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Steels > 4mm
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WeldingandsteelsinfoonASTMA36TOA391.
CarbonLowAlloySteels,Bar,Plate,ChainTubesPipe.
Aschangesarefrequent,pleaseensureyourefreshbefore
reading.
AManagement&
EngineersGuidetoMIG
WeldQuality,Productivity
andCosts
ALLPROCESSCONSUMABLESRECOMMENDATIONSMADE
ATTHISSITEREQUIRE
WELDQUALIFICATIONBEFORETHEWELDSAREAPPROVED.
Note:Whenyouseehightensileweldelectrodesrequired,thisis
usuallyanindicationthatpreheat,interpassandpostheat
treatmentisrequiredforthewelds.
IFYOUAREWELDINGTUBESORPIPESMAKE
SUREYOUVISITTHEASTMPIPEWELDINGSECTION
ManualandRobotic(MIG)
GasMetalArcWelding
Book
FluxCoredandMIGweld
processcontrols
Ifweldingacarbonorlowalloysteelsandyoudon't
knowwhatthecompositionisorwhattheweld
consumableshouldbe,giveconsiderationtothe
following.
Ifthemetalisthickerthan1/46mm,preheatto
150F.
UseeitheranE7018stickelectrode,an0.035or0.045
E70S36MIGwire,orforallpositionweldsanE71T1electrodewire.
ForMIGweldinguseanargon10to20%CO2mix.
Forgasshieldedfluxcoreduseagasmixwith20to25%CO2.
Ensuremillscaleinweldareaisremovedandtheplateisalwaysata
temperature>60F.
Keepsinglepassfilletwelds<1/4<6mm.
Usestringer,donotweaveunlessnecessary.
Formultipasswelds.useinterpasstempcontrol.Ensuretheinter
passtempdoesnotexceed300F.
Ifpossibledodestructivetestofaweldsample.
Ifpossiblehavethehardnessandgrainsizecheckedafterwelding.
IfcracksoccurintheHAZdoublethepreheat.
ManualMIGWelding
ProcessControl
SMAWandGMAWMechanicalStrength
E6010MinimumYield50,000psiMinimumTensile62,000psi.
E6011MinimumYield50,000psiMinimumTensile62,000psi.
E7010MinimumYield60,000psiMinimumTensile72,000psi.
E7018MinimumYield60,000psiMinimumTensile72,000psi.
(AlsoinSpanish)
"ProcesodeSoldadur
MIGManual"
MIGE70S36MinimumYield60,000psiMinimumTensile72,000
psi.
WeldingCD's
RobotMIGwelding.Best
WeldPracticesand
ProcessControls
Whenweldinglowandmediumcarbonsteels,the70XX
electrodesandE70S36MIGwiresandE7XTXfluxcored
electrodescanbeused.Whenweldinglowalloy11/4Cr
1/2Moand21/4Cr1Mowithupto0.05%maxcarbon,
typically8018B2L/9018B3L(L=lowcarbon)canbe
used.Whenweldinghigherstrengthalloysorwhen
temperingandquenchingarerequiredtoattainthehigher
strengthsthehighercarbon8018B2and9018B3
electrodesareutilized.
The"yieldstrength",thestressthatcanbeappliedtoabase
metalorweldwithoutpermanentdeformationofthemetal.
ManualMIGWelding.
BestWeldPracticesand
ProcessControls
FluxCoredBestWeld
PracticesandProcess
Controls
The"tensilestrength","theultimatetensilestrength"isthe
maximumtensilestrengththatthemetalorweldcanwithstand
beforefailureoccurs.
Finegrainedsteelsarepronetocoldcrackingduetohydrogen
absorption.Theyshouldbepreheatedslightlyandweldedwitha
relativelylowspecificenergy,toreducetheheataffectedzone.
Preheating:infunctionofsteel,generally100C(max.200C)
Postweldtreatment:usuallynotnecessary
Austeniticmanganesesteelswithamanganesecontentof14%
(Hadfieldsteels)haveatendencytoformbrittleprecipitatesin
theformofcarbides.
Itisessentialtoweldthemwithoutpreheating,evenwith
additionalcooling,andtokeepthespecificheatinputlow.
Preheating:none(coolingmaybeusedifneeded
Unalloyedsteelsarepronetocoldcracking.Inmanycases
preheatingisrequiredtoensuregoodweldability.Preheating:<
0.2C%:withoutpreheating(upto30mmthickness)or100C
againsthumidity
DVDFilm"MIGProcess
ControlsMadeSimple"
C:0.2to0.5%:preheatingtemperature100to300C
C>0.5%:preheatingtemperature300to350C.Possiblepost
weldtreatments,stressrelieving,normalising
Lowalloysteelsarepronetocoldcracking.Inmanycases
preheatingisrequiredtolowerhydrogenpotentialandensure
goodweldability.
