Power Generation and Supply industry in India An

economic analysis of the market structure

Shwetabh Chandra - G012

Tanay Chitre - G013
Vikrant Dhall - G016
Prathmesh Kashikar -G038
Harsh Shah G052
Kritarth Srivastav G058

SBM-NMIMS, Mumbai

Section 1. Introduction
Electricity generation and transmission to the end user is one of the most capital intensive and
critical sectors of a countrys economy. There are three fundamental parts to the processa) Generation
b) Transmission
c) Distribution
Generation-This is the first stage where the electricity is actually produced. Electricity may be
produced from thermal sources, nuclear sources, wind, solar energy etc. India produces
electricity primarily through the thermal sources such as coal
Transmission-Once the electricity is generated, passing it through step up transformers
increases its voltage. This electricity is then carried to different places.
Distribution- The electricity from these lines is then taken to a Substation transformer. The
substation transformer steps down the voltage. A distribution transformer might then lower this
stepped down voltage. After this process is done, the electricity is finally supplied to the end user.
India has experienced growth in power generation in every year since 2008. The growth rate in
the power generation in India has been as follows.
Growth in Power Generation
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

Growth in Power
Generation

2008-09

2009-10

2010-11

2011-12

2012-13

Section 1.2: Overall Growth in Power Sector

The overall power generated in the country has risen from 877 BU in 2011-12 to 911.652 BU in
2012-13. The overall growth rate from 2008 to 2013 was 3.96%.
The growth in the thermal, hydroelectric and nuclear segment has been as follows-

Growth in power generation in respective category

14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

12.93

7.27

1.8

Thermal

Hydro

Nuclear

Growth in power
generation in respective
category

[POWER GENERATION AND SUPPLY INDUSTRY IN INDIA AN ECONOMIC

ANALYSIS OF THE MARKET STRUCTURE] 3

Section 1.3: Overview of Power Sector in India

Power Sector in India

Public
Sector State
31% Electricity
Boards
49%
Private
sector
20%

Major companies across the sectors are:

PSUs
1.
2.
3.

NTPC Limited: National Thermal power Corporation Limited. Indias largest power producer
and sixth-largest thermal power producer in the world. Installed capacity: 41,184 MW
NHPC Limited: National Hydro Power Corporation. Largest hydropower utility in India.
Installed capacity: 5,295 MW
Damodar Valley Project: Generates power through three sources: coal, water and liquid fuel.

Private Companies
1.
2.
3.
4.

TATA POWER: Indias largest integrated power company with significant presence in solar,
hydro, wind and geothermal energy space. Installed capacity: 8,521 MW
RELIANCE POWER: Total capacity (installed and under development) : 35,000 MW
ADANI POWER: one of Indias largest private thermal power producers. Installed capacity:
4,620 MW
TORRENT POWER: Operates in Gujarat and Maharashtra. Total installed capacity of 1697.1
MW

Section 1.4 The Tariff

Naturally, it is not the consumers who decide the tariffs of the electricity/unit. The CERC i.e
the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) is the key regulator of power sector in India. It
was constituted in 1998 with an objective to regulate the tariff of power generating companies be it
public sector or private.
The tariff for supply of electricity is decide on the basis of :
I.
II.

Fixed or capacity charges (for Annual Fixed Cost)

Energy or variable charges (For primary fuel)

The Annual fixed cost (AFC) of any power station may consist of the following components:
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.

Interest on loan
Depreciation
Interest on working capital
Operational expenses
Maintenance expenses

The Energy Charge shall cover the limestone consumption cost in case of thermal power plants.Thus,
on these bases, the price of electricity/unit is decided by the regulating body which may vary for

residential, commercial and industrial consumers. Prices may also vary by time-of-day or by nature of
supply circuit (5kW, 12kW, etc.) or single phase or three-phase.
Refer to Appendix 3 for detailed tariffs across different states of India

