Chapter15:DevelopmentoftheDigestiveSystemLO

1. True/FalseThepancreasformsfromanevaginationofthemidgutendoderm.
(Endodermaldiverticulumoftheforegut)
2. True/FalseThemidgutderivativeshavecontributionsfromallthethreegerminal
layers,ectoderm,mesodermandendoderm.
3. True/FalseTheallantoisisentirelylinedbyendoderm.
4. True/FalseThevitellineduct(yolkstalk)connectstothemidgutatapointthat
eventuallyformsthetransversecolon.(midgutlosesconnectionwiththeyolksac)
5. True/FalseTheleftlobeofthepancreasdevelopsfromthesplanchnicmesodermof
thedorsalmesogastrium(mesentery).
6. True/FalseThespleendevelopsinthedorsalmesogastrium(mesentery)by
differentiationofthesplanchnicmesoderm.
7. True/False:Theliverandtheleftlobeofthepancreasdeveloptogetherduringearly
embryogenesis.(Theliverandrightlobeofthepancreasdeveloptogether,wherethe
rightpancreaticlobearisesfromtheventralpancreaticdiverticulum)
8. True/FalseMuconiumisfoundinthefetalgutduetothesecretionofbilefromthe
developingliver.(Darkgreenmuconium)
9. True/FalseTheprocessofatresiaandrecanalizationisseenonlyintheesophagus
duringearlydevelopment.(Alsohappensintheduodenum,biliarysystem)
10. True/FalseTherightlobeofthepancreasisderivedwiththeliverduringdevelopment.
11. True/FalseEndodermalcellsexpressingnoNotchactivitydifferentiateintoexocrine
pancreaticcells.
12. True/FalseThe2ndrotationofthestomachandthemidgutrotatecounterclockwise
duringdevelopment.(Allrotationsofthestomachareclockwiseandallrotationsofthe
midgutarecounterclockwise)
13. True/FalseDuetotherotationofthemidgut,thetransversecoloncomestoliecaudal
totherootofthemesentery.(Sincetheaxisofrotationoccursalongthecranial
mesentericartery,thetransversecoloniscranialtotherootofthemesenterywhilethe
caudalflexureoftheduodenumiscaudaltotherootofthemesentery)

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14. True/FalseThesplanchnopleurederivedstructuresareinnervatedbyGSAnerve
fibers.
15. True/FalseTheduodenumissuppliedbyboththeceliacandcranialmesenteric
arteries,implyingitsderivationfromforegutandmidgut.
16. True/FalseTheurorectalseptumdividescloacalmembraneintoanaland
buccopharyngealmembranes.(separatestheallantoisfromtherectum)
17. True/FalseHoxgenesdeterminethenonovertsegmentationofgutintodifferentparts
ofsmallandlargeintestines.
18. True/FalseHindgutissuppliedbythevagusnerveduringearlydevelopment.
19. True/FalseSeptumtransversumcontributestovariousligamentsofthespleenduring
development.(contributestovariousligamentsoftheliver)
20. True/FalseTheliverindomesticanimalsisattachedtodiaphragmbecauseof
developmentalrelationships.
21. True/FalseKupffercellsoftheliverarederivedfrompleuropericardialfolds.
(Derivedfromtheseptumtransversum)
22. True/FalseRenalagenesismayresultinhydroamnios.(actuallyresultsin
oligohydramnios,orlackofamnioticfluid)
23. True/FalseAtreticesophagusmaycontributetooligohydramnios.(Resultsin
hydramnios,whereamnioticfluidisnotabsorbed)
24. True/FalseThecardiacprimordiuminducesthestomachformation.(cardiogenic
mesodermhasinductiveinfluenceoverliverformation)
25. True/FalseTheallantoicstalkbecomestheMeckelsdiverticulum.(Acongenital
diverticulumorbulgeoftheileumofthesmallintestinepresentasaremnantofthe
vitellineductoryolkstalk)
26. Anterior(cranial)andposterior(caudal)intestinalportals.
Foldingoftheembryo(largelytheyolksacinthebeginning)resultsintheformationofa
primitivegutseparatedinto3distinctparts:foregut,midgut,andhindgut.Themidgutis
connectedtotheyolksacviatheyolkstalk(vitellineduct,omphalomesenteric).Thetransitions
betweentheopenflooredmidgutandthetubularforegutandtubularhindgutarecalledthe

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cranialintestinalportalandcaudalintestinalportal,respectively.Theendodermatthese
cranialandcaudaljunctionsexpressasitespecificsignalingmolecule,Shh.Differencesin
expressionofothersignalingfactorsbetweenthecranialandcaudalportalsresultsintheability
forregionaldifferentiationandtheformationofthedigestivesystem.
27. Differentiatebetweencloacalmembraneversusstomodeum.
Intheheadregion,theforegutcomesintocontactwiththeectodermtoformthe
buccopharyngealmembrane.Astheheadregionenlarges,thismembranecomestolieatthe
floorofanectodermallylinedpitcalledthestomodeum,whichformstheoralcavity.
Thehindgutisalsosealedofffromtheoutsidebyopposingsurfaceoftheectodermand
endoderm,resultingintheformationofthecloacalmembrane.
28. Transdifferentiation.
Arareprocesswhereafullydifferentiatedcelltransformsintoanothercelltype.
Duringdevelopmentoftheesophagusfromtheforegut,localsplanchnicmesodermsurrounds
theesophagustoformasmoothmusclecoat(tunicamuscularis).Smoothmuscleisthemajor
typeofmuscleformedinthewalloftheesophagus.However,thesmoothmuscleistransformed
intoskeletalmuscleviatransdifferentiation,aprocessmediatedbytheexpressionofmyogenic
regulatoryfactormyf5andmeltrin(fusesskeletalmyoblaststoformmyotubes).Dependingon
thespecies,thetunicamuscularishasvariousproportionsofskeletalandsmoothmuscle.
29. WhatisOmentalbursaandhowitisformed?.
Theomentalbursaisapancreaticoentericrecessformedbythecoalescingofcleftswithinthe
dorsalmesogastrium.
Inrelationtothedevelopingstomach,thedorsalmesenteryiscalledthedorsalmesogastrium
andtheventraltheventralmesogastrium.Astheprimitivegutfirstrotatesalongitslongaxis
(90),thedorsalmesogastriumexpands,formingthegreatomentum.Thisresultsinthe
elongationofthedorsalmesogastrium,resultingintheformationoftheomentalbursa.

