1 147 4

v
t.

#T FLUilDs

ffiilffiW

,a

?
I
n

THROI.,IGH

AND PIPE

V6I-TVES, FITTIF{Gs,

l
.!*

METRIC EDITION

:
{

.7,
"o\

I SI UNITS

ra

7
-E"

CRANE
@

.t

,
t

rg77

CRANE co.

All rights reserved. This publication is fulty Protected

by copyright and nothing that appears in it may be re'
printed, either wholly or in part, without special per'
mission.

.:

'[-Y o

*-

\-/

CRANE CO.
Exeeutiva Off ice
300 Park Avenus
Naw York, N.Y. 10022

Technieal Paprer No. 410M

Direct lnguiries

co

4100 S. Kedzic Avenuc

Chicago, I llinois 60632

Price

10.00

($te.50 0utside usA)

i
t

\-

.L
.p'

l.

Bibliogrcrphy

R.. A. Docge &

McGraw-Hi;l Book

tt

R. Mayhew & G. q_. _c. Rogers, 'Thermociynamrc a

I.
Transp-ort properties of
ghirwiril-Oif"

and 407.

' S.^Rous-e, "{l.rrrlta{y Mechanics of lrluids"; John Wiley

& Sons, Inc., New york, 1946.
I B. F.
Crirzle,. "simplification

of

fvleuns ot' a
.T:X Spccirl slirJe
Septem ber, l g4S.

Gas I;low C;rlcularrrlns by

Rulc"; pr,toleui trriieii,

t H. I",:chba9h, ..Loss
ot' Energy in Miter Bends,, ; Tronssctien.o of rhe Munic. HydTaulic Institute , suiiiii', No-.
i,
Amer ican society of Mechanical Engine'eis, Nl*
vor[,

l93s

t "Dor/therm
Handbook";
Mic;rigan, 19S4; page 10.
6

Dorv clremical co., Midland,

R. J. s. Pigott,."Presslrre Losses in Tubing, pipe, and Fitt_!nss" ; Tralycrions of r_h-e american s;;i;Fi
,J'iir:rnanical
' '-'

Engtneers, vorurn e

7i, r9s0;

pagei 6ig

i" riagi

It

Jackson, R. R. Johnson, and c. A.

l,arlon, "Flow Measurement wittr oririce lar*l*;;;
--'-'" o. van

'
N,rrtrand Cornpe ny, Inc., New york-, iijSl .
' "1'tulr! Mcteri"; AtrrCIrir::rn .riur:lotf irl rVlo.r.lralrtcll linBtrtoari,
I'ur t I .(rth l:ditlon, Ncw yr.rrk, Lg t l.

tt'

rr

Iq . G. cu n ninBham
, "orifice Meters with - ' -r
(lr:mpresslblc FIow"; AsME papor rio. s0-A4s.supercritical

'41' condltigning

B"{rigcrarlng ,lJ:rra lJook*- l)osrgn,,,

American s.og1e_ry of- Refrucrating lingmcers,
9th r:oitioi,,
New York, lg55.
W. I-. Nel.gon, "petroleum
-{*linrry' [ngineering,,; SIcGrawHill Book Co., New york, I949.

'r Lionei

s.

"lvfechanical Engrneers Handbook,,;

McCraw-HiU-{arks,
Book Co., New
_

york, iiS t.

t,

in

Pipes

Hydroc xtoa{/
Vo*, ii5b.- 7

1922.

'?G. L- Tuve-and R. E. sqrg.n$e, "orifice Discharge cocf

cienrs tbr viscous Liquids" tInsiraiinri, NJrimu1r,-tgi
pagc 20

l.

't L. F. Moody, "Friction Factors for pipe Flow" ; Tran

Americal pgiety of ,Wechanica trgi"i*
if!i?-y^"!.,4,
Volume
56, Novernber,
pigej
1944:

te

o7

tJ6 7T.

A. H. shapiro,, "The Dynamics and rhermodynarnics

9gl,lprq-ssiblc Fluid Flow"; The RoniJd pi;;' CL*p.n:

ro

ASME Steam Tables, Lg67 .

"

H._Bcij,^_"Pressure Lossos for Fluid Flow rn g0 Deqrr

5.pip.:

Bonds" i lournal gf Researr h ,rl-rtic rWr,;;r:i &;il;

,tl' St,rrlulunlt, Volurrro : i , luly. l,lJtl.
rr'nMarks' Stantlrud tlundbook
lor &locttnuru;.' Hrigrp$ors'
seventh Edirion 1966, McGraw-Hill &roli i-,., ii** l'r>rl

" Bullerm
liqgtrurn,
(r9re).

