Ena Da Enobrivi Nishani PDF

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Tanamedrove diaqroniuli lingvistika da

qarTveluri enebi
naTmecnierebis istoriaSi XX saukunis meore naxevarSi SeiniSneboda mometebuli interesi diaqroniuli

lingvistikis sakiTxebis mimarT, erTgvari Semobruneba indoevropuli SedarebiTi enaTmecnierebisaken, ramac Tavisi
zegavlena iqonia zogadlingvisturi azris ganviTarebaze, kerZod: bolo aTwleulSi sinqroniul da diaqroniul lingvistikebs Soris sosiuriseuli antonimiis daZlevis Sedegad
yalibdeba imgvari lingvisturi Teoria, romelsac meti amxsnelobiTi Zala aqvs, vidre empiriul enobriv monacemebze
dafuZnebuli aRweriTi taqsonomiuri gramatikebis wminda
sinqroniul Teorias.
pirvelad gamoqveynda 1971 wels: ..,

( , 1971, 2: . 19_30).
Tanamedrove diaqroniuli lingvistika da qarTveluri enebi

Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebis mTavari Tavisebureba is aris,
rom moxda im upiratesobis daZleva, romelic sinqroniul
lingvistikas eniWeboda diaqroniul lingvistikasTan SedarebiT (rac de sosiuris `Teoriuli enaTmecnierebis kursma~
daamkvidra), gadalaxuli iqna XX saukunis 30-iani wlebidan
enaTmecnierebaSi gabatonebuli tendenciebi, SesaZlebeli
gaxda sinqroniuli da diaqroniuli lingvistikis sinTezi
sinqroniuli lingvistikis cnebebis, meTodebisa da operaciebis diaqroniul lingvistikaSi gadataniT. Tanamedrove
diaqroniuli lingvistika warmoadgens axali cnebebiT,
lingvisturi analizis axali xerxebiTa da meTodebiT (rac
Tavis droze sinqroniul lingvistikaSi iyo SemuSavebuli)
gamdidrebul Teorias droSi mimdinare enobrivi cvlilebebis Sesaxeb1. am azriT, sinqroniuli lingvistikis ganviTarebam, sinqroniuli lingvisturi analizis meTodologiis srulyofam mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula Tanamedrove diaqroniuli lingvistikis formirebaSi, erTgvarad ganapiroba maTi
Serwyma da erTiani, gamTlianebuli lingvisturi Teoriis
Camoyalibeba, romelic enas ganixilavs rogorc sinqroniul,
ise diaqroniul aspeqtSi2.
daiqroniuli lingvistikis saboloo amocanas warmoadgens adreul enobriv mdgomareobaTa rekonstruqcia, raTa
SesaZlebeli gaxdes istoriulad dadasturebuli monaTesave enobrivi sistemebis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis gzis
1
W.P.Lehmann, Saussures dichotomy between descriptive and historical linguistics
(Directions for Historical Linguistics. A Symposium, Austin London, 1968, gv. 12 da
Smd.); U.Weinreich, W.Labov, M.J.Herzog, A theory of language change. _ iqve, gv.126 da
Smd.; Empirical foundations for a theory of language change. _ iqve; O.Szemrnyi,
Trends and tasks in comparative philology, London, 1962, gv. 6 da Smd.
2
A.Martinet, The unity of linguistics (Word, vol. 10, 2-3, 1954); misive: Linguistique
structurale et grammaire compare [Travaux de lInstitut de linguistique. Facult des
lettres de lUniversit de Paris (1956), 1957, gv. 9].
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Tamaz gamyreliZe
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dadgena. enebi iTvleba monaTesaved, anu erTi da imave winapari enisagan momdinared (romelsac fuZe-enas uwodeben) maSin da mxolod maSin, roca SesaZlebeli xdeba regularuli
fonetikuri Sesatyvisobebis dadgena am enaTa rogorc Zireul,
ise afiqsalur morfemebs Soris, rac, Tavis mxriv, fonemur
gardaqmnaTa regularul xasiaTs asaxavs. `fonetikur
gardaqmnaTa regularobis proncipi~, romelsac XIX saukunis SedarebiT-istoriuli enaTmecniereba aRiarebs, lingvisturi mecnierebis WeSmaritad mniSvnelovan miRwevad iTvleba, romelmac xeli Seuwyo istoriuli enaTmecnierebis
Semdgom aqtiur ganviTarebas3. fonetikur gardaqmnaTa regularobis principisa da aRniSnuli principiT gansazRvruli
lingvisturi analizis meTodebis wyalobiT `mecniereba enis
Sesaxeb~ (rac im droisaTvis upiratesad istoriul lingvistikas gulisxmobda) gadaiqca erT-erT zust mecnierul disciplinad humanitarul da socialur mecnierebaTa Soris.
fonetikur gardaqmnaTa regularobis principi da masze
dafuZnebuli regularuli fonetikuri Sesatyvisobani
monaTesave enebs Soris, rac XIX saukunis SedarebiT enaTmecnierebaSi ZiriTadad Zveli indoevropuli enebis masalebis
mixedviT iqna dadgenili, rogorc Semdgomma gamokvlevebma
gviCvena, ZalaSia ara mxolod damwerlobis xangrZlivi
tradiciis mqone enebis mimarT, aramed im enebis mimarTac,
romelTac damwerloba an axlad Seqmnili aqvT, an saerTod
ar gaaCniaT.
indoevropul SedarebiT enaTmecnierebaSi sakmaod didxans
arsebobda skeptikuri damokidebuleba im enebis winare istoriis aRdgenis mimarT, romlTa Zveli werilobiTi Zeglebi
ar iyo Semonaxuli. Sesabamisad, SedarebiTi meTodis gamoyenebis areali Semoifargleboda uZvelesi damwerlobis mqone
3
Ch.F.Hockett, Sound change (Language, vol. 41, 2, 1965, gv. 186 da Smd).

enebiT da, amdenad, aRniSnuli meTodi iseT kerZo meTodad
iqca, romlis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas sakvlev enaTa kulturuli tradiciebi gansazRvravda.
SedarebiTi meTodis gamoyenebis areali mniSvnelovnad gafarTovda da SedarebiT-istoriuli enaTmecnierebis StudiaTa kvlevis sferoSi moeqca mravali gansxvavebuli sistemis
werilobiTi istoriis armqone ena, ris Sedegadac cxadi Seiqna
regularul fonetikur SesatyvisobaTa universaluri xasiaTi. am kuTxiT, gadamwyveti mniSvnelobisa aRmoCnda
l.blumfildis Sromebi protoalgonkinuri enis Sesaxeb,
romlis rekonstruqcia SesaZlebeli gaxda damwerlobis
armqone Crdiloamerikul enaTa jgufebis urTierTSedarebisa da Sepirispirebis safuZvelze. blumfildis gamokvlevebma faqtobrivad uaryo indoevropul SedarebiT enaTmecnierebaSi gabatonebuli azri, rom enaTa Sedareba da rekonstruqcia araefeqturia am enaTa ganviTarebis adreuli safexurebis amsaxveli werilobiTi Zeglebis gareSe4. metad Rirebuli aRmoCnda, aseve, n.trubeckois Sromebi, romlebSic
mocemulia Crdilokavkasiur enaTa fonologiuri sistemebis SedarebiTi analizi da dadgenilia regularuli Sesatyvisobani damwerlobis tradiciis armqone enaTa (mxolod zogierT maTgans aqvs axlad Seqmnili damwerloba) Tanxmovan
fonemebs Soris5.
Teoriuli SedarebiTi gramatikisaTvis metad Rirebulia
qarTvelur (samxreTkavkasiur) enaTa monacemebi, romelTagan mxolod qarTuli gvevlineba uZvelesi werilobiTi
tradiciis mqoned (istoriulad dasturdeba Cv. w. me-5 saukuix.:., ( , III, M., 1963);
M.R.Haas, The prehistory of languages, The Hague_Paris,1969, gv.21 da Smd.
5
ix.:N.S.Trubetzkoy, Studien auf dem Gebiete der vergleichenden Lautlehre der
nordkaukasischen Sprachen (Caucasica, Fasz. 3, 1926).
4
27
Tamaz gamyreliZe
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nidan); qarTvelur enaTa jgufs erTgvari gardamavali pozicia uWiravs indoevropuli tipis enebsa (romelTa SedarebiTi gramatika upiratesad uZveles werilobiT Zeglebs emyareba) da damwerlobis armqone algonkinuri tipis enebs
(romelTa Tanamedrove enobriv mdgomreobaTa Sedareba-Sepirispireba xorcieldeba saerTo amosavali enobrivi sistemis
rekonstruqciis mizniT) Soris.
ukanaskneli tipis enebisaTvis amosavali enobrivi sistemis rekonstruqcia miiRweva istoriulad dadasturebuli
monaTesave enobrivi sistemebis Sepirispirebis gziT da,
amavdroulad, retrospeqtuli moZraobiT erTi enobrivi mdgomareobidan meore, ufro adreuli mdgomareobisaken, rasac
Tan axlavs TiToeuli mdgomareobis struqturuli verifikacia tipologiuri monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT6. aRniSnuli
retrospeqtuli moZraoba erTi enobrivi mdgomareobidan meorisaken grZeldeba manam, vidre ar miiRweva is enobrivi mdgomareoba, romlisganac gamoiyvaneba istoriulad dadasturebuli yvela enobrivi sistema Tanmimdevruli da tipologiurad gamarTlebuli transformaciebis daSvebiT. amgvari transformaciebis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT
amosavali enobrivi sistemis gadasvla Semdgom enobriv mdgomareobaSi, romelic amosavali sistemis struqturul
gardaqmnaTa Sedegs warmoadgens.
zemoT postulirebuli struqturuli transformaciebi
SeiZleba davaxasiaToT rogorc `vertikaluri~ an `diaqroniuli~ (`horizontaluri transformaciebisagan~ gansxvavebiT, romlebic axal konstruqciebs warmoqmnian imave sistemis farglebSi). swored maTi meSveobiT deducirdeba monaTesave enaTa gansxvavebuli sistemebi Teoriulad postulireix.:., -
( , III, M., 1963).
6

buli amosavali struqturuli modelebidan; es ukanasknelni
im enobriv sistemas asaxaven, romelic istoriulad dadasturebul monaTesave enaTa saerTo winapar enad miiCneva.
`vertikaluri~ anu `diaqroniuli transformaciebi~,
romelTa meSveobiT istoriulad dadasturebuli enobrivi
formebi Teoriulad konstruirebuli garkveuli formebidan
gamoiyvaneba (es ukanasknelni qronologiurad adreul safexurebad _ àrqetipebad~ miiCneva istoriuli formebis mimarT), Tavisi amxsnelobiTi ZaliT SeiZleba SevadaroT transformaciul-warmomSobi gramatikis `horizontalur transformaciebs~, romelTa meSveobiT enis zedapiruli struqturis realurad arsebuli konstruqciebi gamoiyvaneba Teoriulad postulirebuli bazisuri konstruqciebidan, romlebic enis siRrmiseul struqturas qmnian7.
e.w. gadaweris wesebis terminebSi formulirebul `diaqroniuli transformaciebSi~, romelTa rigs gansazRvravs aRweris simartive da arawinaaRmdegobrioba, aisaxeba aRwerili
diaqroniuli procesebis Tanamimdevroba droSi (relatiuri
qronologia)8.
2. diaqroniuli analizis zemoT warmodgenili principebis meSveobiT SesaZlebeli xdeba rogorc qarTvelur enaTa uZvelesi struqturebis rekonstruireba, aseve am enaTa
Camoyalibebisa da istoriuli ganviTarebis gzis aRdgena.
qarTvelur (samxreTkavkasiur) enaTa _ qarTuls, megruls,
lazursa da svanurs _ Soris dadgenili fonemuri Sesatyviix.: Th.V.Gamkrelidze, A typology of Common Kartvelian (Language, vol. 42, I,
1966, gv. 69 da Smd.; siRrmiseuli da zedapiruli struqturebis Sesaxeb ix.:
N.Chomsky, Deep structure, surface structure and semantic interpretation (Studies in
General and Oriental Linguistics presented to Shir Hattori, Tokyo, 1970, gv. 52 da
Smd).
8
Sdr.:M.Halle, Phonology in generative grammar (Word, vol. 18, 1_2,1962, gv.54).
7
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Tamaz gamyreliZe
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sobani im safuZvels warmoadgens, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs es enebi ganvixiloT rogorc monaTesaveni, momdinareni
saerTo winapari enisagan, romelsac pirobiTad saerTo-qarTvelurs vuwodebT.
Tavad saerTo-qarTveluri enobrivi sistema, romlis
daSlisa da diferenciaciis Sedegad Camoyalibda calkeuli
istoriuli qarTveluri ena, ar ganekuTvneba istoriulad
dadasturebul enaTa rigs. igi warmogvidgeba rogorc erTgvari struqturul-Teoriuli odenoba, rogorc istoriul
qarTvelur enaTa sxvadasxva doneebs Soris formalur-funqcionaluri Sesatyvisobebis safuZvelze agebuli garkveuli enobrivi modeli; aRniSnuli Sesatyvisobani saSualebas
iZleva SedarebiTi da Sinagani rekonstruqciis meTodebis
gamoyenebiT aRvadginoT tipologiurad verificirebadi enobrivi struqturebi. ivaraudeba, rom es struqturuli modelebi pirveladi miaxloebiT asaxaven sivrcesa da droSi
odesRac arsebuli saerTo-qarTveluri fuZe-enis sistemas,
romlis daSlac damoukidebel erTeulebad gaxda dasawyisi
istoriuli qarTveluri enebis Camoyalibebisa da formirebisa.
saerTo-qarTvelur enaSi gamoiyofa fonemaTa garkveuli
klasebi, romlebic paradigmatul opoziciaTa specifikur
rigebs qmnian. Tuki sistemaSi fonemaTa klasifikaciis safuZvlad aviRebT marcvlis warmoqmnis unars, maSin saerToqarTveluri enis fonologiur sistemaSi fonemaTa sami ZiriTadi klasi gamoiyofa: 1) im fonemaTa klasi, romlebic sintagmaturad funqcionireben rogorc mxolod marcvlovani
elementebi (sakuTriv xmovnebi); 2) im fonemaTa klasi, romlebic sintagmaturad funqcionireben rogorc mxolod aramarcvlovani elementebi (sakuTriv Tanxmovnebi); 3) im fonemaTa klasi, romlebic sintagmaturad funqcionireben xan

rogorc marcvlovani, xan rogorc aramarcvlovani elementebi fonetikuri garemocvis Sesabamisad, e.i. garkveul
poziciebSi isini qmnian marcvals, sxva poziciebSi ki _ ara
(sonantebi). sonantebi saerTo-qarTvelur fonologiur
sistemaSi fonemaTa gansakuTrebul klass Seadgens, romelic distribuciuli TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeba da am mxriv
sakuTriv xmovanTa da TanxmovanTa klasebs upirispirdeba.
fonemaTa qvemoT warmodgenili cxrili asaxavs saerToqarTveluri enis fonologiur sistemas diferenciaciis uSualod wina periodSi:
Tanxmovnebi: b f d T Z c j C g q () p
t
w
W
k y
z s (J) S R x
h
xmovnebi: e a o
sonantebi: r l m n
xSul-mskdomTa da afrikatTa yovel sameulSi Sedis mJRe-
ri /b, d, Z.../, yru (aspirirebuli) /f, T, q.../ da glotalizebuli /p, t, k.../ fonemebi. afrikatebsa da spirant fonemebSi
lokaluri rigis mixedviT gamoiyofa fonemaTa Semdegi rigebi: wina rigi _ /Z, c, w, z, s/; Sua rigi _ /Z1, c1, w1, z1, s1 / da
ukana rigi _ /j, C, W, (J), S/. fuZe-enis epoqaSive Sua rigis
fonemebma (`sisin-SiSinebma~) Semdegi cvlilebebi ganicades:
saerTo-qarTveluris dasavlur dialeqtur arealSi
(megrul-lazursa da svanurSi) moxda maTi gadaweva ukana
rigis fonemebSi (`SiSinebSi~), xolo aRmosavlur dialeqtur arealSi (qarTulSi) ganxorcielda maTi Serwyma wina
rigis fonemebTan (`sisinebTan~).
rac Seexeba sonantebs, maTi manifestacia xdeba erT-erTi
alofonis saxiT: marcvlovan [i, u, ...] bgerebad an umarcv31
Tamaz gamyreliZe
32
lo [, , r...] bgerebis saxiT, morfemaSi saTanado sonantis

poziciis Sesabamisad. sonantTa marcvlovani alofonebi dasturdeba Semdeg poziciebSi: #C, C#; xolo umarcvlo alofonebi _ SemdegSi: #V, VC, VV, V#. alofonTa distribuciul modelSi SeiniSneba erTgvari dialeqturi
meryeoba CV poziciasTan dakavSirebiT, sonantTa marcvlovani Tu umarcvlo alofonis gamovlenis TvalsazrisiT.
marcvlovani sonantebis vokalizaciis Sedegad istoriul
qarTvelur enebSi (gansakuTrebiT ki megrul-lazurSi) Camoyalibda mimdevroba V+Cs, anu xmovani (rogorc wesi, esaa romelime mokle xmovani:o, u an i) da momdevno sonori (aramarcvlovani) Tanxmovani: r, l, m an n. svanurSi marcvlovani sonantebis adgilas gaCnda sruli xmovani, romlis tembrs gansazRvravda fuZis pirveladi gaxmovaneba. rig SemTxvevebSi
(gansakuTrebiT ki qarTulSi) marcvlovanma sonantebma dakarges marcvlis warmoqmnis unari da moxda maTi Tanxvedra Sesabamis umarcvlo elementebTan.
yvela am procesis Sedegad istoriul qarTvelur enebSi
moiSala poziciuri dapirispireba marcvlovan da Sesabamis
umarcvlo elementebs Soris, ris gamoc calkeul qarTvelur dialeqtebSi sonantTa klasi, rogorc gansakuTrebuli
klasi fonemebisa, ukve aRar arsebobda da saerTo-qarTveluridan momdinare Sesabamisi fonemuri erTeulebi danarCen klasebSi gadanawildnen.
saerTo-qarTvelur enobriv sistemaSi sonantTa marcvlovani da umarcvlo alofonebis monacvleoba mWidrod iyo
dakavSirebuli xmovanTa morfonologiuri monacvleobis
meqanizmTan, e.w. ablautur monacvleobasTan anu apofoniasTan. morfemebSi sonantTa alofonuri monacvleoba ganpirobebuli iyo xmovanTa raodenobrivi monacvleobiT, romelic, Tavis mxriv, mTlianad gansazRvravda saerTo-qarTvelur

sintagmatur struqturas. xmovanTa ablauturi monacvleoba, afiqsaciasTan erTad, awarmoebda saerTo-qarTvelurSi
sxvadasxva gramatikul Tu leqsikur formas. xmovanTa rTul
mimdevrobaSi ra formiT iqneboda esa Tu is morfema warmodgenili, ganisazRvreboda xmovanTa monacvleobis garkveuli
wesiT.
qarTvelur formaTa uZvelesi tipebis Sinagani da SedarebiTi rekonstruqciis safuZvelze aRdgenili saxeluri da
zmnuri fuZeebis struqturuli analizi saSualebas iZleva
aRiweros saerTo-qarTveluris is ZiriTadi modelebi, romlebic gansazRvraven Zireuli da sufiqsuri morfemebis struqturasa da maT sintagmatur SeTavsebadobas.
qarTveluri Zireuli morfemis ZiriTadi kanonikuri forma
gamoixateba formuliT CVC-, sadac sakuTriv Tanxmovnis
aRmniSvneli simbolo C SeiZleba CavanacvloT S simboloTi,
romelic aRniSnavs sonants aramarcvlovani funqciiT. maSasadame, Zireul morfemaSi SesaZlebelia warmodgenili iyos
fonemaTa Semdegi mimdevrobani:CVC-, CVS-, SVC-, SVS- mokle V xmovniT (romelmac SeiZleba miiRos erT-erTi am mniSvnelobaTagan: e, a, o) C da S elementebs Soris:
C C
R V
S S
qarTveluri Zireuli morfemis specifikur tips Seadgenen

Zirebi, romlebSic cali Tanxmovnis an sonantis nacvlad warmodgenilia decesiuri rigis e.w. harmoniuli kompleqsebi.
Ziris struqturis TvalsazrisiT, TanxmovanTa aRniSnuli kompleqsebi warmogvidgeba rogorc homogenuri erTeuli,
romelic cali Tanxmovnis identuria Ziris struqturaSi.
33
Tamaz gamyreliZe
34
sufiqsuri morfemis struqtura gamoixateba kanonikuri

formiT -VC da -VS, agreTve V:
C
Suff. V
S
xmovanTa ablauturi monacvleoba warmogvidgeba saerToqarTveluri sityva-formebis erT-erT ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad.
saerTo-qarTvelurSi yoveli morfema _ Zireuli Tu afiqsuri _ gvxvdeba gansxvavebuli alomorfebis saxiT, romlebsac ablautis saTanado safexurebi gansazRvravs. imis mixedviT, Tu ra morfologiuri tipis warmonaqmnia, morfema SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos rogorc xmovniani, ise uxmovno
alomorfis saxiT. Sesabamisad, ganirCeva morfemis variantebi (alomorfebi) gaxmovanebis sruli da nulovani safexuriT.
morfemaTa ablauturi safexurebi, romlebic ganapirobeben alomorful monacvleobas erTi fleqsiuri an derivaciuli paradigmis farglebSi, ganisazRvreba wrfiv mimdevrobaSi
morfemaTa ganlagebis sintagmaturi wesiT.
rodesac Zirs erTvis derivaciuli sufiqsi, miiReba fuZe,
romelic ori ZiriTadi ablauturi mdgomareobiT xasiaTdeba: I mdgomareoba _ Zireul morfemas, gaxmovanebis normalur
safexurze, erTvis sufiqsuri morfema gaxmovanebis nulovan
safexurze; II mdgomareoba _ sufiqsuri morfema, gaxmovanebis
normalur safexurze, erTvis Zireul morfemas gaxmovanebis
nulovan safexurze:

