www.seipub.

org/aiaas/ AdvancesinAppliedAcoustics(AIAAS),Volume52016
doi:10.14355/aiaas.2016.05.002

StudyonAcousticandFlowInducedNoise
CharacteristicsofTShapedPipewithSquare
CrossSection
MasaakiMori*1,TakayukiMasumoto2,KunihikoIshihara3
MechanicalCAEDivision,CYBERNETSYSTEMSCO.,LTD.,3Kandaneribeicho,Chyodaku,Tokyo,1010022,
Japan
1,2

DepartmentofHealthandWelfare,TokushimaBunriUniversity,Shido,Sanukicity,Kagawa,7692193,Japan

*1

mmori@cybernet.co.jp;2masumoto@cybernet.co.jp;3kishihara@fe.bunriu.ac.jp

Abstract
Anaerodynamicsoundgeneratedbyaflowinsideapipeisoneofthenoiseproblems.Inadditiontotheaerodynamicsound
sources,characteristicsofthegeneratedsoundaresometimesaffectedbyacousticandvibrationcharacteristicsofthepipe.In
this paper, we have performed experiments and simulations to clarify acoustic and flow induced sound characteristics of a
Tshaped pipe with a square crosssection. The experiments and simulations were performed under several inflow velocity
conditions.Theresultsshowthatthecharacteristicsoftheflowinducedsoundinthepipearestronglyaffectedbytheacoustic
characteristicsofthepipeinteriorsoundfield.Thefrequencycharacteristicsofthesoundsourcesgeneratedbytheflowdepend
ontheinflowvelocityconditions.However,thatofthegeneratedsounddoesnotdependontheinflowvelocityconditions,but
ontheacousticfrequencycharacteristicsofthepipe.
Keywords
Flowinducednoise;Lighthillsacousticanalogy;BEM;AcousticCharacteristics;StructureAcousticCoupling

Introduction
Anaerodynamicsoundgeneratedbyaflowinsideapipeoraductisoneofthenoiseproblemsintheequipment
suchasairconditioner.Anairconditionerconsistsofaduct,fanandopenings.Therearethreetypesofflowin
ducedsoundsourcesintheairconditioner.Oneisthesoundsourcesgeneratedbythefan,socalledfannoise.The
secondisthesoundsourcesgeneratedbytheflowaroundbendingorexpandingpartsoftheduct.Thethirdisthe
soundsourcesgeneratedbytheflownearopenings.However,itisstillincompletelyunderstoodthatwhichtype
ofthesoundsourcesisdominant.Inordertoreducethenoise,itisnecessarytoknowthedominantsoundsources.
Studiesontheaerodynamicsoundgeneratedinsidetheducthavebeendoneexperimentally.Watanabeetal.in
vestigatedtheacousticpowerlevelgeneratedbytheairflowinductsystems[1].ItamotoandShiokawastudied
flownoiseandsoundcharacteristicsofglassfiverducts[2],[3].Theirresearchresultsarealsousedasdatacollec
tion.Ishiharainvestigatedacousticandflownoisecharacteristicsofstraightandbendingductwithsomeopenings
[4],[5],[6].Itisclarifiedthatthenoisereductioneffectoftheabsorbingtreatmentcouldbeneglectedwhennoise
sources were generated only by the flow. The noise reduction effects due to bending and use of inner guides or
airfoils were clarified. In the case of pipe noise, Hambric et al. studied the flowinduced vibration and acoustic
power spectra of a 90o piping elbow and proposed a procedure of the coupling of CFD and structuralacoustic
models[7].Zhangetal.studiedtheflowinducedvibrationandnoiseofa90opipingelbowandtheeffectofguide
vanes[8].TheycomputedthehydrodynamicnoisebasedonahybridLES/Lighthillsacousticanalogy[9]andclar
ified the effective position of guide vanes in reducing vibration and flowinduced noise in the 90opiping elbow
with water. However, to the authors knowledge, there have not been many studies focused on effects of both
acousticandvibrationcharacteristicsofpipesonaerodynamicsounds.
Thepurposeinthispaperistoclarifytheeffectoftheacousticandvibrationcharacteristicsofthepipeontheaer
odynamicsound.Wehaveperformedbothexperimentsandsimulationsofaerodynamicsoundsgeneratedbythe
flowintheTshapedpipewiththesquarecrosssection.Topredictaerodynamicsoundscomputationally,thehy