MechanicalStrengthofGasShieldedFluxCoredElectrodesfromtheANSI/AWS
A5.29.1198SpecificationLowAlloySteelElectrodesforFluxCoredArcWelding
Tensileksi
Tensile
MPa
Yieldksi
E6XTXXXM
6080
410550
50
340
E7XTXXXM
7090
480620
58
400
E8XTXXXM
80100
550690
68
470
E9XTXXXM
90110
620760
78
540
SEESPEC
88
610
AllDCEP
E71T1
Second
number
1=all
position
E70T1
Second
number
0=flatand
horizontal
AWSClassification
E10XTXK9K9M
(M)meansanargon
mixreq,75to80
argonbalanceCO2
YieldMpa
Brittleness:Theeaseatwhichtheweldor
metalwillbreakorcrackwithout
appreciabledeformation.Theeaseat
whichtheweldormetalwillbreakorcrack
withoutappreciabledeformation.Theease
atwhichtheweldormetalwillbreakor
crackwithoutappreciabledeformation.
Whenametalgetsharderitbecomesmorebrittle.Preheat,
interpasstempcontrolsandpostheatallaredesignedto
reducethepotentialforbrittleness.
Hardnesstest.Thehardnesstesterforcesasmallsphere(Brinell,
HB),adiamondpyramid(Vickers,HV)oracone(RockwellC,
HRC)intothesurfaceofametallicmaterialataspecificload.
Theresultingindentationisthenmeasured.
Irresespectiveofwhatthe
specificationsstipulate,many
manufacturesofpartsandequipment
containingASTMsteelsdonotusethe
recommendedpreorpostheat
treatments,especiallywhenmultipass
weldsarerequired
Therequirementsforweldheat
treatmentisgreatlyinfluencedbymany
factors,theapplication,thegoverningspecificationsorcodes,the
platecondition,theplatethickness,theweldconsumablestheweld
procedures,theweldsizesandamountofweldsrequired.
InmanycasesthemanufacturerthatusesASTMsteelswillfindthatit's
notnecessaryfortheweldtomatchthemechanicalpropertiesofthe
steel,andwillthereforetypicallyutilizelowhydrogen,highlyductile
E7018/E70S36/E71T1electrodes.
Whenusingthelowhydrogenelectrodes,thepreandpostheat
treatmentrecommendationsarefrequentlyeliminated,howeverfroma
weldqualityperspectivealwaysensurethattheweldlocationsaredry,
themetalisover60F,andthatrustandmillscaleisremovedfromthe
weldarea.Alsoevenwhenheattreatmentisnotuseditsfrequently
beneficialtonotallowthemultipassinterpassweldtemperaturesto
exceed200F
Ifyouignoretheheattreatrequirementsasrecommendedbythemetal
specificationsensureyouuselowhydrogenelectrodesthen,
(a)Establishtheweldingprocedure.
(b)QualifytheweldandHAZproperties.EnsuretheafterweldandHAZ
propertiesarecompatiblewiththesteelspecifications,refgrainsize,
hardnessandstrength.
PREHEATINTHEFOLLOWINGCHARTSALSOAPPLIES
TOMINIMUMINTERPASSTEMPERATURE.
Alloysteelsalwaysrequireweldconsideration.Comparethelow
alloysteelschemistryandmechanicalswithastandardA36steel.
Rememberthisisonlyaguide,weldresponsibilitystartswiththe
welddecisionmakerverifyingtheconsumablesandheattreatand
testrecommendations.
STRESSRELIEVING(SR)BASICGUIDELINES:
STRESSRELIEFCONTROLLEDHEATING&COOLINGTOREDUCE
STRESS.
STRESSRELIEFMACHINEDPARTSFORDIMENSIONALSTABILITY.
STRESSRELIEFSLOWHEATINGANDCOOLINGREQUIRED
CONFIRMWITHCODESPECIFICAIONSFORSTRESSRELIEF
REQUIREMENTS.