"I

E. C. und Jackson, R. F.,

14;

pogor

llurcsu,,r\-{

sg ro g6 (s.p. lrpl",---lru,

ly
Volur

R.. WgVm-outh, Tlansocrlr

Mechanical Engincer,rr

arcir
pun ;.-,

" Mechonicdi
F-. J,. s.. Pigolt, "Tho Frow of Fluids in closcd concluirs,
Engineering, volume s5,

lio.

,9,

aug*i,

study of Data on the Flow of Fluids

," Tranuctions ol rls American society

- ----' of Mechan-

"l{andbook
f ,i6 ?

,tV.
:e
30

of

chemistry- and_ physics," 44th Edition,

-i 963 Clrcmical Rubber puUtistrini Co-,--Cliveland.

L" Streeter, "Fluid Mechanict,', lst Editfon, l9Sl,

"stendards or lIydraulic tnstitute", Eighth Edition, 1947.

International pas u.nion, Appendix I of reporr .'problems
lr9* inrerchangeability of second' ramiti- iisui{
,',iay.1975.

arising

tt'

'!.

the ,Tmerir

,, lg t:i:

ical Engine ers. Vol. SS, 1933, HYD-5S-2.

:?

1953, Chapter 6.

page 497.

" !"nlgry tr.emlcr, "A

vEi

t. cqrp and R. o, Rubro, "Loss of Hcatr , tlrves ar

"9,
pir:t. of one-Half to
Twelvs Inihis oiumitrr" ; iniverst
ol wisconsin Experimcntal s^.qn gulleiln, ,j-.;.
o-,;

National Elnne.erilg- Laboratory, ..Steam Tabtes 1964,,;

l-IMSO

It. F. stearnr, R. M.

'w

J. B. Max-well, "Data Book on

Nosrand Compury, Inc., New

Edinburgh, UK.

Ftuidsn;' nirrif
-r-r-

uK, 1972.

\
J.,

ig33

1i474
FOREWORD

The more complex industry becomes. rhe more

vital becomes the role played by fluids in the

in,,lustrial machine. One hundred years ago
water was the only important fluid which was
conveyed from one point to another in pipe.
Today, almost evety conceivable fluid is handled
in pipe during its production, processing, transportation, ot utilization. The age ot' atomic
energy and rocket power has added fluids such
i.e., sodium, potassium,
as liquid metals
and bisrnuth, nS well as liquid oxygen, nitrogen,
etc. . to the list of more common fluids such
3s oil, water, gasest acids, and liquors that are

being trsnsported in pipe today. Nor is the

transportation of fluids the only phase of

hydraulics which warrants attention now.

:

Hvdraulic and pneumetic mechanisms are used

extensively for the controls of modern aircraft,
sea-going vessels, automotive equioment,
machine tools, earth-moving and road-building
machines, and even in scientific laboratory
equiprnent where precise control of tluid flow
is required.

.fk
f'

So extensive are the applications of hydraulics

and fluid mechanics that almost every engineer

'1t

." \'i

has found it necessary to familiarue himself

with at lerst the elementary laws of Uuid llow.
To satisfy a demand tor a simple and practical
treatment of the subject of flow in pipe, Crane
Co. pr"rblished in 1935, a booklet entirled Flow
of' FIurds and l-leat Trrnsmission. n revised
edition on the nrbject of Flow ol'Fluids
Through Valves, Fittings, and Pipe was published in 1942. Technical Paper No. 410, I cornpletely new edition with an all-new format was
introCuced in 1957. [n T.P. 410, Crane has
endeavoured to present the latest available
inforrnation on flow of fluids, in summarized
form with all auxiliary data necessary to the
solution of all but the most unusual tluid tJow
probiems.

The fifteenth printing (197 6 edition) presented

a conceptual change regarding the values of

Equivalent Length "LlD" and Resistance Co.

efflcrent "K" for valves and tittings relative to
the friction factor in pipes. This change had
relatively minor effect on most problems dealing
with tlow conditions that rcsult in Reynolds
numbers talling in the turbulent zone. However,
for flow in the laminar zone, the change avoided

a significant overstatement of pressure drop.

with the conceptual revision, the
resistance to flow through valves and tittings

Consistent

in terrns of resistance coefficient

35K" instead of equivalent
length "LlD", and
the coverage of valve and fitting types was

was expressed

expanded.