I mdgomareoba
II mdgomareoba
*der-k dreka (gardauvali) *dr-ek

*Ser-t Sreta(gardauvali)
dreka(gardamavali)
*Sr-et Sreta(gardamavali)
*ker-b Sekreba (gardauvali) *kr-eb Sekreba (gardamavali)

Tuki fuZes I an II mdgomareobaSi erTvis srulxmovniani
sufiqsi, maSin im morfonologiuri wesis Tanaxmad, romlis
mixedviTac mravalmorfemian mimdevrobaSi dauSvebelia gaxmovanebis normalur safexurze iyos erTze meti morfema
(monovokalurobis principi), fuZe Seicvleba da warmodgenili iqneba gaxmovanebis nulovan an reduqciis safexurze:
I mdgomareoba
II mdgomareoba
*der-k d-k-a
*dr-ek *dr-ik-e
*Ser-t *S-t-a
*Sr-et *Sr-it-e
*ker-b *k-b-a
*kr-eb *kr-ib-e
Sinagani da SedarebiTi rekonstruqciiT aRdgenili saerTo-qarTveluri ablauturi modelebi asaxaven im enobriv

mdgomareobas, romelic uSualod win uswrebda saerToqarTveluri enis calkeul dialeqtebad danawevrebisa da
istoriuli qarTveluri enebis saxiT dadasturebuli
damoukidebeli enobrivi erTeulebis formirebis periods.
35
Tamaz gamyreliZe
36
saerTo-qarTveluri enis fonologiuri da morfologiuri

sistemis amsaxveli am struqturuli modelidan tipologiurad verificirebadi struqturuli gardaqmnebis anu
transformaciebis meSveobiT pirdapir gamoiyvaneba istoriuli qarTveluri enebis Sesabamisi modelebi.
3. saerTo-qarTveluri enis savaraudo sistema da istoriul qarTvelur enebad misi gardaqmnis gzebi dawvrilebiTaa ganxiluli Cvens erTobliv naSromSi, g.maWavarianTan
TanaavtorobiT: `sonanatTa sistema da ablauti qarTvelur
enebSi. saerTo-qarTveluri sistemis tipologia~9. aRniSnuli naSromi warmoadgens istoriul qarTvelur enebSi mkacri fonemuri Sesatyvisobebis dadgenisa da detaluri SedarebiTi analizis Sedegs.
rogorc cnobilia, qarTvelma enaTmecnierebma _ i.yifSiZe,
a.SaniZe, g.axvlediani, a.Ciqobava, v.Tofuria da sxv. _ warmatebiT Seiswavles da gaanalizes calkeuli qarTveluri
enebi, aRweres maTi fonetikuri sistemebi da gramatikuli
struqturebi (gansakuTrebiT qarTulisa, agreTve megrulisa,
lazurisa da svanurisa). miuxedavad amisa, qarTveluri enebis SedarebiT-istoriuli Seswavla _ maT Soris formalurfunqciuri Sesatyvisobebis dadgena, maTi diaqroniuli interpretacia da uZvelesi enobrivi struqturebis rekonstruqcia _ jer kidev CamorCeboda diaqroniuli lingvistikis
imdroindel saerTaSoriso dones.
ukanasknel dromde qarTvelologiaSi saTanado yuradReba
ar eTmoboda qarTvelur enebs Soris bgeriTi Sesatyvisobebis gamovlenas. mas Semdeg, rac al.cagarelma da n.marma
Tbilisi, 1965 (Semdgom teqstSi _ sonantTa sistema...~).

daadgines bgeriT SesatyvisobaTa pirveli sqemebi10, qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiT SeswavlaSi progresi TiTqmis ar SeiniSneboda da diaqroniuli analizisas ZiriTadad operirebdnen
qarTvelologiis pionerebis mier SemoTavazebuli sqemebiT.
qarTvelur enebSi aRniSnuli sqemebidan dadasturebuli
gadaxrebi, romlebic, erTi SexedviT, SemTxveviTi da arasistemuri Canda, iZleoda safuZvels hipotezisaTvis qarTveluri
enebis TiTqosda `Sereuli bunebis~ Sesaxeb11; aseve imis Sesaxeb, rom TiTqos specifikuri da mravalmniSvnelovania Sesatyvisobani qarTvelur da sxva kavkasiur enebs Soris, romelTa
kvlevis meTodika unda gansxvavdebodes indoevropuli Tu
semituri enebis SedarebiTi analizis meTodebisagan.
Tvalsazrisma svanuri enis `Sereuli bunebisa~ da megrullazuris (`zanuris~) Sesaxeb, rom es ukanaskneli warmoadgens uZvelesi qarTulis (an Zveli iberiulis) erT-erTi dialeqtis transformaciis Sedegs12, Tavis mxriv, ganapiroba
Semdegi koncefciis gaCena: rom bgeriTi Sesatyvisobani warmoadgens Sesabamisobas `diferencirebul masalaSi~, xolo
ix.: ., . II ,
.,1880; .., - ( . , IV
, 18, ., 1912); misive: ( ,
II, . I, ., 1914); misive:
(, XXII, 1_2,
.,1914).
11
Sdr. Tvalsazrisi svanuris, rogorc qarTveluri da afxazur-adiReuri enebis
(resp. dialeqtebis) Sejvarebis rTuli istoriuli procesis Sedegad
warmoqmnili enis, Sesaxeb; svanuri ena ganxilulia rogorc garkveuli àgregati~,
romelic Sedgeba heterogenuli komponentebisagan: zanuris (SiSinebi),
qarTulisa da afxazur-adiReuri danaSrevebisagan. amiT aixsneba svanur
SesatyvisobaTa sporaduloba~ (arn.Ciqobava, qarTveluri enebi, maTi istoriuli
Sedgeniloba da uZvelesi lingvisturi saxe. _ ìberiul-kavkasiuri
enaTmecniereba~, II, Tbilisi, 1948, gv. 261_262, rus. enaze).
12
ix.: arn. Ciqobava, dasax. naSr., gv. 261.
10
37
Tamaz gamyreliZe
38
fonetikurad identuri erTeulebi ganixileba rogorc Tanxvedra, rogorc àradiferencirebuli masala~13.

amgvari warmodgenebi Sesatyvisobebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac
g.wereTeli samarTlinad uwodebda `prerelativisturs~14,
kidev ufro aRrmavebda STabeWdilebas qarTul da sxva kavkasiiur enebs Soris SesatyvisobaTa araregularobisa da sporadulobis Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi TiTqos irRveoda SesatyvisobaTa regularuli xasiaTi da mecnierebi moiTxovdnen
aRniSnuli movlenis gaTvaliswinebas (bgeriT SesatyvisobaTa monacemebis ganzogadebisas) da enis SedarebiT-istoriuli analizis meTodikis srulyofas15.
rogorc Semdgomma gamokvlevebma gviCvena16, indoevropul
enebTan SedarebiT, qarTvelur enebSi SesatyvisobaTa `specifikurobisa~ da ùfro rTuli bunebis~ qveS imaleboda qarTveluri SedarebiTi enaTmecnierebis faqtobrivad aradamakmayofilebeli mdgomareoba, qarTveluri enobrivi masalis Seswavlis dabali done da analizis mkacri meTodebis ararseboba enobriv erTeulebs Soris SesatyvisobaTa dadgenisas.
gasagebia, rom amgvar pirobebSi ver Seiqmneboda qarTvelur
enaTa SedarebiTi gramatikis met-naklebad damakmayofilebeli sistema, romelic garkveul erTianobamde daiyvanda istoriuli struqturebis mravalferovnebas da Tavisi gama13
ix.: arn. Ciqobava, Wanur-megrul-qarTuli SedarebiTi leqsikoni, Tbilisi,

1938: gv. 10 da Smd.
14
g.wereTeli, , wignSi: `sonantTa
sistema...~, gv. 035.
15
.., - ,
o, 1955, 4, gv. 80).
16
ix. T.gamyreliZe, sibilantTa Sesatyvisobani da qarTvelur enaTa uZvelesi
struqturis zogi sakiTxi, Tbilisi, 1959; .,
, .,1960 (XXV
. ); K.H.Schmidt,
Studien zur Rekonstruktion des Lautstandes der sdkaukasischen Grundsprache, Wiesbaden,
1962; .., , ., 1964.

rTulobiT odnav mainc dauaxlovdeboda indoevropuli Tu
semituri enebis SedarebiTi gramatikis sistemebs.
qarTvelur enebs Soris regularuli Sesatyvisobebis dadgenas garkveulwilad xels uSlida qarTvelologiaSi sakmaod didxans damkvidrebuli debuleba qarTveluri enebis
`Sereuli bunebis~ Sesaxeb da agreTve _ Tezisi `zanuri
srulxmovnobis~ Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli Tezisis Tanaxmad, iseT
SesatyvisobebSi, rogoricaa:
qarT. ZaRlqarT. klde
qarT. drk-a
~
~
~
megr.-laz. joRormegr.-laz. kirde ~ svan. koj

megr. drik-u ~ laz. druk-u-n
da sxv., megrul-lazuri da svanuri srulxmovniani formebi

warmoiSva umaxvilo xmovnis sinkopes Sedegad17.
qarTvelur enebSi sonantTa sistemis postulireba ganxorcielda swored zemoT aRniSnuli Tezisis sapirispirod, Tezisisa, romelic erTgvar dogmad iqca da sakmaod didxans xels
uSlida qarTveluri enebis SedarebiT-istoriuli kvlevis
ganviTarebas, xmovanTa uZvelesi sistemis gansazRvrasa da istoriul qarTvelur enaTa formebis saerTo amosaval arqetipebamde dayvanas. sonantTa daSvebiT (romelTagan TiToeuli,
morfemaSi poziciis Sesabamisad, vlindeba marcvlovani an
umarcvlo alofonis saxiT), megrul-lazuri da svanuri
formebi ganixileba rogorc SedarebiT axali warmonaqmni,
miRebuli sonantTa marcvlovani alofonebis vokalizaciisa
da anaptiqsuri xmovnebis fonologizaciis Sedegad. amgvari
17
koncefcia `zanuri srulxmovnobis pirveladobis~ Sesaxeb sruladaa

warmodgenili SromebSi: arn.Ciqobava, saxelis fuZis uZvelesi agebuleba
qarTvelur enebSi, Tbilisi, 1942; misive: maxvilis sakiTxisaTvis Zvel qarTulSi,
werili I da II (saq. ssr mecn. akademiis moambe, t. III, 2,3, 1942).
39
Tamaz gamyreliZe
40
midgomiT SesaZlebeli gaxda rogorc xmovnebs, ise sonor

Tanxmovnebs Soris SesatyvisobaTa mkacri sistemis dadgena
da ukve erTgvarovani axsna mieca SesatyvisobaTa mTel rigs,
romlebic manamde ganixileboda rogorc araregularuli da
sporaduli; aseve, SesaZlebeli gaxda istoriul qarTvelur
formaTa mravalferovnebis dayvana amosaval saerTo-qarTvelur struqturebamde.
meore faqtori, romelic xels uSlida qarTveluri enebis SedarebiTi Studiebis ganviTarebasa da am enebs Soris SesatyvisobaTa sruli sistemis dadgenas, iyo qarTvelur enebsa
da Crdilokavkasiur enebs Soris genetikuri naTesaobis Teoria.
Tavis droze, qarTveluri da Crdilokavkasiuri enebis
struqturaTa Sepirispirebis safuZvelze, gamoiTqva varaudi am enebs Soris genetikuri kavSirebis arsebobis Sesaxeb18,
romelic Semdgom ukve uryev postulatad iqca da ìberiul-kavkasiur enaTa~ saxeli ewoda im ojaxs, romelic aRniSnul enebs aerTianebda. qarTvelur da mTis kavkasiur enaTa
SedarebiTi Studiebi mowodebuli iyo moepovebina konkretuli enobrivi masala ìberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis~
am ZiriTadi Tezisis sailustraciod, romelic, Tavis mxriv,
gvevlineboda rogorc ganmsazRvreli Teoriuli debulebebisa da meTodologiuri principebisa19.
debulebam ìberiul-kavkasiuri~ enebis genetikuri erTianobis Sesaxeb da qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiT StudiebSi
gabatonebulma mimarTulebam _ daedgina aRniSnuli naTe18
ix.: i.javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoriis Sesavali, wg. II, Tbilisi 1937.
kavkasiur enaTa genetikuri erTianobis Sesaxeb varaudi gamoTqva jer kidev
p.uslarma (ix. .., . , II, , 1888,
gv. 35), SemdgomSi ki n.marma.
19
ix.: arn.Ciqobava, qarTveluri enebi, maTi istoriuli Sedgeniloba da uZvelesi
lingvisturi saxe (iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba, II, Tbilisi 1948, gv.
261_261).

saoba, rac TviT am debulebiT iyo gansazRvruli, gamoiwvia
is, rom sakuTriv qarTveluri enebis Sedarebis nacvlad yuradReba gadatanili iqna Crdilokavkasiur enebTan maT garegan
Sedarebaze.
am mimarTulebis naSromTa Soris gamoirCeva a.Ciqobavas
mravalmxriv saintereso da originaluri monografia `saxelis fuZis uZvelesi agebuleba qarTvelur enebSi~, romelmac dadebiTi roli iTamaSa samamulo qarTvelologiaSi, ramdenadac igi erTgvari stimuli gaxda SedarebiT-istoriuli
StudiebisaTvis. TumcaRa, igive naSromi, Tavisi gansakuTrebuli samecniero avtoritetisa da TviT avtoris zegavlenis
wyalobiT, erTgvarad xelisSemSleli faqtori gaxda
qarTvelologiis Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis, ramdenadac
monografiaSi warmodgenil SexedulebaTagan gansxvavebuli
Tvalsazrisebi da axali ideebi faqtobrivad aRar Cndeboda;
mTeli Semdgomi muSaoba am mimarTulebiT ZiriTadad warmoebda mxolod naSromSi formulirebul SexedulebaTa dazustebisa da maTi konkretuli enobrivi masaliT ilustrirebis
mizniT.
a.Ciqobavas zemoT dasaxelebulma naSromma gansazRvra
qarTveluri SedarebiTi enaTmecnierebis mimarTuleba: daedgina qarTvelur enaTa is struqturuli maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic am enebs Crdilokavkasiur enebTan daaaxloebda da
romlebic, TiTqosda, samxreTkavkasiuri da Crdilokavkasiuri enebis naTesaobis safuZvels warmoadgenda. monografiis ZiriTadi nawili eZRvneba qarTvelur enebSi gramatikul
klasTa niSnebis gamoyofas da calTanxmovniani qarTveluri
Ziris postulirebas imis xarjze, rom fuZis sawyisi Tanxmovani gamoiyofoda rogorc gramatikuli klasis niSani, xolo
bolokiduri Tanxmovani _ rogorc sufiqsi-determinanti.
41
Tamaz gamyreliZe
42
monografiaSi gatarebuli iyo principi, romlis mixedviTac qarTvelur enaTa Sesadarebel formaTa Soris dgindeboda gramatikuli ekvivalentoba, fonologiur doneze maTi
winaswari analizis gareSe. aRniSnuli principis Tanaxmad,
naSromis avtori qarTvelur Zireul morfemaSi gamoyofda
elementebs (a.Ciqobava maT gramatikul klasTa eqsponentebad miiCnevda), romlebic upirispirdeboda Crdilokavkasiur enebSi Sesabamis klasTa niSnebs20. am TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa d- elementis, rogorc gramatikuli klasis uZvelesi formantis, gamoyofis meTodi. aRniSnuli elementi, romelic TiTqos Seesabameboda Crdilokavkasiur enebSi nivTTa klasis -d niSans, gamoiyofoda Semdegi
qarTveluri formebis Sepirispirebis safuZvelze:
qarT. cacxv-i ~
qarT. cecxl-i ~
qarT. sisxl-i ~
qarT. jinWvel-i ~
laz. ducxu
megr. daCxir-i ~ laz. daCxur-i
laz. dicxir-i
laz. dimWku
am da sxva qarTveluri formebis fonologiurma analizma aCvena aRniSnuli interpretaciis mcdaroba; Sesatyvis
qarTvelur formebSi dadasturebuli gansxvaveba da /d/-s
gamoCena megrul-lazurSi ganapiroba sawyisi afrikatis disimilaciam21. amgvarad, qarTvelur enebSi klasis niSanTa Teorias gamoecala mTeli rigi `sayrdeni formebisa~.
20
naSromSi warmodgenili analizis principisa da qarTvelur formaTa dayofis

kritikisaTvis ix.:K.H.Schmidt, dasax. naSr., gv.18 da Smd.; Sdr. agreTve: H.Vogt,
Contribution la reconstruction du phontisme du kartvlien commun (Bedi Kartlisa.
Revue de Kartvlologie, vol. XV-XVI, 43-44, Paris,1963, gv. 33 (SemdgomSi
SemoklebiT _ RK).
21
ix.: t.gudava, regresuli dezafrikatizaciis erTi SemTxveva zanurSi (megrulWanurSi), (`saq. ssr mecn. akademiis moambe~, t. XXXIII, 2, 1964). Sdr.:
.., dasax. naSr.. gv. 032.

warmodgenil monografiaSi qarTuli prefiqsebis ganxilva gramatikuli klasis uZveles niSnebad meTodologiuradac gaumarTlebeli Cans22. upirveles yovlisa, unda dazustdes: qarTveluri enis romeli epoqisTvis SeiZleba klasovani uRlebis postulireba, romelic SemdgomSi pirovani
uRlebiT Seicvala; es ùZvelesi struqtura~ saerTo-qarTvelur epoqas ganekuTvneba Tu calkeuli qarTveluri enis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis periods. rogorc cnobilia, enis
ganviTarebis procesSi qronologiuri doneebisa da relatiuri qronologiis sakiTxebis ugulebelyofa ganapirobebs
imgvari enobrivi Teoriis agebas, romelsac istoriuli perspeqtiva ar gaaCnia.
eWvs ar unda iwvevdes, rom istoriuli qarTveluri enebis
SedarebiTi analizis safuZvelze rekonstruirebuli gviani
periodis (calkeul enobriv erTeulebad dayofis uSualod
wina periodis) saerTo-qarTveluri enis struqtura xasiaTdeboda zmnis pirovani uRlebis sakmaod rTuli sistemiT, rac
Semdgom memkvidreobiT gadaeca istoriul qarTvelur enebs.
hipoTeza qarTveluri da Crdilokavkasiuri enebis naTesaobis Sesaxeb dReisaTvis daumtkicebeli da mecnierulad
dausabuTebelia, ramdenadac SedarebiTi analizis meTodiT
ver moxerxda am enebs Soris regularul fonemur SesatyvisobaTa sistemis gamovlena, rac erTaderTi racionaluri kriteriumia enaTa naTesaobis, maTi saerTo winapari enidan warmomavlobis dasadgenad23. fonemur SesatyvisobaTa kriteriix.:G.Deeters, Gab es Nominalklassen in allen kaukasischen Sprachen? (Corolla
Linguistica, Wiesbaden, 1955, gv. 26 da Smd.).
23
ix. G.Deeters, Die Stellung der Kharthwelsprachen unter den kaukasischen Sprachen. _
RK, 23, Paris 1957, gv. 12 da Smd.; H.Vogt, Remarques sur la prhistorie des langues
khartvliennes. _ RK, 36-37, Paris 1961, gv. 5; ..,

