the public host key of a server to be accessed on the client.
Displaying and
Maintaining the
SSH Protocol
Remarks
display rsa
local-key-pair
public
display rsa
peer-public-key [
brief | name keyname ]
display sftp client
source
display ssh
user-information [
username ]
SSH Configuration
Example
Network requirements
As shown in Figure 165, a local connection is established between the configuration
terminal (SSH client) and the Switch. Users log in to the switch via the SSH protocol to
ensure that data is exchanged in a secure way. The username of the SSH client is
client001 and the password is aabbcc.
Network diagram
Figure 165 Network diagram for SSH configuration
192.168.0.2/24
SSH client
Vlan-interface1
192.168.0.1/24
Switch
574
Configuration procedure
The configuration procedure varies with login authentication modes. However, you must
complete the following three configuration tasks before any configuration procedure.
First, create an RSA host key pair and server key pair and enable the SSH server.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] rsa local-key-pair create
The range of public key size is (512 ~ 2048).
NOTES: If the key modulus is greater than 512,
It will take a few minutes.
Input the bits in the modulus[default = 512]:
Generating keys...
.....++++++++++++
...++++++++++++
................++++++++
.............++++++++
......Done!
[3Com] ssh server enable
If you have created an RSA host key pair and server key pair, you can skip this step.
Then, you must create a VLAN interface on the switch and assign an IP address, through
which the SSH client will be connected with the switch.
[3Com] interface Vlan-interface 1
[3Com-Vlan-interface1] ip address 192.168.0.1 255.255.255.0
[3Com-Vlan-interface1] quit
Finally, you must configure an IP address (192.168.0.2) for the SSH client. This IP address
and that of the VLAN interface on the switch must be in the same network segment.
Set the SSH authentication mode to password
1 Set the authentication mode on the user interface to AAA. (AAA adopts the default ISP
domain system and the default scheme local.)
[3Com] user-interface vty 0 4
[3Com-ui-vty0-4] authentication-mode scheme
2 Set the protocol that a remote user uses to log in to the switch to SSH.
[3Com-ui-vty0-4] protocol inbound ssh
[3Com-ui-vty0-4] quit
The SSH authentication timeout time, number of SSH authentication attempts, and
server key update period can be default values. After the above configurations, run
SSH2.0 on the client to be connected with the switch, and log in to the switch with
username as client001 and password as aabbcc.
Set the SSH authentication mode to RSA
5 Set the protocol that a remote user uses to log in to the switch to SSH.
[3Com-ui-vty0-4] protocol inbound ssh
[3Com-ui-vty0-4] quit
Here an RSA key pair (including the public and private keys) needs to be generated
randomly on the SSH2.0 supporting client software. And you should input the RSA
public key (which is a hexadecimal string obtained after using the SSHKEY.EXE software
to perform the PKCS coding) to the public key specified by the rsa
peer-public-key command on the SSH server in the following way.
7 Set the RSA keys on the switch.
[3Com] rsa peer-public-key Switch001
[3Com-rsa-public-key] public-key-code begin
[3Com-rsa-key-code]30818602 818078C4 32AD7864
[3Com-rsa-key-code]F6DD9FC2 4A570215 68D2B3F7
[3Com-rsa-key-code]CF41AF4E 8CCC2ED0 C5F9D1C5
[3Com-rsa-key-code]A177E917 642BE3B5 C683B0EB
[3Com-rsa-key-code]9830ED46 0BA21FDB F55E7C81
[3Com-rsa-key-code]7D7DDF25 03C44C00 E2F49539
[3Com-rsa-key-code] public-key-code end
[3Com-rsa-public-key] peer-public-key end
BB0137AA
5188A1C3
22FC0625
1EC041F0
5D1A2045
5C4B0201
516284BB
2B2D40BE
BA54BCB3
08EF60B7
54BFC853
25
3F55F0E3
D47A08FA
D1CBB500
8B6ED628
5358E5CF
8 Directly import the public key of the client if it is stored in the format of a file named
Switch001 on the server.
[3Com] rsa peer-public-key Switch001 import sshkey Switch001
On the client, you need to specify the corresponding RSA private key of the RSA public
key for the SSH user client001.
By now, you can run SSH2.0 on the terminal containing the RSA private key and perform
corresponding configuration to establish an SSH connection.
576
SSH Client
Configuration
Example
Network requirements
As shown in Figure 166, Switch A serves as the SSH client and is connected to Switch B
through the SSH protocol. The username of the SSH client is client001 and the password
is aabbcc.
Network diagram
Figure 166 Network diagram for SSH client configuration
Switch B
SSH server
Vlan-interface1
10.165.87.136/24
Vlan-interface1
10.165.87.137/24
Switch A
SSH client
PC
Configuration procedure
1 Configuration on Switch B
a Create an RSA host key pair and server key pair and enable the SSH server.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] rsa local-key-pair create
[3Com] ssh server enable
If you have created an RSA host key pair and server key pair, you can skip this step.
b Create a VLAN interface on Switch B and assign an IP address, through which the SSH
client will be connected with the switch.
[3Com] interface Vlan-interface 1
[3Com-Vlan-interface1] ip address 10.165.87.136 255.255.255.0
[3Com-Vlan-interface1] quit
c Set the authentication mode on the user interface to AAA. (AAA adopts the default
ISP domain system and the default scheme local.)
[3Com] user-interface vty 0 4
[3Com-ui-vty0-4] authentication-mode scheme
d Set the protocol that a remote user uses to log in to the switch to SSH.
[3Com-ui-vty0-4] protocol inbound ssh
[3Com-ui-vty0-4] quit
f Set the SSH authentication mode to password. The SSH authentication timeout time,
number of SSH authentication attempts and server key update period can be default
values.)
[3Com] ssh user client001 authentication-type password
If you set the SSH authentication mode to RSA, you need to configure a host public key
of Switch A. For the specific configuration, refer to SSH Configuration Example
2 Configuration on Switch A
a Configure an IP address (10.165.87.137) for the VLAN interface on Switch A.
This IP address and that of the VLAN interface on Switch B must be in the same
network segment.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] interface Vlan-interface 1
[3Com-Vlan-interface1] ip address 10.165.87.137 255.255.255.0
[3Com-Vlan-interface1] quit
b Configure the client so that the server will not perform the first authentication for the
client.
[3Com] ssh client first-time
c Adopt the password authentication and enable the authentication according to the
default algorithm.
[3Com] ssh2 10.165.87.136
Username: client001
Trying 10.165.87.136
Press CTRL+K to abort
Connected to 10.165.87.136...
The Server is not autherncated.Do you continue access it?[Y/N]:y
Do you want to save the server's public key?[Y/N]:y
Enter password:
*********************************************************
*
All rights reserved (1997-2005)
*
*
Without the owner's prior written consent,
*
*no decompiling or reverse-engineering shall be allowed.*
*********************************************************
<3Com>
578
58
SFTP SERVICE
When configuring SFTP, go to these sections for information you are interested in:
SFTP Overview
SFTP Overview
The secure file transfer protocol (SFTP) is a new feature in SSH 2.0.
SFTP is established on SSH connections to provide secured data transfer. The device can
serve as both SFTP server and SFTP client. A remote user can log in to the SFTP server
securely to manage and transfer files for system upgrade. In addition, a user can log in to
a remote device to transfer files in a secure way.
Configuring the
SFTP Server
Configuration
Prerequisites
You have configured the SSH server. For the detailed configuration procedure, refer to
Configuring the SSH Server.