AdvancesinAppliedAcoustics(AIAAS),Volume52016 www.seipub.org/aiaas/

brid CFD/BEM method [10], [11]isapplied. The mode shapesare calculatedby means ofFEM,and the acoustic
characteristicsarecalculatedbymeansofBEMincludingthestructureacousticcouplingeffect.
Numerical Procedure
TransientCFDSimulation
ThetransientflowfieldsintheTshapedpipewiththesquarecrosssectionofalengthD=100mmonasideare
simulatedatReynoldsnumbers,Re=41075and78728.InflowvelocitiesareU=6and11.5m/s.Machnumbersare
M=0.0177andM=0.0338,respectively.Figure1showsacomputationaldomainandschematicdiagram.Forthese
simulations,thethreedimensionalcomputationaldomainintheTshapedpipehasbeenapplied,asshowninFig.1.
Unsteady flow fields are calculated using the commercial CFD code ANSYS Fluent version 15.0 and its incom
pressibleLES(DynamicSmagorinskymodel)calculationfeatures.TheoriginoftheCartesiancoordinateisplaced
atthemidpointofthepipe.Thedomaincontains544,000hexcellsand573,221nodes.Thecellspacingadjacentto
thewallis0.8mm(0.008D).Steadyvelocitiesareimposedontheinflowboundary.Pressureboundaryconditions
areappliedontheoutflowboundaries.Noslipconditionsareappliedontheotherwalls.Steadystatesimulations
wereperformedusingSpalartAllmaras(SA)turbulencemodelandthenusedasinitialconditionsoftransientLES
simulations.Thetransientsimulationswereperformedfor7,800timestepswithatimestepsizet=1e4s,which
correspondstoaCourantFredrichsLewy(CFL)numberof2.1.

FIG.1DOMAINSHAPEANDSCHEMATICDIAGRAM

LighthillEquation
Lighthill equation [12], [13] in the frequency domain is derived from the equation of continuity and com
pressibleNavierStokesequationandasfollows:
, (1)
where istheacousticpressure, isthewavenumber, isthespeedofsound,landmindicateeachdirection
istheLighthillstresstensorandasfollows:
intheCartesiancoordinates, istheflowvelocity.
, (2)
where isthedensityand1.225kg/m3, istheKroneckerdeltaand
istheviscousstresstensor.Foralow
MachnumberandhighReynoldsnumberflowregime,thesecondandthirdtermsofequation(2)arenegligible[8],
[10],[14].Therefore,thefirsttermisusedforthepresentwork.
ExtractionofAcousticSource
Toconverttheacousticsourcetimehistoriesintothefrequencyspectra,thediscreteFouriertransform(DFT)has
beenapplied.Theacousticssourcesareextractedfrom512steps(fromt=0.52sto0.6222s)flowfielddata,thesam
plingperiodis2e4s.
AcousticCalculation
TheacousticcharacteristicsaresolvedusingthecommercialBEMcodeWAON.Inthissolver,thefollowingsimul

www.seipub.org/aiaas/ AdvancesinAppliedAcoustics(AIAAS),Volume52016

taneouslinearequationissolved:
, (3)
Here, istheacousticpressurevector, istheparticlevelocityvectorandtheentriesoftheinfluencecoefficient
matricesarerepresentedasfollows:
, (4)
,

, (5)
,

, (6)

, (7)

where is Kronecker delta, and is the total boundary. is a part of where the surface is assumed to be
vibrating. isalsoapartof wherethesurfaceabsorbsacousticwave. isapositionvectorofthe i thnode,
isapositionvectorofthesourcepointq,and istheinterpolationfunctionofthejthnode.
WiththenumberofnodesN,thecomponent ofthevector isasfollows:

Thecomponent ofthevector
bythefollowingequation:

isthedirectpressurecontributionfromtheacousticsource,whichisevaluated
,

where
byCFDcell).

. (8)

(9)

isthedirectionalderivativeandVisthevolumeoftheflowfield(inthiscase,theregionfilled
isapositionvectorofthemonitorpointp,and isapositionvectorofthesourcepoints.