Further important revisions included the upof stearn viscosity data, orifice coeffi-

dating

cients, and nozzle coefficients.

This new issue provides the metric version of

the fifteenth printing. Technical data, with cer-

tain exceptions, is here presented in terms of

SI metric units, (see footnote). The exceptions

occur in instances where it is considered that

present units, outsirie the SI system, are expec-

to continue in use for some indefinite tirne,

e.g. nominal pipe sizes in inches, or where agreement has not yet been reached on the specitic
metric units to be used as in the case of flow
coe

fficient.

The general arrangemcnt of tho material is uochanged. Theory is presented in Chapters I and
2 . . . practical application to flow problcms in
Chapters 3 and 4 . . . physicd properties of
fluids and flow characteristics of valves, fittings,
and pipe in Appendix A . . and conversion
units and other useful engineering data in
Appendix B.

of the data on flow through valves and

fittings were obtained by carefully conducted
experiments in the Crane Engineering Laboratories. Uberal use has been made, however,
of other reliable sources of data on this subject
and due credit has been given these sources in
the text. The bibliography of references will
provide a source for further study of the sub-

Most

During the years 1957 through 197 7, there were

sirteen printings of Technical Paper No. 410.
Each successive printing was updater!, as necessary, to reflect the latest flow information
avaiiable. This continual updating, we believe,
serves t lre best interests of the use rs o t' this
pu blication.

ject presented.

CRANE CO.

-ilmfipfre

Confenfs

aS

CHAPTER

CHAPTER 2
page

Flow of Fluids
Through Valves and Fittings

t-l
!-2
l-2

Nrtu:"e

0i FIow in Pipe

t-3

Pressure Drop Chargeable

*4
4

Energy Eo.uation

I --5

!lgasurement of Prgssure .............................. ...

Darcy"s Formula

,r^\

Br:nc.,uJli's Thgorem...............oo.......o........,.............

Ceneral

Eq

-5

uation for Flow of Fluids ...........o......... I *6

Principles of Compressible FIow in Pipe.................

Complgtg isothermal equation,...,.....................

I
I

-7
-8

Simplified compressible tTow gas pipe line tbrmula..........r...............e.......... I

-8
Other commonly used fclrrnulas for
compressibte tlow in long pipe lines .,........... I
-8
Ccrmpurison tlf tbrmulas for
compressiblg flow in pipe lings ..................... l
-g
Umiting t'low of gases and vapors .........o...o....... l:g

Sterm

.l

't

2-2

Crane Flow Tests

f)escription of apparatus used o...............r.....,.r.

Wlttcr fltrw tests .......!.....!iri.rrr.!.r......o.r.t..r.rr.or..

Stgarn tlow tests ...............................r...............

J-j
:'".1
J

-5

Relationship of Pressure Drop

to Velocity of Flow .....o.........

-t

Resistance Coefficient K, Equivalent

l*ngth

LlD, and Flow cogtTicient i.................................. 2-8

.

Friction iucttr r ............ro.............................,...... I

-6
Effect of age and use on pipe iriction ............... I
-7

Used in Pipe Systems..........,

to Valvgs and Fittings .....o..........o....................,...t.

ril

-l

Typ.t of Valves and Fittings

-1

Cene

at

......o..-......oiroor.....o.o.......................r...

-3
r-3

Specific gravity ....r.o..rr....!r...o.....r..r.o.................

Introduction

page

Ceneral Discussiotl .,..........r......,............... I

- l0

land Enlargement...o............... l-

Laminar Flow Conditions ...........o.......,.o!...r..........

II

Suddgn Contraction

tI

Valves with Rgduced Seats ...........................r......

3- I3

Resistancg

of Bgnds ..'......:o...r........o.....i..o......o......

Resistance

of Mitre Bends .................................... 3-

\1

I3

Flow Tluough Nozzles and Orifices

G e ng ral d a t a . . . . . . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
- |4
Liquid FIow ..........................r...........r..o......o...o l- tr$
Gas and vapor flow...o..............o..................i..... l- l4
Maximum tlow of compressible
tluids in a no221gr...r.i..............o...o...r.t....r!.... l- I 5
FIow through short tubes o..or....r........o...........o. l- l5
r

Discharge of Fluids Through

CHAPTER

Vrlves, Fittings. und Pipc

L'iquitl

Forn"ulas and Nomographs for Flow

ThrEruqh Valves, Fittings, and pipe

,A

af Formulas ...........t.....,............ 3-2 to 3-5

F'.:rmulas and Nornographs

ior

LirJ uid Fiow

Vgltlci[v .............................i...t.............o........... 3--6
Reynoids number: iriction tactor for

clean stegi piPe .o...t..o..................o...r......a.....