Section 2: Market Structure

According to William Baumol, the current formal definition of a natural monopoly is an
industry in which multi-firm production is more costly than production by a monopoly.
A natural monopoly arises in industries, which have high capital costs and high barriers to entry.
These natural monopolies create economies of scale, which are large as compared to the market
size. Due to the high barriers to entry, the number of possible companies that may enter in to this
industry reduces even though it might have a high potential for earning. Natural monopolies
usually tend to exist where the largest supplier in industry is often the first-mover. In such
industries, the fixed costs predominate and such costs may also be termed as sunk costs.
Natural monopolies are a very common sight in essential services like gas pipelines, water
supply, electricity supply, etc. Because there might be a tendency to exploit the power and raise
prices, governments play the role of regulation and avoid market imbalance. Thus, as a result of
the points mentioned, we consider the power industry in India to be a natural monopoly.
Now, with respect to the power industry and natural monopoly, let us understand two types of
costs important from the microeconomic perspective:
1. Marginal cost, and
2. Fixed cost
Marginal cost: In an industry where natural monopoly does not exist, marginal cost decreases
with the economies of scale. It then increases again as the company faces growing pains like
inefficiencies, bureaucracy, employee over-load, etc. Along with this, the average cost of
production also decreases and increases. However, a natural monopoly is different. It has a high
fixed cost for a product irrespective of the output, but its marginal cost of production is roughly
constant.
Fixed cost, an industry with one, requires a large number of customers to have a rational return
on investment. Thus, as the firm gains market share and increases its output, the fixed cost gets
divided among a large number of customers and thus, average total cost declines as output
increases.

India has many power generating/distributing companies namely NTPC, Power grid Corp,
Reliance infra, NHPC, Torrent Power, Tata Power, Adani power, JaiPrakash Power, GVK Power,
etc. to name a few. But, all these companies do not distribute power in a single region or
province. Each region has one power company. For example, Torrent Power in Ahmedabad,
Reliance Infra and Tata Power in Mumbai, etc. Thus, the power industry can be classified as
natural monopoly.

[POWER GENERATION AND SUPPLY INDUSTRY IN INDIA AN ECONOMIC

ANALYSIS OF THE MARKET STRUCTURE] 5
Difference between pure monopoly and natural monopoly
A pure monopoly exists when a single firm produces a product for which there are no close
substitutes. The characteristics of a pure monopoly are:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Single seller
No close substitute
Blocked entry/exit
Firm is the price maker

A natural monopoly on the other hand is said to be existing when a firm can produce a desired
output at a lower cost than two or more firms i.e. economies of scale exists. A natural monopoly
does not mean that only a single firm is providing service. It rather means that multiple firms
providing a goods or service is far less efficient as compared to a single firm doing the same.

Section 3: Characteristic of Natural Monopoly

3.1: Barriers to Entry:
In pure monopoly, barriers to entry practically block all competition and few firms dominate
market structure.
1) Economies of Scale act as a barrier to entry as new firms, which try to enter the market,
will not be able to realize the cost economies of the monopolist. They therefore wind up
and are forced are out of business by a monopolist which can sell at a much lower price
and still get profit out of it.
2) A new firm might try to enter with huge plant size but the financing required for a new
venture at such a huge scale is difficult to procure.
3) A natural monopoly is a distinct type of monopoly that may arise when there are
extremely high fixed costs of distribution such as in power industry.
4) For a natural monopoly, long-run ATC intersects market demand curve at any point
where ATC is declining.

5) Ownership of resources also serves as an entry barrier, such as owning a coal mine or a
key shale gas/natural gas reserve. This will make it difficult for other firms to acquire
those assets.
6) Other strategic barriers could include any price slashing by a monopoly or a tie up with
the government to supply electricity in a particular region.

Section 3.1.1: Entry Barriers in India

1. Debt exposure

As per new World Bank report, accumulated losses for distribution companies stood at 25
billion$ in 2011. Total debt of the power sector stands at around 5% of countrys GDP. The sector
has already bailed out twice, once in 2001 and other in 1990s both the time it had put huge cost
on the exchequer. In such a condition with mounting debts and losses, any new player would not
consider entering into this sector.
Also, even the existing projects are not getting executed. In 2005, government of India had
approved four UMPPs. Except for the two - Bedabahal UMPP and Cheyyur UMPP, the other two
have not yet started in the eight years since then. The reason is the high cost of setting upa UMPP.
The Cheyyur UMPP was set up a cost of Rs 24200 cr and Bedabahal at Rs 25200 cr. Assuming a
debt/equity ratio of 3, setting up such a huge project would require developers to raise Rs 35000
cr in loans from banks/private investors who are already very stretched out with their exposure
to Indian power sector companies.
As the cost of raising debt increases, new firms entering the market or even the existing firms
will find it difficult to raise money. Lanco, a power sector player had to undergo a corporate debt
restructuring plan and interest rates for power companies stand at 13-14%.