(, 1965, 1, gv. 17 da Smd.).
22
43
Tamaz gamyreliZe
44
umis Secvla struqturul-tipologiuri kriteriumiT dauSvebelia, ramdenadac Sedegad mcdari enobrivi konstruqciebi
aigeba da amisi naTeli magaliTebi kargadaa cnobili enaTmecnierebis istoriidan.
amgvarad, ar arsebobs safuZveli im kategoriuli ganacxadisTvis, romlis Sesabamisadac qarTvelur da Crdilokavkasiur enebs Soris arsebobs genetikuri naTesaoba da kavkasiaSi gavrcelebuli araindoevropuli da araTurquli enebisgan
gamoiyofa saerTo warmomavlobis mixedviT gaerTianebuli
ìberiul-kavkasiur enaTa~ ojaxi. SeiZleba Seiqmnas STabeWdileba, TiTqos ìberiul-kavkasiuri enebi~ indoevropul,
semitur, finur-ugrul da sxva monaTesave enaTa ojaxebis
analogiur genetur jgufSi erTiandebian, sadac gaerTianebas
safuZvlad udevs mocemul enaTa Soris regularuli fonemuri Sesatyvisobis principis mkacri dacva. realurad, ìberiul-kavkasiuri enebi~ aerTianebs struqturul-tipologiuri da genetikuri TvalsazrisiT aSkarad determinirebul sam enobriv jgufs. esenia:
samxreTkavkasiuri jgufi, anu qarTveluri enebi;
Crdilo-dasavluri jgufi, anu afxazur-adiReuri enebi;
Crdilo-aRmosavluri jgufi, anu naxur-daRestnuri enebi.
struqturul-tipologiur planSi Crdilokavkasiur enaTa orive jgufi (afxazur-adiReuri da naxur-daRestnuri)
polarul rgolebad gvevlineba, romlebic gaSualebulia
qarTveluri lingvisturi tipiT24.
kavkasiur enaTa am sam jgufs Soris geneturi kavSiri ar
SeiZleba gairkves aRniSnuli jgufebis warmomadgenel gansxvavebuli enaTa calkeuli faqtebis Sepirispirebis safuZamis Sesaxeb ix.:..,
, ., 1960 (XXV .
).
24

velze (rogorc es, samwuxarod, xdeba rig specialur gamokvlevebSi qarTvelur da Crdilokavkasiur enebs Soris naTesaobis damtkicebis mizniT25); amisaTvis saWiroa ganxorcieldes kavkasiur enaTa am sami jgufisaTvis (qarTveluris,
afxazur-adiReurisa da naxur-daRestnurisaTvis) rekonstruirebul sistemaTa Tanmimdevruli struqturuli Sedareba-Sepirispireba Sesabamis fuZe-enaTa doneze SesaZlo fonemuri Sesatyvisobebis gamovlenis mizniT. amgvarad, ìberiul-kavkasiur enaTa~ samive jgufis enebs Soris geneturi kavSiris arsebobis Sesaxeb Teoriis Camoyalibebas win aucileblad unda uswrebdes SedarebiT-istoriuli analizis Catareba da saerTo afxazur-adiReuri, saerTo naxur-daRestnuri
enobrivi sistemebis rekonstruqcia (rogorc es am bolo
xanebSi ganxorcielda saerTo-qarTveluri sistemis mimarT)
enobrivi struqturis yvela doneze maTi Semdgomi sistemuri
Sepirispirebis mizniT. kavkasiur enaTa lingvisturi kvlevis
es programa, romlis Sesaxebac jer kidev n.trubeckoi aRniSnavda, samwuxarod, jerjerobiT ar Sesrulebula26.
kavkasiur enaTa gansxvavebul jgufebs Soris damokidebulebis problemis saboloo gadawyveta mniSvnelovnadaa
damokidebuli afxazur-adiReuri da naxur-daRestnuri enebis SedarebiTi gramatikis SemuSavebasa da Sesabamisi fuZeenis rekonstruqciaze27. amave dros, SedarebiTi analizi da
amgvari SepirispirebebisaTvis ix.: G.Deeters, Die Stellung der Kharthwelsprachen
unter den kaukasischen Sprachen. _ RK, 23, Paris 1957, gv. 12 da Smd.; Sdr. agreTve:
Die Welt des Orients, 3, 1957, gv. 382.
26
ix.: BSLP, 23, 1922, gv.184 da Smd.
27
kavkasiur enaTa Crdilo-dasavlur da Crdilo-aRmosavlur jgufebs Soris
kanonzomier SesabamisobaTa dadgenis pirveli winaswari mcdeloba warmoadgina
n.trubeckoim; ix. misi avtorobiT: Nordkaukasische Wortgleichungen (Wiener
Zeitschrift fr die Kunde des Morgenlandes XXXVII, 1_2, gv. 76 da Smd.); misive: Der
Bau der ostkaukasischen Sprachen (aus dem Nachlass des Frsten N.S.Trubezkoy. _
Wiener Slavistisches Jahrbuch, 1, 1964, gv.23 da Smd.).
25
45
Tamaz gamyreliZe
46
Sesabamis fuZe-enaTa rekonstruqcia kavkasiur enaTa am sami

jgufidan TiToeulisaTvis unda ganxorcieldes aRniSnul
jgufTa avtonomiurobis principis mkacri dacviT, maTi Sinagani ganviTarebis kanonzomierebis gaTvaliswinebiT; amasTanave,
enaTa erTi jgufis istoriis kvleva ar unda mimdinareobdes
meoris monacemebis moSveliebiT, da piriqiT; sxva enis masala SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas mxolod struqturul-tipologiuri TvalsazrisiT, SemoTavazebuli rekonstruqciebisa da enobrivi modelebis Semowmebisa da verifikaciis mizniT.
swored es warmoadgens kavkasiur enaTa SedarebiT-genetikuri
Studiebis gadaudebel amocanas enaTmecnierebis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze28.
aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT Cven CavatareT qarTvelur enaTa
SedarebiT-genetikuri kvleva, davadgineT kanonzomier SesatyvisobaTa sistema enis sxvadasxva doneze da movaxdineT
fuZeeniseuli fonologiuri Tu morfologiuri struqturebis rekonstruqcia. Cveni samuSaos ZiriTadi winapiroba iyo,
gagveTavisuflebina qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiT-istoriuli
Studiebi Crdilo-kavkasiur enebze gamiznulad mimarTuli
orientaciisagan, rac iberiul-kavkasiur enaTmecnierebaSi
qarTveluri enebis istoriisa da struqturis Zireuli sakiTxebis gaSuqebis dros iCenda Tavs.
Cveni kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli saerTo-qarTveluri enobrivi sistemisa da calkeul qarTvelur dialeqtTa istoriuli ganviTarebis suraTi principulad gansxvavdeba im warmodgenebisagan qarTvelur enaTa istoriisa da struqturis
Sesaxeb, rac manamde iyo SemuSavebuli iberiul-kavkasiur
enaTmecnierebaSi. saerTo-qarTveluri enobrivi sistema warSdr.: .., dasax. naSr., gv. 048 da Smd.; Sdr. agreTve: ..,
- (
, 1954, 3, gv. 41 da Smd.); K.H. Smidt, dasax. naSr., gv. 10 da Smd.
28

mogvidgeba rogorc sistema xmovanTa morfologiuri monacvleobis konkretuli meqanizmiT, romelsac emyareboda formaTa cvlilebisa da sityvaTa warmoqmnis principebi.
saerTo-qarTveluri enis ganviTarebis zogadi tendencia
da istoriuli qarTveluri dialeqtebis Camoyalibeba SeiZleba aRiweros rogorc xmovanTa ablauturi monacvleobis
pirveladi modelis moSlisa da, Sesabamisad, afiqsTa funqcionaluri rolis gaZlierebis procesi, ris Sedegadac
qarTveluri enobrivi sistema tipologiurad uaxlovdeba
aglutinaciuri tipis enebs, sadac sityvis morfologiuri
struqtura stabilurobiT xasiaTdeba. aRniSnuli tendencia gansakuTrebiT dasavleTqarTvelur dialeqtebs (megrulsa da lazurs) axasiaTebda, romlebSic marcvlovani sonantebis vokalizaciisa da formaTa paradigmatuli unifikaciis
Sedegad mTlianad waiSala ablautur mimarTebaTa pirveladi sistemis kvali.
saerTo-qarTvelurma morfonologiurma sistemam gansxvavebuli transformacia ganicada svanurSi, sadac specifikuri fonologiuri gardaqmnebis wyalobiT Camoyalibda
xmovanTa funqcionaluri monacvleobis produqtiuli tipebi, romlebic zemodan daedo modificirebuli saxiT Semonaxul saerTo-qarTvelur ablautur modelebs.
istoriul qarTvelur enaTa sistemebSi, ablauturi struqturebis xvedriTi wilis mixedviT, svanuri ena yvelaze metad
uaxlovdeba `simbolur~ saerTo-qarTvelur enobriv models.
am TvalsazrisiT,
qarTul enas gardamavali pozicia
uWiravs megrul-lazursa da svanurs Soris, romlebic
TiTqos sapirispiro polusebad warmogvidgebian.
4. saerTo-qarTveluri enobrivi modelis zemoT warmodgenili interpretacia did struqturul-tipologiur msgavsebas poulobs saerTo-indoevropul sistemasTan. fonemuri
47
Tamaz gamyreliZe
48
inventaris dayofa sakuTriv xmovanTa, sakuTriv TanxmovanTa

da sonantTa klasebad indoevropul fonologiur sistemasac
axasiaTebs; amave dros, orive sistemaSi, rogorc qarTvelurSi, ise indoevropulSi, tipologiurad identuria sonantTa
klasisa da sakuTriv xmovanTa klasis Semadgenloba. sonanti
fonemebis marcvlovani da umarcvlo alofonebis ganawilebis
modelebic qarTvelursa da indoevropulSi29 TiTqmis emTxveva erTmaneTs30. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom marcvlovani sonantebis ganviTareba analogiurad mimdinareobda qarTvelur enebsa
da indoevropul dialeqtebSi, sadac sonanturi fonemebi
gardaiqmna marcvlovani sonantebis vokalizaciis Sedegad,
rasac Tan mohyva sruli warmoebis xmovnebis Camoyalibeba.
TanxmovanTa klasSi xSulTa sameulebi, romlebic erTmaneTs upirispirdebian rogorc mJReri yru (fonologiurad
Warbi aspiraciiT) glotalizebuli, tipologiurad SeiZleba SevadaroT indoevropul xSulTa sameulebis sistemas, sadac warmodgenilia dapirispireba Semdegi niSniT: mJReroba siyrue aspiracia (aspirirebul fonemebSi fonologiurad Warbi mJRerobis niSniT).
saerTo-qarTveluri morfologiuri sistema xmovanTa
ablauturi monacvleobis meqanizmiT gasaocar tipologiur
msgavsebas avlens saerTo-indoevropuli enisTvis rekonstruirebul monacvleobis modelebTan. morfemaTa fonemuri
struqtura da sintagmaturi mimarTebani maT Soris saerToindoevropulsa (rogorc es e.benvenistis rekonstruqciebindoevropulSi sonantTa ganawilebis modelebis Sesaxeb ix.: Fr.Edgerton, The
Indo-European semivowels (Language, vol. 19, 2, 1943).
30
k.h.Smidti Tavis recenziaSi naSromze sonantTa sistema...~ qarTvelur da
indoevropul sonant fonemaTa ganawilebis sqemebSi srul identurobas xedavs
da gvTavazobs sonantis alofoni CV poziciaSi ganvixiloT rogorc SS- (ix.
IF, 73, 3, 1968, gv.396).
29

Sia warmodgenili31) da saerTo-qarTvelurSi SesaZlebelia
aRiweros erTi da imave struqturuli terminebiT: Zireuli
morfemis ZiriTadi kanonikuri formaa CVC/S-, xolo sufiqsurisa _ -VC/S; ablauturi monacvleobis meqanizmi gulisxmobs dapirispirebas gaxmovanebis normalur, nulovan da sigrZis safexurebs Soris; fuZeSi dauSvebelia gaxmovanebis
ori normaluri safexuri (monovokalurobis principi), rac
gansazRvravs e.w. Schwebeablaut-is tipis CVSC-/CSVC- monacvleobas: indoevr. *perk-/*prek-/*prk da qarTv. *derk-/*drek/
*dk-.
istoriuli qarTveluri enebis SedarebiTi da Sinagani rekonstruqciiT aRdgenili saerTo-qarTveluri morfonologiuri modelebis amgvari gasaocari msgavseba (TiTqmis
Tanxvedra) saerTo-indoevropulis Sesabamis modelebTan
cxadyofs qarTvelur-indoevropul morfonologiur izomorfizms, rac safuZvels iZleva `qarTveluri~ da
ìndoevropuli~ enaTa erTsa da imave struqturul-tipologiur klass mivakuTvnoT. qarTvelur-indoevropuli
struqturuli paralelizmi ar Semoifargleba mxolod morfologiiT. ukanaskneli wlebis gamokvlevebma daadastura
mTeli rigi morfologiuri da sintaqsuri struqturebis
siaxlove qarTvelursa da indoevropulSi32.
., , ., 1955.
ix.:G.Deeters, Die Stellung der Kharthwelsprachen unter den kaukasischen Sprachen. - RK,
23, Paris, 1957, gv. 12 da Smd.; ..,
. - IV c . H, 1969 (
). ( ), 1969, gv. 80 da
Smd.; K.H.Schmidt, Zu den Aspekten in georgischen und in indogermanischen Sprachen. - RK,
vol. XV-XVI, 43-44, Paris, 1963; misive: Indogermanisches Medium und Sataviso im
Georgischen. - RK, vol. XIX-XX, 48-49, Paris, 1965, gv. 129 da Smd.; misive: Beitrge zu
einer typologisch-vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen und sdkaukasischen
Sprachen (Mnchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft, 22,1967); misive: Zur Tmesis in
den Kartvelsprachen und ihren typologischen Parallelen in indogermanischen Sprachen
(krebulSi: `Tbilisis universiteti _ giorgi axvledians~, Tbilisi 1969).
31
32
49
Tamaz gamyreliZe
50
saerTo-qarTvelurisa da saerTo-indoevropulis struqturul-tipologiuri dapirispireba, qarTvelur-indoevropuli morfologiuri izomorfizmis gamovlena faqtobrivad

warmoadgens tipologiis axal saxesxvaobas _ rekonstruirebuli enobrivi sistemebis tipologias, romelsac SeiZleba
diaqroniuli tipologia vuwodoT. ukanasknel dromde struqturul-tipologiur StudiebSi ganixileboda istoriuli
enebi, struqturul-tipologiuri Sedareba Semoifargleboda
realurad dadasturebuli an werilobiT ZeglebSi dafiqsirebuli enebiT. amgvar tipologiebSi Sedarebisa da klasifikaciis erTeulad istoriuli ena warmogvidgeboda da
Teoriulad rekonstruirebuli enobrivi sistemis tipologiuri Sefaseba TiTqmis ar xdeboda. TumcaRa, unda aRiniSnos, rom zogadi tipologiuri TeoriisaTvis diaqroniuli tipologia uaRresad mniSvnelovania, ramdenadac man SeiZleba mogvawodos informacia im invariantuli struqturuli Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb, romlebic gansxvavebul enobriv
sistemebs axasiaTebs, miuxedavad maTi gavrcelebis adgilisa
da droisa. Teoriulad rekonstruirebuli enobrivi modelebi
unda iqces struqturul-tipologiuri Sepirispirebisa da
Sefasebis obieqtebad maT Soris izomorfuli Tu alomorfuli mimarTebebis gamovlenis mizniT. am TvalsazrisiT,
qarTvelur da indoevropul morfonologiur modelebs
Soris fuZe-enaTa doneze gamovlenili izomorfizmi gansakuTrebul Teoriul mniSvnelobas iZens33.
garda imisa, rom gamovlenili paralelizmi qarTvelursa
da indoevropuls Soris Rirebulia struqturuli tipologiisaTvis zogadTeoriuli TvalsazrisiT, igi friad
ix.: T.V.Gamkrelidze, Kartvelian and Indo-European: A typological comparison of
reconstructed linguistic systems (To Honor Roman Jakobson, I, The Hague_Paris,
1967).
33

mniSvnelovania aRniSnuli enebis winareistoriis aRsadgenad,
aseve, qarTveluri da indoevropuli arealuri lingvistikis
mTeli rigi sakiTxebis gasarkvevad.
saerTo-qarTveluri enisaTvis rekonstruirebuli ablautis meqanizmi, rogorc morfonologiur dapirispirebaTa
sistema, ivaraudeba, rom Camoyalibda saerTo-qarTveluri enis
adreuli etapisTvis damaxasiaTebeli fonologiuri donis
movlenebis Sedegad. saerTo-qarTveluri winare-enis ganviTarebis es adreuli safexuri, romelic win uswrebda sonanturi fonemebis Camoyalibebas da ablauturi monacvleobis
meqanizmis formirebas, SesaZlebelia garkveuli miaxloebiT
warmovidginoT SedarebiT adreuli periodis sakuTriv saerTo-qarTveluri sistemis farglebSi Sinagani rekonstruqciis gamoyenebiTa da arqauli winareeniseuli struqturebis
aRdgeniT. gasagebia, rom arqauli periodis saerTo-qarTveluri struqturebis aseTi `Soreuli~ rekonstruqcia mxolod hipoTeturi SeiZleba iyos da igi warmogvidgeba rogorc
damoukidebel enebad dayofis wina periodis saerTo-qarTveluri enobrivi sistemis Camoyalibebis erT-erTi SesaZlo
varianti.
saerTo-qarTveluri winare-enis am arqaul safexurze SesaZloa vivaraudoT monovokaluri sistema C1PC2PC3P tipis
monotonuri marcvlovani struqturiTa da fonologiurad
relevanturi dinamikuri maxviliT, ris gamoc qarTveluris
SedarebiT gviandel doneze umaxvilo xmovani amovarda, daxurul marcvalSi maxviliani xmovani SenarCunebuli iqna, RiaSi ki igi dagrZelda.
saerTo-qarTvelur Zireul da sufiqsur morfemaTa CVCda -VC struqturebSi C martivi Tanxmovnis adgilas SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos labialuri kompleqsi [Cw] an [dR,
51
Tamaz gamyreliZe
52
Tx, ty] tipis harmoniuli kompleqsi34. morfemul struqturebSi labialuri da harmoniuli kompleqsebi iseve funqcionirebs, rogorc martivi (cali) Tanxmovani an sonanti. amgvari
struqturul-distribuciuli Taviseburebis gaTvaliswinebiT, aRniSnuli kompleqsebi istoriulad SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc monofonematuri erTeulebi.
kerZod, C+w tipis kompleqsi arqauli periodis fuZe-enis
doneze SeiZleba interpretirebuli iyos rogorc labializebuli fonema, romelic damoukidebel fonemebad gaixliCa
da Camoyalibda rogorc bifonemuri kompleqsi. aseve, TanxmovanTa harmoniuli kompleqsic SeiZleba daviyvanoT erTian
konsonantur fonemamde, romelic Sesabamisi martivi fonemisagan gansxvavdeboda velarizaciis fonologiurad relevanturi niSniT da romlisganac qarTveluris momdevno doneze
bifonemuri odenoba Camoyalibda35.
saerTo-qarTveluri labialuri da harmoniuli kopleqsebis monofonematuri interpretaciis Sedegad uZveles saerTo-qarTvelur doneze aRdgeba rTuli konsonanturi sistema TanxmovanTa labializebuli da velarizebuli rigebiT,
romelsac upirispirdeba vokaluri sistema erTaderTi *
xmovniTa da fonologiurad relevanturi dinamikuri maxviliT. aRniSnuli fonologiuri modeli, romelic
hipoTeturad asaxavs arqauli periodis saerTo-qarTvelur
sistemas, tipologiur paralels povebs rTuli konsonanturi da xmovanTa maqsimalurad martivi sistemebis mqone
Crdilo-dasavlur kavkasiur enebTan36.
34
TanxmovanTa harmoniuli kompleqsebis Sesaxeb ix.: g.axvlediani, zogadi

fonetikis safuZvlebi, Tbilisi, 1949, gv. 107 da Smd.; 301 da Smd.
35
sonantTa sistema...~ gv. 368 da Smd.; ix.: g.maWavariani, saerToqarTveluri
konsonanturi sistema, Tbilisi 1965, gv. 93 da Smd.
36
ix.:W.S.Allen, Structure and system in Abaza verbal complex (Transactions of the
Philological Society, Oxford 1956, gv. 127 da Smd.); A.H.Kuipers, Phoneme and morpheme in Kabardian (Janua Linguarum, 7, The Hague - Paris 1960, gv. 104 da Smd.).

arqauli periodis saerTo-qarTvelurma fonologiurma
sistemam, ZiriTadad, Semdegi saxis transformacia ganicada:
gamartivda konsonanturi sistema (gaixliCa labializebuli da velarizebuli Tanxmovnebi), moxda vokaluri fonemis
alofonTa fonologizacia da Camoyalibda sonant fonemaTa
gansakuTrebuli klasi (umaxvilo xmovanTa sinkopesa da
ablauturi monacvleobis meqanizmis Camoyalibebis Sedegad).
amgvari struqturuli cvlilebebis Sedegad saerToqarTvelurSi Semdgom qronologiur doneze yalibdeba morfologiuri sistema, romelic gasaocar struqturul-tipologiur paralelebs avlens SedarebiT gviani periodis
saerTo-indoevropuli enisTvis postulirebul morfonologiur modelebTan37.
ram gamoiwvia uZvelesi saerTo-qarTveluri struqturebis imgvari cvlileba, rom moxda maTi daaxloeba indoevropul struqturebTan? riT aixsneba is struqturuli izomorfizmi qarTvelursa da indoevropuls Soris, romelic
saerTo-qarTveluris SedarebiT gviandel doneze Camoyalibda?
amgvari struqturuli gardaqmnebis erT-erTi yvelaze sarwmuno axsna varaudobs qarTvelur-indoevropuli kontaqtebis arsebobas istoriamdel epoqaSi, rogorc Cans, sakmaod
xangrZlivi periodis manZilze. unda vifiqroT, rom aRniSnulma enobrivma kontaqtebma da maT Sedegad gaCenilma enobrivma interferenciam xeli Seuwyo arqauli periodis saer-
37
saerTo-indoevropuli enis arqauli periodisaTvis rekonstruirdeba saerToqarTveluris analogiuri CVCVCV tipis monotonuri marcvlovani struqtura;
ix.: C.Hj.Borgstrm, Thoughts about Indo-European vowel-gradation (NTS, XV, 1949);
misive: Internal reconstruction of Pre-Indo-European word-forms (Word, vol. 10, 2-3,
1954).
53
Tamaz gamyreliZe
54
To-qarTveluri struqturebis gardaqmnasa da miaxloebas indoevropul morfonologiur struqturebTan38.

qarTvelur da indoevropul sistemebs Soris morfonologiuri izomorfizmis ganmsazRvreli kontaqtebis arsebobas mxars uWers im nasesxebi leqsikis mTeli plastis dadastureba saerTo-qarTvelurSi, romelic didi albaTobiT
ivaraudeba, rom indoevropuli warmoSobisa unda iyos. saerTo-qarTvelurSi indoevropul nasesxobebs ganekuTvneba semantikuri niSnis mixedviT sxvadasxva jgufebSi gaerTianebuli Semdegi leqsikuri erTeulebi39:
èqvsi~;
*eksw- èqvsi~
: i.-e. *(s)&eks*wid- `Svidi~
: i.-e. *sept2- `Svidi~;
*uel- ùReli~
: i.-e. *jugom- ùReli~;
`rqa, Tavi~;
*4ka `rqa~
: i.-e. *ker/*
kr
*m kerd-/*m k4d- `mkerdi~ : i.-e. *kerd-/*

k 4d `guli~;
*zisx1- `sisxli~
: i.-e. *esH4 `sisxli~ (Sdr. xeT. es
har);
* ep/* p- `(ga)Tboba~
: i -e. *tep- `Tbili~;
*ew-/*w- `Soba~
: i.-e. *se&-/*s- `Soba~;
38
qarTvelur-indoevropul morfonologiur izomorfizms g.wereTeli xsnis

rogorc indoevropuli da saerTo-qarTveluri enebis Soreuli naTesaobis
anarekls; aseve, dasaSvebad miaCnia, rom orive enobriv sistemaSi damoukideblad
gaCeniliyo struqturuli msgavseba; garda amisa, igi miiCnevs, rom saukunovani
kontaqtebis Sedegad qarTveluri da indoevropuli enebi SeiZleboda
`danaTesavebuliyvnen~ arealuri erTianobis farglebSi (ix. misi avtorobiT:
~, wignSi `sonantTa sistema...~,
gv. 045). ix. agreTve: G.Deeters, Die Stellung der Kharthwelsprachen unter den kaukasischen
Sprachen. - RK, 23, Paris 1957, gv. 12 da Smd. g.deetersi miiCnevs, rom qarTveluri
warmoadgens Crdilo-dasavlur-kavkasiuri tipis enas, romelmac mniSvnelovani
transformacia ganicada indoevropuli substratis zegavleniT.
39
ix.: N.Vogt, Armnien et Caucasique du Sud (NTS,IX,1938, gv.334 da Smd.); ..,
, ., 1964; S dr. a g re T ve :
..,
. - , 1965, 1, gv. 24 da Smd.