3-8
kgssurg drop tor turbulent flow ...................... 3- l0
Prgssure drop for laminar

flow

.o..............r....o...

Flow through nozzles and oritjcgs ........,...........

..o.r... Dr.r........................r..t...r.r....r..

3-t2
3-r4

l--15
l5

l*
CHAPTE R 4

pilgg

lSumrngry

llow

Cornpressible tlow

Examples

of Flow problems

pagc

Introduction .............o.o.......................t...........!.r..r .t- I

Reynolds Number and Fricrion Frctor tbr
PiPa Other than Stggl ...o...r..........o..r..................... 4-l
Determination of Virlve Resisrance in

LlD, K, and Flow Coefficignt

Check Valves

I,

Cv .o.................r...

... 1-?

Detgrmination of Size ......r.........o 4_3

Reduced Port Valves - Velocity end Rate

of Discharge.....o..........r.......r...........o..o..................

4-3

Laminar Flow in Valves, Fittings, and Pipe ...o....... 41

Pressure Drop and Velocity in Piping Systems ... ... 1-6

Fornruirts und Nomographs

icr Compressibie Flow

\relc.citv
3-16
Il,:'vrlolds nurnner; tiiction fector for
cJeln stggI pipe .....!...........o.........t..r............. -j-18
kgssure drop .................................................... 3
-10
Simpi-fied ilow lormula .........,.o. ................ 1-r,l
F'!cu; through nozzies and or:fices .................... 3-26
J

--

Pipe Ling Flow koblgms ................r.,...................

4- i 0
Discharge of Fluids from Piping Systems ......... ..... 4-12
Flow Through Orificg Mgters r.......................o....... 4- I 5

Application of Hydraulic Radius

to Flow Problgms ................................................. -t- l6

--r/

--'*"
o

APPENDIX A

APPENDIX

Physical Properties of Fluids

and Flow Characteristics of
Valver, Fittings, and Pipe

Engineering

Data

pase

IntrOduction .............................. '....... t.................. B-- t

Equivalent Volume and Mass

Flow Ratgs of Compressible Fluids ...................... B-2

page
I

nt rOduc

ion

............

. . . . . r . . r . . . o. . . . . o. . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . . o. . . . .

Physical Properties of Fluids

Viscosity of Stgam ......r...................r.............o...
Viscosity of water ....r...........o.............o.............
Viscosity of liquid petroleum products ...,........
Viscosity of various liquids ............,.......o.........
Viscosity of gases and hydrocarbon vapors ......
Viscosity of refrigerant vapors .....o..,,...............
Physical propertigs of watef .......... !?.,..............,
Specific gravity - temperature

\,

A-1

A-2
A-3
A-3
A-4
A-5
A-5
A-6

Equivalents of Degrees API,

Degrees Beumd, Specific Gravity, and

Conve

A-9

Le

tgam

val ues

of 7

.. o... , .......

..........

o.

.... .. ....

o..

..

Density and specific

vttltlme tlf glses lnd vapors ...........r.............
Volumetric composition and
specific gravity of gaseous fugls ........r..........
Properties : saturatgd steam t.........r......,......o.....

r0

A- 12
A-r3
A- r5

Flow Characteristics of

Net expansion facror Y

A-20

Flow Characteristics
of Pipe, Valves, and Fittings
Net expansion factor l, for compressible
flow through pipe to a larger flow area ........ A-22
Relative roughness of pipe materials and
friction factor for cornplete turbulence ....... A-23
Friction factors tbr
any type of commercial pipe ....................... A-24
Friction factors for clean
commgrcial steel pipe ... o.................o.o.......... A-25

Pipe friction factors ..............!..........................

Formulas; sudden contraction and

A-25

enlargement ... ...... o. .... o........ .... . .. . ... . ....... .. .. .

Formulas: reduced part valves and fittings .......

A-26
A-26

Gate. globe and angle valves .o...o....................... A-27

Check valves ........... r... .... ............ r,.......... ....... .. A-27

Stop*heck and foot valvgs ....r.........t..............r A-28

Ball and buttgrtly valves .,.........,...................... A-28

Plug valves and cocks ..............r..,.......o.............

