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LESSON 7 - POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT

I. Political Sociology
-branch of sociology concerned with the entire society as well as social
institutions.

II. Power and Politics


Max Weber
Power - the chance of a man or a number of men to realize their own in a
communal action even against the resistance of oothers who are participating in the
action. Ability to achieve desired despite the resistance of others. (goals)
Politics - striving to share or to striving to influence the distribution of power.

III. Political Systems


Political Systems - how power is distributed within a specific territory.
A. Monarchy - there is a single ruler who belongs from an aristocratic family. The ruler
who are collectively referred to as monarchs.
power.

Absolute Monarchy - power based on divine right and has absolute control and

Constitutional Monarchy - reigns and rule symbolycally while governing is


assigned to an elected official such as prime minister.
B. Democracy - power resides on people.
C. Authoritarianism - power resides to a selected few who solely decides for the
welfare of all.
D. Totalitarianism - the government has a direct and absolute control of both the public
and private aspects of lives of its citizens.

IV. State
Emile Durkheim
State - not important as any other social institution. It is only one of the parts
which make the entire society function. He regarded society like an organism, he likened
the state as the society's brain whose main function is to think for the general welfare
of the people.
Karl Marx

State - is nothing but a tool used by ruling elite to protect their interests and to
legitimize their status. State as the executive committee of the ruling class. It is the
manifestation of the idea 'economic power begets political power' which means that
those who are wealthy have the capacity to influence the political affairs of a state.
Max Weber
State - developed alongside the emergence of industrial capitalism. States had
become bureaucratic, that is, it had taken the form of a formal organization rationally
design to perform tasks efficiently. State has the monopoly of the legitimate use foce.

V. Authority
Weber contested that state should exhibit authority, "power that people percieve
as legitimate rather than coercieve".
A. Traditional Authority - power is legitimized by virtue of divine right or longestablished cultural patterns. Usually relies on a narrative or mythologyof the divine
origins of the ruler.
B. Charismatic Authority - power is legitimized by "extraordinary personal abilities that
inspire devotion and obedience" (Macionis). Personality than ancestry. Often leaders are
seen as having supernatural powers or qualities.
C. Rational-Legal or Bureaucratic Authority - power is legitimized through the
enactment of laws. Legitimacy resides on legal rules and regulations.

VI. Theories of Power


A. Pluralist Model - society as an arena, people are active participants in matters
concerning politics.
B. Power-Elite Model - concerned with the question on how and why people must
always rule over a majority (few people). Wright Millis believed that power in the society
has been concentrated in three institutions (military, coporate and political). Roberto
Michels views that elite having the control on power is a "necessary outcome of
complex organizations". Iron law of oligarchy - bureaucrats and party leaders, who
makes decisions for others.
C. Marxist Political Economy Model - Elite can also influence the state which makes
them the indirect holders of political power. Only those who are economically or
financially wealthy have the control leaving those who are economically powerless also
political powerless.

VII. Political Anthropology


-deals with the study of cultural mechanisms of both industrialized and non
industrialized societies.

VIII. Types of Political Organizations


Political Organizations - refer to the way power is distributed within a society as means
to control people's behavior and maintain social order.
Anthropologists categorized political organizations:
a. Distinction of political institutions from other social institutions
b. Concentration of legitimate authority in specific political roles
c. Level of political integration
There are four distinct political organizations:
1. Band Societies - simplest form of political organization, composed of people who are
related by blood or marriage. There is no assigned political authority except for
occasional headman or headwoman wjho is heeded due to experience and superiority. It
is associated with hunting and gathering societies.
2. Tribal Societies - associated with horticulturalist or pastoralist societies. Pan-tribal
mechanisms - sedentary lifestyle makes it possible to develop a key future of tribal
societies.
3. Chiefdoms - more or less complex form of political organization led by a permanent
political leader called a 'chief' (hereditary and has duties). Particularly associated with
redistributive economic exchanges which are facilitated by the leader.
4. State Societies - the most formal and complex form of political organization, follows
hierarchy which governs large communities within a specific geographic area. Mostly
found in economically complex societies.
Acephalous Societies - special type of political organization which is characterized by
the absence of political leader; also known as headless societies.