TYPICALSTRESSRELIEFSOAK
TIME
ONEHOURPERINCHOF
THICKNESS
SRHEAT&COOLRATE
PERHOUR400oF204oC
DIVIDETHICKERPART
PARTSOFDIFFERENT
THICKNESSES
SRMAXTEMPDIFFERENCE75oF
24oC
STRESSRELIEFCARBON
STEELS1100oF593oC
TO1250oF677oC
STRESSRELIEFCARBON0.5%Mo
1100oF593oCTO1250oF677oC
SR1%CHROME0.5%Mo
1150oF621oCTO1325oF
718oC
SR1.25%CHROME0.5%Mo
1150oF621oCTO1325oF718oC
SR2%CHROME0.5%Mo
1150oF621oCTO1325oF
718oC
SR2.25%CHROME1%Mo
1200oF649oCTO1375oF746oC
SR5%CHROME0.5%Mo
1200oF649oCTO1375oF
746oC
SR7%CHROME0.5%Mo
1300oF704oCTO1400oF760oC
SR9%CHROME1%Mo
1300oF704oCTO1400oF
760oC
SR12%CHROME410STEEL
1550oF843oCTO1600oF871oC
SR16%CHROME430
STEEL
1400oF760oCTO1500oF
815oC
SR9%NICKEL
1025oF552oCTO1085oF585oC
FOR300SERIES
STAINLESSSRWILL
RESULTINCARBIDE
PRECIPITATION
WITHLOWCARBON300SERIES
MAXSR1050oF566oC
SR400SERIESCLAD
STAINLESS
1100oF593oCTO1350oF
732oC
SRCLADMONELINCONELCu
NICKEL
1150oF621oCTO1200oF649oC
STRESSRELIEF
MAGNESIUMAZ31B0
500oF260oC15MIN
HK31AH24550oF288oC30
MIN
STRESSRELIEFMAGNESIUMAZ31B HM21AT8T81700oF371oC
H24300oF149oC60MIN
30MIN
MAGNESIUMCAST
MAGNESIUMWITHMORETHAN1.5%
ALLOYSAM100A
ALUMINUMSTRESSRELIEF
500oF260oC60MIN
AZ63A81A91C&92A
500oF260oC60MIN
MetricConversion1000psi=ksix6.894=MPa
Steels
Yield
ksi
MPa
Tensile
ksi
MPa
Description
Preheat
Postheat
UNS
ASTMA3
carbonstl
ASTMA27
carbonstl
5880
400/551
<0.25carb
>25mm
Commonlow
100F.
carbonstructural >50mm
steel
200F
CSAgradesin >0.26carb
compliance260W 1325mm
260WT300W
50F.
>25mm
175F
ASTM
A36
>36
>248
Chemistry
welddata
migS3
S6
migS3
S6
Carb
0.25/0.29
Mn0.6/1.2
Si
K02600 0.15/0.4
E60XX
E70XX
E70SX
E71T1
ASTM
A53
PIPE
WELD
MIGS3
S6
A82
Reinforcement
wire
WELD
MIGS3
S6
ASTM
A105
ASTM
A108
ASTM
109
Hightempfittings
Correspondsto
AISIspecs
Carbonstlstrip
E70XX
E70SX
E71T1
E60XX
E70XX
E70SX
E71T1
WELD
MIGS3
S6
E60XX
ASTM
A113
A128
Railwaystock
Casting
AustMn
E70XX
E70SX
E71T1
Carb
0.16/0.26
Mn0.7/1.5
Si0.1/0.5
Grade
a/b/cs
d/ds/e
>34
Grade
ah32/
dh32
eh32
>46
Grade
ah36/
dh36
eh36
>51
Grade
a/b/cs
d/ds/e
5871
Grade
ah32/
dh32
eh32
>6885
Grade
ah36/
dh36
eh36
>7190
ASTM
134
Carbonstlpipe
WELD
MIG
S3S6
ASTM
135
Carbonstlpipe
WELD
MIG
S3S6
ASTM
139
Carbonstlpipe
WELD
MIG
S3S6
ASTM
A131
Grades
ABCS
DDSE
AH32
DH32
EH32
AH36
DH36
EH36
ASTM
A148
Grades
40/50/60
/80/85/90
95/105
120
AH/DH/EH
Preheat
Ni0.4
CS/D/E
Cr0.25
>25mm
Mo0.8
Structuralsteelfor
100F
Cu0.35
shipsCanadian
Preheat
CSAG40.21
K02300
ah/eh/dh
Gradesa
GradeA=33G
3236
e
GradeB=33W
>13mm50F
E70XX
>25mm
E70SX
100F
E71T1
Grades
ah/dh/eh
3236
E8018B2
E80T5B2
Structural
castings
Manysteeltypesandtheirgradesgobackfor30to50years.
Todaymanygradesareobsolete.Itshelpfultoincludethese
gradesasmanyrebuildsandrepairsdealwiththeoldergrades.
Bythewayifyoudon'tseeachemistryrangeyouaretypically
seeingthemaximumalloycontent.
Fatigue:Theabilityofametalorweld
towithstandrepeatedloads.Fatigue
failuresoccuratstresslevelslessthan
themetalorweldyieldstrength.Some
thingsthatcaninfluencefatigue
failure:
Excessweldprofiles.