2. Subsidies
Even though the long run average cost for natural monopolies should fall given that they
have virtually no competition, it has not given any incentives to distribution and transmission
companies as they know they will suffer losses due to subsidies and that the state will bail them
out in case of bankruptcy. Tata power was seeking at Rs 2.44 hike in tariff due to changes in rates
in Indonesia from where it was getting the resource but it could not be done due to
documentation, which had been at the time of starting of project.

With setting of price ceiling at P1, the output needed at quantity Q1 is so high that a natural
monopolist is forced to make losses as ATC is above AR. Efficiency is achieved when AR = MC, but
at this point, a natural monopolist makes losses.

Section 3.2: No Close Substitutes:

Energy can be generated by conventional sources (coal, water and nuclear fuels) and nonconventional sources (wind, solar, biomass, geothermal, tidal wave etc.). However the major
chunk of power in India is generated by thermal power plants. See appendix 5 for figures

1. Thermal energy is the main contributor to total production:

[POWER GENERATION AND SUPPLY INDUSTRY IN INDIA AN ECONOMIC

ANALYSIS OF THE MARKET STRUCTURE] 7
There is a shortage in generation in every energy segment and thus India is expanding
the capacities mainly in coal, petroleum and natural gas. India is currently the number 3 importer
of coal and its coal imports are rising every quarter, along with this India has substantial coal
reserves majorly in the states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Orissa. Thus given the high
installed capacity of the thermal power stations it can be safely assumed that thermal power
stations will be the major energy producers in the near future. Currently the total installed
capacity is 155969 MW.
2. Nuclear Energy has a huge potential but there are roadblocks:
India sees a huge potential in nuclear power generation. According to the World Nuclear
Association Information library, India aims to have a capacity of 14600 MW by the year 2020 and
expects that 25% of energy generated by 2050 would be nuclear energy. This will go in a long
way in satisfying the Energy need of the country. The cost of operation is lower as compared to
thermal plants.
Though it has many advantages over thermal power generation, it is facing obstacles, which have
affected the production in a big way. There have been mass protests in Jaitapur (Maharashtra),
Koodanakulam (Tamil Nadu), Mithi Virdi (Gujrat) against setting up of nuclear power plants. This
is majorly due to the belief that nuclear energy is dangerous and not safe for local population.
Thus India is facing huge crises as far as this sector is concerned.
3. Hydro Electricity would grow at a good pace with less hurdles:
Hydropower generation in India stands at 17.39 % and Indian government and private
sector companies are investing heavily in this sector. India has a high-untapped potential in this
sector. India ranks 5th in terms of exploitable hydro energy potential and thus this sector will
grow at a high rate in future.
As dams are built on major rivers, it causes floods on the land, which would have been used
productively. Also large capacity power plants lead to pollution and damage of surrounding ecosystem. If people safety and settlement issues along with environmental damage issues are
handled in a right manner hydro-electricity will be a major source of electricity generation.
4. Other Renewable Energy sources:
The sector contributes 12.32% of the existing production. Wind, solar, geothermal, tidal
energy are major contributors in this segment. The countrys solar and wind capacity has more
than doubled in the last five years. India is making huge investments in this sector as there has
been a constant thrust for clean energy. Under the 12th plan India has targeted 3 GW of annual
installations. See appendix 4 (Page 19) for figures

Section 3.3 Economies of scale

When more units of a good or a service can be produced on a larger scale, but with (on
average) less input costs, economies of scale (ES) are said to be achieved. This means that as a
company grows and production units increase, a company will have a good chance to decrease its
costs. One way to generate operational efficiency is by spreading fixed costs over a larger
production base. Other ways include specialization of labor, reorganization of key processes,
implementation of new technologies or the purchase of materials at bulk prices.

Section 3.3.1: Scale Economies in Electric Power Generation

The technological characteristics of electrical power industry result in a tendency of
decreasing average costs over the market. To meet the varied demand of power, individual utility
has to make huge investment to meet the high capacity demand as well as the peak demand.
Electrical utility operation is considered a natural monopoly because of the long-run decreasing
cost over the extent of the market. The average costs would be lower for the larger firms than the
smaller ones if operated at optimum rates. If other firms enter the market the fixed costs would
wastefully get duplicated if the economies of scale exist. Therefore competing firms would be
inefficient in presence of economies of scale.
Another factor for the potential economies of scale is the demand side. The peak demand
requires the firms to maintain large capacities.For instance, lets take a look into the financial
data of NTPC Ltd. The PBIDT (Profit before interest depreciation and taxes) values have
increased over the years, which suggest that the firm has to stay in the industry over a long
period to bring down the operational cost and realize profits.
PBIDT (Rs. In Crore)
25000