*gen-/*g3- `gageba, Segneba : i.-e. *en-/*n- `codna, Semecneba~;
*lag- `(da)lageba, wola~ : i.-e. *legh- `wola~;
*dew-/*dw- `(da)deba~
: i.-e. *dh- (*dheH-)/dhP`(da)deba~;
* kus- `kvnesa~,
* kus-en kunes
: i.-e. *kues-/*
kus`qSena, oxvra~;
*bod- `bodva~
: i.-e. *bhred(h)-/*bhrod(h)- `bodva~;
*dqa- `Txa~
: i.-e. *digh- `Txa~;
*opop- òfofi~
: i.-e. *epop-/*opop- òfofi~;
* il- `tili~
: i.-e. *tin-/*til- `tili~;
*diqa- `niadagi, miwa~
: i.-e. *dheh-om `miwa~ (Sdr.xeT.
tekan, Tox. A tka m) da sxv.
qarTvelur-indoevropuli morfonologiuri izomorfizmis axsna (rogorc qarTvelur-indoevropuli enobrivi kontaqtebis Sedegisa) safuZvels iZleva, axleburad SevxedoT
indoevropuli arealuri lingvistikis mTel rig problemebs, romlebic indoevropuli dialeqtebis uZveles ganawilebas ukavSirdeba. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom qarTvelur da
indoevropul enebze molaparake xalxebs mosazRvre teritoriebi eWiraT am enebs Soris kontaqtebis arsebobis periodSi, daaxloebiT III aTaswleulSi Cvens welTaRricxvamde40.
,
Sdr.:W.P.Lehmann [recenzia wignze], sonantTa sistema...~ (Language, vol. 44,

2, 1968, gv. 404 da Smd.)? adre gamoTqmuli iyo mosazreba qarTvelursa da
indoevropuls Soris enobrivi kontaqtebis Sesaxeb xeTebisa da luvielebis
migraciis periodSi kavkasiis gavliT mcire aziisaken (ix.: ..,

, .,1964, gv.5 (VII
); .., () , iqve, gv. 4 da Smd.; Sdr.
agreTve: Th.V.Gamkrelidze, Anatolian languages and the problem of Indo-European migration to Asia Minor (Studies in General and Oriental Linguistics Presented to Shir
Hattori, Tokyo, 1970, gv. 141).
40
55
Tamaz gamyreliZe
56
qarTvelursa da indoevropuls Soris struqturul msgavsebaTa amgvari interpretacia saSualebas iZleva aRniSnuli enobrivi sistemebi mivakuTvnoT saerTo arealur jgufs,
istoriamdel garkveul kavSirs, sadac enebs Soris alogeneturi, anu SeZenili, meoradi naTesaoba arsebobs.
saerTo-indoevropulSi (proto-indoevropulSi) gamovlenili semituri nasesxobebis fonze41 indoevropuli nasesxobebi saerTo-qarTvelurSi da qarTvelur-indoevropuli morfonologiuri izomorfizmi (qarTvelur da indoevropul
morfonologiur struqturaTa msgavseba) gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani xdeba amgvari enobrivi kontaqtebis saerTo arealis gansazRvrisa42 da saerTo-indoevropuli (proto-indoevropuli) enis pirvelsawyisi teritoriis dadgenisaTvis43.
struqturul-tipologiuri da arealuri lingvistikis
problemaTa es erToblioba, romelic saerTo-qarTvelurma
41
Sdr.: indoevr. *tauro- `xari~: sem. *tawru `xari~; indoevr. *ghad- `bekeka~:
sem. *gadju `bekeka, Txa~; indoevr. alu(t) `mwklarte an tkbili sasmeli; ludi~:
sem. *-l-w tkbili; tkbili sasmeli~; indoevr. *medhu `Tafli, Taflis sasmeli~:
se m. * m- - - `tkb i li ~; i nd oev r. * dh er- è zo ; kar i~ : s em .
*-w-r `zRude; SemozRuduli ezo~; indoevr. *kl()u `Caketva; gasaRebi~: sem.
*k-l- `Caketva~; indoevr. *n- `xomaldi; WurWeli~: sem. *-n-w `WurWeli~;
indoevr. *peleku- `culi; najaxi~: sem. *p-l- `gapoba; najaxi~; indoevr. *dap`msxverplSewirva~: sem. *d-b- `msxverplad Sewirva~; indoevr. *(a)ster`varskvlavi~: sem. *e-t-t-r `gaRmerTebuli varskvlavi~; indoevr. *aro `batoni~:
sem. *-r-(r) `gaTavisufleba; dabadebiT Tavisufali~ da sxv. (ix.: .M., - (kreb.
, ., 1964, gv.3_7).
42
am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa varaudi saerTo-qarTvelurSi semituridan
ricxviTi saxelebis sesxebis Sesaxeb: *4 wa||*arwa `rva~ (Sdr. aqad. arba, arab.
arba a òTxi~) da *si(r) àsi~, Sdr. aqad. eirtu (mdedr. sq.), arab. ar àTi~,
ir `meaTe~ (ix. .., .
_ . 1965, ., 1967).
43
uaxlesi TeoriisaTvis sinur-tibetursa da indoevropuls Soris enobriv
kontaqtebTan dakavSirebiT indoevropelTa winare-samSoblos~ Sesaxeb ix.:
E.G.Pulleyblank, Chinese and Indo-European (JRAS, pt. 1_2, 1966).

rekonstruqciebma da qarTvelur-indoevropulma morfonologiurma izomorfizmma warmoSva, erTgvarad ganapirobebs
struqturul-tipologiur da indoevropul SedarebiT enaTmecnierebaSi ukanasknel xans gaCenil mzard interess qarTveluri enebis mimarT da im Sefasebis gamoxatulebadac gvevlineba, rac qarTvelur enebSi sonantebisa da ablautis
Sesaxeb Camoyalibebulma Teoriam daimsaxura enaTmecnierebis aRniSnul dargebSi.
57
Tamaz gamyreliZe
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axali paradigma indoevropul SedarebiT_

istoriul enaTmecnierebaSi:
indoevropuli fuZe-enisa da indoevropuli
proto-kulturis rekonstruqciis problema
naTmecnierebis istoriaSi XX saukunis meore naxevari

xasiaTdeba gansakuTrebuli interesiT istoriuli
lingvistikisadmi, rac klasikuri SedarebiTi enaTmecnierebis problemebisaken mibrunebas gulisxmobs. ukanasknel
aTwleulebSi mzardma interesma istoriuli lingvistikis
problemebis mimarT Sedegad gamoiRo lingvisturi azris
zogadi ganviTareba im TvalsazrisiT, rom daZleuli iqna wina
periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli antinomia sinqroniasa da
diaqronias Soris, roca, amavdroulad, aSkara upiratesoba
sinqroniul enaTmecnierebas eniWeboda. am mxriv, lingvistika gamonaklisi ar yofila sxva mecnierebebs Soris. gasuli
saukunis meore naxevarSi mecnieruli azris ganviTarebis erTerT saerTo tendenciad miiCneva mibruneba istorizmisaken,
rac ZiriTadad XIX saukunis mecnierebas axasiaTebda. am
daibeWda rusul enaze krebulSi -

. , _ . ..,
: , 2005, . 7_22.
axali paradigma indoevropul Sed._istoriul enaTmecnierebaSi

axalma tendenciam Secvala XX saukunis pirveli
aTwleulebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli antiistorizmi da sinqroniuli struqturalizmi.
sistemur, sinqroniul lingvistikaSi enobrivi analizis
mravali axali meTodi SemuSavda da am meTodebiT gamdidrebuli enaTmecniereba kvlav miubrunda Zvel, tradiciul problemebs. trdiciuli ideebisadmi aRniSnuli meTodebis gamoyenebis siaxle gulisxmobs lingvisturi analizis Catarebas
ara mxolod sinqroniul lingvistikaSi SemuSavebuli zusti operaciebis meSveobiT, aramed globalur midgomas enisadmi, rogorc sistemuri fenomenisadmi, romelic ganuwyvetliv
icvleba droSi da romelic SesaZloa Tanmimdevrul sistemur analizs daeqvemdebaros. yovelive es saSualebas iZleva
SedarebiT-istoriuli enaTmecnierebis tradiciuli problemebis gadasaWrelad gamoyenebuli iqnas tipologiuri
lingvistikisa da universaliaTa lingvistikis monacemebi.
es enaTmecnierebis SedarebiT axali mimarTulebebia, romlebic
warmatebiT viTardebian bolo aTwleulebSi. Tanamedrove
enaTmecnierebis am uaxlesi monacemebis gamoyenebam monaTesave
enaTa calkeuli jgufebis, kerZod, indoevropul enaTa ojaxis
mimarT, naTeli gaxada, rom unda gadamowmebuliyo klasikur
indoevropul enaTmecnierebaSi gabatonebuli tradiciuli
Sexedulebani am enaTa istoriuli warsulisa da maTi istoriamdeli ganviTarebis konkretuli gzebis Sesaxeb.
rogorc cnobilia, istoriuli enaTmecniereba XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi Camoyalibda swored Zveli indoevropuli enebis Sepirispirebisa da SedarebiTi analizis safuZvelze, maT Soris naTesauri damokidebulebisa da erTiani
winapari enidan (romelsac indoevropul fuZe-enas an `winare enas~ uwodeben) maTi saerTo warmomavlobis dadgenis
safuZvelze. amgvari midgoma ukve niSnavda, rom Camoyalibda
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Tamaz gamyreliZe
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axali samecniero disciplina _ SedarebiT-istoriuli enaTmecniereba, romelmac Semdgom mniSvnelovan warmatebebs miaRwia sruliad gansxvavebuli struqturis enaTa Seswavlis
saqmeSi da romelic humanitarul mecnierebaTa Soris erTerT yvelaze formalizebul mecnierul disciplinad iqca.
monaTesave enaTa jgufebisaTvis, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
indoevropuli, semituri, Turquli, qarTveluri da sxv., damaxasiaTebelia erTi gansakuTrebuli Tavisebureba, rac maT
fonemur Sedgenilobas ukavSirdeba da konkretul genetur
jgufSi am enebs Soris arsebuli mimarTebebis formalizebuli aRweris saSualebas iZleva. erT genetur jgufSi gaerTianebul monaTesave enebs Soris vlindeba regularuli fonemuri (bgeriTi) Sesatyvisobebi, rac am enebs formalurad
aaxloebs erTmaneTTan da maT saerTo warmomavlobas adasturebs. swored amgvari fonemuri Sesatyvisobebis safuZvelze
rekonstruirdeba winapari enis fonologiuri Tu morfologiuri sistemebi.
fuZe-enis amosavali sistemis postulireba amave dros niSnavs, rom rekonstruirdeba monaTesave enaTa sistemebis winareistoria da maTi ganviTareba- Camoyalibebis gzebi amosavali mdgomareobidan vidre mocemul enaTa dokumenturad dadasturebul istoriul mdgomareobamde. amitomac enaTa istoriul-SedarebiTi Seswavla da maT Soris fonemur-struqturuli Tanafardobebis dadgena unda dasruldes mocemul
enaTa amosavali enobrivi sistemis amsaxveli fuZeeniseuli
mdgomareobis rekonstruqciiTa da gardaqmnis anu transformaciis im wesebis gansazRvriT, romelTa meSveobiTac istoriulad dadasturebuli monaTesave sistemebi Teoriulad
postulirebuli enobrivi modelidan gamoiyvaneba.
monaTesave enobrivi sistemebis winareistoriis aRdgena,
amosavali saerTo mdgomareobidan (rac fuZe-enis sistemaSi

aisaxeba) istoriulad fiqsirebul mdgomareobamde maTi ganviTareba-Camoyalibebis gzebis rekonstruqcia damokidebulia
imaze, Tu fuZe-enis sistema ra formiT aRdgeba, anu rogori
fonemuri Tu gramatikuli sistemebiT daxasiaTdeba.
Tavis mxriv, empiriul moTxovnas fuZe-enis postulirebuli sistemis mimarT warmoadgens is, rom rekonstruirebuli
sistema unda iyos tipologiurad realuri (arawinaaRmdegobrivi) da sruli. tipologiuri realuroba (arawinaaRmdegobrioba) gulisxmobs imgvari enobrivi struqturebis
Tanaarsebobas, romlebic araa SeuTavsebeli tipologiurad
dadgenili enobrivi kanonzomierebebis mixedviT da maTi sinqroniuli maxasiaTeblebic sazogadod araa enisaTvis ucxo.
enisaTvis damaxasiaTebel amgvar universalur sinqroniul struqturebs adgens Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebis iseTi
mniSvnelovani dargebi, rogoricaa tipologiuri lingvistika
da universaliaTa lingvistika. enaTmecnierebis ganviTarebis
Tanamedrove etapi saSualebas iZleva didi albaTobiT ganisazRvros Teoriulad postulirebuli amosavali enobrivi
sistemis tipologiuri realuroba da arawinaaRmdegobrioba. tipologiuri realurobis kriteriumi mkveTrad amcirebs im Teoriulad dasaSvebi enobrivi sistemebis raodenobas,
romlebic SeiZleba postulirebuli iyos rogorc amosavali sistema istoriulad dadasturebuli monaTesave enebisaTvis.
tipologiuri arawinaaRmdegobriobis kriteriumi ar warmoadgens postulirebuli enobrivi sistemis realurobis erTaderT empiriul sazoms. aranakleb mniSvnelovania Sesabamisoba diaqroniul tipologiasTan; es ki imas niSnavs, rom
mocemul sistemaSi struqturuli transformaciebisa da
gardaqmnaTa wesebi unda Seesabamebodes sxvadasxva tipis istoriul enaTa struqturebSi cvlilebebisa da gardaqmnebis
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Tamaz gamyreliZe
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Seswavlis safuZvelze gamovlenil enobriv transformaciaTa modelebs. enobriv gardaqmnaTa amgvar universalur modelebs adgens da Seiswavlis diaqroniuli tipologia, romelsac, sinqroniuli tipologiisagan gansxvavebiT, enobriv struqturaTa droSi cvlilebebisa da gardaqmnebis universaluri
sqemebi ainteresebs.
amgvarad, Teoriulad postulirebuli fuZe-enis sistemis Sesabamisoba rogorc sinqroniul, ise diaqroniul tipologiasTan aris is ZiriTadi kriteriumi, romlis mixedviTac
SeiZleba SevafasoT Teoriulad postulirebuli sistemis
realurobis xarisxi, raTa monaTesave enaTa mocemuli ojaxisaTvis fuZe-enis rangSi postulirebul Teoriulad savaraudo sistemebs Soris erT romelime sistemas mivaniWoT upiratesoba.
indoevropuli enebis Seswavlis mizniT SedarebiTi Studiebis CamoyalibebisTanave, anu faqtobrivad maSin, roca XIX
saukunis enaTmecnierebis saukeTeso warmomadgenlebma safuZveli Cauyares SedarebiT-istoriul enaTmecnierebas, aRdgenili iqna saerTo-indoevropuli konsonanturi sistema, romlisganac gamoiyvaneboda istoriulad dadasturebul indoevropul enaTa sistemebi. rekonstruirebuli konsonanturi
sistema warmodgenili iyo fonemaTa garkveuli rigebis saxiT da ZiriTadad emTxveoda Zveli induri enis, im droisaTvis cnobil indoevropul enaTa uZvelesi warmomadgenlis, sistemas.
saerTo-indoevropuli konsonatizmis amgvari sistema (kerZod, xSul fonemaTa qvesistema), umniSvnelo cvlilebebiTa
da dazustebiT, rac Semdgom kvlevebs ukavSirdeba, postulirebulia Tanamedrove indoevropul komparativistikaSi
fonemaTa Semdegi sami rigis saxiT: I _ mJRerebi II _ mJReri fSvinvierebi III _ yruebi.

am saxiT postulirebuli konsonantTa indoevropuli
sistemidan gamoiyvaneba indoevropul enaTa yvela istoriulad dadasturebuli sistema, amosaval sistemaSi im fonemuri gardaqmnebis daSvebiT, romelTa Sedegadac unda warmoSobiliyo konkretuli indoevropuli enebi gansxvavebuli
konsonantizmiT.
gasagebia, rom am saxiT postulirebuli amosavali indoevropuli konsonantizmi ZiriTadad Zveli induri enis models imeorebs da, amdenad, Zveli induri ena im sistemad
gvevlineba, romelmac yvelaze naklebi cvlileba ganicada
da romelSic yvelaze metadaa Semonaxuli saerTo-indoevropuli konsonantizmis maxasiaTeblebi.
saerTo-indoevropuli sistemis amgvari postulirebis
SemTxvevaSi umniSvnelo cvlilebebi ivaraudeboda berZnulisa
da italiurisaTvis (indoevropul xSulTa II seriis dayrueba
da spirantizacia), slavuri enebisa da kelturisaTvis (indoevropul xSulTa II seriis dezaspiracia). indoevropuli
sistemis amgvari saxiT postulirebis SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovani fonemuri cvlilebebi aRdgeba germanikuli enebisa da
somxurisaTvis, romlebSic ivaraudeba e.w. `TanxmovanTa gadaweva~. es ukanaskneli gulisxmobs indoevropuli sistemis
sami rigidan TiToeulis gadawevas erTi bijiT, anu erTi fonologiuri niSnis Secvlas: I seria [`mJRerebi~ *(b), *d, *g]
gadainacvlebs `yru xSulebis~ [(p), t, k] seriaSi; II seria
(`mJReri fSvinvierebi~ [*bh, *dh, gh*]) gadainacvlebs martivi
`mJReri xSulebis~ [b, d, g] seriaSi; III seria (`yru xSulebi~ [*p *t *k]) gadainacvlebs `yru fSvinvierebis~ [ph, th, kh]
seriaSi, saidanac SemdgomSi miiReba spirantebi [f, x /h]. germanikul enebSi postulirebuli TanxmovanTa aRniSnuli gadanacvleba SedarebiT-istoriul enaTmecnierebaSi cnobilia
`grimis kanonis~ saxelwodebiT da tradiciulad miiCneven,
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Tamaz gamyreliZe
64
rom es aris enaSi sistemur fonemur gardaqmnaTa klasikuri

magaliTi. swored amitom igi TiTqmis yvela lingvistur saxelmZRvaneloSia Setanili rogorc amgvari gardaqmnebis nimuSi.
konkretuli indoevropuli enebis (rogoricaa indo-iranuli, berZnuli, italikuri, slavuri, germanikuli da sxv.)
formirebisa da ganviTarebis istoria klasikur indoevropul enaTmecnierebaSi aigeba postulirebuli amosavali indoevropuli sistemis Sesabamisad. klasikurma SedarebiTma
indoevropulma enaTmecnierebam Tavisi arsebobis manZilze,
rac asormocdaaT welze mets iTvlis, enobrivi faqtebisa
da aRmoCenebis uzarmazari korpusi daagrova, romlis diaqroniuli interpretacia xdeboda tradiciulad postulirebuli amosavali saerTo-indoevropuli konsonantizmis
fonze. TiTqmis ugamonaklisod, indoevropuli enebis yvela
SedarebiTi gramatika Tu SedarebiTi leqsikoni aigeboda da
dResac aigeba saerToindoevropuli konsonantizmis tradiciuli sistemis gaTvaliswinebiT. postulirebuli amosavali sistema erTgvarad Tavad gansazRvravs im savaraudo fonemuri gardaqmnebis xasiaTs, romelTa Sedegia istoriuli indoevropuli enebis formireba, anu amosavali sistema am enebis
istoriamdeli fonetikuri ganviTarebis ganmsazRvrelia.
klasikur indoevropul enaTmecnierebaSi e.w. `fonetikuri
kanonebi~, rogoricaa `grimis kanoni~, `grasmanis kanoni~,
`barTolomes kanoni~ da sxv., Seiqmna swored imisaTvis, rom
ganemartaT is istoriamdeli fonetikuri procesebi, romlebic amgvari daSvebiT ivaraudeboda konkretul indoevropul dialeqtebSi.
monaTesave enaTa SedarebiT-istoriul gramatikul sistemaSi amosavali enobrivi modeli Tavisi funqciiT SeiZleba
SevadaroT aqsiomaTa sistemas logikur-deduqciur Teoria-