Grades
40/50/80
E8018C3
Grades
60/90
E8018B2
Grades
85/95/10/
120
E11018M
Weldswhichcauseundercut.
FCAWorSMAWslaginclusions.
Lackofweldpenetration.
Excessweldheat,typicallyfrommultipassweldswithoutinterpass
tempcontrols.
Itemstoapartthataddsrestraintwhilewelding.
Itemsaddedtoapartthatcanconcentratestressesinaspecific
location.
Incorrectselectionoffillermetal,weldtooweakorweldtoostrong.
Yield Tensile
ksi
ksi
Description
MPa MPa
Preheat
Postheat
UNS
Chemistry
welddata
ASTM
A161
Carbonstltubes
WELD
MIGS3S6
ASTM
A167
AUSTENITIC
STAINLESS
A176
STAINLESS
STAINLESS
A177
A178
Carbonstltubes
70S36
A179
Carbonstltubes
70s36
Steels
ASTM
A181
Grades
12
ASTM
A182
Grades
F1/F2/
F11/F12
F22/F22A
Forgings
Preheat
>25MM100f
>50mm200F
Preheatall
grades
exceptF1at
>25mm100F
50mm200F
HighTemp
fittings
GradeF1
<13mm100F
<25mm200F
>25mm300F
Postheatreq
1250F
308308L
Carb0.35
Mn0.9
Si0.35
Grade12
E70XX
E70SX
E71T1
F2Carb0.21
Mn0.3/0.8
Si0.1/0.6
Cu0.5/0.8
Grade
F1
E70XX
E70SX
E71T1
GRADEF2
F11/F12
E8018B2
grade
F22/F22A
E9018B3
ASTM
184
Reinforcementbar
carbonstl
lowalloy
E8018GW
100200F
ASTM
185
Reinforcementbar
lowalloy
E8018GW
100200F
ASTM
192
Tubes
carbonstl
E70S36
100200F
ASTM
193
Bolting
4or300
series
200400F
ASTM
199
Tubes
Cr/Moly
9018B3
300400F
ASTM
200
Tubes
Cr/Moly
200600F
ASTM
202
Pressurevessel
lowalloy
8018G
9018M
100300F
(A)
Carb0.17/0.23
Mn0.7/0.8
Si0.15/0.4
Ni2.1/2.5
grades
ABE
<13mm
200F
(A)
>37
255
(A)
6585
586
(B)
>40
275
(B)
7090
620
ASTM
A203
Gradesa (D)
bde
>37
206
(E)
>40
275
(D)
6585
586
grades
ABE
<25mm
300F
>25mm
400F
Pressurevesselplates
forcryogenicuse.
Nickelalloysteels
(E)
7090
620
grades
D
<13mm
100F
<25mm
200F
>25mm
300F
(B)
Carb0.21/0.25
Mn0.7/0.8
Si0.15/0.4
Ni2.1/2.5
(A)
K21703
(B)
K22103
(D)
K31718
(E)
K32018
Postheatif
carb>0.15
>13mm
1200F
ASTM
A204
Gradesa
bc
Grade
A
>37
255
Grade
A
6585
448
grade
B
>40
275
grade
B
7090
620
grade
C
>43
296
grade
C
7595
655
NickelAlloyPressure
vesselsteels
Preheat
0.210.25
carb13to
25mm100F
>25mm
250F
Preheat
0.260.28
carb<13
100F
>25mm
300F
(E)
Carb0.2/0.23
Mn0.7/0.8
Si0.15/0.4
Ni3.25/3.75
GradesAB
E8018C1
E80T5Ni2
E80SNi2
Postheatif
carb<0.15
>25mm
1200F
Preheatto
0.2carb25
to50mm
100F
>50mm
200F
(D)
Carb0.17/0.20
Mn0.7/0.8
Si0.15/0.4
Ni3.25/3.75
GradesDEF
E8018C2
E80T5Ni3
E80SNi3
GradeA
carb0.25
Mn0.9
Si0.3
Ni0.6
Mo0.6
GradeB
carb0.27
Mn0.9
gradeA Si0.3
K11820 Ni0.6
Mo0.6
gradeB
K12020 GradeC
carb0.28
gradeC Mn0.9
K12320 Si0.3
Mo0.45/0.6
GradesAB
E7018A1
E70T5A1
E8XTA1
E70S6
postheatreq
1250F
GradeC
E8018C2
ASTM
209
ASTM
Tubes
E70S36
50200F
210
Tubes
Carbonstl
E70S36
ASTM
211
Pipe
Carbonstl
E70S36
ASTM
213
Tubes
Chrome
Molyand
stainless
preheat
200600F
ASTM
214
ASTM
A216
WCA
WCB
WCC
Tubes
Carbon
stls
8010
9018
308
E70S36
WCA
E7018
E7XT1
E70S3
Hightemcastfittings
WCBWCC
E7018
E7XT1
E70S3
E10018M
postheat
req1250F
preheat
WC1<50mm
150F
>50mm
250F
preheat
WC4WC5
<13mm
200F
>13mm
350F
ASTM
A217
WC1WC4
WC5WC6
WC9
WC11