You have used the ssh user service-type command to set the service type of
SSH users to sftp or all.
This configuration task is to enable the SFTP service so that clients can log in to the SFTP
server in an SFTP mode.
Follow these steps to enable the SFTP server:
Table 401 Enabling the FTP Server
To do
Remarks
system-view
sftp server enable
Required
By default, the SFTP server is
disabled.
580
After the SFTP connection idle timeout time exceeds the threshold, the system will
automatically disconnect the SFTP user.
Follow these steps to configure the SFTP connection idle timeout time:
Table 402 Configuring the SFTP Connection Idle Timeout Time
To do
Remarks
system-view
sftp server
idle-timeout
time-out-value
Required
By default, the SFTP connection
idle timeout time is 10 minutes.
Configuring the
SFTP Client
Specifying a Source IP
Address or Interface
for the SFTP Client
Follow these steps to specify a source IP address or interface for the SFTP client:
Table 403 Specifying a Source IP Address or Interface for the SFTP Client
To do
Establishing a
Connection with the
SFTP Server
Specify the
source IPv4
address or
source interface
of the SFTP
client
Remarks
system-view
This configuration task is to enable the SFTP client to establish a connection with the
remote SFTP server and enter SFTP client view.
Follow these steps to enable the SFTP client:
Table 404 Establishing a Connection with the SFTP Server
To do
Remarks
system-view
Initiate a
connection to a
remote SFTP
server and
enter SFTP
client view
Initiate a
connection to a
remote IPv4
SFTP server and
enter SFTP
client view
Remarks
system-view
sftp { host-ip |
Required
host-name } [ port-num ] [
prefer_kex {
dh_group1 |
dh_exchange_group } |
prefer_ctos_cipher {
des | aes128 | 3des } |
prefer_stoc_cipher {
des | aes128 | 3des } |
prefer_ctos_hmac {
sha1 | sha1_96 | md5 |
md5_96 } |
prefer_stoc_hmac {
sha1 | sha1_96 | md5 |
md5_96 } ]*
cd [ remote-path ]
cdup
pwd
dir [ remote-path ]
ls [ remote-path ]
Change the name of a specified rename oldname newname
directory on the server
Create a new directory on the
server
mkdir remote-path
rmdir remote-path
Optional
You unnecessarily follow this
sequence to carry out the
commands. The dir command
functions as the ls command
does.
582
Downloading a file
Uploading a file
Deleting a file
Remarks
system-view
sftp { host-ip |
rename old-name
new-name
put local-file [
remote-file ]
dir [ remote-path ]
ls [ remote-path ]
delete remote-file
remove remote-file
Required
host-name } [ port-num ] [
prefer_kex {
dh_group1 |
dh_exchange_group } |
prefer_ctos_cipher {
des | aes128 | 3des } |
prefer_stoc_cipher {
des | aes128 | 3des } |
prefer_ctos_hmac {
sha1 | sha1_96 | md5 |
md5_96 } |
prefer_stoc_hmac {
sha1 | sha1_96 | md5 |
md5_96 } ]*
Optional
You unnecessarily follow this
sequence to carry out the
commands. The dir and ls
commands functions in the same
way. So do the delete and
remove commands.
Displaying Help
Information
This configuration task is to display the help information about related commands, such
as command format and parameter configuration.
Follow these steps to display the help information about client commands:
Table 407 Displaying Help Information
To do
Remarks
system-view
sftp { host-ip | host-name } [
port-num ] [ prefer_kex {
dh_group1 |
dh_exchange_group } |
prefer_ctos_cipher { des |
aes128 | 3des } |
prefer_stoc_cipher { des |
aes128 | 3des } |
prefer_ctos_hmac { sha1 |
sha1_96 | md5 | md5_96 } |
prefer_stoc_hmac { sha1 |
sha1_96 | md5 | md5_96 } ]*
help [ all | command-name ]
Required
Optional
Remarks
system-view
Establish a connection sftp { host-ip | host-name } [ port-num ]
with the remote SFTP
[ prefer_kex { dh_group1 |
server and enter SFTP dh_exchange_group } |
client view.
prefer_ctos_cipher { des | aes128 |
3des } | prefer_stoc_cipher { des |
aes128 | 3des } | prefer_ctos_hmac {
sha1 | sha1_96 | md5 | md5_96 } |
prefer_stoc_hmac { sha1 | sha1_96 |
md5 | md5_96 } ]*
Disable the SFTP client
bye
exit
quit
Required.
Use any command.
These three commands
function in the same way.
584
SFTP Configuration
Example
Network requirements
As shown in Figure 167, an SSH connection is established between Switch A and Switch
B. Switch A, an SFTP client uses the username client001 and password aabbcc to log in
to Switch B for file management and file transfer.
Network diagram
Figure 167 Network diagram for SFTP configuration
Switch B
SFTP server
Vlan-interface1
11.111.27.91/24
Vlan-interface 1
11.111.27.92/24
Switch A
SFTP client
PC
Configuration procedure
1 Configuration on the SFTP server (Switch B)
a Create an RSA host key pair and server key pair and enable the SSH server.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] rsa local-key-pair create
[3Com] ssh server enable
If you have created an RSA host key pair and server key pair, you can skip this step.
b Create a VLAN interface on Switch B and assign an IP address, through which the SSH
client will be connected with the switch.
[3Com] interface Vlan-interface 1
[3Com-Vlan-interface1] ip address 11.111.27.91 255.255.255.0
[3Com-Vlan-interface1] quit
c Set the authentication mode on the user interface to AAA. (AAA adopts the default
ISP domain system and the default scheme local.)
[3Com] user-interface vty 0 4
[3Com-ui-vty0-4] authentication-mode scheme
d Set the protocol that a remote user uses to log in to the switch to SSH.
[SwitchB-ui-vty0-4] protocol inbound ssh
[SwitchB-ui-vty0-4] quit
f Set the SSH authentication mode to password. The SSH authentication timeout time,
number of SSH authentication attempts and server key update period can be default
values.
[3Com] ssh user client001 authentication-type password
If you set the SSH authentication mode to RSA, you need to configure a host public key
of Switch A. For the specific configuration, refer section SFTP Configuration Example.
g Enable the SFTP server.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] sftp server enable
b Establish a connection with the remote SFTP server and enter SFTP client view.
[3Com] sftp 11.111.27.91
Input Username: client001
Trying 11.111.27.91 ...
Press CTRL+K to abort
Connected to 11.111.27.91 ...
Enter password:
sftp-client>
c Display the current directory on the server, delete the z file, and check that the file is
deleted successfully.
sftp-client> dir
-rwxrwxrwx
1 noone
nogroup
1759 Aug 23 06:52
-rwxrwxrwx
1 noone
nogroup
225 Aug 24 08:01
-rwxrwxrwx
1 noone
nogroup
283 Aug 24 07:39
drwxrwxrwx
1 noone
nogroup
0 Sep 01 06:22
-rwxrwxrwx
1 noone
nogroup
225 Sep 01 06:55
-rwxrwxrwx
1 noone
nogroup
0 Sep 01 08:00
sftp-client> delete z
The following File will be deleted:
/z
Are you sure to delete it?(Y/N):y
This operation may take a long time.Please wait...