MultipleChoicesSelectthecorrectresponse:

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30. Duringdevelopment,theliverisassociatedwithallofthefollowingexcept:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

Hematopoiesis
Ventralmesentery
Septumtransversum
Ventralpancreas
Dorsalpancreas

31. Furtherdevelopmentoftheliningofthestomachresultsintheformationofallofthe
following,except:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

Gastricpits
Betacells
Parietalcells
Chiefcells
Argentaffincells

32. Selectthewrongitem:
a. Thespleendevelopsfromthesplanchnicmesodermofdorsalmesogastrium
b. Kupffercellsoftheliverarefromtheseptumtransversum
c. Alldomesticanimalsdevelopacysticdiverticulumduringtheformativestages
oftheliver(absentinhorsesandcamelids,whichlackagallbladder)
d. Thetriangularligamentsoftheliveraredevelopedatthesiteofcontactwith
septumtransversum
e. Fetalhepaticcellsarefunctionallyactiveandformbile(bymidgestation)
33. Liststructuresderivedfromthemidgut:

Jejunum,ileum,cecum,ascendingcolon,transversecolone,andmostoftheduodenum
34. Whatisphysiologicalhernia?
Themigrationofthemidgutintotheextraembryoniccoelomiscalledaphysiologicalhernia,
andoccursduetotheshortageofspaceinsidetheabdomenduetotherelativelylargesizeofthe
developingliverandkidneys.
35. Whereistheapproximatedemarcationofforegutandmidgutintheadultanimal?

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36. Nameany2contributionsofthehindgut?
Allthecontributionsofthehindgutaretheleftcolicflexure,descendingcolon,rectum,bladder,
andurethra

37. Describethe270degreerotationofthemidgutsegment.
DuetorapidgrowthofthecraniallimboftheUshapedmidguttube,themidgutrotates90
counterclockwisearoundtheaxisofthecranialmesentericartery,resultinginthecraniallimbof
themidgutlooptotherightsideandthecaudallimbtotheleft.Astheabdomenenlarges,the
relativesizesofthekidneysandliverdecreaseandthetwistedmidgutiswithdrawnfromthe
abdomen(reversalofphysiologicalhernia).Asthemidgutreturnstotheabdomen,itundergoes
another180counterclockwiserotationalongitsaxis.Thisresultsintheelongationofthe
mesenterysupportingthejejunum,andfinalplacementoftheduodenum,pancreas,andcolon
(initialpart)totherightsideofthemidline.
38. Whatiscloaca?
Inhindgutdevelopment,theallantoisisconnectedtoanampullalikeenlargementatthecaudal
partofthehindgut,calledthecloaca(sewerinLatin).Thecloacaislinedbygutendoderm
joinsasurfaceectoderminvaginationtoformthecloacalmembrane.
39. Whatisthedevelopmentalsignificanceoftheanorectalline?
Indifferentiationofthehindgutintourogenitalsegmentsandtherectum,thereisananorectal
linethatclearlydemarcatesbetweentheendodermectodermalpitinsidetheanorectalcanal.
40. Whatisportosystemicshunt?Whataresomeclinicalsignsexhibitedbyaffectedpatient?
Abnormaldirectconnectionbetweenportalandsystemiccirculationwherebloodbypassesthe
liver(i.e.persistentductusvenosus).Symptomscanvaryfromnosymptomstoanorexia,
lethargy,vomiting,hepaticencephalopathy,elevatedserumbileacids,andneurologicalsigns
(blindness,ataxia,behavioralchanges,coma).
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41. Whyhighproteindietexacerbatessymptomsofportosystemicshuntdefects(ReadDr.
BethAllegrettosnoteonTUSK)?
Livercatabolizesaminoacids(derivedfromdietaryprotein)toureaandexcretedureainurine.
Theliveristheprimarysiteofproteinmetabolism.Ifaminoacidsandtheirbyproducts
(ammonia)arepreventedaccesstotheliver,hepaticencephalopathycanresultfromthebuildup
ofammoniaandothercompounds,leadingtoCNSdisorders,coma,ordeath.Twospecific
mechanismsfollow:
Portosystemicshuntsleadtoanincreaseofammoniainthebloodbecauseammoniaformedin
GIsystem(frombacteriabreakingdownprotein)cannotbeexcretedbytheliver.Ammonia
crossesthebloodbrainbarrier,iscytotoxic,causesneuronalcelldeath,andcanleadto
depression(increasedformationofGABA).
HepaticbypassalsoleadstoelevatedAAAsinthebloodcomparedtoBCAAs(b/cliverisnt
utilizingAAAs).Thisresultsintheformationofpseudoneurotransmitters,whichcause
neurologicaldisorders.
42. Howtheventralmesenteryinrelationtostomachundergoesfurtherdivision?

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