preheat
WC9500F
Steelcastings
preheat
WC6
WC11<15%
carb<25mm
150F
>25mm
250F
>13mm
350F
preheat
WC6
WC11to
21%carb
<25mm
300F
>25mm
400F
WC1
E7018
E7XT1
E70S3
WC4WC5
E8018B2
WC9
E9018B3
WC6WC11
E8018B2
LamellarTearing:Whenwelding,theweld
shrinkagestressesimposetensilestrains
inthesteelplateoroninclusions
paralleledtotheplatesurface.Thetensile
strainscanseparatetheinclusions
causingcracks.Excessivestrainscan
furtherelongatethecracks.Carbon,
manganeseandlowalloysteelsmadeat
themillwithinadequatedeoxidizationare
sensitivetolamellartearing.Thepotential
forlamellartearingincreaseswiththeamountofinclusionsin
theplatesbeingwelded.Ofspecialconcerniswhenthe
inclusionsareparalleltotheplatesurface.MoredatainASTM
A770/A770MStandardSpecforthroughthicknesstension
testingofsteelplates.
WeldQuestion:Whenyouseeanelectrode
recommendationsuchasE8018C1,whoisthebest
referencesourcetoconvertthatstickelectrodetoa
fluxcoredorMIGwire?
Answer:IbelieveAlloyrods,(ESAB)KobelcoandTriMark,
fluxcoredmanufacturershavegoodreferencedataforthis
subject.
Steels
Yield
ksi
MPa
Tensile
ksi
MPa
Description
Preheat
Postheat
UNS
Chemistry
welddata
GradeA
carb0.18
Mn1.45
Si0.10.3
V0.09/0.14
(C)
>70
482
ASTM
A225
ABCD
(D)
<75mm
>60
(D)
>75mm
>55
preheat
to0.15
carb
>50mm
100F
(C)
105135
930
(D)
<75mm
80115
792
(D)
>75mm
75100
689
GradeB
carb0.2
Mn1.45
Si0.10.3
V0.09/0.14
Pressure
vesselplate
barshapes
MnVanadium
Nialloysteels
preheat
to0.15/0.2
carb
>50mm
100F
>50mm
200F
preheat
>0.21carb
<13mm
100F
>13mm
150F
postheat
treat1150F
gradeA
K11803
gradeB
K12003
gradeC
K12524
GradeC
carb0.25
Mn1.6
Si0.10.3
Ni0.4/0.7
V0.1/0.2
GradeD
carb0.2
Mn1.7
Si0.10.5
Ni0.4/0.7
V0.18
gradeAB
8018C3
E80SNi
E80T1B2
gradeC
E11018M
E100S1
E110T5K3
gradeD
E10018M
E100S1
ASTM
226
ASTM
A234
WPA
WPB
WPC
WP1
WP11
Tubes
carbonstl
E70S36
grades
wpawpb
wpc
E7018
E7XT1
E70S3
Wrought
weldfittings
grades
wp1
E70XXA1
E7XT1
E70S3
grades
wp11
E8018B2
ASTM
A235
ACC1
EFF1G
grades
AC
E7018
E7XT1
E70S3
Industrial
forgings
grades
C1EFF1
E8018C3
grades
G
E8018B2
gradesAB
E7018
E7XT1
E70S3
ASTM
A236
ABCD
EFGH
Railroad
forgings
grades
CDE
E8018C3
grades
FG
E8018B2
E8018C3
gradeH
E11018M
gradesAB
E8018C3
ASTM
A237
ABCD
EC1
Industrial
forgings
grades
CD
E8018B2
grades
C1E
E11018M
gradesA
E8018C3
ASTM
A238
ABC
Railroad
forgings
grades
BC
E8018B2
DE
ASTM
240
grades
CDE
E11018M
Pressure
Vessels
austenitic
stainless
Canadian
CSA
G40.21
50ROften
callCor
tenA
ASTM
A242
12
4250
344
6370
482
Highstength
lowalloy
structuralsteel
to100mm
Inhotrolled
state
preheat
2550mm
50F
>50mm
150F
Type1
K11510
Type2
K12010
Type1
Carb0.15
Mn1.0
Type2
Carb0.2
Mn1.35
E7018
E7XT1
E70S3
Unpainted
weathering
steel
E8018W
E80T1W
ASTM
A243
ACC1
EFF1G
HIJK
Grades
ACC1
E70XX
E7XT1
E70S3
Ringanddisc
forgings
Grades
EFH1
E8018C3
Grades
F1GJK
E8018B2
ASTM
A245
Structural
sheets
E60XX
E70XX
E7XT1
E70S3
Toughness:Theabilityofthemetalorweldsampleata
predeterminedtemperaturetowithstandashock.