IX. Social Control


This different political organizations employ varying means in order for people to follow
the social norms, standard behavior expected to members of a particuar society.
Person who violates social norms is punished.
Sanctions - institutionalized ways of encouraging comformity to norms.
1. Positive sanctions - rewards awarded to those who follow the social norms.
2. Negative sanctions - punishment given to those who are deviant.
Sanctions can also be categorized as:
1. Informal means - observed in non-state societies but can also be seen in state
societies.
a. Public opinion - also known as social pressure, fear of rejection or
dissaproval shapes the behavior of a person.

b. Degradation ceremonies - explicit branding of a deviant person and is mostly


done as public display of humiliation.
c. Corporate lineages - kinship groups that share tasks and activities. The
elders of corporate lineages reward large and fertile portionns of land to those who
conform and punish those who are deviant.
d. Supernatural belief system - the belief on omnipotent supernatural beings
that punish and reward based on moral behavior is quite observable in both non-state
and state societies.
2. Formal means - observed in state societies where written rules or laws are given
importance and observed by majorities.
a. Moots or Informal Courts - ad hoc courts which deals with the resolution of
kinrelated disputes. Usually found in many African societies.
b. Oaths and ordeal - oath is a formal declaration to some supernatural being of
someone's innocence or sincerity of a statement while an ordeal is the act of determining
guilt through tests.
c. Courts and codified law - mostly seen in modern societies and
characteristics of the modern legal system.

LESSON 8 - EDUCATION AND SCHOOLING

I. What is education and schooling?


Education is social institution which society provides its members with important
knowledge, facts, job, skills, and cultural norms and values. Education is largely a matter
of schooling, a formal instruction under the direction of specially trained teachers
John Schostak -- Education in Dialogue
Education- education system with other educational forms to be found as inhouseeducation, training, and professional development in business and public sector
organizations. Is a good term to describe the antithesis to schooling.
Schooling- form of 'domesticating' people, making them fit in to what ever the
demands of the social group. To mould, shape, and fashions the minds, bodies and
behaviours of people.

II. Educational system and schooling in the Philippines


III. Philippines' Educational Profile

IV. Theories on Education and Schooling

A. Structural-Functionalism - formal education supports the operation and stability of


society
Education is one form of socialization. Cultural innovation is conveyed through
educational institution. Another two important functions of education are bringing the
society in social integration and having social placement. Schooling also serves
several less widely recognized functions. This "hidden curriculum" is what prepares
children to accept the requirements of adult life and to "fit into" the social, political and
economic statuses the society provides.
B. Social Conflict - explains how schooling both causes and perpetuates social
inequality.
C. Symblic Interactionism - approach is that people create the reality they experience
in their day-to-day interaction. It is use to explain how sterotypes can shape what goes
on in the classroom. Self-fulfilling prophecy- a behaviour if students and teachers
come to believe that one race is academically superior to another. People expect others
to act in certain way often encourage that very beahviour.

LESSON 9 - FAMILY, MARRIAGE, AND KINSHIP SYSTEMS

I. Basic Concepts
A. Family- a social unit characterized by economic cooperation, management of
reproduction and child-rearing and common residence. It is a social group and
considered as the basicor most fundamental unit in any society. The so-called "breadwinners" of the family are forced to live and work away from home to provide tha family's
material needs.
Family Structure: Nuclear and Extended Family
Nuclear family- consists of a husbund, wife and a children formed around a
marital union, independent unit. Mostly found in highly industrialized countries.
Extended family- composed of two or more nuclear families that are linked by
blood ties. It can be either patrilineal (man) or matrilineal (woman).
B. Marriage- family is a group of people who are united by ties of marriage. Marriage is
essential in the formation of a family. It is socially approved union between two or more
adult partners that regulates the sexual and economic rightsand obligations between
them. It also involves the permanence of the marital union. "Until death do us part", this
served as the spouses' pledge to live together under matrinomy that will last until death.
C. Kinship- the relationships foound in all societies that are based on blood or marriage.
Consanguineal relatives, those people to whom we are related through birth or blood;
Affinal relatives, those to whom we are related through marriage. Fictive kinship are
people who are not related by either blood or marriage.
D. Household- a social unit consisting of a person living alone or a group of persons
who sleep in the same housing unit and have a common arrangement for the

preparation and consumption of food. Classified as either One-person household or


Multi-person household.

II. Forms of a Family


A. According to marriage patterns
1. Endogamy and Exogamy
Endogamy- marriage within a specified social or kinship group. It requires a
person to select a mate from within one's own group based on class, ethnicity, religion
and race. Hindu castes in traditional India are strongly endogamous.
Exogamy- marriage outside of one's own social or kinship group. Under this rule,
it is considered either illegal or inadvisable to marry one's first or second cousin.

2. Monogamy and Polygamy


Monogamy- permits the man to have only one spouse at any time.
Polygamy- plural marriage.
Polygyny- marriage of a man to two or more women.
Polyandry- marriage of woman to two or more men.
3. Arranged marriages
4. Preferential cousin marriages- form of marriage between either parallel or
cross cousins.
5. Levirate and Sororate
Levirate- a widow is expected to marry the brotherof her dead husband.
Sororate- a widower marries the sister of his deceased wife.
B. According to residential patterns
Patrilocal family- married couple live with or near the residence of the groom's
parents.
parent.