File successfully Removed
sftp-client> dir
-rwxrwxrwx
1 noone
nogroup
-rwxrwxrwx
1 noone
nogroup
-rwxrwxrwx
1 noone
nogroup
drwxrwxrwx
1 noone
nogroup
-rwxrwxrwx
1 noone
nogroup
1759
225
283
0
225
Aug
Aug
Aug
Sep
Sep
23
24
24
01
01
06:52
08:01
07:39
06:22
06:55
config.cfg
pubkey2
pubkey1
new
pub
z
config.cfg
pubkey2
pubkey1
new
pub
586
nogroup
nogroup
nogroup
nogroup
nogroup
nogroup
1759
225
283
0
225
0
Aug
Aug
Aug
Sep
Sep
Sep
23
24
24
01
01
02
06:52
08:01
07:39
06:22
06:55
06:30
config.cfg
pubkey2
pubkey1
new
pub
new1
e Change the directory name from new1 to new2 and check that the directory name is
changed successfully.
sftp-client> rename new1 new2
File successfully renamed
sftp-client> dir
-rwxrwxrwx
1 noone
nogroup
-rwxrwxrwx
1 noone
nogroup
-rwxrwxrwx
1 noone
nogroup
drwxrwxrwx
1 noone
nogroup
-rwxrwxrwx
1 noone
nogroup
drwxrwxrwx
1 noone
nogroup
1759
225
283
0
225
0
Aug
Aug
Aug
Sep
Sep
Sep
23
24
24
01
01
02
06:52
08:01
07:39
06:22
06:55
06:33
config.cfg
pubkey2
pubkey1
new
pub
new2
f Download the pubkey2 file from the server and save it as public.
sftp-client> get pubkey2 public
Remote file:/pubkey2 ---> Local file: public
Downloading file successfully ended
g Upload the pu file to the server, save it as puk, and check the file is uploaded
successfully.
sftp-client> put pu puk
Local file:pu ---> Remote file: /puk
Uploading file successfully ended
sftp-client> dir
-rwxrwxrwx
1 noone
nogroup
1759
-rwxrwxrwx
1 noone
nogroup
225
-rwxrwxrwx
1 noone
nogroup
283
drwxrwxrwx
1 noone
nogroup
0
drwxrwxrwx
1 noone
nogroup
0
-rwxrwxrwx
1 noone
nogroup
283
-rwxrwxrwx
1 noone
nogroup
283
sftp-client>
Aug
Aug
Aug
Sep
Sep
Sep
Sep
23
24
24
01
02
02
02
06:52
08:01
07:39
06:22
06:33
06:35
06:36
config.cfg
pubkey2
pubkey1
new
new2
pub
puk
59
When configuring UDP Helper, go to these sections for information you are interested in:
By default, the Switch 4500G Family of Ethernet switches do not forward IP broadcast
packets. To ensure that UDP Helper is available, you must use the ip
forward-broadcast command in system view first.
Introduction to UDP
Helper
UDP Helper functions as a relay that converts UDP broadcast packets into unicast packets
and forwards them to a specified server.
With UDP Helper enabled, the device decides whether to forward a received UDP
broadcast packet according to the port number of the packet. If the packet needs to be
forwarded, the device modifies the destination IP address in the IP header and then sends
the packet to the specified destination server. Otherwise, the device sends the packet to
its upper layer.
When relaying BOOTP/DHCP broadcast packets, the device broadcasts a response packet
if the client specifies that it needs to receive a broadcast response; otherwise, the device
unicasts a response packet.
With UDP Helper enabled, the device relays broadcast packets of six default UDP ports by
default. The default UDP ports are listed in.Table 409
Table 409 List of default UDP ports
Protocol
69
53
Time service
37
137
138
49
588
Configuring UDP
Helper
Remarks
system-view
udp-helper enable
Required
Optional
interface
Disabled by default
interface-type
interface-number
Configure the destination server udp-helper server
to which the UDP packets are to ip-address
be forwarded
Required
No destination server is
configured by default.
CAUTION:
Displaying and
Maintaining UDP
Helper
The configuration of all UDP ports (including the default ports) is removed if you
disabled UDP Helper.
The device supports up to 256 UDP ports of which UDP packets are to be forwarded.
Remarks
display udp-helper
server [ interface
interface-type
interface-number ]
UDP Helper
Configuration
Example
Network requirements
The VLAN interface of a device has an IP address of 10.110.1.1/16, connecting to
network segment 10.110.0.0/16. Specify to forward broadcast packets with destination
UDP port 55 to destination server 202.38.1.2/24.
Network diagram
Figure 168 Network diagram for UDP Helper configuration
Server
202 .38.1 .2/24
10 .110 .0.0/16
Ethernet
10.110 .1.1/16
VLAN- Interface1
Internet
Switch ( UDP Helper )
Ethernet
202.38.1.0/24
Configuration procedure
The following configuration assumes that the port connecting to the Internet belongs to
VLAN1, and the route to network segment 202.38.1.0/24 is up.
1 Enable UDP Helper.
<3Com> system-view
System View: return to User View with Ctrl+Z.
[3Com] udp-helper enable
2 Specify to forward the broadcast packets with destination UDP port being 55.
[3Com] udp-helper port 55
3 Specify the server with the IP address of 202.38.1.2 as the destination server to which
UDP packets are to be forwarded.
[3Com] interface vlan 1
[3Com-Vlan-interface1] ip address 10.110.1.1 16
[3Com-Vlan-interface1] udp-helper server 202.38.1.2
590
60
SSL CONFIGURATION
When configuring SSL, go to these sections for information you are interested in:
SSL Overview
SSL Overview
SSL (Secure Socket Layer) is a security protocol providing secure connection for
TCP-based application layer protocols. The secure connection provided by SSL can
implement the following:
Confidentiality: SSL encrypts data using symmetric encryption algorithm with the key
generated during handshake phase.
Reliability: SSL uses key-based MAC (message authentication code) to verify the
integrity of messages.
SSL protocol includes two layers: SSL record protocol at the lower layer and handshake
protocol, SSL password change protocol and SSL alert protocol at the upper layer.
SSL record protocol: It fragments, compresses and computes data from the upper
layer and then adds MAC to the data and encrypts the data, and in turn transmits the
records to the peer end.
SSL handshake protocol: A session is initiated between the client and the server with
the handshake protocol. The session includes a group of parameters as session ID,
peer certificate, cipher suite (including key exchange algorithm, data encryption
algorithm and MAC algorithm), compression algorithm and main key. An SSL session
can be shared by multiple connections to reduce session negotiation cost.
SSL password change protocol: The client and the server inform each other of the
password change through password change protocol. The packets will be protected
and transmitted with the newly negotiated encryption suite and key pair.
SSL alert protocol: Permits one entity to report alert message containing the alert level
and description to the other.
592
Configuring an SSL
Server Policy
Configuration
Prerequisites
Configuring an SSL
Server Policy
SSL server policy is SSL parameters used when the server is started, which can be valid
only when associated with an application layer protocol (for example, HTTP protocol).
Before configuring the SSL server policy you should configure PKI (public key
infrastructure) domain. For the details of PKI domain configuration, see PKI
Configuration module .
Follow these steps to configure an SSL server policy
Table 412 Configuring an SSL Server Policy
To...
Remarks
system-view
ssl server-policy
Required
Optional
Configure handshake
timeout time for the SSL
server
ciphersuite [
rsa_3des_ede_cbc_sha |
rsa_aes_128_cbc_sha |
rsa_aes_256_cbc_sha |
rsa_des_cbc_sha |
rsa_rc4_128_md5 |
rsa_rc4_128_sha ] *
handshake timeout time
Optional
3600 seconds by default.