Thetestfortoughnessmeasurestheimpactofapendulum
onanotchedspecimen.Youmayseethattherequired
impactpropertiesforthemetalorweldare20ftlbf@20F
(27j@29C)
WeldQuestion:Ed.Whichshouldbethegreater
concern
rustormillscale.
Answer:Millscalecausesmuchmoreweldissuesthanrust.
Millscalewilleffect
[1]theweldfusionpotential,
[2]theweldtravelratesattained,
[3]theweldappearance,
[4]theweldmode,
[5]thearcstability,
[6]weldpororisity
[7]weldspatterformation.
Ductility:Theamountthatametalorweldwill
deformwithoutbreaking.Ductilityismeasured
onweldsbythe%ofelongationin2inch(51
mm)testpiece.AnE71T1fluxcoredelectrode
shouldresultinaminimumof20%elongation.
AnE70S6MIGweldshouldproduce22%
elongation.
Steels
Yield Tensile
ksi
ksi
MPa MPa
Description
Preheat
Postheat
UNS
Chemistry
welddata
ASTM
249
Tubes
stainless
austenitic
ASTM
250
TubesC/Mo
100200F
7018A1
ASTM
A252
AISI
specifications
E70XX
E7XT1
E70S3
ASTM
A266
123
Drumforgings
grades
12
E70XX
E7XT1
E70S3
grade3
8018C3
ASTM
268
Tubes
stainless
410409
300400F
ASTM
269
Tubes
stainless
300series
ASTM
270
Tubes
stainless
308
ASTM
271
Tubes
stainless
308316
347
ASTM
A276
Type410
Stainlesssee
stainless
ASTM
grade
A
grade
>24
A
165
4555
379
grade
B
grade
27
B
186
5060
4136
Lowto
intermediate
preheat
carb
0.25/0.3
>25mm
100F
E70XX
A283
ABCD
grade
C
grade
3O
C
206 5565
448
grade
D
grade
>33
D
227 6072
496
tensilesteel
preheat
plate.Canadian carb
G40.2133G
0.31/0.35
>13mm
100F
>25mm
200F
E7XT1
E70S36
grade
A
gradeA
>25
>50
172
344
ASTM
A284
ABCD
grade
B
gradeB
>27
>55
189
379
grade
C
gradeC
>30
>60
206
413
grade gradeD
D
>60
>33
413
227
preheat
carb
0.2/0.25
>50mm
100F
preheat
carb
0.26/0.3
25/50mm
100F
>50mm
Lowtomedium
200F
tensilecarbon
steelplates
preheat
carb>0.3
>13mm
100F
>25mm
250F
gradeA
K1804
gradeB
K02001
gradeC
K02401
gradeD
K02702
ASTM
A285
ABC
gradeC
carb0.36
Mn0.9
gradeD
carb0.35
Mn0.9
Ifcarbover
0.31
>25mm
postheat
1200F
gradeA
carb0.17
Mn0.9
Cu0.2/0.35
grade
A
>24
GradeA
165
4565
448
grade
B
>27
186
gradeB
5070
grade 482
C
>30
206
gradeC
gradeAB
carb0.24
Mn0.9
gradeA
K01700
Preheat
Lowtomedium
carb>0.26
tensilepressure
>25mm
vesselplateto
100F
50mm
gradeB
K02200
gradeC
K02801
gradeB
carb0.22
Mn0.9
Cu0.2/0.35
gradeC
carb0.28
Mn0.9
Cu0.2/0.35
E70XX
E70S63
E7XT1
5075
517
ASTM
288
Forging
carbonstland
lowalloystl
7018
9018
11018.
ASTM
289
Forgingalloy
stl
chrome
mang
ASTM
297
Castings
308310
330
carbto0.2
preheat
>25mm
150F
Carb
carb
0.2/0.25
preheat
>13/25mm
100F
>25mm
150F
ASTM
A299
ABC
4042
7595
275
517655
289
Carb
0.26/0.3
CarbonMnSi
Pressurevessel preheat
<13mm
plates
100F
<25mm
200F
>25mm
300F
0.28/0.3
Mn0.9/1.15
Si0.15/0.4
K02803
E70XX
E7XT1
E70S36
For
improved
impacts
E8018C3
E80T1Ni1
Carb<0.2
to13mm
postheat
notreq
Carb>0.2
postheat
req1150F
WeldQuestion:Ed.IhaveweldedpartsatCaterpillar
plants.TheyweldmanyoftheASTMsteelslisted
here.Theyrarelyusepreheatevenontheverythick
steels.WhydotheynotcomplywiththeASTMspecs
heattreatrequirements?