There are 2,780 boundary elements. The acoustic sources are extracted from CFD results, whose numbers are
equivalenttothenumberofgridsoftheCFDmodel.Figure2showstheboundaryelements.Toconcernacoustic
wavesmovingfromtheinflowboundarytotheoutside,animpedanceboundaryconditionisimposedatthein
flowboundary.Thevalueoftheimpedanceis c.Inthestructureacousticcoupledmodel,allsurfacesotherthan
inflowboundaryareboundarieswherethestructureacousticcouplingeffectisconsidered.Intheuncoupledmod
el,theyareassumedtoberigid.

Absorptionboundary
(Inflowboundary)

FIG.2BOUNDARYELEMENTMESH

StructuralAcousticCoupling
Inthispaper,thestructuralacousticcoupledmodelissolved.Inordertosolvestructuralacousticcoupled
model,equationscorrespondingtotheacousticfieldandstructuremustbesolvedsimultaneously.
Displacementofthestructureisdescribedusingequationofmotionasfollows:
, (10)
where is the Mass matrix, is the Damping matrix,
vector.

is the Stiffness matrix and

is the excitation force

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Withmodalcoordinates,Equation(10)isexpressedasfollows:
2

, (11)

where is the modal damping ratio, is the matrix in which eigenvalues are arranged diagonally,
genvectortransposition,and themodalparticipationfactor.

the ei

Inordertoconsidertheacousticcontributiontothestructuralmodel,anadditionalforcetermfromtheacoustic
fieldisintroducedasfollows:
2

, (12)

where istheareaaffectedbytheacousticpressure.
Ontheotherhand,toconsiderthestructuralcontributiontotheacousticmodel,anadditionalvelocitytermfrom
thestructureisintroducedtoEquation(3):

here

, (13)

thevibrationvelocityvectorofthestructuralmodeland,
,

, (14)

where istheboundaryonwhichstructuralacousticcouplingeffectisconsidered. correspondstoallofthe

surfacesotherthantheinflowboundaryinFig.2.
The term in Equation (13) is modified into an expression in which modal coordinates are used. Combining
Equation(12)and(13),weobtainthefollowingcoupledequationofacousticandstructuralmodels:

. (15)

ThemodalinformationofthepipehasbeenextractedusingANSYSMechanicalversion15.0.Figure3shows
boundaryconditionsinthemodalanalysis.

Fixedsupport

FIG.3BOUNDARYCONDITIONSINTHEMODALANALYSIS

YoungsModulus,PoissonsratioanddensityoftheTrectangularpipearerespectively,3.14GPa,0.35and
1190kg/m3 . The damping ratio is 0.05 (5%). The thickness of the pipe is 5mm. As the result of the modal
analysis,typicalmodeshapesareobtained,asshowninFig.4.

10thmodeatf=190.31Hz 11thmodeatf=190.35Hz

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21stmodeatf=353.76Hz 22ndmodeatf=353.76Hz
FIG.4TYPICALSHAPEMODESOFMODALANALYSIS

Experimental Setup
ExperimentalsetupisshowninFig.5.Withamicrophonethatisplacedat100mmfromthecentreoftheoutflow
boundary,soundpressuresignalsaremeasuredandconvertedtofrequencydomainwithFFTAnalyser.Thefre
quencyrangeisfrom20Hzto1000Hz,thesamplingfrequencyis10000Hz,thenumberofaveragesis1000,andthe
frequencyresolutionis10Hz.Inflowvelocitiesareabout6,8,10,11.5m/s.Backgroundsoundpressurelevelisbe
low30dB.

FIG.5EXPERIMENTALSETUP

Results and Discussion

TransientCFDResults
InstantaneoussnapshotsofthevorticityfieldatZ=0planeareshowninFig.6.Vorticesgeneratednearcornersof
thepipeareshedfromthecornerandtravelsdownstream.Shedvorticesmergeandinteractwiththepipewall.
Motionsofthesevorticesplayanimportantroleofthesoundgeneration.Figure7showsinstantaneoussnapshots
oftheLighthillstresstensor