Configuration
Example for SSL
Server Policy
Required
policy-name
Optional
The close mode for SSL
connection is non wait by
default.
Optional
Enable certificate-based
SSL client authentication
Optional
client-verify enable
Network requirements
A host works as the client interacting with the HTTP server through SSL-based HTTP
protocol.
Network diagram
Figure 169 Network diagram for SSL server policy
IP Network
Host
HTTPS Client
Device
HTTPS Server
Configuration procedure
1 Configure SSL server policy.
<3Com> system
[3Com] ssl server-policy myssl
[3Com-ssl-server-policy-myssl] pki-domain 1
[3Com-ssl-server-policy-myssl] close-mode wait
[3Com-ssl-server-policy-myssl] quit
594
Configuring an SSL
Client Policy
Configuration
Prerequisites
Configuring an SSL
Client Policy
SSL client policy is SSL parameters used by the client being connected with the server,
which can be valid only when associated with an application layer protocol (for example,
HTTP protocol).
Before configuring the SSL client policy you should configure PKI domain first.
system-view
Remarks
pki-domain domain-name
Required
Configure the
preferred encryption
suite for the SSL client
policy
prefer-cipher {
rsa_3des_ede_cbc_sha |
rsa_aes_128_cbc_sha |
rsa_aes_256_cbc_sha |
rsa_des_cbc_sha |
rsa_rc4_128_md5 |
rsa_rc4_128_sha }
version { ssl3.0 | tls1.0 }
Optional
Optional
The SSL protocol version is
TLS1.0 by default.
Displaying and
Maintaining SSL
Remarks
display ssl
server-policy {
policy-name | all }
display ssl
client-policy {
policy-name | all }
Troubleshooting
SSL Configuration
SSL Handshake
Failure
Symptom
Analysis
When the device works as the SSL server, its handshake with the SSL client fails.
SSL handshake failure may result from the following:
SSL server certificate does not exist, or the certificate cannot be trusted.
The server is configured as that it must authenticate the client, but the certificate of
the SSL client does not exist or cannot be trusted.
The encryption suite supported by the SSL server and client does not match.
Solution
1 Use the ping command to check the network connection.
2 Use the debugging ssl command to view the debugging information:
If the SSL server certificate does not exist, apply one for it.
If the server certificate cannot be trusted, on the SSL client install a CA server root
certificate that issues the certificate to the SSL server, or enable the server to reapply a
certificate from the CA server trusted by the SSL client.
If the server is configured as that it must authenticate the client, but the certificate of
the SSL client does not exist or cannot be trusted, apply and install a certificate for the
client.
3 Use the display ssl server-policy command to view the encryption suite supported
by the SSL server policy. If the encryption suite supported by the SSL server does not
match that by the client, use the ciphersuite command to modify the encryption suite
supported by the SSL server.
596
61
When configuring HTTPS server, go to these sections for information you are interested
in:
HTTPS Server Overview
Associating HTTPS Server with SSL Server-end Policy
Enabling the Functions of HTTPS Server
Associating HTTPS Server with Certificate Access Control Policy
Associating HTTPS Server with ACL
Displaying and Maintaining HTTPS Server
Configuration Examples for HTTPS Server
HTTPS Server
Overview
The HTTP Security (HTTPS) server refers to the HTTP server that support the Security
Socket Layer (SSL) protocol.
In addition to the two security measures provided by the HTTP server, the HTTPS further
enhances the security of the HTTP server in the following aspects:
Use the SSL protocol to ensure that the legal clients to access the HTTPS server
securely and prohibit the illegal clients;
Encrypt the data exchanged between the HTTPS client and the HTTPS server to ensure
the data security and integrity, thus realizing the security management of the device;
Defines certificate attribute-based access control policy for the HTTPS server to control
the access right of the client, in order to further avoid the attack of illegal clients.
The total number of HTTP connections and HTTPS connections on a device cannot
exceed ten.
598
Associating HTTPS
Server with SSL
Server-end Policy
Associate the HTTPS server with an SSL server-end policy before enabling functions of the
HTTPS server.
Follow these steps to associate the HTTPS server with an SSL server-end policy:
Table 415 Associating HTTPS Server with SSL Server-end Policy
To do
Remarks
system-view
ip https
ssl-server-policy
Enabling the
Functions of HTTPS
Server
policy-name
Required
The HTTPS server is not associated
with an SSL server-end policy by
default.
When the functions of the HTTPS server are disabled, to enable them again, you need
to re-associate the HTTPS server with an SSL server-end policy.
When the functions of the HTTPS server are enabled, any modification of its
associated SSL server-end policy will not take effect.
Before configuring the HTTPS server, make sure that the functions of the HTTPS server
are enabled. Otherwise, other related configurations cannot take effect.
Follow these steps to enable the functions of the HTTPS server:
Table 416 Enabling the Functions of HTTPS Server
To do
Remarks
system-view
ip https enable
Optional
The functions of the HTTPS server
are disabled by default.
To enable the functions of the HTTPS server will trigger an SSL handshake negotiation
process. During the process, if a local certificate of the device already exists, the SSL
negotiation is successfully performed, and the HTTPS server can be started normally. If no
local certificate exists, a certificate application process will be triggered by the SSL
negotiation. Since the application process takes much time, the SSL negotiation often
fails and the HTTPS server cannot be started normally. Therefore, the ip https
enable command must be executed for multiple times to ensure normal startup of the
HTTPS server.
Associating HTTPS
Server with
Certificate Access
Control Policy
Associating the HTTPS server with the client certificate access control policy helps control
the access right of the client, thus to provide the server with enhanced security.
Follow these steps to associate the HTTPS server with a certificate access control policy:
Table 417 Associating HTTPS Server with Certificate Access Control Policy
To do
Remarks
system-view
ip https certificate
access-control-policy
Associating HTTPS
Server with ACL
policy-name
Optional
The HTTPS server is not associated
with a certificate access control
policy by default.
If the HTTPS server is associated with a certificate access control policy, the
client-verify enable command must be configured in the SSL server-end
policy associated with the HTTPS server. Otherwise, the client cannot log onto the
server.
By associating the HTTPS server with an ACL, requests from some clients can be filtered
out. Only the clients that pass ACL filtering are allowed to access the server.
Follow these steps to associate the HTTPS server with and ACL:
Table 418 Associating HTTPS Server with ACL
To do
Remarks
system-view
ip https acl acl-number
Optional
The HTTPS server is not associated
with an ACL by default.
If the ip https acl command is executed repeatedly, the HTTPS server is only
associated with the last ACL having been configured.
Displaying and
Maintaining HTTPS
Server
After completing the above configurations, execute the display command in any view
to display the operation status after the HTTPS server has been configured, and view the
effect of information authentication configuration.
Follow these steps to display and maintain the HTTPS server:
Table 419 Displaying and Maintaining HTTPS Server
To do
display ip https
600
Configuration
Examples for HTTPS
Server
When a server running Windows operating system is used as the CA, the Simple
Certificate Enrollment Protocol plug-in is required. In this case, you need to specify the
entity to apply for the certificate from RA by using the certificate request from ra
command when configuring the PKI domain.
The Simple Certificate Enrollment Protocol plug-in is not needed when RSA Keon
software is used. In this case, you need to specify the entity to apply for the certificate
from CA by using the certificate request from ca command when configuring the PKI
domain.