Matrilocal family- married couple live with or near the residence of the bride's

Bilocal family (or ambilocality)- provides the married couple the freedom to
select where to reside.
Neolocal family- permits the married couple to reside independently of their
parents.
Avunculocal family- married couple resides with or near the maternal uncle of
the groom.

C. According to patterns of descent


Patrilineal descent affiliates a person with a group of realtives related to him
through his father.
Matrilineal descent affiliates a person with a group of kinsmen related to him
through the mother. Female line.
Bilineal descent affiliates a person with a group of kinsmen related to him
through both the mother and father.
D. According to patterns of authority
Patriarchal family- authority is vested in the oldest male member.
Matriarchal family- authority is vested in the elder of the mother's kin.
Egalitarian family- husband and wife exercise a more or less equal amount of
authority. Equalitarian family. Power and authority equally shared by wife and husband.
Matricentric family- absence of the father who may be working gives the mother
a dominant position in the family. The father shares with the mother in terms of decisionmaking.

III. Stages of Family Life


A. Courtship
B. Marriage
C. Child Rearing
D. Family in Later Life

IV. Alternative Family Forms

V. Theories on Family
A. Structural-Functional Theory- the family performs many vital tasks includeing
socializing the young and providing emotional and financial support for members.
The family answers the social needs of its members.
Tha family also helps regulate sexual activity.
All societies need to reproduce their members (social placement).
A family provides emotional intimmacy and material support for its members.
B. Social Conflict- considers the family as essential to our way of life. This approach
points out how the family perpetuates social inequality.

C. Symbolic Interaction- based on the premise that it is only through the social
behaviour of individuals.

LESSON 10 - POPULATION, FAMILY PLANNING, AND HIV-AIDS

I. Demography: The Science of Population


Demography
- looks into how birth, death and migration affects the population
- gathers data about characteristicsof the population
- concerned with the number or quantities and the relation between different
aspects; its method is therefore statistical
Population- number of persons occupying a certain geographic area.
Rate of population growth- net annual increase of population, obtained by finding the
difference between the number of births and deaths.
Demographers- people who gather, collate and analze population data and make a
technical presentation of them.

Main sources of Demographic Data


1. Population census
2. Vital registration statistics
3. Sample or special surveys undertaken for a particular purpose
4. Demographic data gathered and processed by government agencies (DOLE, DepEd,
and DOH)
Importance of Demographic Data
1. For the formulation, implementation and evaluation of plans, policies and programs
2. Vital for understanding of social trends
3. To guide the policy makers
4. Influence the inter-relationships of human in the society

II. Components of Population Change: Three variables that affect Population


1. Fertility- actual number of children born to a woman or group of women

2. Mortality- number of deaths per 1,000 of the total mid-year population in a specified
time and is measured by the crude death rate
3. Migration- spatial movements of a person or a group from one place to another,
involves changes or residence where one readjusts community affiliations
Factors involved in Migration
a. Push factors- unfavorable or unattractive conditions on a place which impel a
person to move out. Area of origin.
b. Pull factors- attractive factors. Area of destination.
Biological Structures
1. Age structure- proportion people at the different age levels.
a. Young Population - below age 20
b. Old Population- mostly 20 years and above
2. Sex Composition- affects the social and economic conditions of the society. The sex
ratio refers to the number of males per one hunred females.

III. Theories of Population Growth


A. Malthusian Theory
Thomas Robert Malthus
-population tends to grow more than food supply. Population increases in a
geometric ration or it doubles itself every 25 yrs, food production would increase
arithmetically.
B. Demographic Transition Theory
1. Stable population
2. Big natural increase of population
3. Population is again stabilized

IV. Population control and Family Planning


1. Natural Family Planning (NFP) - also known as fertility awareness
Old Rythm Method- (1930s) known as calendar method.
Basal Body Temperature (BBT) Method- body temperature.
Billings Ovulation Method (BOM)- (1950s) Cervical mucus.
Standard Days Method(SDM)- Cycle Beads

Sympto-Thermal Method(STM)- changes in her body.


Lactational Amenorrhea Method(LAM)2. Artificial Family Planning- used to prevent pregnancy and plan for birth of children
at the most optimum time. Birth Control.
Different Artificial Fammily Planning Methods:
1. Barrier methods- prevent sperm from reaching eggs. Condoms, Diaphragms,
Cervical Caps and Sponges.
2. Hormonal methos- combination of progesterone and estrogen to prevent
pregnancy by maintaining a consistent hormone level in the body. Birth control pills and
patches, anti-pregnancy vaccine, implanted pill, vaginal tablets and suppositories, the
Nuva Ring and the Norplant implant. The intrauterine device (IUD) by changing the lining
of the uterus and fallopian tubes.
3. Sterilization methods- vasectomy for men and tubal ligation and
hysterectomy for women.

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