vl vm atZ=0plane.Significantacousticsourcesexistnearcornersandthewallofthe

pipeinFig.7,asinthevorticityfield.Figure8showsthemagnitudeofthevolumetricacousticsources(Lighthill
stresstensor)extractedfromtheCFDresults.AsshowninFig.8,magnitudesoftheacousticsourcesarerelatively
symmetry with respect to the YZ plane. The frequency spectra of the volumetric Lighthill stress tensor v1v1
at 1D, 0, 0 are shown in Fig. 9. Figure 9 (a) shows the spectra of normalized frequency (Strouhal number,
St fD/U), and Figure 9 (b) shows the spectra of nonnormalized frequency. Some outstanding peaks are sur
roundedbyblueandredcircles,asshowninFig.9(a)and(b).TheStrouhalnumbersofthepeaksurroundedby
the blue and red circles are St=1.78 and 3.74, respectively in Fig.9 (a). The Strouhal number, St=1.78 corresponds
with205.1[Hz]atU=11.5m/sand107[Hz]atU=6m/sinFig.9(b),respectively.Inthesameway,theStrouhalnum
ber,St=3.74correspondswith429.9[Hz]atU=11.5m/sand224.3[Hz]atU=6m/s,respectivelyinFig.9(b).Therefore,
itisclearthatthepeakfrequenciesoftheacousticsourcesdependontheinflowvelocity.

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AdvancesinAppliedAcoustics(AIAAS),Volume52016 www.seipub.org/aiaas/

FIG.6INSTANTANEOUSSNAPSHOTSOFVORTICITYFIELDATZ=0PLANE(LEFT:11.5m/s,RIGHT:6m/s)

FIG.7INSTANTANEOUSSNAPSHOTSOFLIGHTHILLSTRESSTENSOR

ATZ=0PLANE(LEFT:11.5m/s,RIGHT:6m/s)

160Hz

310Hz

FIG.8MAGNITUDEOFVOLUMETRICACOUSTICSOURCES

ATZ=0PLANE(LEFT:11.5m/s,RIGHT:6m/s)

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Rhouu[Pa m^3]

1.00E-05
1.00E-06
1.00E-07
1.00E-08
1.00E-09

11.5m/s
6m/s

1.00E-10
1.00E-11
0.4

4
St

(a)

NORMALIZEDFREQUENCY(STROUHALNUMBER)

Rhouu[Pa m^3]

1.00E-05
1.00E-06
1.00E-07
1.00E-08
1.00E-09

11.5m/s
6m/s

1.00E-10
1.00E-11
50

500
Frequency[Hz]

(b)

NONNORMALIZEDFREQUENCY

FIG.9SPECTRUMOFLIGHTHILLSTRESSTENSOR

PERUNITVOLUME

FarFieldAcoustics
To investigate the effect of the structuralacoustic coupling on the farfield sound pressure, we have calculated
soundpressurefieldsinbothcasesofthecoupledanduncoupledmodelusingtheacousticsourcesextractedfrom
theCFDresults.Figure10showsthecomparisonofsoundpressurelevelsinthecasesofthecoupledanduncou
pledmodel.ThepositionofthemonitorpointisshowninFig.5.Peaklevelsofthesoundpressureinthecaseofthe
coupledmodelaresmallerthanthoseinthecaseoftheuncoupledmodel.However,thereisnosignificantdiffer
ence between the coupled and uncoupled model in terms of the frequency characteristics of the farfield sound
pressure.Itindicatedthatthereisrelativelysmalleffectofthestructurevibrationonthefarfieldsoundpressurein
thepresentwork.
100
90
SPL[DB]

80
70
60
50

Calc(11.5m/s) Uncoupled

40
30

Calc(11.5m/s) Coupled

Exp(11.5m/s)

20
50

Frequency

500

FIG.10COMPARISONOFSOUNDPRESSURELEVELSINTHECASESOFTHECOUPLEDANDUNCOUPLEDATU=11.5m/s.

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Figures11 and 12 show the frequency spectra ofSPL at the position. Both the simulatedand measureddataare
showninFig.11,andonlythemeasureddataareshowninFig.12.Comparingthesimulatedandmeasuredspec
tra,thesimulatedspectrahavesomeintensepeaks.Itislikelythatthedifferencebetweenthemeasuredandsimu
lated is attributed to the acoustic damping. Therefore, we have calculated the structural acoustic coupled re
sponseswiththeweaksoundabsorptiononallboundariesexcepttheinlet.Theabsorptioncoefficientis0.05inthe
presentwork.Figure13showsthefrequencyspectraofSPLwiththeweaksoundabsorption.Theintensepeaksare
suppressed. There is a possibility that an acoustic damping in addition to the structural damping acts in the ex
periment.Inregardtotheacousticdamping,itisnecessarytoconsiderforourfuturework.