This section assumes Windows operating system is used on the CA server.
Network requirements
The HTTPS client logs on to the HTTPS server to access the device through Web
network management and control the device.
Network diagram
Figure 170 Network diagram for HTTPS configuration
H T T P S S erver
1 0 . 1 . 1 .1 / 2 4
1 0 . 1 .2 .1 / 2 4
H T T P S C lien t
1 0 . 1 .1 .2 / 2 4
CA
1 0 . 1 .2 .2 /2 4
Configuration procedure
Perform the following configurations on the HTTPS server:
1 Apply for a certificate for the HTTPS server.
a Configure a PKI (Public Key Interface) entity.
<3Com> system-view
[3Com] pki entity en
[3Com-pki-entity-en] common-name http-server1
[3Com-pki-entity-en] fqdn ssl.security.com
[3Com-pki-entity-en] quit
602
62
PKI CONFIGURATION
When configuring PKI, go to these sections for information you are interested in:
Introduction to PKI
Troubleshooting
Introduction to PKI
The term router in this document refers a Layer 3 switch running routing protocols. To
improve readability, this will not be noted additionally in the document.
Overview
Public key infrastructure (PKI) is a system which uses public key technology and digital
certificate to ensure system security and authenticate digital certificate users. It provides
a whole set of security mechanism by combining software/hardware systems and security
policies together. PKI uses certificates to manage public keys: It binds user public keys
with other identifying information through a trustworthy association, so that online
authentication is possible. PKI provides safe network environment and enables an easy
use of encryption and digital signature technologies under many application
environments, to assure confidentiality, integrity and validity of online data.
Confidentiality means that the data are accessible only to authorized parties during data
transmission. Integrity means that only authorized parties can modify the data. Validity
means that the data are available to authorized parities when needed.
A PKI system consists of public key algorithm, certificate authority, registration authority,
digital certificate, and PKI repository.
Figure 171 PKI components block diagram
PKI application
Digital certificate
CA
RA
PKI repository
604
Applications
Public key algorithm: Key algorithm that involves different encryption key and
decryption key. The keys are generated for users in pairs: One is publicized as public
key; the other is reserved as private key. The information encrypted by one key has to
be decrypted by the other; the key pair therefore is generally used in signature and
authentication. In communication, if the sender signs with its private key, the receiver
needs to authenticate this signature with the senders public key. If the sender encrypt
the information with the receivers public key, then only the receivers private is
capable of decryption.
Light-weight directory access protocol (LDAP) server: LDAP provides a means to access
PKI repository, with the purpose of accessing and managing PKI information. LDAP
server supports directory browsing and enlists the user information and digital
certificates from a RA server. Then the user can get his or others certificates when
accessing the LDAP server.
Certificate revocation list (CRL): A certificate has its lifetime, but CA can revoke a
certificate before its expiration date if the private key leaks or if the service ends. Once
a certificate is revoked, a CRL is released to announce its invalidity, where lists a set of
serial numbers of invalid certificates. CRL, stored in LDAP server, provides an effective
way to check the validity of certificates, and offers centralized management of user
notification and other applications.
PKI includes a set of security services provided using the technologies of public key and
X.509 certification in distributed computing systems. It can issue certificates for various
purposes, such as Web user identity authentication, Web server identity authentication,
secure Email using S/MIME (secure/multipurpose internet mail extensions), virtual private
network (VPN), IP Security, Internet key exchange (IKE), and secure sockets
layer/transaction layer security (SSL/TLS). One CA can issue certificates to another CA, to
establish certification hierarchies.
Introduction to PKI
Configuration Task
The purpose to configure PKI is to apply a local certificate from CA for the specified
device, so as to enable the device to check the validity of the certificate.
Table 420 Introduction to PKI Configuration Task
Configuration Task
Configure a PKI
certificate request
Remarks
Entering PKI Domain View
Required
Configuring a Trustworthy CA
Required
Required
Required
Required
Optional
Optional
Optional
Configuring PKI
Certificate Request
Importing a Certificate
Optional
Deleting a Certificate
Optional
Optional
Optional
Certificate request is a process when an entity introduces itself to CA. The identity
information the entity provides will be contained in the certificate issued later. CA uses a
set of criteria to check applicant creditability, request purpose and identity reliability, to
ensure that certificates are bound to correct identity. Offline and non-auto out-of-band
(phone, storage disk and Email, for example) identity checkup may be required in this
process. If this process goes smooth, CA issues a certificate to the user and displays it
along with some public information on the LDAP server for directory browsing. The user
can then download its own public-key digital certificate from the notified position, and
obtain those of others through the LDAP server.
A PKI domain resides in local device and is invisible to CA and other devices. It does not
interfere with the relationship between user management and the multi users. The
purpose of using PKI domain is to provide other applications with easy reference to PKI
configuration (such as IKE and SSL).
Follow these steps to enter PKI domain view:
Table 421 Entering PKI Domain View
To do
Remarks
system-view
pki domain name
Optional
No PKI domain name is
specified by default.
606
Typically, a device may belong to two or more PKI domains. Then independent
configuration information is required for each domain. Parameter configuration in PKI
domain view is for this purpose. But currently, one device supports only two PKI domain,
Such being the case that one device have belonged to two PKI domains. you need to
delete the existing domain first if you wan to use a new one.
Configuring a
Trustworthy CA
Trustworthy CAs function to provide registration service and issue certificates for entities.
They are essential to PKI. Only when a CA trusted by everyone is available, can users
enjoy the security services with public key technology.
Follow these steps to configure a trustworthy CA:
Table 422 Configuring a Trustworthy CA
To do
system-view
Specify a PKI domain name and pki domain name
Remarks
ca identifier name
Optional
No trustworthy CA is specified by
default.
The standard set CA uses in request processing, certificate issuing and revoking, and CRL
releasing is called CA policy. In general, CA uses files, called certification practice
statements (CPS), to advertise its policy. CA policy can be obtained in out-of-band or
other mode. You should understand CA policies before choosing a CA, for different CAs
may use different methods to authenticate the public key -- subject binding.
You need CA identifiers only when obtaining CA certificates but not when applying for
local certificates.
Configuring
Parameters for PKI
Domain
system-view
Specify a PKI domain name and pki domain name
Remarks
certificate request
entity entity-name
Required
Required
certificate request
url url-string
Required
ldap-server ip
ip-address [ port
port-number ] [ version
Optional
version-number ]
Configure the fingerprint for
authenticating the root
certificate
root-certificate
Optional
fingerprint { md5 | sha1 By default, no fingerprint is
} string
An entity is required for certificate request; it is used to prove the identity to the CA. For
information about the entity-name argument, refer to Configuring Entity Name Space.
Registration management is often implemented by an independent registration authority
(RA), which is responsible for coping with certificate request, examining entity
qualification and determining for CA whether or not to issue the digital certificate. It
does not issue the certificate, as is performed by CA. Sometimes no independent RA is
set. It doesn't mean that registration function of PKI is disabled, since CA takes over the
registration management.
The registration server location (that is, URL) needs to be specified. Then entities can
present to this server the certificate request using simple certification enrollment protocol
(SCEP, a protocol to communicate with certification authority).
Storage of entity certificates and CRL information is essential to a PKI system. Usually, this
is done using a LDAP directory server.
When receiving the identity certificate from the CA, the router needs to use the root
certificate of the CA to verify the authenticity and validity of the identify certificate.