16832.45

20000

21908.4

10666.5

10000
5000

15344.45

14317

15000

20516.4

9788.9

12964.9

13720.2

15962.86

0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Looking into the capital invested by NTPC ltd. over the period of ten years from 2005-14, we can
see that the capital invested by the firm over the period of 10 years in on the rise. Moreover,
capital is in the range of 150000 Crores for the financial year 2013-14 which suggests that it is
sustainable only for big players. Hence for new firms it is virtually impossible to enter the market
by generating that amount of capital.
Capital Invested (Rs. In Crores)
200000
150000
100000

50000

101906.33
65156
59201.5

79829.2
73081.2

157987.24
127332.93
142487.62

114546.89
91937.9

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

With continued economies of scale and technological gains in renewable resources of energy it be
estimated that the average cost of production will decline in the coming years.

Section 4: Pricing Structure in Natural Monopoly and the need

for government regulation and subsidies:
In a natural monopoly, ATC diminishes or declines over a much broader range of output
than a regular monopoly. In order for the firm to achieve less cost, it must produce greater

[POWER GENERATION AND SUPPLY INDUSTRY IN INDIA AN ECONOMIC

ANALYSIS OF THE MARKET STRUCTURE] 9
quantity. We can infer that the MC curve is also stretched out over a much greater range of
output, and because of mathematical necessity, it cuts the ATC at its lowest point.
If more than one power firm provide electricity to the same area (see figure - Q1, Q2),
then each firm would have high ATC (P1, P2). They would compete against each other and not
one would be able to achieve economies of scale. So it would be actually better off if one firm
producing electricity for the entire area. That monopolist ATC would be much lower than if the
market were more competitive.

I.
II.
III.

For profit maximization for the firm, MC=MR

For socially optimal price, MC = D = MB (allocative efficient price)
Fair return price ATC = D

The electricity firm charges a much higher price than the socially optimal price. A monopolist
tries to restrict its output and extract higher price from the customers. Hence the need arises for
government to regulate the prices.
But due to high ATC, the firm wont be able to earn great amount of economic profit. So this is a
market that requires a government intervention, a combination of price control and subsidies,
which can help achieve a more socially optimal output. Now if the government puts a price
control and sets the price at Qso, then the firm would suffer an economic loss and would not be
able to survive in the market. Hence the need arises for the subsidy.

The firm would never produce beyond Qrm, because beyond that MR is negative. So how could a
government incentivize a firm to produce at the socially optimal level of Qso, where MB = MC?
Here a subsidy is needed. Profit maximization rule states that a firm will always produce where
MC=MR. The government would give a subsidy to the firm that reduces the MC (downward shift

of the marginal cost). A negative cost in effect is revenue to the firm. So the government would
actually be paying for the production of output at the socially optimal price. The monopolist will
now have an incentive to produce at the socially optimal price. Hence the price ceiling is now
realistically met. This will also reduce the ATC (shown in the above figure) and it is then possible
for the firm to realize an economic profit. This will also enable the power companies to sell the
output at a much lower cost.
Subsidy cost to Government of India to state discoms:
I.
II.

FY 15: 3500 crore

FY 16: 2500 crore

Section 5: Conclusions and Future Growth Strategy:

After doing an in-depth analysis of the market structure, we conclude that the power
sector in India has the characteristics of a nature monopoly market.
Future Strategy: Our government needs to address the issue of innovations in the power sector.
We need to bring foreign investments, not only related to infrastructure but also technological
up-gradation so that the cost of production goes down.The issue of coal supply is so critical that
an article in the India Today magazine on 13th June 2014 said that out of the 100 power plants
watched over by the CEA, 38 had only a weeks supply of coal while 20 had between none to 4
days of coal supply remaining. To address the issues related to coal supply, a greater focus has to
be put on the domestic supply and the dependence on imported coal has to be reduced. Manish
Aggarwal, Head, Energy and Natural Resources, at KPMG in India said that there was an urgent
need for a coal regulator in India. This will assist in deciding coal prices, grade testing, approving
mining plans and closures. Also, the power distribution system has to be improved. Without
ensuring a good distribution system, the surplus produced in one part of the country cannot be
utilized for the power needs of another part of the country. There should also be greater focus on
renewable sources of energy.