SPL[dB]

AsshowninFig.9,thefrequencycharacteristicsoftheacousticsourcesdependontheinflowvelocity.However,
boththemeasuredandsimulatedfrequencycharacteristicsofSPLdonotdependontheinflowvelocity,andpeak
frequenciesofSPLarealmostthesamebetween11.5m/sand6m/scases,asshowninFigs.11,12and13.Figure14
showscontoursofthesoundpressurefield.Dependingontheinflowvelocity,magnitudesofthesoundpressure
aredifferentbetweenthetwocases.However,directivitiesofthesoundpressuredonotdependontheinflowve
locity, and they are almost the same in the two cases. Table 1 shows the overall sound pressure level (OASPL)
(501000Hz).TheOASPLsofthemeasuredandsimulateddatashowarelativelygoodagreement.
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20

Calc(11.5m/s)
Exp(11.5m/s)
50

Calc(6m/s)
Exp(6m/s)
Frequency[Hz]

500

SPL[dB]

FIG.11SPECTRUMOFSPLNEARTHEOUTFLOWBOUNDARY

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20

Exp(11.5m/s)
Exp(8m/s)
50

Exp(10m/s)
Exp(6m/s)
Frequency[Hz]

500

SPL[DB]

FIG.12SPECTRUMOFSPLNEARTHEOUTFLOWBOUNDARY(MEASURED)

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
50.00

11.5m/s Calc

11.5m/s Exp

6m/s Calc

6m/s Exp
Frequency[Hz]

500.00

FIG.13SPECTRUMOFSPLNEARTHEOUTFLOWBOUNDARYWITHWEAKACOUSTICABSORPTION

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230Hz

630Hz
FIG.14SOUNDPRESSUREFIELDATZ=0PLANE(LEFT:U=11.5m/s,RIGHT:U=6m/s)
TABLE1OVERALLSOUNDPRESSURELEVEL(50HZ1000HZ)

InflowVelocity

Measured

Simulated

Simulated(WeakAbsorption)

6m/s

90.1dB

91.8dB

89.22dB

8m/s

95.3dB

10m/s

100.2dB

11.5m/s

104.3dB

109.8dB

104.96dB

AcousticCharacteristicofthePipe
AsshowninFig.12,peakfrequenciesofSPLdonotdependontheinflowvelocity.Therefore,itcanbepresumed
thattheacousticmodesofthepipeinteriorsoundfieldstronglyaffectthefrequencycharacteristicsoftheflowin
ducedsoundinthepipe.Toclarifytheacousticcharacteristicofthepipe,theacousticfrequencyresponseshave
beencalculatedusingthemonopolepointsources(withouttheflow)showninFig.15.Toexaminethepositionde
pendenceofthesoundsource,twotypesofanalysismodelsareused,asshowninFig.15.InthecaseofType1,the
pointsourceislocatedattheorigin(Symmetricsourcepositioncase).InthecaseofType2,thepointsourceis
locatedat(4D,0,0)(Asymmetricsourcepositioncase).Themagnitudeofthepointsourcesis1Painallfrequen
cies.Figure16showsacousticfrequencycharecteriticsofthepipe(withouttheflow).Themeasureddata(withthe
flow) is also plotted in Fig.16. Some outstanding peaks are surrounded by red and blue circles in Fig.16. Some
acousticmodesofthepipearealsoshowninFig.17.Figure16andFigure17showthatinthecaseofType2,more
acousticmodesareexcitedthaninthecaseofType1.ComparingthecasesofType1andType2,inthecaseof
Type 1, the simulated data is smooth and similar to the measured data (with the flow). However, in the case of
Type 2, some acoustic modes (peaks surrounded by the red circle) appear and their modes also appear in the
measureddata.Theresultsshowthattheacousticfrequencycharacteristicsofthepipedependonthepositionof
theacousticsource,andaresimilartothefrequencycharacteristicsoftheflowinducedsoundinthepipeinterms
ofthepeakfrequency.Also,theresultsexplainthatthefrequencycharacteristicsoftheflowinducedsoundinthe
pipeareaffectedbytheacousticfrequencycharecteristicsofthepipe.