When receiving the root certificate from the CA, the router needs to authenticate the
fingerprint of the CA root certificate, which is a unique hashed value of the content of
the root certificate. If the fingerprint of the CA root certificate is not identical to the one
configured by using the command described here, the router rejects the root certificate.
608
Configuring Entity
Name Space
Entity name space specifies the set of name available to entities. Each CA details about
an entity with the information it considers important. A unique identifier (also called
DN-distinguished name) can be used to identify an entity. It consists of several parts, such
as user common name, organization, country and owner name. It must be unique
among the network.
Entity configuration information must comply with CA certificate issue policy, for
example, in determining mandatory and optional parameters. Otherwise, certificate
request may be rejected.
Follow these steps to configure an entity name:
Table 424 Configuring Entity Name Space
To do
system-view
Specify an entity name and enter pki entity name
Remarks
fqdn name-str
ip ip-address
Optional
By default, no entity FQDN is
specified.
Optional
By default, no IP address is
specified.
country
Optional
country-code-str
state state-name
Optional
locality locality-name
organization org-name
organization-unit
Optional
org-unit-name
Optional
By default, no common name is
specified.
The entity name must be consistent with that specified by registration organization using
the certificate request entity entity-name command. Otherwise, the
certificate request fails. name-str is just for the convenience in referencing, and appears
not as a certificate field.
Windows 2000 CA server has some restrictions on data length of certificates. If the
configured entity length goes beyond certain limit, the Windows 2000 CA server does
not respond to certificate requests.
Fully qualified domain name (FQDN) is the unique identifier of the entity among the
network, for example, Email address. It is often in the format of user domain and can be
resolved to IP address. FQDN is equivalent to IP address in function. This configuration is
optional.
Country code uses two standard characters, for example, CN for China and US for the
United States.
Creating a Local
Public Private Key
Pair
A key pair is generated during certificate request: one public and the other private. The
private key is held by the user, while the public key and other information are transferred
to CA center for signature and then the generation of the certificate. Each CA certificate
has a lifetime that is determined by the issuing CA. When the private key leaks or the
current certificate is about to expire, you have to delete the old key pair. Then another
key pair can be generated for a new certificate.
If an RSA key pair already exists when you create a local key pair, the system prompts
whether to replace it.The minimum length of a host key is 512 bits and the maximum
length is 2048 bits.
Follow these steps to create a local RSA key pair:
Table 425 Create a Local RSA key Pair
To do
Remarks
system-view
rsa local-key-pair
create
Required
By default, there is no existent local
RSA key pair.
Remarks
system-view
rsa local-key-pair
destroy
Optional
For detailed configuration, see the related commands in the SSH Terminal Service
module.
CAUTION:
If a local certificate already exists, do not create another key pair. To ensure
consistency between key pair and existing certificate, first delete the existing
certificate and then create a new key pair.
If a local RSA key pair exists, the newly-generated key pair will overwrite the existing
one.
The key pairs are originally for the use in SSH. Local server regularly updates local
server key pair. However, the host key pair we use in certificate request remains
unchanged.
610
Configuring Polling
Interval and Count
If CA examines certificate request in manual mode, then a long time may be required
before the certificate is issued. In this period, you need to query the request status
periodically, so that you may get the certificate right after it is issued.
Follow these steps to configure polling interval and count:
Table 427 Configuring Polling Interval and Count
To do
Remarks
system-view
pki domain name
Configuring
Certificate Request
Mode
Required
By default, no PKI domain name
is specified.
certificate request
polling { interval
minutes | count count }
Optional
By default, the request polling
message is sent for 50 times at
an interval of 20 minutes.
Request mode can be manual or auto. Auto mode enables the automatic request for a
certificate through SCEP when there is none and for a new one when the old one is
about to expire. For manual mode, all the related configuration and operation need to be
carried out manually.
Follow these steps to configure certificate request mode:
Table 428 Configuring Certificate Request Mode
To do
Remarks
system-view
pki domain name
certificate request
mode { manual | auto [
key-length key-length |
password { simple | cipher
Optional
} password ]* }
Delivering a
Certificate Request
Manually
A certificate request completes with user public key and other registered information. All
configured, you can deliver the certificate request to a PKI RA.
Follow these steps to deliver a certificate request:
Table 429 Delivering a Certificate Request Manually
To do
Remarks
system-view
pki
request-certificate
domain domain-name [
password ] [ pkcs10 [
filename filename ] ]
Required
Retrieving a
Certificate Manually
If you cannot send certificate request to CA using SCEP, you can select the parameter
pkcs10 to print out the request information, copy it and send one to CA in
out-of-band mode.
Before you deliver the certificate request, make sure the clocks of entity and CA are
synchronous. Otherwise, fault occurs to the certificate validation period.
Certificate retrieval serves two purposes: store locally the certificate related to local
security domain to improve query efficiency; prepare for certificate validation.
When downloading a digital certificate, select the local keyword for a local certificate
and ca keyword for a CA certificate.
Follow these steps to retrieve a certificate:
Table 430 Retrieving a Certificate Manually
To do
Remarks
system-view
pki retrieval-certificate {
local | ca } domain domain-name
Required
CAUTION:
Importing a
Certificate
Remarks
system-view
pki import-certificate { local |
ca } domain domain-name { der | p12 | pem
} [ filename filename ]
Import a certificate
Required
612
Deleting a Certificate
Remarks
system-view
pki delete-certificate { local
| ca } domain domain-name
Delete a certificate
Configuring PKI
Certificate
Validation
Required
At every stage of data communication, both parties should verify the validity of
corresponding certificates, including issue time, issuer and certificate validity. The core is
to verify the signature of CA and to make sure the certificate is still valid. It is believed
that CA never issues fake certificates, so every certificate with an authentic CA signature
will pass the verification. For example, if you receive an E-mail containing a certificate
with a public key. The mail is encrypted using the public key, and is signed with the
private key. You need verify the validity of this certificate, to determine whether it is valid
and trustworthy.
Follow these steps to configure PKI certificate validation:
Table 433 Configuring PKI Certificate Validation
To do
Remarks
system-view
pki domain name
Required
Optional
hours
Optional
disable }
Exit to system view
Retrieve a CRL and download it
locally
Verify the validity of a local
certificate
quit
pki retrieval-crl
Optional
domain domain-name
pki
Optional
validate-certificate
{ local | ca } domain
domain-name
CRL update period refers to the interval to download CRLs from CRL access server to a
local machine. CRL update period configured manually takes priority over that specified
in CRLs.
Similar to certificate validity, CRL validity is a field in a CRL file.
The purpose of downloading CRL is to verify the validity of the certificates on a local
device. This operation will not be saved in configuration.
You can verify the validity of a local certificate using the parameter local or a CA
certificate using the parameter ca.
The CRL file is not saved in the configuration.
Configuring a
Certificate
Attribute Access
Control Policy
Remarks
system-view
pki certificate
attribute-group
Create a certificate
attribute group and enter
certificate attribute group
view
group-name
Required
By default, no certificate attribute
group is created.
attribute id {
alt-subject-name { fqdn |
ip } | { issuer-name |
subject-name } { dn | fqdn |
ip } } { ctn | equ | nctn |
nequ} attribute-value
Optional
quit
pki certificate
access-control-policy
Create a certificate
attribute access control
policy and enter certificate
attribute access control
policy view
Create a certificate
attribute control rule
Required
policy-name
Optional
group-name
CAUTION: Alternate certificate subject name attribute is not displayed in the form of
domain name; therefore, the dn keyword is not available when you configure the
alternate certificate subject name attribute.