Si. imis mixedviT, Tu ra xasiaTisaa aqsiomaTa sistema, rogoria am sistemis Sedgeniloba, ganisazRvreba am sistemaze
dafuZnebuli Teoria. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom logikurdeduqciur TeoriaSi arc ganixileba aqsiomaTa sistemis WeSmaritobis, empiriul sinamdvilesTan misi mimarTebis sakiTxi,
maSin roca amosavali enobrivi sistemis mimarT realurobis
kriteriums arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba. swored es ukanaskneli gansazRvravs, Tu ramdenad saalbaToa postulirebuli amosavali enobrivi modeli, amsaxveli odesRac arsebuli im enobrivi sistemasa, romlisganac konkretuli, istoriulad dadasturebuli monaTesave enebi Camoyalibdnen.
Tuki saerTo-indoevropuli konsonantizmis tradiciulad
postulirebul sistemas ganvixilavT empiriuli realurobis kriteriumis gaTvaliswinebiT, aRmoCndeba, rom konsonanturi sistema, romelic klasikur indoevropul enaTmecnierebaSi miCneulia amosaval sistemad istoriulad dadasturebuli indoevropuli enebisaTvis, Sinaganad winaaRmdegobrivia
da ar Seesabameba enaTa sinqroniuli tipologiis monacemebs.
ufro metic, igi ewinaaRmdegeba universalur enobriv kanonzomierebebs, romlebic universaliaTa lingvistikaSia dadgenili. amdenad, Teoriulad postulirebuli amgvari
lingvisturi modeli ver CaiTvleba amsaxvelad drosa da
sivrceSi realurad arsebuli im enobrivi sistemisa, romelic SemdgomSi monaTesave enebis sistemebad gardaiqmna. Sesabamisad, verc is fonetikuri cvlilebebi da gardaqmnebi CaiTvleba realurad, romlebic klasikur indoevropul SedarebiT gramatikaSi iyo daSvebuli im transformaciuli procesis aRsawerad da asaxsnelad, romlis Sedegadac amosavali
sistemidan Camoyalibda istoriulad dadasturebul indoevropul enaTa gansxvavebuli sistemebi.
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Tamaz gamyreliZe
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imisaTvis, rom indoevropuli fuZe-enis konsonanturi

sistema SesabamisobaSi mosuliyo enobrivi tipologiis
(rogorc sinqroniuli, ise diaqroniuli) monacemebTan,
saWiro gaxda misi gadasinjva da reinterpretacia. reinterpretirebuli sistema warmodgenilia fonemaTa sami seriiT,
romlebic erTmaneTs Semdegnairad upirispirdebian: I glotalizebuli II mJReri (fSvinvieri) III yru (fSvinvieri),
sadac mJReri da yru xSuli fonemebi poziciurad dasturdeboda aspirirebuli an Sesabamisi araaspirirebuli variantebis saxiT. reinterpretaciis sqematuri suraTi Semdegia:
tradiciuli sistema ==> reinterpretirebuli sistema
I
(b)
d
g
.
.
.
II
bh
dh
gh
.
.
.
III
(p)
t
k
.
.
.
I
(p)
t
k
.
.
.
II
b[h]
d[h]
g[h]
.
.
.
III
p[h]
t[h]
k[h]
.
.
.
saerTo-indoevropulis xSulTa sami seriis amgvari interpretaciiT ukve SesaZlebeli xdeba bunebrivi funqciur-fonologiuri axsna daeZebnos enobrivi struqturis mTel rig
faqtebs, romlebic saerTo-indoevropuli konsonantizmis
tradiciuli modelis mixedviT gaugebari da tipologiurad
auxsneli iyo (aseTia, magaliTad, sistemaSi `mJReri labialuri~ /b/ fonemis arqona, `mJReri fSvinvierebis~ arseboba
`yru fSvinvierebis~ gareSe, Ziris struqturasTan dakavSirebuli SezRudvebi da sxv.).

axali interpretaciis mixedviT, saerTo-indoevropul
xSulTa sistemasTan SedarebiT axlos dganan is sistemebi,
romlebSic, tradiciuli gansazRvrebiT, `TanxmovanTa gadaweva~ moxda (germanikuli, somxuri, xeTuri), xolo sistemebi,
romlebic iTvleboda, rom konsonantizmis TvalsazrisiT
bevrad ufro met siaxloves amJRavnebdnen saerTo-indoevropulTan (pirvel rigSi, Zveli induri), amJamad ukve miiCneva,
rom miRebulia amosavali enobrivi sistemidan rTuli fonemuri gardaqmnebis Sedegad. amgvarad, iqmneba indoevropul
dialeqtTa istoriamdeli ganviTarebis axali suraTi, sruliad sapirispiro imisa, rac miRebuli iyo klasikur indoevropul enaTmecnierebaSi. Sesabamisad, icvleba traeqtoriebi
saerTo-indoevropuli xSuli fonemebis gardaqmnebisa da maTi
mimarTuleba, axali interpretaciis mixedviT, upirispirdeba tradiciulad miRebuls. swored amis gamo, xdeba gadaazreba klasikuri indoevropuli enaTmecnierebis ZiriTadi
`fonetikuri kanonebisa~ (rogoricaa: `grimis kanoni~, `grasmanis kanoni~, `barTolomes kanoni~ da sxv.), romlebic axal
Sinaars iZenen indoevropuli fonologiuri sistemis axleburi interpretaciis fonze.
indoevropuli fuZe-enis axali modeli, romelic indoevropul enaTmecnierebaSi `glotaluri Teoriis~ saxeliT
gaxda cnobili da romelic, erTgvarad, aTvlis axal sistemas warmoadgens, klasikuri indoevropuli enaTmecnierebis
postulatTa mTeli sistemis Zireul gadasinjvas moiTxovs
da, amave dros, gvTavazobs indoevropul enaTa warmoSobisa
da istoriamdeli ganviTarebis axal suraTs. Sesabamisad,
gasagebia, rom saWiro xdeba sruliad axleburad Camoyalibdes indoevropuli enis tradiciuli SedarebiT-etimologiuri leqsikonis safuZvlebi. amdenad, SedarebiT-istoriul enaTmecnierebaSi yalibdeba axali `paradigma~ (Tomas qunis mixedviT).
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aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT sainteresod gveCveneba indoevropuli enaTmecnierebis patriarqis, cnobili amerikeli

lingvistis vinfrid lemanis sityvebi: ìs, rac me-19 sauku-
nis utyuar miRwevad migvaCnda, dRes ukve nawil-nawil guldasmiT gadasinjvas saWiroebs~.
* * *
indoevropuli fuZe-enis rekonstrucia, rogorc drosa da
sivrceSi realurad arsebuli sistemisa, gulisxmobs, aseve,
rogorc am enaze molaparake xalxebis arsebobas, romelTac
pirobiTad ìndoevropelebs~ vuwodebT, ise maTi pirvelsacxovrisi teritoriis anu `winaresamSoblos~ arsebobasac,
saidanac daiwyo am xalxTa migraciebi (sxvadasxva drosa da
sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT) maTi gansaxlebis istoriuli teritoriebisaken. amdenad, gasagebia, rom kvlav warmoCinda indoevropuli `winaresamSoblos~ tradiciuli problema,
romelic TiTqmis iseve Zvelia, rogorc TviT indoevropuli
SedarebiT-istoriuli enaTmecniereba.
savsebiT bunebrivia, rom `winaresamSoblos~ lokalizaciisa da indoevropeli tomebis Tavdapirveli teritoriebis
savaraudo sazRvrebis Sesabamisad ganisazRvreba indoevropul dialeqtebze molaparake gansxvavebuli xalxebis gadaadgilebaTa traeqtoriebi TiToeuli maTganis gansaxlebis
istoriuli teritoriebisaken. am traeqtoriebis gansazRvra,
Tavis mxriv, metismetad mniSvnelovania indoevropeli xalxebis (ufro zustad, indoevropul enebze amJamad an odesRac molaparake xalxebis) winareistoriis ZiriTadi momentebis aRsadgenad.
indoevropeistikaSi sakmaod adre damkvidrda Tezisi, romlis mixedviTac indoevropelTa winaresamSoblo centralur

evropaSi lokalizdeboda. mogvianebiT aRniSnuli Tezisis
sawinaaRmdegod seriozuli argumentebi gaCnda, romelTa Sesabamisad indoevropelTa winaresamSoblom gadainacvla aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT, CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTSi, e.w
`yorRanuli~ (an `Zvelormuli~ gorasamarxebis) kulturis arqeologiur arealSi. es ukanaskneli Tvalsazrisi,
romelsac mxars uWers cnobili amerikeli arqeologi
m.gimbutasi da misi skola, dReisaTvis sakmaod farTodaa gavrcelebuli.
indoevropuli fuZe-enisa da misi dialeqtebis arealuri
kvlevis Sedegad gamovlenil lingvistur da kulturul-istoriul monacemTa mTeli kompleqsi, aseve, saerTo-indoevropuli leqsikis semantikuri analizis Sedegebi migvaniSnebs,
rom axleburad unda SevxedoT indoevropuli `winaresamSoblos~ problemas, rac gansxvavebul arealur Tu kulturulistoriul interpretacias gulisxmobs. uaxlesi monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT, indoevropuli `winaresamSoblo~ gadainacvlebs, da Tanac _ mniSvnelovnad, samxreT-aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT da ganTavsdeba winaaziur arealSi.
Tuki saerToenobrivi, e.w. `winareenobrivi~, sistema aRdgenilia SedarebiT-istoriuli da struqturul-tipologiuri analizis gansakuTrebuli meTodebis gamoyenebiT,
am enaze molaparakeTa kulturisa da sulieri samyaros aRsadgenad upirvelesad unda Catardes rekonstruirebuli
saerToenobrivi leqsikis istoriul-semantikuri analizi,
ramdenadac swored leqsikaSi aisaxeba mocemul winapar-enaze
molaparakeTa istoriuli arsebobis zogadi suraTi Tu ZiriTadi momentebi.
winapar-enaze molaparakeTa istoriuli arsebobis cnebaSi igulisxmeba rogorc ekologiuri pirobebi (flora, fauna, geografiuli garemo), am pirobebSi maTi yofna da gada69
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adgileba, ise am xalxis kulturac farTo mniSvnelobiT _

proto-kultura.
aseT SemTxvevaSi rekonstruirebuli leqsikuri elementebi asruleben informaciuli wyaros rols, romlis mixedviTac gveqmneba warmodgena fuZe-enaze da mis calkeul dialeqtTa uZveles gaerTianebebze molaparake xalxTa arsebobisa da ganviTarebis istoriuli gzebis, maTi proto-kulturis Sesaxeb.
fuZe-enaze rekonstruirebuli leqsikis amgvari `retrospeqtuli~ semantikuri analizi aucileblad gulisxmobs
enis Caketili sistemidan gasvlas araenobriv cnebaTa samyaroSi, rac niSnavs garkveuli Sesabamisobis dadgenas, erTi
mxriv, fuZe-enisa da misi dialeqtebis uZveles gaerTianebaTa leqsikuri elemetebis semantikur plansa da, meore mxriv,
eqstralingvistur realiebs Soris.
enis amgvari analizi, am enaze molaparakeTa kulturasTan mWidro kavSirSi, jer kidev indoevropuli SedarebiT-istoriuli enaTmecnierebis formirebisa da ganviTarebis
adreul etapze, enaTmecnierebaSi struqturuli mimdinareobis damkvidrebamde Camoyalibda rogorc gansakuTrebuli
enaTmecnieruli disciplina, romelsac `lingvistur paleontologias~ uwodeben.
SedarebiT-istoriuli Studiebis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove
etapze proto-kulturis rekonstruqciis is meTodi, romelic fuZe-enis semantikur da struqturul-gramatikul analizs emyareba, unda daxasiaTdes rogorc `kulturis lingvisturi paleontologia~, ramdenadac am SemTxvevaSi specialuri kvlevisa da rekonstruqciis sagania ara sakuTriv fuZeenisa da misi uZvelesi dialeqtebis struqtura, aramed proto-kultura farTo anTropologiuri mniSvnelobiT, rac
gulisxmobs ekologiasa da, aseve, am enaze molaparakeTa ma-

terialur da sulier samyaros: rekonstruirdeba araenobrivi samyaro (ufro metad, vidre sakuTriv ena), romelic
rekonstruirebul enobriv erTeulebSia asaxuli.
indoevropul fuZe-enaze molaparake xalxTa pirvelsacxovrisad unda miviCnioT iseTi regioni, romelic saerTo-indoevropuli enis arsebobis periodSi (e.i. IV aTaswleulSi
Cvens eramde da adrec) Tavisi ekologiuri, geografiuli da
kulturul-istoriuli maxasiaTeblebiT Seesabameba fuZeenaze rekonstruirebuli leqsikis mixedviT miRebul suraTs da, amave dros, rekonstruirebuli leqsika, Tavis mxriv,
unda eTanadebodes evraziis kontinentis mocemuli regionis
istoriul-geografiuli, paleobotanikuri, paleozoologiuri, arqeologiuri da kulturul-istoriuli kvlevis Sedegebs.
indoevropuli fuZe-enis leqsemaTa mTeli kompleqsis semantika, romelSic asaxulia uZveles indoevropul dialeqtebze molaparakeTa sacxovrebeli garemo, maTi materialuri da sulieri kultura, miuTiTebs, rom swored wina
azia unda warmoadgendes indoevropuli fuZe-enis Tavdapirveli gavrcelebis areals.
saerTo-indoevropul doneze rekonstruirebuli garkveuli semantikuri jgufebis analizis Sedegad SeiZleba
davaskvnaT, rom indoevropul dialeqtebze molaparake xalxTa pirvelsacxovrisi teritoria mTiani landSaftiT xasiaTdeboda (rac ukve gamoricxavs winaresamSoblos lokalizaciis SesaZleblobas Crdilo SavizRvispireTSi). xeebisa
da mcenareebis saerTo-indoevropuli saxelebi (`muxa~, `muxaklde~, `mTis muxa~, `rko~, `rcxila~, ìfani~, `verxvi~, `kakali~, aseve `vazis~, `yurZnis~, `Rvinis~ saxelebi da sxv.) bunebrivad ukavSirdeba indoevropuli winaresamSoblos mTian
landSafts da, amdenad, igi ueWvelad unda lokalizdebodes
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xmelTaSuazRvispireTis (farTo mniSvnelobiT _ balkaneTisa da axlo aRmosavleTis Crdilo nawilis CaTvliT) SedarebiT samxreT regionebSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom cxovelebis saerTo-indoevropuli saxelebis (`jiqi~, `leopardi~, `lomi~,
`maimuni~, `spilo~, `spilos Zvali~, `kiborCxali~ da sxv.)
analizic mxars uWers indoevropuli winaresamSoblos
ekologiuri garemos samxreTul xasiaTs, rac, upirvelesad,
geografiul landSaftTan da mcenareul safarTan dakavSirebuli monacemebis safuZvelze ivaraudeba. zogierTi am cxovelTagani, an Tundac is faqti, rom icnoben am cxovelebs,
ukve gamoricxavs centralur evropas, rogorc aRniSnul dialeqtebze molaparakeTa pirvelsacxovris teritorias.
SesaZlebeli gaxda saerTo-indoevropul doneze mecxoveleobasTan da miwaTmoqmedebasTan dakavSirebuli mdidari
terminologiis aRdgena. IV aTaswleulSi Cvens eramde, anu
saerTo-indoevropuli enis damoukidebel dialeqtebad daSlis uSualod wina periodSi, mecxoveleoba (iseve rogorc
miwaTmoqmedeba) centralur evropaSi Canasaxovan mdgomareobaSi iyo.
indoevropuli fuZe-enis gavrcelebis arealad axlo aRmosavleTis miCnevas aSkarad mxars uWers soflis meurneobis kulturebis (qeris, xorblis, selis), gansakuTrebiT,
msxmoiare xeebisa da buCqebis (vaSlis, Sindis, alublis, TuTis xis, vazisa da sxv.) rekonstruirebuli saxelebi, agreTve,
miwaTmoqmedebis produqtebis damuSavebasTan dakavSirebuli
qmedebisa da xelsawyo-iaraRebis aRmniSvneli sityvebi
(`dolabi~, `danayva, marcvleulis dafxvna~, `dafqva~, `qeris
marcvlebis cecxlze damuSaveba~). msgavsi xelsawyo-iaraRebi evropaSi Semodis wina aziidan mxolod rkinis xanaSi (I
aTaswleulisaTvis Cvens eramde). miwaTmoqmedebisa da mevenaxeobis terminologia naTlad adasturebs indoevropuli

erTobis lokalizacias regionSi ganviTarebuli miwaTmoqmedebiT (IV aTaswleulSi Cvens eramde da ufro adrec), e.i.
teritoriebze samxreTis mimarTulebiT, balkaneTidan iranis zeganamde. evropis regionebSi, ufro CrdiloeTiT, iseTi
TavTaviani kulturebi, rogoricaa qeri, Semodis mcire aziidan da balkaneTidan da mxolod Cvens eramde II aTaswleulis bolos _ I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi xdeba yvelaze gavrcelebuli sasoflo-sameurneo kultura. rac Seexeba kultivirebul yurZens, igi gaCnda miwaTmoqmedebis amierkavkasiur-dasavleTaziur centrSi, rogorc es akad. n.i.vavilovma
daadgina.
Zveli indoevropelebis pirvelsacxovrisis dasadgenad da
indoevropuli winaresamSoblos winaaziur arealSi lokalizaciisaTvis gansakuTrebiT faseuli aRmoCnda Tvliani
transportis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli indoevropuli
terminologia _ oTxTvalasa da misi nawilebis (`Tvlis/
borblis~, `RerZis~, àkazmulobis~, ùRlis~, `xelnis~)
saxelebi, agreTve, mTis magari xis jiSisagan oTxTvalas
dasamzadebeli aucilebeli liTonisa (`brinjaos~) da gamwevi
Zalis _ moSinaurebuli cxenis (romelic ukve gamoiyeneboda rogorc sameurneo, ise saomari mizniT) saxelebi. oTxTvalaTa Seqmna daiwyo daaxloebiT Cvens eramde IV aTaswleulidan. ingliseli arqeologis s.pigotis uaxlesi monacemebis mixedviT, oTxTvalas gavrcelebis sawyis kerad unda miviCnioT teritoria amierkavkasiidan zemo mesopotamiamde, vanisa
da urmiis tbebs Soris. adreuli brinjaos epoqis axlo aRmosavleTidan oTxTvalebi vrceldeba volga-uralis raionSi, Crdilo SavizRvispireTSi, balkaneTSi, centralur evropaSi. ivaraudeba, rom imave teritoriaze moaSinaures cxeni
(an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, aq gavrcelda moSinaurebuli cxeni)
da gamoiyenes igi gamwev Zalad.
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amasTan erTad, saerTo-indoevropuli materialuri da

sulieri kulturis mTliani xasiaTi, socialur-ekonomikuri
urTierTobani (kerZod, gansakuTrebuli socialuri rangebis arseboba da `qurumTa~ roli) miuTiTebs, rom am enaze molaparakeni axlos iyvnen axloaRmosavlur arealTan.
winareindoevropuli sazogadoebisaTvis leqsikis mixedviT rekonstruirebuli kulturisa da socialur-ekonomikuri wyobis niSanTa mTeli kompleqsi tipologiurad Zveli axlo aRmosavleTis adreuli civilizaciebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. saerTo-indoevropuli kultura tipologiurad
arqaul aRmosavlur civilizaciaTa rigs ganekuTvneba.
is faqtebi, romlebic indoevropelTa winaresamSoblos
Zvel axlo aRmosavleTSi lokalizaciis sasargeblod
metyveleben, SesabamisobaSia sxva rigis argumentebTanac.
winareindoevropuli arealis lokalizacia im adgilas unda
ivaraudebodes, sadac dasaSvebia indoevropuli fuZe-enis
kavSiri (kontaqtebi) semitur da qarTvelur (samxreTkavkasiur) enebTan, ramdenadac am enebSi gamovlenilia leqsikuri
plastebi, romlebic nasesxebi unda iyos erTi enidan meoreSi. amave faqtze metyveleben indoevropul fuZe-enaSi dadasturebuli kulturuli nasesxobani axlo aRmosavleTis
sxva uZvelesi enebidan _ Sumerulidan, egvipturidan; garda amisa, arsebobs argumentebi, romlebic mxars uWeren kavSirebis arsebobas indoevropulsa da wina aziis iseT uZveles enebs Soris, rogoricaa xeTuri, elamuri da xurituli.
Tuki saerTo-indoevropuli tomebisaTvis pirvelsacxovrisad CaiTvleba wina aziis teritoria, sadac konkretuli arqeologiuri kultura unda yofiliyo gavrcelebuli,
mosalodnelia rom aRmoCendes amgvari kultura, Cvens eramde V_IV aTaswleulSi arsebuli, romelic erTmniSvnelovnad SeeTanadeba winareindoevropuls.

aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT Cndeba zogadi problema, romelic ukavSirdeba lingvisturi monacemebis arqeologiur da
istoriul-kulturul monacemebTan Sesabamisobis damyarebis meTodebs: kerZod, unda ganisazRvros, rogor davukavSiroT
konkretuli lingvisturi erToba garkveul arqeologiur
kulturas.
rogorc Cans, mocemuli eTnolingvisturi erToba SeiZleba
SevusabamoT garkveul arqeologiur kulturas im SemTxvevaSi, roca es uknaskneli iZleva realiebs, romlebic calkeuli elementebis mixedviT SesaZlebelia gavutoloT mocemuli erTobis elementebis analogiur urTierTkavSirebs.
Tuki implikaciis kanonebi, romlebic gamoiyvaneba mocemuli arqeologiuri kulturisaTvis, emTxveva implikaciis
kanonebs lingvisturi monacemebis mixedviT rekonstruirebuli kulturis realobisaTvis, maSin Sesabamisoba am kulturebs Soris meti albaTobiT damyardeba.
amgvarad dadgenil kulturebSi SesaZlebelia garkveuli
elementebi an maxasiaTeblebi ar emTxveodnen erTmaneTs, mTavaria, mTliani kompleqsebis Tanxvedra, urTierTgamomricxavi
niSan-Tvisebebis arsebobis gareSe.
ramdenadac amgvari rekonstruqciebi (rogorc lingvisturi, ise istoriuli) principulad arasrulia, SesaZlebelia garkveuli komponentebi ar daemTxves erTmaneTs, ramac
xeli ar unda SeuSalos saTanado kulturebis istoriul
urTierTSesabamisobaTa dadgenas.
amave mizeziT, erTi rigis kompleqsi (rekonstruirebuli
lingvisturi monacemebis mixedviT), SesaZloa ufro farTo
an viwro aRmoCndes meore rigis (arqeologiurad dadgenil)
kompleqsTan SedarebiT. zogjer, msgavs SemTxvevebSi, es ori
kompleqsi TanaikveTeba kidec (saerTo nawilis gareT rCeba
lingvisturi da arqeologiuri araTanabari nawilebi).
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aseT SemTxvevaSi, mniSvnelovania, rom gansxvavebul nawilebSi ar aRmoCndes iseTi maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic SeuTavsebelia erTmaneTTan TiToeuli kompleqsis Sida implikaciebis
ZaliT.
amJamad mxolod SeiZleba daisvas sakiTxi: myardeba Tu
ara Sesabamisoba savaraudo istoriul regionSi Cvens eramde
V_IV aTaswleulSi cnobil arqeologiur kulturebsa da
rekonstruirebul saerTo-indoevropuls Soris? wina aziaSi aRmoCenili zogierTi Zveli arqeologiuri kultura
(rogoricaa xalafuri da kidev ufro adrindeli CaTal-huiuqis, aseve, maTi uSualod Tu arauSualod gamgrZelebeli kulturebi, an maTi Semcvleli kulturebi, kerZod, ubeiduri an
mtkvar-araqsisa) xasiaTdeba niSanTa mTeli rigiT, romlebic
SesabamisobaSia lingvisturi monacemebis mixedviT rekostruirebul saerTo-indoevropul kulturasTan. SedarebiT axali arqeologiuri kulturebis SeqmnaSi (mtkvar-araqsis tipisa _ III aTaswleuli Cvens eramde) SesaZlebelia monawileobdnen calkeul indoevropul dialeqtebze molaparake
xalxebic, winaaziuri arealis sxva (kerZod, xuritulurartul da samxreTkavkasiur-qarTvelur) xalxebTan erTad.
Tu gaviziarebT Teziss indoevropelTa winaaziuri winaresamSoblos Sesaxeb, maSin mTlianad Seicvleba calkeul dialeqtebze an dialeqtTa gaerTianebebze molaparake xalxebis migraciaTa suraTi maTi Tavdapirveli gansaxlebis teritoriebidan im adgilebisaken, sadac isini istoriulad saxloben. indoevropuli winaresamSoblos Sesaxeb axali
hipoTezis mixedviT, unda vivaraudoT xeTur-luviur dialeqtebsa da saerTo-berZnulze molaparakeTa umniSvnelo
gadanacvleba dasavleTis mimarTulebiT, ris Sedegadac maT
mcire aziis centralur da dasavleT nawilebs miaRwies.

aqedan unda gavrcelebuliyo berZnuli dialeqtebi kontinentur saberZneTsa da egeosis zRvis kunZulebze.
berZnuli migraciebis amgvari mimarTulebiT SeiZleba aixsnas berZnuli koloniebis tradiciuli arqauloba mcire
aziis dasavleT sanapiroze. es koloniebi arsebiTad warmoadgendnen im proto-elinTa dasaxlebis naSTebs, romlebic
peleponesisa da egeosis zRvisken miemarTebodnen. imave mizeziT aixsneba, agreTve, arqauli berZnuli kulturis erTianoba mcireaziur da, saerTod, Zvel axloaRmosavlur
kulturasTan, rasac ègeosur-anatoliur kulturul
koined~ moixsenieben.
saerTo-indoevropuli teritoriis ukiduresi aRmosavleTi
_ iranis zegnis CrdiloeTi nawili _ unda warmoadgendes im
areals, saidanac iwyeba indo-iranulis gavrceleba. arqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT, indo-iranuli tomebis
gamoCena iranis CrdiloeT nawilSi TariRdeba III aTaswleulis I naxevriT Cvens eramde. am periodSi iranis CrdiloeT
nawilSi Cndeba ruxi keramika, romelic garkveulwilad Seesabameba rux minosur keramikas Crdilo-dasavleT anatoliidan, rac, Tavis mxriv, berZenTa gadaadgilebas unda ukavSirdebodes. aqedan, avRaneTis gavliT, arielTa pirveli talRa gadaadgilda aRmosavleTisaken _ dasavleT indoeTSi. erTerTi amgvari pirveli talRis kvali Semonaxulia qafirul
(nuristanul) enebSi indo-iranuli epoqis amsaxveli arqaizmebis saxiT.
savsebiT mosalodnelia vivaraudoT, rom indo-ariul
tomebs, berZnuli da italiuri tomebis msgavsad, romlebmac,
Sesabamisad, evropuli kontinentis samxreT regionebamde
miaRwies, hqondaT garkveuli imuniteti malariisa da misi
letaluri Sedegebis mimarT. aRniSnul tomebs amgvari imunuri meqanizmi SeiZleboda SeeZinaT tropikuli malariis
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istoriuli gavrcelebis mxareSi, kerZod, Zvel axlo aRmosavleTsa da aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTis zogierT
adgilas, sadac gavrcelebuli iyo talasemia (xmelTaSuazRvispiruli daavadeba) _ anemiis saxeoba, romelic genetikurad gadaecemoda da romlis genic heterozigotul
mdgomareobaSi zrdis organizmis winaaRmdegobis unars malariis mimarT (imave talasemiis genis homozigoturi alelis pirobebSi ki igive daavadeba letalurad sruldeba).
Tu davuSvebT, rom indostanSi SeWril indo-ariul populaciebs ar gaaCndaT genetikurad gamomuSavebuli medegoba
malariis mimarT, isini im pirobebSi verafriT gadarCebodnen. amitom tradiciul varaudze ufro saalbaTo Cans am populaciaTa Camosaxleba indostanSi dasavleTidan (talasemiis winaaziuri arealidan): tradiciulad, migracia ivaraudeboda CrdiloeTidan, centraluri aziidan, sadac ar arsebobda anemiis aRniSnuli saxeoba, romelic genetikurad gadaecemoda.
Zvel indoevropul dialeqtebze molaparake tomTa gadaadgilebas gansxvavebuli mimarTulebiT _ aRmosavleTiT da
Semdgom, Sua aziis gavliT, evropaSi, adastureben ormxrivi
nasesxobani indoevropulidan centraluri aziis enebSi
(TurqulSi, monRolurSi, eniseurSi, agreTve finur-ugrulSi) da piriqiT. pirvelsacxovrisi teritoriidan swored amgvari migraciuli gza unda gaevloT `Zvelindoevropul~ dialeqtTa im erTianobebze molaparake tomebs, romelTagan
mogvianebiT Camoyalibda `Zvelindoevropul enebad~ wodebuli garkveuli enobrivi erTobani (italikuri, kelturi,
germanikuli, balturi, slavuri), romelTac saxelebi pirobiTad daerqvaT istoriul epoqaSi maTi gavrcelebis arealis
mixedviT. rogorc Cans, evropaSi daaxloebiT igive gza ganvles adreiranulma tomebma, ris Sedegadac uamravi nasesxo-

ba gaCnda finur-ugrul enebSi. mogvianebiT imave gzas gadian
aRmosavlur iranul dialeqtebze molaparake tomebi (skviTebi, sarmatebi).
`Zvelindoevropul~ dialeqtebze molaparakeni wina aziaSi
mdebare TavianTi pirvelsacxovrisidan gadaadgildnen,
rogorc Cans, centraluri aziis gavliT, Semdgom ki dasavleTis mimarTulebiT, ganmeorebadi migraciuli talRebiT,
da dasaxldnen arealSi SavizRvispireTsa da volgispireTs
Soris, sadac garkveuli periodis manZilze gansakuTrebul
dialqtur erTianobas qmnidnen.
`Zvelindoevropul~ dialeqtebze molaparakeni aRniSnul
regionSi unda gamoCeniliyvnen Cv. w.-mde III aTaswleulisaTvis da swored maTi gansaxlebis es savaraudo regioni gvevlineba am periodisaTvis e.w. `Zvelormuli~ (`yorRanuli~)
kulturis gavrcelebis arealad (anu, m.gimbutasis hipiTezis
mixedviT, indoevropulis `winaresamSoblod~). Cvens eramde
ukve II aTaswleulis bolos `Zvelindoevropul dialeqtebze~ molaparake xalxebi aqedan TandaTan mkvidrdebian evropis kontinentze, ìndoevropulamdeli~ mosaxleobis Seviwroebis xarjze. am saerTo meoradi arealidan (Sesabamis
dialeqtebze molaparake xalxTa `meoradi, Sualeduri
winaresamSoblodan~) iwyeba `Zvelindoevropuli~ dialeqtebis gavrceleba axal teritoriebze dasavleTis mimarTulebiT
(mogvianebiT _ ukve dasavleT da centralur evropaSi), riTac, faqtobrivad, dasabami eZleva dialeqtebis calkeul
erTobaTa (italikuris, kelturis, germanikulis, balturis, slavuris) da, Sesabamisad, maTze molaparake xalxebis
TandaTanobiT Camoyalibebas.
indoevropuli fuZe-enis postulirebul gansakuTrebul
sistemasa da hipoTezas indoevropelTa aziuri `winaresamSoblos~ Sesaxeb ukavSirdeba lingvistur, eTnogenetur da
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Tamaz gamyreliZe
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kulturul-istoriul problemaTa zemoganxiluli kompleqsi, rac sakmao sisruliTaa warmodgenili monografiaSi

viaCeslav ivanovTan TanaavtorobiTa da roman iakobsonis winasityvaobiT: ` .
-
~, . . I, II, , 1984: `
~ (inglisuri Targmani: Thomas V.
Gamkrelidze, Vjaeslav V. Ivanov, Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans. A Reconstruction and Historical Analysis of a Proto-Language and a Proto-Culture, 2 vols.With a Preface by Roman Jakobson. English version by Johanna Nichols. Edited by Werner Winter,
Berlin New York, 1994/95: Mouton de Gruyter). gamokvlevaSi
warmodgenilia, agreTve, winareindoevropul leqsemaTa
leqsikoni, rekonstruirebuli axali fonologiuri modelis mixedviT, sadac erTeulebi ganlagebulia semantikuri
jgufebis Sesabamisad da calkeuli erTeulis formasTan
erTad gaanalizebulia Sesabamis àRsaniSnTa~ materialuri
Tu kulturul-istoriuli Sinaarsi. aRniSnuli rekonstruirebuli winareindoevropuli semantikuri leqsikoni faqtobrivad gaxda is safuZveli, romelsac eyrdnoboda rogorc
indoevropuli fuZe-enis arealuri kvleva, ise indoevropuli winaresamSoblosa da indoevropelTa migraciebTan dakavSirebuli problemebis analizi.
hipoTeza indoevropelTa aRmosavluri winaresamSoblos
Sesaxeb Zireulad cvlis Zvelindoevropul dialeqtebze molaparakeTa migraciebis traeqtoriasa da, Sesabamisad, icvleba indoevropel xalxTa warmoSobisa da winareistoriis
amsaxveli suraTi. aRniSnuli hipoTeza adamianTa civilizaciis uZveles kerad winaaziur kulturul areals gamohyofs,
saidanac kacobriobis kulturuli miRwevebi sxvadasxva gziT

vrceldeboda evraziis kontinentis danarCen regionebSi dasavleTisa Tu aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT.
Cveni daskvnebi ZiriTadad lingvistur masalas eyrdnoba
da maTi Semdgomi dasabuTeba Sesabamis arqeologiur, eTnologiur da paleobiologiur gamokvlevebze dayrdnobiT
moxdeba. vimedovnebT, rom am mimarTulebiT metad mniSvnelovani iqneba da ganxilul problemas damatebiT naTels mohfens adamianebis populaciaTa migraciebis molekulur-genetikuri kvlevis uaxlesi Sedegebi. Tumca axlave, Cven mier
wamoWril eTnogenetur problemaTa kvlevis mocemul etapze,
didi albaTobiT SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom indoevropelTa
winaresamSoblos da, amavdroulad, kacobriobis Tanamedrove
civilizaciis uZveles keras warmoadgenda Zveli axlo aRmosavleTi: Ex Oriente Lux `sinaTle aRmosavleTidan moemarTeba~ (Sdr. `naTeli maSriyiT moefineba~).
81
Tamaz gamyreliZe
82
fuZe-enis rekonstruqcia da misi

qronologiuri doneebi*
uZe-enis rekonstruqciis procesSi, tipologiuri kriteriumebis aucilebeli gamoyenebiT, SeiZleba movaxdinoT postulireba iseTi struqturebisa, romlebic, savaraudod, arasodes arsebobda sistemaSi Tanadroulad, e.i.
ganekuTvneboda fuZe-enis sxvadasxva qronologiur dones.
amis kargi magaliTi SeiZleba iyos `laringaluri~ fonemebis postulirebis problema indoevropul fuZe-enaSi. indoevropul fuZe-enaSi tradiciulad, ferdinand de sosiuridan moyolebuli,laparakoben sami an meti `laringaluri~
fonemis postulirebis aucileblobaze, rasac upirispirdeba Tezisi indoevropulSi erTaderTi `laringalis~ arsebobis Sesaxeb. paradoqsi isaa, rom es gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisebi SesaZlebelia ganvixiloT ara urTierTsawinaaRmdego debulebebad, aramed isini `komplementarulad~
*
ix. perspeqtiva XXI, 6. Tbilisi 2004: gamomcemloba èna da kultura~.
fuZe-enis rekonstruqcia da misi qronologiuri doneebi

CavTvaloT da fuZe-enis gansxvavebuli qronologiuri plastebis maxasiaTeblebad miviCnioT.
indoevropul fuZe-enaSi, ferdinand de sosiuridan moyolebuli, Sinagani rekonstruqciis meSveobiT SesaZlebeli
xdeba erTaderTi e-tembris xmovnis rekonstruqcia da minimum sami `laringaluri~ fonemis postulireba: H1, H2, H3.
e-xmovnis winamaval poziciaSi `laringalebi~ gansazRvravdnen xmovnis tembrs; e-xmovnis momdevno poziciaSi igive `laringalebi~ gansazRvravdnen xmovnis tembrsa da sigrZes:
H1ee, H2ea, H3eo ; eH1, eH2, eH3. amgvarad aixsneboda swored gansxvavebuli tembris e, a, o xmovnebisa da
maTi `grZeli~ , , korelatebis warmoSoba indoevropulSi (amgvari fonemuri cvlilebebis tipologiuri magaliTebi SesaZlebelia sxva enebSic davadasturoT, rac laringaluri da, sazogadod, ukana warmoebis bgerebis fonetikuri
maxasiaTeblebiT SeiZleba aixsnas). magram rogor SeuTavsdeba erTmaneTs `samlaringaliani~ indoevropuli sistema da
postulati indoevropulSi erTaderTi H `laringaluri
fonemis~ arsebobis Sesaxeb, razedac TiTqos xeTuri (anatoliuri) enis monacemebi unda miuTiTebdes? sakiTxi martivad
wydeba `Sinagani rekonstruqciis~ safuZvelze indoevropul
fuZe-enaSi sxvadasxva qronologiuri plastis gamijvniT.
indoevropuli fuZe-enis adreul qronologiur doneze
`Sinagani rekonstruqciiT~ aRdgeba e-tembris erTaderTi
vokaluri fonema paralelurad minimum sami `laringaluri~
fonemisa: H1, H2, H3. Tavdapirvel xmovan fonemasTan mezoblobaSi (I etapi) aRniSnuli `laringalebi~, garkveuli periodidan moyolebuli, iwyeben zemoqmedebas Tavdapirveli
xmovnis tembrsa (II etapi) da sigrZeze (III etapi), ris Sedegadac miiReba gansxvavebuli tembrisa da sigrZis e, a, o xmovnebi. es procesi sqematurad Semdegnairad gamoisaxeba:
83
Tamaz gamyreliZe
84
H1e, H2e, H3e He, Ha, Ho e, a, o;

(I etapi)
(II etapi)
(III etapi)
eH1, eH2, eH3 eH, aH, oH , , .
(I etapi)
(II etapi)
(III etapi)
im periodidan, rodesac Tavdapirveli erTaderTi vokaluri
fonema mis mezoblobaSi myofi sami gansxvavebuli `laringaluri~ fonemis gavleniT gadaiqceva sam gansxvavebul e, a, o
fonemad, maT mezoblobaSi myofi `laringalebi~, Seqmnili
distribuciuli mimarTebebis gamo, kargaven damoukidebel
fonemur statuss da gadaiqcevian erTaderTi saerTo `laringaluri fonemis~ sam fonetikurad gansxvavebul alofonad:
/H1, H2, H3/ /H/ [H1, H2, H3].
amdenad, II etapi Cvens sqemaSi asaxavs indoevropuli fuZeenis ganviTarebis im qronologiur dones, rodesac sami `laringaluri~ fonemidan da erTi saerTo vokaluri fonemidan
garkveuli fonetikuri gardaqmnebis Sedegad miiReba sami gansxvavebuli vokaluri da erTi saerTo `laringaluri~ fonema. es qronologiuri etapi asaxulia swored xeTurSi (anatoliurSi), sadac saerTo `laringaluri~ fonema poziciisda mixedviT warmodgenilia an velaruli spirantis saxiT, an segmenturi refleqsaciis gareSe; es ukanaskneli viTareba unda vivaraudoT indoevropul fuZe-enaSi anatoli
uris gamoyofis uSualod wina periodisaTvis.
danarCen istoriul indoevropul enebSi dasturdeba ufro gviandeli,
III qronologiuri etapi, sadac `laringali~ ukve dakargulia
rogorc segmenturi fonema, rac wina e, a, o vokaluri fonemebis dagrZelebas iwvevs. indoevropuli fuZe-enis ganviTarebis I etaps SeiZleba ewodos pre-indoevropuli, xolo aq ganxilul II etaps, e.i. im etaps, romelic asaxavs saerTo-indo-