Section 6: Bibliography
1.

1. http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-0210/news/47200990_1_power-ministry-power-plants-additional-gas
2. http://www.pwc.in/assets/pdfs/powermining/energing_opportunities_and_challenges.pdf
3. http://powermin.nic.in/
4. http://qz.com/225301/this-world-bank-report-about-indias-power-sector-hascrisis-written-all-over-it/
5. http://www.moneycontrol.com/stocks/marketinfo/netprofit/bse/powergenerationdistribution.html
6. http://staffwww.fullcoll.edu/fchan/Micro/4pure_monopoly.htm
7. http://www.mahagenco.in/index.php/generation
8. http://www.wbpdcl.co.in/o-m/performance/year-wise.html
9. http://www.pspcl.in/docs/installed_capacity__generation.htm
10. http://www.tangedco.gov.in/template1.php?tempno=&cid=0&subcid=184
11. http://www.phdcci.in/admin/admin_logged/banner_images/1374649649.pdf
12. https://www.bijlibachao.com/news/domestic-electricity-lt-tariff-slabs-andrates-for-all-states-in-india-in-2014.html

Section 7: Appendix:
10

[POWER GENERATION AND SUPPLY INDUSTRY IN INDIA AN ECONOMIC 1

ANALYSIS OF THE MARKET STRUCTURE] 1

1. Figure for Power Sector Generation Transmission- Distribution.

2. Figure for Per Capita Power Consumption

3. Tariff rates

11

State

Condition
Upto 50 units
a month
More than 50
units a month

Andhra Pradesh (As

per tariff order dated
30th March 2013.
There is no change in
2014 yet)

Arunachal Pradesh (As

per tariff order dated
3rd June 2014)

Assam (As per tariff

order dated 1st Dec
2013)

Bihar (As per tariff

order dated 28th
February 2014)

Slab
Low

50

1.45

50

2.6

51

100

3.25

101

150

4.88

151

200

5.63

201

250

6.38

251

300

6.88

301

400

7.38

401

500

7.88

500

above

8.38

above

for connected
load up to 5
KW

120

3.58

121

240

5.45

241

above

6.15

for connected
load more
than 5 KW

above

5.75

Single Phase
with
connected
load between
2 kW and 7
kW
&
Three Phase
with
connected
load more
than 5 kW

Single Phase
with
connected
load less than
2 kW

100

2.85

101

200

3.5

201

300

4.2

12

above

5.3

50

51

100

2.3

101

above

2.7

100

2.1

101

200

2.4

201

500

3.4

501
Goa (As per tariff order

Rate (in Rs)

301

Chattisgarh (As per

tariff order dated 12th
July 2013)

Slab
High

above
60

5.85
1.2

[POWER GENERATION AND SUPPLY INDUSTRY IN INDIA AN ECONOMIC 1

ANALYSIS OF THE MARKET STRUCTURE] 3
dated 15th April 2014)

61

250

1.7

251

500

2.75

501

Gujarat (As per tariff

order dated 29th April
2014)

50

3.15

51

100

3.6

101

250

4.25

51
201

Gujarat-Torrent-Surat
(As per tariff order
dated 29th April 2014)

Haryana (Applicable
from 1st April 2013)

Total
Consump
tion
Between
100 and
800 units
a month
Total
Consump
tion More
Than 800
units a
month

Himachal Pradesh (As

per tariff order dated
12th June 2014)

above

5.2

50

3.2

200

3.9

above

4.8

50

3.2

51

100

3.65

101

250

4.25

251

Total
Consump
tion Less
Than 100
units a
month

3.2

251

Gujarat-Torrent-Ahd
(As per tariff order
dated 29th April 2014)

above

above

4.95

40

2.98

41

100

4.75

250

4.9

251

500

5.6

501

800

5.98

above

5.98

125

3.5

126

300

4.4

13

301

Jammu and Kashmir

(As per tariff order
dated 25th April 2013)

Jharkhand (As per tariff

order dated 1st Aug
2012)

Karnataka (As per tariff

order approved on 12th
May 2014)

100

1.54

101

200

201

400

2.4

above

30

2.7

31

100

101

200

5.25

above

6.25

40

1.5

41

80

2.4

81

120

2.9

121

150

3.6

151

200

4.8

201

300

301

500

7.5

above

6.5 (all units)