Bends and tlttings ...,.......,o..............,................
Pipe entrancg and exit ...................o..............r..

Equivalent t-engths

A-29
A-19
A-?9

and LID

and Resistance coefficient

........a.a...

fea

a...

o..a..

r a..a

a...

a..

a a. a..

...aa...

a a.............

..a

r.

..........

K Nomograph ........ A-30

B- 10
R- r0
B- IO

Liquid Measure .....................!...o.. o.........o.........

Velocity ........'....or.............................o.....rr....... B-11
MaSS

. o......

4.....

a...1at.

a..

r r a aa aa.

a. a.....

a. a aa a..a

r}

a.......

Mass Fltlw Rate ...o...................................r..,....

11

Lr-

l.[

B-i

Vtllurne tric Rttg of Flow ......t......o.....,..,.... ...... IJ_ I

rce

... . r o....

o.....

!.a...........

a. o.....

a.....

a.r r.a....

a........

Energy' Work, Heat ..........r............r...ro...o....iii..

r
............ .... i..... r.. r. a... a......... .. r ...,... o... ..

Powe

for compressible flow ........r.r.........o........,.... A-2 r

Critical pressure ratio, r"
for compressiblg flow ...........t...................... A-2 I

B.pl-.rentative Resistance Coe fficients (K)

for Valves and Fittings - "K" Factor Tabie

rsion Equivalents

ngtlr . o.......r...o............ o.................................. B- t0

Prgssurg and Liquid Hgad ..................r.........i....

A-10

B.-E

Vtl lumc ........ r r.. o......... r........ a............

Fo

Nozzles and Orifices

Flow cogfficient C for nozzlgs ,........................
Flow coefficient C tbr
square edged orifices ...o..r....,..................t....

Density ..... B-7

lnternatiorral System of Units

A-

B-6

Saybolt Univgrsal Viscosity Chart .........................

rglationship for petrolgum oils .......o.,..o......o A-7

Density und specific
gravity of various liquids .........r.....,.......o..... A-7
Physical properties of gases ...r........................o A-8

Propert ies : supe rheaterl steam r.....r..r..... r.r........

\,/

o t' Viscosity
Dynamic (Absolutg) ......rr................................. B -3
Kinematic
Kinematic ;;;' s;fi ; i;' Li;i;;;;;i : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : B
Kinema tic and Saybolt Furol .....rt.....r.............. B-.1
Kinematic. Saybolt Universal,
Say l: olt Furoi. and Absolutg ....r.................. B-5

Equivalents

B-1

B-il

B-t2

B- l2

Flow Through Schedule 4O Steel pipe

N,'J:: : ::::::::::::::

:: ::

:::::::.

::

::::::::::::::::::::::

: B: l ; : B:

Commercial Steel Pipe Data

Schgdulgs 10 to 160 .r................o..r.......o......r....

Standard. extra strong,
and doublg gxtra strong ..............................

B-16

Stainlgss Stggl Pipai Jata ........i..r..t.t.o..................r.

B- i 8

Cornmercial Steel Pipe Data

ISO 336 and BS 3600..r.......,!t..........o.....!.........

B-19

Power required for Pumpin$ .........r...-.....t..... r.......

Fahrenheit

B-:2

Celsius Temperature Conversion......

tVI

B-

-:

ISC E L LAN EO US
pase

lllustrations of Typical Valves

Globe. angle, and stop-check ....!....................., .\- 18

Lift anti swing check ..,................... ....2-7 and A-1g
Tilting rlisc chgck and foot ..r.r....................o...t. A- i 9
Gatg. ball, and butterfly ..r...................r..,.....D... A- l9
C tl c

ks

...................

:.

.............................r.....