evropul fuZe-enas mis calkeul dialeqtebad uSualod daSlis win _ proto-indoevropuli.
2. analogiuri qronologiuri doneebi unda gavarCioT
qarTvelur fuZe-enaSic im fonologiuri procesebis Tanmimdevruli warmoCenis mizniT, romlebic postulirebuli
iyo `qarTvelurSi~ istoriulad dadasturebuli bgeraTfardobebis asaxsnelad.
kerZod, saerTo-qarTvelur fuZe-enaSi sibilantur TanxmovanTa rekonstruqciis dros gasarCevia fuZe-enis ganviTarebis ori qronologiuri etapi _ uSualod daSlis wina periodi da ufro adrindeli etapi, rodesac unda vivaraudoT
swored sami sibilanturi rigis arseboba:
I
II
III
s
s
S
z
z
(J)
c
c
C
Z
Z
j
w
w
W
saerTo-qarTvelur sibilantur fonemaTa amgvarad postulirebuli korelaciuri sistema (g.maWavariani) jer kidev
fuZe-enis wiaRSi unda gadasuliyo momdevno, ufro gviandel, fuZe-enis daSlis uSualod wina periodSi Camoyalibebul qronologiur etapze, ori _ dasavluri da aRmosavluri _ dialeqturi arealiT, sadac amosavali sami sibilanturi rigidan miiReboda: erTi mxriv, ori rigi da SiSina
bgeraTkompleqsebi (s, S, Sq; z, J, [Jg]; c, C, Cq; Z, j, jg;
w, W, Wk _ dasavlur dialeqtur arealSi) da, meore mxriv,
mxolod ori _ sisina da SiSina _ rigi (s, S; z, [J]; c, C; Z, j;
w, W _ aRmosavlur dialeqtur arealSi).
85
Tamaz gamyreliZe
86
saerTo-qarTveluri sami sibilanturi rigis hipoTezisagan gansxvavebiT, Tu fuZe-enaSi mxolod or rigs da maTTan
erTad Tavdapirvel SiSina bgeraTkompleqsebs vivaraudebT
(k.h.Smidti, i.meliqiSvili), e.i. : s, S da Sq ; z, J da Jg; c, C da
Cq; Z, j da jg; w, W da Wk, unda davuSvaT aRmosavlur dialeqtur arealSi, jer kidev fuZe-enaSi, amgvari SiSina bgeraTkompleqsebis martiv SiSina Tanxmovnebad gadaqceva (e.i.: Sq
S; Jg J; Cq C; jg j; Wk W). Sesabamisad, unda
vivaraudoT fuZe-enis wiaRSi erTmaneTTan dapirispirebuli
ori dialeqturi arealidan calkeuli enobrivi erTeulebis
warmoSoba-ganviTareba.
amgvarad, msgavsad saerTo-indoevropuli fuZe-enisa, saerTo-qarTvelurSic SesaZlebelia gamoiyos ori qronologiuri done, romlebic daxasiaTdeba, fuZe-enaSi momxdari fonologiuri cvlilebebis TvalsazrisiT, rogorc
`pre-qarTveluri~ (sami sibilanturi rigiT) da `protoqarTveluri~ (sami sibilanturi rigis saTanado gardaqmnebiT
saerTo-qarTveluris dasavlur da aRmosavlur dialeqtur
arealebSi).
SedarebiT-lingvisturi monacemebis safuZvelze unda vivaraudoT dasavluri dialeqturi arealidan Tavdapirvelad
svanuris, rogorc damoukidebeli enobrivi erTeulis, gamoyofa da ganviTareba, rasac momdevnod `zanur-qarTuli~ erTianobis daSla mohyva.
saerTo-qarTveluri fuZe-enis daSlis es procesi SeiZleba
avsaxoT erTgvari `genealogiuri xis~ saSualebiT, romelic
emyareba gerhard deetersis mier SemoTavazebul sqemas (ix.
T.gamyreliZe, g.maWavariani, sonantTa sistema da ablauti
qarTvelur enebSi. saerTo-qarTveluri struqturis tipologia, Tbilisi 1965, gv. 6 da Smd.). amasTanave, qarTveluri
fuZe-enis qronologiuri doneebi da mogvianebiT calkeul

qarTvelur dialeqtTa warmomavlobis
sivrcul-derivaciuli diagrama
[qarTvel uri genealogiuri xe ]
t
*e
pre-qarTvel uri
e al
d a s av
*s*S*Sq/* squ
lu
zanuri
(kol xuri)
*e *a
*a *o *e
[*i *u]
*s*S *Sq/*squ
megruli
zanur-qarTuli
*s *S
lazuri
ar
ia l
a o
id
*
*
eqt
*e
i d i al
svanuri
l ur
*e
*a
*o
gu
/*s
*S g
*S
*o
*e *a
svanuri
*s*S*Sg/*sgu
*e *a *o
[*i *u]
saerTo- qarTvel uri

enobrivi sistema
s av
* *
*s*S*Sq/*
squ s S
*s
pre-svanuri
S
aR
eqt ur i ar
ea
mo
pr oto-qarTvel uri
4.0003.000 BC
*o
*a
*a
*e
*o
[*i *u]
qarTul i
*s *S
qarTuli
87
Tamaz gamyreliZe
88
dialeqtur jgufebad daSla SesaZlebelia warmovidginoT

e.w. `derivaciul-sivrculi modelis~ saxiT, romelic
gulisxmobs tradiciuli `genealogiuri xisa~ da `talRebis TeoriaSi~ miRebuli savaraudo dialeqtur zonaTa erTgvar Serwymas erT saerTo t droSi ganSlad diagramad.1
Sdr. Cven mier saerTo-indoevropuli enis aRwerisas warmodgenili amgvari

diagrama (ix. .., ..,
. -
, I, 1984, . 398_399).
indoevropelebi, qarTvelebi, semitebi
olo wlebis lingvisturma da istoriul-filologiurma kvlevam gamoavlina is metad mniSvnelovani da

CvenTvis saintereso faqti, rom swored indoevropelebi, qarTvelebi (qarTveluri tomebi) da semitebi iyvnen is
ZiriTadi eTnikuri erTeulebi, romlebic IV_III aTaswleulebSi Cvens welTaRricxvamde urTierTobdnen erTmaneTTan wina aziis garkveul arealSi da imdenad mWidro kontaqtebi hqondaT, rom sityvebi erTi enidan meoreSi gadadioda da piruku; dRes mkvlevrebi am enebSi saerTo sityvebisa
da gamoTqmebis mTel leqsikur plastebs adastureben.
ra unda vigulisxmoT saxelwodebebSi ìndoevropelebi~,
`qarTvelebi~ da `semitebi~, romel eTnikur erTianobebTan
gvaqvs saqme ìndoevropelebis~, `qarTvelebisa~ da `semitebis~ SemTxvevaSi? _ am xalxebSi Cven vgulisxmobT ara sxva-
daibeWda saerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciis `Tbilisi _ ierusalimi

2~-is masalebSi, Tbilisi, 1993, gv. 13_15.
89
Tamaz gamyreliZe
90
dasxva indoevropul, qarTvelur Tu semitur toms sazogadod, aramed sakuTriv protoindoevropul, protoqarTvelur
da protosemitur xalxebs, romlebic, Sesabamisad, indoevropul, qarTvelur da semitur fuZe-enebze metyvelebdnen, anu
im winapar enebze, romelTac dasabami misces istoriulad
dadasturebul indoevropul, qarTvelur da semitur enebs.
enaTa indoevropuli ojaxi erT-erTi yvelaze mravalricxovania rogorc masSi gaerTianebuli Zveli Tu axali enebis
raodenobiT, ise am enebze molaparake adamianTa simravliT.
dedamiwaze yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli cxrameti enidan
TerTmeti indoevropulia. enaTa indoevropul ojaxs
miekuTvneba iseTi enobrivi jgufebi, rogoricaa anatoliuri
(xeTur-luviuri), indo-iranuli, balturi, slavuri, berZnuli, somxuri, albanuri da sxv.
yvela es ena monaTesave enad ganixileba; isini qmnian erT
saerTo genetur jgufs, romelic iTvleba, rom momdinareobs saerTo fuZe-enidan (e.w. protoindoevropuli enidan) da
warmoiSva am ukanasknelis daSlis Sedegad.
aseve, qarTveluri enebi qmnian erT saerTo genetur jgufs,
romelic Sedgeba sakuTriv qarTulisagan da axlo monaTesave dialeqtebis _ megrul-lazurisa da svanurisagan da
romlebic istoriulad erTi saerTo fuZe-enisagan, e.w. saerTo-qarTveluri enisagan, momdinareoben.
msgavsad amisa, semituri enebic erTiandebian erT jgufSi,
romelSic Sedis rogorc mravali Zveli, xmarebidan gamosuli mkvdari ena, ise Tanamedrove enebic. semituri enebic
monaTesave enebad iTvlebian, romlebic momdinareoben saerTo enobrivi sistemisagan _ protosemituri fuZe-enisagan.
yvela es enobrivi sistema _ protoindoevropuli, saerTo-qarTveluri da protosemituri _ realur enebad unda

miviCnioT, romlebic arsebobdnen garkveul drosa da sivrceSi da romlebzedac konkretuli xalxebi metyvelebdnen.
enaTmecnierebaSi arsebobs specialuri xerxebi da meTodebi, romelTa meSveobiTac istoriulad dadasturebuli monaTesave enebis Sedarebisa da Sepirispirebis safuZvelze aRdgeba anu rekonstruirdeba is savaraudo enobrivi sistema,
romelmac, arsebiTad, dasabami misca istoriulad dadasturebul monaTesave enebs. es enebi erTmaneTTan specifikur
fonetikur (bgeriT) msgavsebas avlenen da swored amitom
saerTo enobrivi wyarodan momdinared ivaraudebian. amgvarad moxerxda protoindoevropuli enis aRdgena, misi ZiriTadi sistemuri maxasiaTeblebis rekonstruqcia, anu SesaZlebeli gaxda aRdgena iseTi enobrivi modelisa, romelic didi
miaxloebiT unda asaxavdes indoevropul fuZe-enas, mis ZiriTad struqturul maxasiaTeblebs.
aseve iqna aRdgenili protosemituri enobrivi sistema, am
enis rogorc fonetikuri, ise morfologiuri struqtura.
analogiuri meTodebis gamoyenebiT moxerxda, agreTve, saerTo-qarTveluri enobrivi sistemis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis
aRdgena da rekonstruqcia sxvadasxva istoriuli qarTveluri dialeqtis (qarTulis, megrul-lazuris, svanuris)
erTmaneTTan Sedarebisa da Sepirispirebis safuZvelze.
XX saukunis II naxevarSi enaTmecnierebaSi gaizarda interesi istoriuli lingvistikisadmi, moxda erTgvari Semobruneba im problemebisaken, romlebic wamoiWra SedarebiTistoriul enaTmecnierebaSi. istoriuli lingvistikis problemebisadmi aseTi didi interesi gamoiwvia ukanaskneli
aTwleulebis lingvisturi azris zogadma ganviTarebam,
romelmac daZlia wina periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli antinomia sinqroniul da diaqroniul lingvistikas Soris. am
mxriv, lingvisturi mecniereba gamonaklisi ar yofila. erT91
Tamaz gamyreliZe
92
gvari Semobruneba istorizmisaken, rac damaxasiaTebeli iyo

XIX saukunis dasasrulisaTvis, rogorc cnobilia, XX
saukunis meore naxevris mecnieruli azris ganviTarebis erTerTi mTavari tendencia gaxda, romelmac Secvala amave saukunis pirveli aTwleulebis manZilze mecnierebaSi damkvidrebuli sinqroniuli struqturalizmi da antiistorizmi.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom lingvisturi mecniereba Zveli,
tradiciuli problemebis damuSavebas daubrunda gamdidrebuli, sinqroniuli lingvistikis wiaRSi Seqmnili lingvisturi
analizis axali meTodebiT. am meTodebis siaxle gamoixateba
ara mxolod sinqroniul lingvistikaSi damuSavebuli
lingvisturi analizis zusti operaciuli xerxebis gamoyenebiT, aramed Tanmimdevruli midgomiT enisadmi, rogorc
drois paralelurad mudmivad cvalebadi, uaRresad sistemuri fenomenisadmi. yvelaferi es saSualebas iZleva SedarebiT-istoriuli enaTmecnierebis tradiciuli problemebis
damuSavebisas gamoviyenoT monacemebi lingvisturi mecnierebis SedarebiT axali mimarTulebebisa _ tipologiuri
lingvistikisa da universaliaTa lingvistikisa, romlebic
warmatebiT ganviTarda ukanaskneli aTwleulebis manZilze.
Tanamedrove lingvisturi mecnierebis am uaxlesi monacemebis gamoyenebam monaTesave enaTa calkeuli jgufebis, kerZod, indoevropuli ojaxis, Seswavlisas aucilebeli gaxada am enaTa istoriuli warsulisa da maTi preistoriuli
ganviTarebis konkretuli gzebis Sesaxeb im tradiciuli Sexedulebebis Zirfesviani gadasinjva, romlebic klasikur indoevropul enaTmecnierebaSi arsebobda.
TviT istoriuli enaTmecniereba Caisaxa me-19 saukunis
pirvel naxevarSi swored Zveli indoevropuli enebis Sepirispirebisa da SedarebiTi analizis, maTi naTesaobrivi urTierTobisa da im saerTo enobrivi winapridan warmomavlobis

Cvenebis bazaze, romelsac ewodeba indoevropuli fuZe-ena,
anu indoevropuli winareena. amis Sedegi iyo axali mecnieruli disciplinis _ SedarebiT-istoriuli enaTmecnierebis
_ Camoyalibeba, romelmac, im droidan moyolebuli, mniSvnelovan warmatebebs miaRwia sruliad sxvadasxvagvari
struqturis enaTa SeswavlaSi da romelic erT-erT yvelaze
zust mecnierul disciplinad Camoyalibda humanitarul
mecnierebaTa Soris.
monaTesave enaTa jgufebisaTvis, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
indoevropuli, semituri, qarTveluri da a.S., damaxasiaTebelia erTi gansakuTrebuli Tavisebureba, romelic exeba maT
bgeriT Semadgenlobas da romelic gansakuTrebuli genetikuri jgufis farglebSi arsebul enaTa Soris Tanafardobis aRweris saSualebas iZleva. saerTo genetikur jgufSi gaerTianebuli monaTesave enebi avlenen regularul fonemur (bgeriT) Tanafardobas, rac formalurad aaxloebs am
enebs erTmaneTTan da saSualebas gvaZlevs vimsjeloT maT
saerTo warmomavlobaze da Tavdapirvel erTianobaze.
amgvari bgeriTi Tanafardobani monaTesave enebs Soris, Cveulebriv, moiZebneba im sityvaTa da morfemaTa jgufebSi, romlebic asaxaven adamianis garemosa da misi moRvaweobis bazisur cnebebs.
enebis SedarebiT-istoriuli analizis dasawyis etaps warmoadgens fonemur TanafardobaTa amgvari qselis dadgena
monaTesave enebs Soris, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs vimsjeloT
saerTo-enobrivi sistemidan maT warmoSobaze. swored aseTi
regularuli fonemuri Sesatyvisobani, dadgenili enebsa da
enobriv jgufebs Soris, warmoadgens safuZvels enobriv
sistemaSi sawyisi (amosavali) fonemuri erTeulebis dasaSvebad, romelTa gardaqmnamac istoriulad monaTesave enebSi
93
Tamaz gamyreliZe
94
mogvca erTmaneTTan regularul TanafardobaSi myofi fonemebi (bgerebi).

fuZe-enis sawyisi sistemis postulirebasTan erTad SedarebiT-istoriuli analizi gulisxmobs istoriulad dadasturebuli monaTesave enobrivi sistemebis Camoyalibebisa
da ganviTarebis gzebis rekonstruqciasa anu aRdgenas, dawyebuli am enebis Tavdapirveli mdgomareobidan vidre dokumenturad fiqsirebul maT istoriul mdgomareobamde. amitom am enebs Soris fonemur-struqturuli Tanafardobis dadgenisa da, saerTod, maTi yovelgvari SedarebiT-istoriuli
Seswavlis logikur dasasrulad unda miviCnioT winareenobrivi mdgomareobis rekonstruqcia (rac asaxavs monaTesave
enebisaTvis saerTo sawyis enobriv sistemas) da im gardaqmnebisa Tu transformaciuli wesebis postulireba, romelTa mixedviTac istoriulad dadasturebuli monaTesave sistemebi Teoriulad postulirebuli enobrivi modelidan gamoiyvaneba.
imis mixedviT, Tu rogori formiT aRdgeba fuZe-enis sistema, rogori fonologiuri da gramatikuli struqturebi miewereba mas, ganisazRvreba monaTesave enebis winareistoria, maTi
Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis gzebi, dawyebuli am enebis
Tavdapirveli saerTo mdgomareobidan (rac asaxulia fuZeenis sistemaSi), vidre istoriulad fiqsirebul mdgomareobamde.
Tavis mxriv, fuZe-enis postulirebuli sistema unda akmayofilebdes tipologiuri realobis, arawinaaRmdegobriobisa da sisrulis empiriul moTxovnebs. tipologiur realobasa da arawinaaRmdegobriobaSi igulisxmeba enobrivi
struqturebis iseTi erToblioba, romelic ar ewinaaRmdegeba tipologiurad dadgenil enobriv kanonzomierebebs da ar

Seicavs iseT struqturul odenobebs, romlebic saerTod
ar aris damaxasiaTebeli enisaTvis.
universaluri struqturebis gamovlena da gansazRvra ZiriTad amocanas warmoadgens Tanamedrove tipologiuri enaTmecnierebisa da universaliaTa lingvistikisTvis. am mimdinareobaTa monacemebze dayrdnobiT dRes ukve didi albaTobiT
SegviZlia vimsjeloT Teoriulad postulirebuli sawyisi
enobrivi sistemis tipologiur realobasa da arawinaaRmdegobriobaze.
indoevropul enaTmecnierebaSi SedarebiTi Studiebis
CamoyalibebisTanave, e.i., faqtobrivad, me-19 saukunis gamoCenili lingvistebis mier SedarebiT-istoriuli enaTmecnierebis Seqmnis droidan, konsonantizmis saerTo-indoevropul
sistemas, romlisganac gamoiyvaneboda istoriulad dadasturebuli yvela indoevropuli ena, aRadgendnen garkveuli
fonemuri rigebis saxiT da es rigebi emTxveoda indoevropuli enebis im droisaTvis cnobili uZvelesi warmomadgenlis
_ Zvelinduri enis sistemas.
TavisTavad cxadia, rom ZiriTadad Zvelinduri sistemis
mixedviT modelirebuli sawyisi saerTo-indoevropuli konsonantizmis amgvari postulirebisas Zvelinduri ena gvevlineba rogorc sistema, romelSic sawyisma saerTo-indoevropulma konsonantizmma umciresi cvlilebebi ganicada da, amdenad, igi Tavdapirveli konsonantizmis ZiriTad Tvisebebs
inarCunebs. imave sawyisi sistemis postulirebisas umniSvnelo cvlilebebi ivaraudeboda berZnuli da italikuri, slavuri da kelturi enebisaTvis, maSin roca germanikuli enebisaTvis, somxurisa da xeTurisaTvis aRdgenili iyo metad
mniSvnelovani fonemuri gardaqmnebi, rac e.w. `TanxmovanTa
gadawevas~ gulisxmobda.
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TanxmovanTa aRniSnuli gadaweva germanikul enebSi, rac

SedarebiT-istoriul enaTmecnierebaSi cnobilia `grimis
kanonis~ saxelwodebiT, tradiciulad ganixileba rogorc
sistemuri fonemuri gardaqmnis klasikuri nimuSi da, Cveulebriv, moyvanilia saenaTmecniero saxelmZRvaneloebSi msgavsi gardaqmnebis sailustraciod.
klasikur indoevropul enaTmecnierebaSi postulirebuli sawyisi indoevropuli sistemis xasiaTisa da struqturis mixedviT aigeba konkretul istoriul indoevropul enaTa
(rogoricaa, indo-iranuli, berZnuli, italikuri, slavuri,
germanikuli da sxv.) formirebisa da ganviTarebis istoria.
mTeli korpusi enobrivi faqtebisa da aRmoCenebisa, rac
klasikurma SedarebiTma indoevropulma enaTmecnierebam daagrova Tavisi arsebobis 150 welze meti xnis manZilze, ganixileba saerTo-indoevropuli konsonantizmis tradiciulad
postulirebuli sawyisi sistemis safuZvelze. indoevropul enaTmecnierebaSi absoluturad yvela SedarebiTi gramatika da SedarebiTi leqsikoni aigo da dResac aigeba, ZiriTadad, saerTo-indoevropuli konsonantizmis tradiciulad
dadgenili sistemidan amosvliT. amgvarad postulirebuli
sawyisi sistema gansazRvravs TviT im navaraudevi fonemuri
gardaqmnebis xasiaTs, romelTac unda gamoewviaT istoriuli indoevropuli enebis formireba; is gansazRvravs am gzebis winareistoriuli fonetikuri ganviTarebis mTel msvlelobasac. klasikur indoevropul enaTmecnierebaSi cnobili e.w. `fonetikuri kanonebi~ (zemoT xsenebuli `grimis
kanoni~, agreTve, `grasmanis kanoni~, `barTolomes kanoni~
da sxv.) Seiqmna swored im mizniT, rom aexsnaT is winareistoriuli fonetikuri procesebi, romlebic konkretul indoevropul dialeqtebSi ivaraudeboda amosavali tradiciuli
sistemis pirobebSi.