Answer:"Aspecisonlyaspec"
Nocodeorspecificationbodytakesresponsibilityforwhatis
writtenintheircodesorspecifications.Specificationsaresetof
guidelines.InthecaseoftheASTMspecstheheattreat
recommendationsaretomaketheweldpropertiesconformwith
thebasemetalpropertiesyetmanytimesitsnotpracticalor
logicaltodothis.Ifanorganizationproducesmultipasswelds,
themultipassheatinputactthesameasapostheattreatment
andtheextrapasseswillhaveanextensiveinfluenceonthe
mechanicalpropertiesoftheweldsandthebasemetals.
QualificationofthemultipassweldsandHAZwiththespecific
weldproceduresutilizedalwayswillhavefarmorerelevance
thanaspecificationwhichwastypicallywrittenforasinglepass
weld.
Steels
ASTM
A300
12
Yield Tensile
ksi
ksi
MPa MPa
Description
Lowtemp
pressurevessel
Preheat
Postheat
UNS
Chemistry
welddata
grade1
E70XX
E7XT1
E70S36
grade2
E8018C1
ASTM
A302
AB
ASTM
A306
455055
606570
7580
pressurevessel
steel
Carbonsteel
bars
E8018B2
grades
455055
606570
E70XX
E7XT1
E70S36
grades
7580
E8018C1
grades1018
1117
E7018
E7XT1
E70S36
ASTM
A311
correspondsto
AISISAEsteels
1137
CheckoutAISI
weldandheat
treatdata
grades
10351045
1050
E10018M
E100T1K3
grades
1137to1144
E11O18M
E110T5K2
ASTM
312
300series
stainlesspipe
ASTM
A321
5075
344
517
85110
586758
correspondsto
AISISAEsteels
highcarb
0.55max
Mn0.6/0.9
Si0.15/0.35
E9018M
E90T1K2
E80SD2
ASTM
A328
steelsheet
pilings
E7018
E7XT1
E70S36
correspondsto
AISISAEsteel
bars
A322over70
AISI
designations
ASTM
A322
ASTM
A328
steelsheet
pilings
ASTM
A331
correspondsto
AISISAEsteel
bars
A322over80
AISI
designations
ASTM
A333
A334
carbonsteeland
lowalloypipe
carb
0.32/0.39
Mn0.7/0.9
Cu0.2
carb
0.3TO0.4
>13mm
100F
E8018
E7018
E7XT1
E70S36
Hardness.Theresistanceofthemetalorthe
weldtopenetration.Theresistanceofthe
metalortheweldtopenetration.Hardnessis
relatedtothestrengthofthemetal.Agood
waytotestaweldaftertheweldandheat
treatmentarecompleteistotestthehardness
ofweldandthebasemetalsurroundingthe
weld.
Steels
Yield Tensile
ksi
ksi
MPa MPa
Description
Preheat
Postheat
UNS
Chemistry
welddata
ASTM
A335
CrMoPipe
gradeF1
E7018
E7XT1
E70S36
ASTM
A336
F1F12
Alloydrum
forgings
gradeF12
E8018B2
ASTM
A350
LF1LF12
ASTM
351
Stainless
castings
LF1LF2
preheat
<25mm100F
>25mm200F
LF3LF5
preheat
<25mm100F
>25mm200F
E8018C1
E8018C3
E80T1Ni1
308
310
316
preheatgrades
LCALCB
LCC
<0.25carb
>25mm50F
>50mm100F
ASTM
A352
LCALCB
LCCLC1
LC2
GradesLCA
LCB
E7018
E7XT1
E70S36
preheatLCB
0.26/0.3carb
<25mm50F
>25mm100F
lowtempsteel
castings
preheatLC1
<25mm100F
>50mm300F
preheatLC234
carbmax0.15
<25mm100F
>25mm250F
preheatLC234
carbmax0.25
<13mm150F
>13mm250F
>25mm325F
GradesLC1
E7018A1
GradesLC2
3
E8018C1
E8XT1Ni2
Postheat
desirable
1150F
Carb0.13
Mn0.9
Si0.15/0.4
Ni8.5/9.5
ASTM
A353
>75
517
100120
689827
9%Nickel
pressurevessel
steelplate
preheat
<25mm50F K81340
>25mm150F
ENiCrFe3
INCO182
ENiCrFe2
INCOA
ERNiCr3
INCO82
orERNiCrFe
6
INCO92
E309/E310
oftenused
grade1
E7018
E7XT1
E70S36
ASTM
A356
1256
910
Steamturbine
castings
grade2
E7018A1
E8018C3
grade5
E8018B2
E90T1D3
grade6910
E8018B2
E80T1B2
A358
Austenitic
Stainlesspipe
ASTM
A361
Galvanized
sheet
E60XX
E70XX
E70S3
WeldQuestions.Doyouhavetheinstantanswers?