When creating a certificate attribute control rule by using the rule command, make
sure the certificate attribute group identified by the group-name argument exists.
614
Displaying and
Maintaining PKI
Display certificates
Display CRLs
Remarks
domain-name
Display a certificate
attribute group
group-name | all }
Display a certificate
attribute access control
policy
Certificate format and fields comply with X.509 standard. All kinds of identifying
information about user and CA are included, such as user email address; public key of the
certificate holder; issuer, serial number, and validity (period) of the certificate, etc.
CRL complies with X.509 standard, covering version, signature (algorithm), issuer name,
this update, next update, user public key, signature value, serial number, and revocation
date, etc.
Typical
Configuration
Examples
PKI Certificate
Request to CA
CAUTION:
When a server running Windows operating system is used as the CA, the Simple
Certificate Enrollment Protocol plug-in is required. In this case, you need to specify
the entity to apply for the certificate from RA by using the certificate request
from ra command when configuring the PKI domain.
The Simple Certificate Enrollment Protocol plug-in is not needed when RSA Keon
software is used. In this case, you need to specify the entity to apply for the certificate
from CA by using the certificate request from ca command when
configuring the PKI domain.
Network requirements
The device is connected to the CA server through an IP network and is configured to
request for a certificate from RSA CA.
Network diagram
Figure 172 Network datagram for PKI certificate request to CA
Configuration procedure
1 Configure entity name space.
<SysnameCA> system-view
[SysnameCA] pki entity torsa
[SysnameCA-pki-entity-torsa] common-name 1
[SysnameCA-pki-entity-torsa] quit
2 Configure parameters for PKI domain (The URLs of registration organization servers for
certificate requests vary depending on the CA servers used. The configuration mentioned
here is used as an example only. Perform configuration based on actual conditions).
[SysnameCA] pki domain torsa
[SysnameCA-pki-domain-torsa] ca identifier rsa
[SysnameCA-pki-domain-torsa] certificate request url
http://4.4.4.133:446/6953bf7fb5b1cf514376243ce67ebed1209c292a
[SysnameCA-pki-domain-torsa] certificate request from ca
[SysnameCA-pki-domain-torsa] certificate request entity torsa
[SysnameCA-pki-domain-torsa] crl url
http://4.4.4.133:447/security_rsa.crl
[SysnameCA-pki-domain-torsa] quit
Network requirements
Clients accessing the device remotely with HTTP Security (HTTPS) protocol
Ensuring authorized clients login to HTTPS server securely with SSL protocol
Creating ACL policy based on certificate attribute for HTTPS server to restrict access of
the clients
Networking diagram
Figure 173 Networking diagram of ACL policy based on certificate attribute
IP Network
Host
HTTPS Client
Device
HTTPS Server
616
Configuration procedure
pki-domain 1
close-mode wait
client-verify enable
quit
b Configure the certificate attribute group mygroup2 and create two attribute rules. The
first rule defines that the FQDN of the subject name does not include the string apple,
and the second rule defines that the DN of the certificate issuer name includes the
string aabbcc.
[SysnameCA] pki certificate attribute-group mygroup2
[SysnameCA-pki-cert-attribute-group-mygroup2] attribute 1
alt-subject-name fqdn nctn apple
[SysnameCA-pki-cert-attribute-group-mygroup2] attribute 2 issuer-name
dn ctn aabbcc
[SysnameCA-pki-cert-attribute-group-mygroup2] quit
4 Configure the HTTPS server to relate with corresponding policies, and start the HTTPS
server.
a Configure the SSL policy specifying HTTPS server as myssl.
[SysnameCA] ip https ssl-server-policy myssl
Troubleshooting 617
Troubleshooting
Failed to Retrieve a
CA Certificate
No trustworthy CA is specified.
Server URL for the certificate request through SCEP is not correct or not configured.
You can check if the server is well connected by using the ping command.
No RA is specified.
2 Hardware problems
Failed to Request a
Local Certificate
Network connection faults, such as broken network cable and loose interface.
Troubleshooting: If you fail to request a local certificate when the router has finished the
configuration of PKI domain parameters and entity DN, and has created a new RSA key
pair, the reasons might include:
1 Software problems
No key pair is created, or the current key pair has had a certificate.
No trustworthy CA is specified.
Server URL for the certificate request through SCEP is not correct or not configured.
You can check if the server is well connected by using the ping command.
The necessary attributes of entity DN are not configured. You can configure the
relevant attributes by checking CA/RA authentication policy.
2 Hardware problems
Failed to Retrieve a
CRL
Network connection faults, such as broken network cable and loose interface.
2 Hardware problems
Network connection faults, such as broken network cable and loose interface.
618
63
POE CONFIGURATION
PoE Overview
Introduction to PoE
Power over Ethernet (PoE) means that power sourcing equipment (PSE) supplies power
to powered devices (PD) such as IP telephone, wireless LAN access point, and web
camera from Ethernet interfaces through twisted pair cables.
Advantages
Easy to connect: A network terminal requires only one Ethernet cable, but no external
power supply.
Composition
A PoE system consists of PoE power, PSE, and PD.
PoE power
The whole PoE system is powered by the PoE power, which includes external PoE power
and internal PoE power.
The support for the PoE power type depends on the device model.
PSE
PSE is a card or subcard. PSE manages its own PoE interfaces independently. PSE
examines the Ethernet cables connected to PoE interfaces, searches for the devices that
comply with the specification, classifies them, and supplies power to them. When
detecting a PD is unplugged, the PSE stops supplying the power to the PD.
An Ethernet interface with the PoE capability is called PoE interface. Currently, a PoE
interface can be an FE or GE interface.
PD
A PD is a device accepting power from the PSE. There are standard PDs and nonstandard
PDs. A standard PD refers to the one that complies with IEEE 802.3af. The PD that is
being powered by the PSE can be connected to other power supply unit for redundancy
backup.
620
Protocol Specification
PoE Configuration
Tasks
Remarks
Required
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
You can configure a PoE interface in either of the following two ways:
Configure a PoE configuration file and apply the file to the specified PoE interface(s).
Usually, you can adopt the command line to configure a single PoE interface, and adopt
a PoE configuration file to batch configure PoE interfaces.
You can adopt either mode to configure, modify, or delete a PoE configuration
parameter under the same PoE interface.
The PSE applies power to a PoE interface in two modes. For a device with only signal
cables, power is supplied over signal cables. For a device with spare cables and signal
cables, power can be supplied over spare cables or signal cables.
To clearly identify the PD connected to a PoE interface, you can give a PD description.
Configuring a PoE
Interface through the
Command Line
Follow these steps to configure a PoE interface through the command line:
Table 437 Configuring a PoE Interface through the Command Line
To do
Remarks
system-view
interface
interface-type
interface-number
Enable PoE
poe enable
Required
By default, PoE is disabled on the
PoE interface.
Configuring PoE
Interfaces through a
PoE Configuration
File
poe pd-description
string
A PoE configuration file is used to batch configure PoE interfaces with the same
attributes to simplify operations. This configuration method is a supplement to the
common command line configuration.
Commands in a PoE configuration file are called configurations.