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(a)Type1(Symmetricsourcecase) (b)Type2(Asymmetricsourcecase)

SPL[DB]

FIG.15ACOUSTICSOURCESFORTHEFREQUENCYRESPONSEANALYSIS

120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50

Symmetry Source
Asymmetry Source
Exp 11.5m/s
50

500
Frequency

FIG.16ACOUSTICFREQUENCYCHARACTERISTICOFTHEPIPE(WITHOUTTHEFLOW)

230Hz

630Hz
FIG.17ACOUSTICMODEOFTHEPIPE(LEFT:TYPE1(SYMMETRICSOURCE),RIGHT:TYPE2(ASYMMETRICSOURCE))

Conclusions
In this paper, we have performed the experiments and simulations on the acoustic, vibration and aerodynamic
soundcharacteristicsoftheTshapedrectangularcrosssectionalpipe.Theexperimentsandsimulationswereper
formedunderseveralinflowvelocityconditions.Thefollowingconcludingremarksareobtainedinthispaper.
(1) To investigate the effect of the structuralacoustic coupling on the farfield sound pressure, the struc
tureacoustic coupled and uncoupled model are calculated using the acoustic sources extracted from the
CFD results.The effect ofthe structurevibration onthe farfield sound pressure isrelatively smallin the
presentwork.

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(2) Magnitudesofthegeneratedaerodynamicsoundpressurevarydependingontheinflowvelocity.However,
thedirectivitiesandfrequencycharacteristicsofthesoundpressuredonotdependontheinflowvelocity,
andtheyarealmostthesameforallinflowvelocities.
(3) The acoustic frequency responses of the pipe interior sound field were calculated using two types of the
monopolepointsources(withouttheflow).Theacousticfrequencycharacteristicsofthepipedependonthe
positionoftheacousticsource.Intermsofthepeakfrequency,theyaresimilartothefrequencycharacteris
ticsoftheflowinducedsoundinthepipe.Theresultsexplainthatthefrequencycharacteristicsoftheaer
odynamicsoundinthepipeareaffectedbytheacousticfrequencycharecteristicofthepipe.
Thefurtherstudyofthecasethatthethicknessofthepipeisreducedisunderwaytoclarifytheeffectofthestruc
turalvibrationonthefarfieldsound.
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[1]

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Ishihara,Kunihiko.StudyonAcousticsCharacteristicsofStraightDuctwithSomeHoles.TransactionsoftheJapanSo
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Hambric, S. A., Boger, D. A., Fahnline, J. B. and Campbell, R. L. Structure and fluidborne acoustic power sources in
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[10] Croaker,Paul,Kessissoglou,Nicole,andMarburg,Steffen.ACFDBEMcouplingtechniqueforlowMachnumberflow
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Masaaki Mori graduated Tohoku University in 2001. He received a Masters degree in Aerospace Engineering from Tohoku
Universityin2003;aPh.D.fromTohokuUniversityin2006.HehasbeenworkingatAcousticAnalysisSolutionGroupofMe
chanical CAEDivision in Cybernet Systems since 2006. He is a Sales and Support Engineer of Acoustic, Fluid Dynamics and
StructureAnalysisSoftware.Currently,hehasbeenstudyingFlowInducednoiseandVibration.

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AdvancesinAppliedAcoustics(AIAAS),Volume52016 www.seipub.org/aiaas/

TakayukiMasumotograduatedAoyamaGakuinUniversityin1995.HehasbeenworkingatAcousticAnalysisSolutionGroup
ofMechanicalCAEDivisioninCybernetSystemssince1995.Hehasbeendevelopingtheacousticanalysissoftwareforindus
trialapplication.Currently,hehasbeenstudyingFlowInducednoiseandVibration.
KunihikoIshiharagraduatedKobeUniversityin1969andGraduateschoolofKobeUniversityin1971.HereceivedaPh.D.in
MechanicalEngineeringfromOsakaUniversityin1985.HeworkedinKawasakiHeavyIndustryfor33yearsandresearchvi
brationandnoiseproblemsofmanyproducts.Hehaspublishedmanyarticlesmorethan80.Almostofthesearticleswerelisted
in Journal of JSME.(Japan Society of Mechanical Engineer). Professor Ishihara is a member of JSMEand ASME, and he took
many awards. Currently, he has been studying Mechanical Vibration and Noise Control, Especially FlowInduced Vibration
andNoise.

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