Whatdoyouthinktheoptimumwirefeedandweld
voltagerangeisforweldingwithanE70T11/16062
fluxcoredwireweldingacommon6mm1/4fillet
weld.Theanswersareinmybooks.
Steels
Yield
ksi
MPa
Tensile
ksi
MPa
Description
Preheat
Postheat
UNS
Chemistry
welddata
ASTM
A366
Carbonsteel
sheets
E60XX
E70XX
E70S/36
ASTM
369
Carbonstl
andCrMo
Pipe
seepipe
Grade1
E7018
E70S36
E7XT1
ASTM
grade2
A372
1234
Pressure
vesselforgings
E8018C3
grade3
E8018B2
grade4
E11018M
ASTM
A374
A375
Lowalloysteel
strip
E7018
E70S3/6
E7XT1
ASTM
376
Austenitic
Stainless
pipe
seepipe
ASTM
381
carbonstl
pipe
7018
E70S6
grade2
K121143
grade2
>33
Annealed
grade2
5580
Annealed
ASTM
A387
2579
grade2
111221 grade2
7090
2122
>45
normalized
normalized
grade2
PREHEAT
toO0.15
carb
<25mm
200F
pressure
vesselplate
CrMoavailable
inannealed
normalized
state
grade5
K415445
grade7
S50300
grade2
PREHEAT
>O0.16
carb
<25mm
300F
>25mm
400F
grade9
S50400
grade2
postheat
1200F
grade21
K31545
grade11
K11789
grade12
K11757
grade2
carb0.2
Mn0.55/0.8
Si0.4
Cr0.5/0.8
Mo0.45/0.6
grade212
E8018B2
E80T1B2
grade2122
E9018b3
E90t1b3
grade22
K21590
ASTM
A389
C23
A391
Grade80
hightem
castings
E8018B2
Alloy
higherstrength
thanA413
chainscanbe
usedfor
overheadlifts
EdinThailandmanagingaTextronproject.Themissionfixa
276,000psitensilesteelarmorplate,multmilliondollar
weldingproblem:
ThisUSATextrontankwasmadeoutof275.000ksitensile,armorsteel.Due
tolackofweldmanufacturingmanagement,somepartswereweldedinthe
wronglocationbetweenthetanktracks.Theseweldedpartsweresubjectto
abnormalstressesfromthetracksandresultedinnumerouscrackswhenthe
tankswerefieldtestedinThailand.
Ifyoutriedtorepairthearmorplatecrackedweldswhichhadextensive
martensiticformationintheirHAZ,morecrackswouldinstantlyoccurfrom
theweldrepairheatinput.Whatwouldyourecommendtoresolvethismulti
milliondollarissue.Thiswasmyfirstconsultingjobanditwasareal
weldingchallenge.
Ifyouareteachingyourself,orprovidingweld
processcontroltrainingforothers,thefollowing
resourcesarethekeytoattainingMIGandflux
coredweldprocessoptimization.
Item.1.TheBook:"AManagement&Engineers
GuideToMIGWeldQuality,Productivity&Costs"
Item2.AuniquerobotMIGtrainingorself
teachingresource.
"OptimumRobotMIGWeldsfromWeldProcess
Controls".
Item3.AuniqueMIGtrainingorselfteaching
resource.
"ManualMIGWeldProcessOptimizationfrom
WeldProcessControls".
Item.4.Auniquefluxcoredtrainingorself
teachingresource.
"OptimumManualandAutomatedFluxCored
PlateandPipewelds.
Item5a."ProcesodeSoldaduraMIGManual"(MIG
MadeSimple.SelfteachinginSpanish)
Item6a.TheSelfTeachingMIGBook/Video.(MIG
MadeSimpleinEnglish).
Note:Items234arethemostcomprehensive
processcontrol,selfteachingandtraining
programseverdeveloped..
VisitEd'sMIG/fluxcoredprocesscontrolbooks
andCDtrainingresources.
Returntowww.weldreality.comhomepage.
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EmailEdCraigatecraig@weldreality.comPhoneEasternTime.USA.8286583574