622
Follow these steps to configure PoE interfaces through a PoE configuration file:
Table 438 Configuring PoE Interfaces through a PoE Configuration File
To do
Remarks
system-view
poe-profile profile-name [
Required
index ]
poe enable
Required
By default, PoE is
disabled on a PoE
interface.
quit
apply poe-profile { index
index | name profile-name }
interface interface-range
Apply the
PoE
configura
tion file
to the
PoE
interface(
s)
Optional
By default, the
maximum power on the
PoE interface is 15,400
milliwatts.
Optional
By default, the PoE
mode is signal
(power over signal
cables).
interface interface-type
interface-number
After a PoE configuration file is applied to a PoE interface, other PoE configuration
files can not take effect on this PoE interface.
If a PoE configuration file is already applied to a PoE interface, you must execute the
undo apply poe-profile command to remove the application to the interface
before deleting or modifying the PoE configuration file.
If you have configured a PoE interface through the command line, you cannot
configure it through a PoE configuration file again. If you want to reconfigure the
interface through a PoE configuration file, you must first remove the command line
configuration on the PoE interface.
You must use the same mode (command line or PoE configuration file) to configure
the poe max-power max-power and poe priority { critical | high | low }
commands.
Configuring PD
Power
Management
The power priority of a PD depends on the priority of the PoE interface. The priority levels
of PoE interfaces include critical, high and low in descending order. Power supply to a PD
is subject to PD power management policies.
All PSEs implement the same PD power management policies. When the PSE supplies
power to a PD,
Under the control of a priority policy, the PD with a lower priority is first powered off
to guarantee the power supply to the new PD with a higher priority when the PSE
power is overloaded.
If the guaranteed remaining PSE power (maximum PSE power power allocated to the
critical PoE interface, regardless of whether PoE is enabled for the PoE interface) is lower
than the maximum power of the PoE interface, you will fail to set the priority of the PoE
interface to critical. Otherwise, you can succeed in setting the priority to critical, this
PoE interface will preempt the power of other PoE interfaces with a lower priority level.
In the latter case, the PoE interfaces whose power is preempted will be powered off, but
their configurations will remain unchanged. When you change the priority of a PoE
interface from critical to a lower level, the PDs connecting to other PoE interfaces will
have an opportunity of seizing power.
Configuration prerequisites
Enable PoE for PoE interfaces.
Configuration procedure
Follow these steps to configure PD power management:
Table 439 Configuring PD Power Management
To do
Remarks
system-view
interface interface-type
interface-number
Configure
the power
priority for a
PoE
interface.
Configure the
power priority for
the PoE interface in
PoE interface view
Configure the
power priority for
the PoE interface in
PoE configuration
file view
Configure a PD power
management priority policy
index ]
Optional
By default, no PD
power management
priority policy is
configured.
624
Configuring a
Power Alarm
Threshold for the
PSE
When the current power utilization of the PSE is above or below the alarm threshold
for the first time, the system will send a Trap message.
When the PSE starts or stops supplying power to a PD, the system will send a Trap
message, too.
Follow these steps to configure a power alarm threshold for the PSE:
Table 440 Configuring a Power Alarm Threshold for the PSE
To do
Remarks
system-view
poe
utilization-thresho
ld
utilization-threshold-v
alue
Upgrading PSE
Processing
Software Online
Optional
By default, the power alarm
threshold for the PSE is 80%.
You can upgrade the PSE processing software online in either of the following modes:
Refresh mode
Normally, you can upgrade the PSE processing software in the Refresh mode through the
command line.
Full mode
When an exception, such as interruption (power failure) or error, occurs during the
upgrade in Refresh mode, you can upgrade the PSE processing software in Full mode.
When the PSE processing software is damaged (in this case, you can execute none of PoE
commands successfully), you can upgrade the PSE software processing software in Full
mode to restore the PSE function. Online PSE processing software upgrade may be
unexpectedly interrupted (for example, an error results in device reboot). If you fail to
upgrade the PSE processing software in Full mode after reboot, you can power off the
device and restart it before upgrading it again. After upgrade, restart the device
manually to make the original PoE configurations take effect. The support for this
upgrade method depends on the device model.
Follow these steps to upgrade the PSE processing software online:
Table 441 Upgrading PSE Processing Software Online
To do
Remarks
system-view
Optional
Configuring a PD
Disconnection
Detection Mode
To detect the PD connection with PSE, PoE provides two detection modes: AC detection
and DC detection. The AC detection mode is energy saving relative to the DC detection
mode.
Follow these steps to configure a PD disconnection detection mode:
Table 442 Configuring a PD Disconnection Detection Mode
To do
Remarks
Configure a PD
disconnection
detection mode
Optional
poe disconnect { ac | dc }
If you adjust the PD disconnection detection mode when the device is running, the
connected PDs will be powered off. Therefore, be cautious to do so!
There are standard PDs and nonstandard PDs. Usually, the PSE can detect only standard
PDs and supply power to them. The PSE can detect nonstandard PDs and supply power
to them only after the PSE is enabled to detect nonstandard PDs.
Follow these steps to enable the PSE to detect nonstandard PDs:
Table 443 Enabling the PSE to Detect Nonstandard PDs
To do
Remarks
system-view
poe legacy enable
Optional
By default, the PSE is disabled
from supplying power to the
detected nonstandard PDs.
626
Displaying and
Maintaining PoE
Remarks
PoE Configuration
Example
interface-type
interface-number ]
interface-type
interface-number ]
interface-number ]
display poe-profile [
index index | name
profile-name ]
display poe-profile
interface interface-type
interface-number
Network requirements
Network diagram
Figure 174 Network diagram for PoE
Network
GigabitEthernet1/0/1
IP Phone
GigabitEthernet1/0/2
GigabitEthernet1/0/5
GigabitEthernet1/0/6
IP Phone
AP
AP
Configuration procedure
1 Enable PoE on GigabitEthernet1/0/1, GigabitEthernet1/0/2, GigabitEthernet1/0/5, and
GigabitEthernet1/0/6.
<Sysname> system-view
[Sysname] interface gigabitethernet 1/0/1
[Sysname-GigabitEthernet1/0/1] poe enable
[Sysname-GigabitEthernet1/0/1]quit
[Sysname] interface gigabitethernet 1/0/2
[Sysname-GigabitEthernet1/0/2] poe enable
[Sysname-GigabitEthernet1/0/2]quit
[Sysname] interface gigabitethernet 1/0/5
[Sysname-GigabitEthernet1/0/5] poe enable
[Sysname-GigabitEthernet1/0/5]quit
[Sysname] interface gigabitethernet 1/0/6
[Sysname-GigabitEthernet1/0/6] poe enable
628
Troubleshooting
PoE
Analysis:
Solution:
Symptom:
Analysis:
Solution:
Symptom:
The guaranteed remaining power of the PSE is lower than the maximum power of the
PoE interface.
In the former case, you can solve the problem by increasing the maximum PSE power,
or by reducing the maximum power of the PoE interface when the guaranteed
remaining power of the PSE cannot be modified.
In the latter case, you should first remove the priority already configured.
Some configurations in the PoE configuration file do not meet the configuration
requirements of the PoE interface.
In case 1, you can solve the problem by removing the original configurations of those
configurations.
In case 2, you need to need to modify some configurations in the PoE configuration
file.
In case 3, you need to remove the application of the undesired PoE configuration file
to the PoE interface.
Analysis:
Solution:
You can drop the AC input under-voltage threshold below the AC input over-voltage
threshold.