- II

Bibliography ............................. see second page of book

Foreword ....rr...r....t.......r.r............ see third pagg oi book
NOmgnClatUfg ......r...........r....o. r!................. Sgg ngXt pagg

\/

.&H*am*mc! afure
Unless otherwise stated, all svmbols
used
in this book are defined as follows:

cross sectional area

m0tro8

of pipe or orifice, in square

cd
C,
D
d
e

f
fr
H
h

= absolute temperature, in kelvins (273 * r)

= temperature, in degrees Celsius
= specific volurne of fluid, in cubic rnetres per

kilogram

va

a
as

flow of r gur, in

=
=
=

w
w
wa

Ioss of static pressure head due to tlurd

flow, irr
rnetres of fluid

hw

static pressulfe head, in millimetres of water

tance c oe fficien t or veloci ..r
tv head los in
the formuia, ht= Kurf Zgn
length ol'pipe, in metres
= equivalent length of a resistance to tlow,
rn pipe

resis

L=

LID

eol:1tial. head

Lm

Iength of pipe, in kilomerres

rnolecular weight (molecular mass)
pressure, in newtons per square
metre (pascals)

P' =

(I

) =

unless otherwise

l0O;

^\p

',
p' :r
a *
q
=

presntre)

pressure, in bars gauge

fres.sure, in bars absolute
rate of flow, in litres per minute
rate of ilow, in cubic metres per second
at flow_

ing conditions

q' = rale *i flow, in cubic metres per second at

me

"ric standard c';nditilrns (Mscl.. L0 13 25

bar abscllute and l S"C

Q'd = rate of flow, in millions of cubic merres per duv

at MSC

of flow, in cubic metres per hour ar MSC

rare of flow, in cubic metres per minute

Q'h

= rate

Qm

florvrng conditions

Q'^

Ro=

R=
P=

r.e

Rg
rc

,t=

relers to 100 metreg of pip,

Greck Lottrrt

Brta

P =

ratio of smail
.to large diameter in orifices and
nozzJes,
pipes

artd contiactions or enlargements in

'r =

ratio of specific heat at constant pressure

to
'l\'
specific
heat at constant

Doltr

A ir

volumJ;';;i;;-

difforential botwoon two pornts

Eprilon

absolute roughness or effective height

wall irregularities, in millirnetres --'

dynamic (absolute) viscosity, in centipoiso

seconds per square

of

pipe

Mu

tt

tl' = orm[H3:i?ffiwton
Nu

at

rate of flow, in cubic metres per minure

at Msc
universal gas constant = g3 rc t
lug-mol (
individual gas consran * =
f Ju i kg r( (where
tW = moiecuiar weight of ,[,
S.r)
Reynolds number

= hydraulic radius, in metres

= criticaj pressure ratio for compressible tlow

downstream
J
- conditions

specified

Gamme

l.S for diagram showing relation.

$ugeznd oisolite

indicates inlet or^upsrre:rm conditions

unless

(z) = i"*o.'l,fTr:H"Trt

pressure, in newtons per square

merre (pascals)
absolute
ship berween

oi;i;;

elevarion above reference

Subrcripr

gauge

(see page

or

tevel, [n metres

diame ters

tl{

metres per sccond

rate of flow, in kilograms per hour
rate of flow, in kilograms per second
rnass, in kilograms

net expansion factor for compressible

.
flow
through orifices , nozzJ.r,

of iluid

hg

specific gravity of a gas relative

to air = the
.
ratio of thc morecurrr
y.irt
i
or ,[" e., ro
that of air (relative densiryi

= mean verocity of flow, in metres per minute

= volurne, in cubic metres
= mean verocity of flow, in metres per second
," sonic (or critical) verocity
of

acceieration of gravity = 9.gl merres per

second
per second
toral head, in metres of fluid
static pressure head existing at a point, jn
metres

,A

lriction lactor in form ula ltp

= fLa, I D 2gn
f'rictron factor in zone of c,lmpi.t, r rrrbulence

8n

cross sectional area of pipe or orifice,

or flow
aree in valve, in squarl miilirnerres

= rare of flow in barrels (42 Lrs gallonr ) per hour

= l'l'.rw i:oefficient for orifices and nozzles = disch; :'ge coefficienr corrected foi- r-i"ritv
oi
approach=Ca/q
= discharge coefficient for orifices and nozzles
= flow coefficient for valves
= in te rnal d iame ter o f pipe, in me tres
= intern;rl diameter of pipe, in millimerres.
= base of natural logarithm = Z.7lg

ss

snecific gravitv of liquids at specilled remper:!.ru!'? relarive to water at sia-ndard t.*i*i.

ilrure (1 5.'C) - (relative density)

v'
Rho

= kinematic viscosity, in centistokes

= kinematic viscosity, rnetres squiued per sccond
=

p' =
Sigme

weight density
rnetre

of fluid, kilograms per cubic

density of fluid, gfams per cubic centimeue

I = summation

Thota

0 = '"*J[:?ffir,'*T";l

*T;u.:".'

in

errrarse'