50

3.4

51

100

3.85

101

300

4.8

500

5.2

301

above

5.5

100

3.36

101

300

6.05

301

500

7.92

501

1000

8.78

1001

14

200

2.9

501

Maharashtra
(Applicable from 1st
Aug 2012)

3.2

above

501

Madhya Pradesh (As

per tariff order dated
24th May 2014)

above

201

201

Kerala (Applicable from

1st July 2012)

4.7

401
for load
upto 4
KW
for load
more
than 4
KW

above

above

9.5

[POWER GENERATION AND SUPPLY INDUSTRY IN INDIA AN ECONOMIC 1

ANALYSIS OF THE MARKET STRUCTURE] 5

Mumbai-Reliance
(Approved by MERC
on 22nd Aug 2013)

Includes
Regulator
y Asset
Charges

100

3.92

101

300

5.56

301

500

6.46

501

Mumbai-Tata (Multi
Year Tariff approved by
MERC on 28th June
2013)

For Direct
Tata
Power
Consume
rs

Mumbai-Tata (Multi
Year Tariff approved by
MERC on 28th June
2013)

100

2.49

101

300

4.13

301

500

7.31

2.38

101

300

4.45

301

500

8.57
12.64

100

3.2

101

300

6.38

301

500

8.94

above

10.4

100

2.8

101

200

3.4

201

300

4.1

above

4.6

100

2.9

101

200

3.4

201

Mizoram (As per tariff

order dated 28th
February 2014)

above

301

Meghalaya (As per

tariff order dated 12th
April 2014)

9.09

100

501

Manipur (As per tariff

order dated 28th
February 2014)

above

501

Mumbai-BEST (As per

tariff order dated 1st
Sept 2013)

8.77

501

For
consumer
s who
changed
over from
Reliance
Energy

above

above

4.4

50

2.1

51

100

200

3.8

101
201

above

4.5

15

Nagaland (As per tariff

order dated 19th
December 2012)

30

3.1

31

100

4.15

101

250

4.75

251

Delhi (As per tariff

order dated July 2013)

200

3.9

201

400

5.8

401

800

6.8

2.3

51

200

201

400

Units) (As per tariff

ordser dated 20th June
2013)

for units
less than
100
for units
less than
200
for units
less than
500
for units
more
than 500

16

5.4

100

4.56

101

300

6.02

above

6.44

50

51

150

4.65

151

300

4.85

301

500

5.15

above

5.45

50

1.1

51

100

2.25

101

200

3.45

201

400

4.15

401

Tamil Nadu (Bimonthly

Total

above

501

Sikkim (As per tariff

order dated 22nd May
2012)

50

301

Rajasthan (As per tariff

order dated 6th June
2013)

above

401

Punjab (As per tariff

order dated 10th April
2013)

5.5

801

Odisha (As per tariff

order dated 26th April
2014)

above

above

4.4

100

200

1.5

200

201

500

200

201

500

501

above

5.75

[POWER GENERATION AND SUPPLY INDUSTRY IN INDIA AN ECONOMIC 1

ANALYSIS OF THE MARKET STRUCTURE] 7

Tripura (As per tariff

order dated 25th June
2013)

Single
Phase
Supply
(less than
3 kW
Connecte
d load)
Three
Phase
Supply
(more
than 3
kW
Connecte
d load)

Uttar Pradesh (As per

tariff order dated 31st
May 2013)

50

4.5

51

150

5.6

300

5.8

151
301

above

6.9

above

6.9

200

201

500

4.5

501

Uttarakhand (As per

tariff order dated 10th
April 2014)

Quarterly
Total
Units

100

2.3

101

200

2.7

201

400

3.35

4.46

76

150

5.03

151

300

5.86

301

450

6.4

451

900

6.6

above

8.1

25

4.12

26

60

4.56

61

100

5.53

101

150

6.28

151

300

6.41

301

Monthly
Units

3.5

75

Chandigarh (As per

tariff order dated 11th
Apr 2014)

above

901

West Bengal-KolkataCESC (As per tariff

order dated 26nd Dec
2013)

401

West Bengal (As per

tariff order dated 26nd
December 2013)

above

above

7.95

150

2.3

151

400

4.2

17

401

above

4.

5. % In different sources of energy

2.08

Thermal Energy

12.32

Hydro Energy

17.39
68.19

Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy

18

4.4