saerTo-indoevropuli konsonantizmis tradiciulad postulirebuli sistemis Sefasebis mizniT, am sistemis mimarT
empiriuli realobis kriteriumis gamoyenebis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom aRniSnuli sistema, romelic klasikur indoevropul enaTmecnierebaSi ganixileboda rogorc amosavali,
sawyisi yvela istoriulad dadasturebuli enisaTvis, Sinaganad winaaRmdegobrivia da ar Seesabameba sinqroniuli tipologiis monacemebs. ufro metic, igi ewinaaRmdegeba im universalur enobriv kanonzomierebebs, romlebic dadgenilia
universaliaTa lingvistikaSi. maSasadame, tradiciulad postulirebuli saerTo-indoevropuli modeli ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos sivrcesa da droSi realurad arsebuli enis amsaxvel sistemad, enisa romelic SemdgomSi monaTesave indoevropuli enebis sistemebad gardaiqmna. Sesabamisad, realurad
ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos agreTve is fonetikuri cvlilebebi
da gardaqmnebi, romlebic, rogorc klasikur indoevropul
SedarebiT gramatikaSi iyo miCneuli, ganicada sawyisma
sistemam da romelTa Sedegad istoriulad dadasturebul
indoevropul enaTa sistemebi Camoyalibdnen.
saerTo-indoevropuli enis konsonantizmis tradiciulad
postulirebuli sistemis SesabamisobaSi moyvana enobrivi
tipologiis rogorc sinqroniul, ise diaqroniul monacemebTan moiTxovs aRniSnuli sistemis Zirfesvian gadasinjvas, mis axleburad gaazrebasa da reinterpretacias.
axali Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, saerTo-indoevropul sistemaSi aRdgeba sami konsonanturi seria, romlebic daxasiaTdeba rogorc:
I. mkveTrebi (an yelxSulebi) _ p, t, k . . .
II. mJRerebi (fSvinvierebi) _ b, d, g . . .
III. yru (fSvinvierebi) _ f, T, q . . .
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maSasadame, saerTo-indoevropul sistemaSi ivaraudeba

daaxloebiT im tipis xSuli Tanxmovnebi, rogoric dRevandel qarTulSi gvaqvs da rogoric rekonstruirdeba saerToqarTvelurSi.
saerTo-indoevropuli xSulebis sami seriis amgvari interpretaciiT funqcionalur-fonologiuri axsna eZebneba
indoevropuli enobrivi struqturis mTel rig faqtebs, romlebic gaugebari da auxsneli iyo saerTo-indoevropuli konsonantizmis tradiciuli modelidan amosvliT.
axali Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, saerTo-indoevropuli
sistema ufro axlosaa im sistemebTan, romlebic tradiciulad ganisazRvreba rogorc sistemebi `TanxmovanTa gadawevebiT~ (germanikuli enebi, somxuri, xeTuri), maSin roca konsonantizmis mixedviT saerTo-indoevropul sistemasTan axlos myofad miCneuli sistemebi (pirvel rigSi _ Zvelinduri) sawyisi enobrivi sistemidan rTuli fonemuri gardaqmnebis Sedegad Camoyalibebulad unda ganvixiloT. amgvari rekonstruqciiT miiReba indoevropuli dialeqtebis preistoriuli ganviTarebis suraTi, romelic sruliad sawinaaRmdegoa imisa, rac klasikur indoevropul enaTmecnierebaSi iyo
miCneuli. icvleba saerTo-indoevropuli xSuli fonemebis
gardaqmnaTa tradiciulad miRebuli traeqtoriebi, romlebic saerTo-indoevropuli sistemis axali interpretaciis
Suqze tradiciulis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebebs iZenen.
Sesabamisad, axleburad gaiazreba klasikuri indoevropuli
enaTmecnierebis ZiriTadi `fonetikuri kanonebic~, rogoricaa `grimis kanoni~, `grasmanis kanoni~, `barTolomes kanoni~ da a.S., romlebic xSulebis indoevropuli sistemis axali interpretaciis pirobebSi gansxvavebul Sinaars iZenen.

axalma Teoriam didi diskusia gamoiwvia rogorc CvenSi,
aseve, gansakuTrebiT, dasavleTis samecniero wreebSi. winareindoevropuli enis am axleburad gaazrebul sistemas dasavleTis mecnierebaSi `glotaluri Teoria~ ewoda, ramdenadac amgvar sistemaSi amosavlad postulirebulia `yelxSuli~ anu `glotalizebuli~ fonemebi (p), t, k TanxmovanTa
tipisa.
indoevropuli winareenis es axali modeli, garkveuli
azriT, axali indoevropuli àTvlis sistema~, aucileblad
moiTxovs, rom Zirfesvianad gadaisinjos klasikuri indoevropuli enaTmecnierebis postulatTa mTeli sistema da,
Sesabamisad, Seiqmnas indoevropuli enebis warmoqmnisa da
preistoriuli ganviTarebis axali suraTi.
mTeli kompleqsi kulturul-istoriuli monacemebisa,
romlebic gamovlinda indoevropuli winareenisa da misi uZvelesi dialeqtebis gamokvlevis, agreTve rekonstruirebuli saerTo-indoevropuli leqsikis semantikuri analizis
Sedegad, aucilebels xdis isev daisvas indoevropuli
`winaresamSoblos~ drosa da sivrceSi lokalizaciis problema da moxdes misi axleburi regionaluri da kulturulistoriuli gadawyveta. am uaxlesi monacemebis Suqze indoevropulma `winaresamSoblom~ unda gadainacvlos samxreTaRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT da ganTavsdes winaaziuri arealis farglebSi1.
imisda mixedviT, Tu sad ganTavsdeba ama Tu im fuZe-enaze
molaparake tomTa `winaresamSoblo~, Tu romel geografiix. .., .., .
- , . 1,
2, 1984: (inglisuri Targmani:
Th.V.Gamkrelidze, V.V.Ivanov, Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans. A Reconstruction
and Historical Analysis of a Proto-Language and a Proto-Culture. With a Preface by
Roman Jakobson. Engl. version by Johanna Nichols, 2 vols.: Mouton de Gruyter ,
Berlin _ New York 1994/95).
1
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ul regions miviCnevT am fuZe-enis gavrcelebis pirvandel

teritoriad, dgindeba am tomTa preistoriuli migraciebis,
anu gadasaxlebebisa da moZraobebis, suraTi `pirvelsacxovrisad~ miRebuli teritoriidan im regionebis mimarTulebiT, sadac Cven am tomebs da, Sesabamisad, savaraudo
fuZe-enis gviandel dialeqtebs istoriul xanaSi vadasturebT. esaa erTgvarad im migraciebis traeqtoriebis aRdgena, romlebsac aRniSnuli xalxebi uZveles dros TavianT istoriul miwa-wyalze unda mieyvanaT an, ufro zustad, im
enobrivi erTeulebis moZraobebisa da sivrceSi gadanacvlebaTa aRwera, romlebic Sesabamisi savaraudo fuZe-enisagan
Camoyalibdnen am ukanasknelis calkeul dialeqtebad
daSlisa da difereciaciis Sedegad. amdenad, amgvari migraciebis suraTisa da dialeqtTa moZraobis traeqtoriis aRdgena warmoadgens amave dros im xalxTa preistoriis Seswavlas, romlebic Sesabamis enaze metyvelebdnen, anu maTi eTnogeneturi preistoriis rekonstruqcias.
indoevropuli, qarTveluri da semituri winareenobrivi
sistemebis leqsikuri nasesxobani da struqturul-tipologiuri msgavseba aSkarad mowmobs Zveli wina aziis
garkveul arealSi aRniSnul sam winareenobriv sistemasa da
maTze molaparake xalxebs Soris mWidro urTierTobebisa da
kontaqtebis arsebobas xangrZlivi periodis manZilze. amaze
metyvelebs, upirveles yovlisa, samive enobriv sistemaSi dadasturebuli saerTo leqsikuri erTeulebi. am mxriv uaRresad sayuradReboa am enebSi `Rvinis~ aRmniSvneli saerTo
sityvebi:indoevrop. *wojno , semit. *wajn (Zv. ebr. jajin), qarT.
*Rvino, rac mowmobs am fuZe-enebis teritoriul siaxloves
da maTze molaparake xalxebis urTierTobas meRvineobis saerTo kulturul arealSi istoriuli wina aziis farglebSi.

indoevropelebi, qarTvelebi, semitebi iyvnen, maSasadame,
IV_III aTaswleulSi is xalxebi, romlebic III aTaswleulidan moyolebuli, sxvadasxva teritoriaze Soreuli Tu axlo
migraciebis Sedegad, istoriulad cnobil indoevropelebad,
qarTvelebad da semitebad Camoyalibdnen.
am daskvnebs arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs TviT saTanado
samecniero disciplinebis Semdgomi ganviTarebisa da srulyofisaTvis. Tu Cven aqamde migvaCnda, rom qarTveluri enaTmecnierebisaTvis da, saerTod, sxvadasxva dargis istoriulSedarebiTi enaTmecnierebisaTvis aucilebelia indoevropuli da semituri enaTmecnierebis monacemebis gaTvaliswineba, axla Cven SegviZlia sruli uflebiT vamtkicoT, rom indoevropuli da semituri enaTmecnierebis Semdgomi ganviTarebisa da srulyofisaTvis aucilebelia qarTveluri enaTmecnierebis monacemebis gaTvaliswineba: axali perspeqtivebi indoevropul da semitur enaTmecnierebaSi warmoCindeba swored
qarTveluri enaTmecnierebis monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiT-istoriuli Seswavlis Suqze.
amiT ganisazRvreba is mniSvneloba da roli, rac qarTvelur
enebs eniWebaT SedarebiT-istoriuli da, sazogadod, Teoriuli enaTmecnierebis Semdgomi ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT.
rac Seexeba saerTod istoriul da eTnogenetikur problematikas, qarTvelebi (qarTveluri tomebi) istoriuli warmomavlobis TvalsazrisiT erT qronologiur sibrtyeze dgebian indoevropelebTan da semitebTan wina aziaSi: qarTveluri
tomebi am kulturuli arealis uZvelesi civilizaciis
xalxebs Soris eqcevian.
qarTveluri eTnogenetikuri problematikis ufro Rrmad
Seswavlis mizniT, qarTvel-qarTvelur tomTa preistoriuli ganviTarebis adekvaturi suraTis aRsadgenad saWiroa,
qarTveluri enebis mimarT Catardes imave xasiaTis samuSao,
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rac ukve Sesrulebulia indoevropul enaTa mimarT da gaanalizdes saerTo-qarTveluri leqsika mis mier gamoxatuli realiebis TvalsazrisiT. es saSualebas mogvcems ufro srulad aRvadginoT saerTo-qarTveluri sulieri da materialuri samyaro, samyaro Cveni winaprebisa, romlebic saerTo-qarTvelur enaze metyvelebdnen. amgvari analizi SesaZlebels gaxdis ufro zustad ganisazRvros saerTo-qarTveluri enis pirvandeli gavrcelebis teritoria da dadgindes
is migraciebi, romelTa Sedegad istoriuli qarTveluri
tomebi Camoyalibdnen.
winapar xalxTa uZvelesi materialuri da sulieri kulturis suraTis rekonstruqcia lingvisturi gziT saSualebas mogvcems movaxdinoT garkveul regionebSi aRmoCenili
arqeologiuri kulturis ufro zusti identifikacia savaraudo saerTo-qarTvelur kulturasTan, rac ufro naTel da
srulyofil warmodgenas Segviqmnis qarTveli xalxis eTnogenezisa da preistoriuli ganviTarebis Sesaxeb.
aracnobieri~ da izomorfizmi genetikur

kodsa da semiotikur sistemebs Soris*
enetikur da lingvistur kodebs Soris izomorfizmis

sakiTxi araerTi lingvistisa da semiotikaSi momuSave
mecnieris interesTa sferos ganekuTvneboda. maT Soris
gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos Cveni drois cnobili enaTmecnieri roman iakobsoni, romelmac (da ara mxolod man) axali
mecnieruli disciplinebis _ semiotikisa da molekuluri
biologiis mijnaze wamoWrili am problemis saintereso gadawyveta SemogvTavaza.
rogorc cnobilia, me-20 saukunis erT-erT udides aRmoCenad miiCneva 50-ian wlebSi molekuluri biologiis
udidesi mecnieruli miRweva, romelmac Suqi mohfina memkvidreobiTobis meqanizms. gairkva, rom memkvidreobiTobas gansazRvravs is informacia, romelic Cawerilia qromosomebSi
Sdr. Thomas V. Gamkrelidze, The unconscious and the problem of isomorphism between the genetic code and semiotic systems: Folia Linguistica, XXIII (1989).
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gansazRvruli tipis qimiuri alfabetis meSveobiT. nukleotidebi anu `qimiuri radikalebi~ asruleben am alfabetis
sawyisi elementebis _ àsoebis~ _ rols; es elementebi
kombinireben erTmaneTTan nukleomJavebis usasrulo wrfiv
mimdevrobebSi, rac qmnis genetikuri informaciis qimiur
teqsts. frazis analogiurad, romelic garkveul segments
Seadgens teqstSi (es ukanaskneli Seqmnilia sawyisi diskretuli erTeulebis _ asoebis an fonemebis _ wrfivi mimdevrobiT), individualuri genic Seesabameba gansazRvrul segments
oTxi sawyisi qimiuri radikaliT Seqmnil nukleomJavebis
grZel jaWvSi. aseve, lingvisturi kodis analogiurad,
romelSic sawyisi elementebi _ fonemebi _ Tavad mniSvnelobas arian moklebulni, magram maTi gansazRvruli kombinaciebiT iqmneba mocemul sistemaSi garkveuli mniSvnelobis
mqone minimaluri mimdevrobebi, genetikur kodSic informacias atarebs ara sistemis calkeuli elementi, ara individualuri qimiuri radikali, aramed am sawyisi oTxi nukleotidis specialuri samelementiani mimdevrobebi, e.w `tripletebi~. ramdenadac samelemenetian mimdevrobebad am oTxi
sawyisi elementis yvela SesaZlo kombinaciaTa ricxvi Seadgens 43 = 64-s, genetikuri leqsikonic Sedgeba 64 `sityvisagan~, romelTagan sami tripleti `funqcionalur markers~
warmoadgens da gamoiyeneba nukleomJavebis grZel mimdevrobebSi `frazis~ dasawyisisa da dasasrulis aRsaniSnavad; danarCeni `sityvebi~ Seesabameba 20 aminomJavas da, amdenad, tripletebSi gamoiyofa `sinonimuri sityvebi~, anu erTi
da imave aminomJavis Sesabamisi gansxvavebuli mimdevrobebi.
oTxi sawyisi elementisagan Sedgenil amgvar tripletebsa da aminomJavebs Soris Sesabamisobis dadgena da tripleteb-
àracnobieri~ da izomorfizmi genetikur kodsa da..

is grZeli jaWvis gadayvana aminomJavebis cilovan mimdevrobaSi
_ peptidebis jaWvSi _ faqtobrivad genetikur kodSi Cawerili memkvidreobiTobis informaciis deSifrirebas anu dekodirebas niSnavs, rac analogiuria deSifrirebis procesisa, rodesac, magaliTad, morzes anbaniT Sedgenil Setyobinebas nebismier sxva enaze vTargmniT1.
aSkaraa, rom dedamiwaze yoveli cocxali arseba flobs
`codnas~ genetikuri kodis Sesaxeb im azriT, rom SeuZlia
sworad gaSifros genetikuri `sityvebi~, romlebic genetikuri informaciis Sinaarss qmnian da, Sesabamisad, moaxdinos cilovani mimdevrobebis sinTezireba. amave azriT, genetikuri kodi universaluria, dedamiwaze nebismierma cocxalma arsebam icis am kodis gasaRebi.
amgvarad, cocxal arsebaTa usasrulo mravalferovneba
daiyvaneba im grZel genetikur `SetyobinebaTa~ saboloo
analizamde, romlebic Seqmnilia genetikuri kodis elementebis wrfivi mimdevrobis saxiT kombinirebis gansazRvruli
wesebis safuZvelze. aq saocari struqturuli msgavseba SeiniSneba lingvistur kodTan da SemTxveviTi araa, rom genetikuri kodis deSifrirebis dawyebis momentidan moyolebuli memkvidreobiTobis meqanizmis kvlevis mTel Semdgom pe1
XX saukunis bolo aTwleulSi kidev erTi mniSvnelovani aRmoCena Seemata mecnierebas: gairkva, rom protonebi da neitronebi, romlebic atomis birTvis elementarul
Semadgenlebad iyo miCneuli, Tavis mxriv, kidev ufro elementaruli nawilakebisagan
_ kvarkebisagan Sedgeba. am aRmoCenis avtori gaxldaT amerikeli fizikosi, nobelis
premiis laureati gel-mani, romelmac Tavdapirvelad sul sami kvarki gamohyo
gansxvavebuli SeferilobebiT [gemosa (flavor) da feris (color) mixedviT].
aRsaniSnavia, rom, am aRmoCenis mixedviT, rogorc cocxali, ise aracocxali samyaro
sabolood daiyvaneba sakmaod mcire raodenobis `sawyis elementebamde~, romlebic
garkveul kombinaciebsa da struqturebs qmnian. TviT saxelwodeba kvarki gelmanma
isesxa jeimz joisis arcTu mTlad gasagebi frazidan: Three quarks for Muster Mark
(romanidan Finnegans Wake).
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riodSi molekuluri genetika farTod iyenebda lingvistikidan nasesxeb cnebebsa da terminebs2.

unda aRiniSnos, rom lingvistur kodSi, romelic bunebrivi enis safuZvels warmoadgens, sawyisi erTeulebis (fonemebis) raodenoba SedarebiT didia (swored maTi kombinirebiT
aigeba mniSvnelobis mqone minimaluri elementebi bgeriT enaSi). aRniSnuli maxasiaTebeli gvevlineba erT-erT im struqturul Tvisebad, riTac lingvisturi kodi gansxvavdeba genetikuri kodisagan. swored mas ukavSirdeba enobrivi sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli siWarbe, rac SetyobinebaSi garegani
faqtorebiT gamowveuli `xmauris~ Sedegad daSvebuli Secdomebis gasworebisa da sawyisi erTeulebis dadgenili mimdevrobebis aRdgenis saSualebas iZleva. genetikur kods es
Tviseba ar axasiaTebs, ramdenadac nukleotidebis wrfiv mimdevrobaSi calkeuli elementis nebismieri gadanacvleba an
amogdeba iwvevs pirvandeli genetikuri informaciis damaxinjebas.
or gansxvavebul informaciul sistemaSi _ genetikursa
da lingvisturSi dadasturebuli struqturuli izomorfizmi, romelic sawyisi diskretuli elementebis wrfiv kombinacias emyareba, fenomenologiur kiTxvas warmoSobs
rogorc aRniSnuli sistemebis bunebis, ise amgvari struqturuli izomorfizmis mizezebis Sesaxeb, rasac, Tavis mxriv,
TvalsazrisTa sxvadasxvaoba ukavSirdeba.
2
Tavis mxriv, enaTmecnierebamac isesxa zogierTi cneba da termini molekuluri genetikidan. ase, magaliTad, markirebis TeoriaSi `markirebis~ ierarqiuli mimarTebis wevrebi _ adre iwodebodnen rogorc àramarkirebuli~ ~
`markirebuli~ (terminologia momdinareobs praRis lingvisturi skolidan,
romlis mixedviTac, am binaruli mimarTebis wevrebi xasiaTdebodnen rogorc
merkmallos ~ merkmalhaltig), amJamad moixsenieba (maTi Sinaarsis Sesabamisad)
rogorc `dominanturi~ vs. `recesiuli~, xolo `markirebis mimarTeba~ axali
formulirebiT warmoadgens `dominantobis mimarTebas~.

am kuTxiT yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo polemika mecnierebis ori sxvadasxva dargis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebs _
lingvist roman iakobsonsa da biolog-genetikos fransua
Jakobs Soris: am or kods _ genetikursa da verbalurs _
Soris gamovlenili izomorfizmi mxolod garegnulia, msgavsi informaciuli moTxovnebiT ganpirobebuli ubralo Tanxvedris Sedegia, Tu igi momdinareobs im filogeneturi principidan, romlis mixedviTac lingvisturi kodi genetikuri
kodis modelebis Sesabamisad aigeba? iqneb aRniSnuli izomorfizmis ganmsazRvrelia is faqti, rom lingvisturi modelebi zemodan daedo molekulur komunikacias da am ukanasknelis principebis mixedviT ganxorcielda lingvisturi
modelireba? es bolo varaudi wamoayena roman iakobsonma,
xolo fransua Jakobi msgavsi funqciebis mqone gansxvavebuli informaciuli sistemebis analogiur struqturirebas
uWers mxars.
genetikur da lingvistur kodebs Soris struqturuli
izomorfizmis iakobsoniseuli warmodgena gulisxmobs imgvar evoluciur process, romlis drosac lingvisturi kodi
uSualod zemodan daedo genetikur kods, xolo am ukanasknelidan struqturuli principebi gadmoiwera lingvistur
kodSi da es procesi cocxal organizmSi mimdinareobda genetikuri kodis bunebisa da struqturis Sesaxeb aracnobieri
codnis pirobebSi. aRniSnuli warmodgena, rom organizmi
aracnobierad flobs informacias misi arsebiTi meqanizmis
struqturis Sesaxeb, mTlianad àracnobieris~ sferos
ganekuTvneba da igi vlindeba ara mxolod enis meqanizmis
genetikuri kodis Sesabamisad Camoyalibebis filogenetur
procesSi; amgvari warmodgenis gamovlinebad unda CaiTvalos,
aseve, zogierTi gamoCenili pirovnebis SemoqmedebiTi aqtivoba, romlebic informaciul (semiotikur) sistemebs ageben
107
Tamaz gamyreliZe
108
genetikuri kodis modelisa da principebis Sesabamisad,

aSkarad maT Sesaxeb saTanado codnis gareSe3.
aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT unda gavixseniT `glotogoniuri procesis Teoria~, romelic ekuTvnis Tavisi drois
gamoCenil lingvistsa da filologs niko mars. gasaocari
mecnieruli intuiciis wyalobiT, garkveuli movlenis asaxsnelad igi drodadro, sruliad moulodnelad, yovelgvari
logikuri dasabuTebis gareSe, swor mimarTulebas irCevda.
ase, magaliTad, enaTa istoriulad dadasturebuli mravalferovneba mas zustad oTx (sic!) sawyis elementamde dahyavda, romlebic, SeiZleba ucnauric ki mogveCvenos, bgeraTa
garkveul `tripletebs~ (sami bgerisagan Sedgenil mniSvnelobis armqone mimdevrobebs) warmoadgenen: sal, ber, yon,
rosh. niko maris azriT, msoflios nebismier enaze Seqmnili
nebismieri sigrZis teqsti, analizis Sedegad, sabolood aRmoCndeba mxolod am oTxi sawyisi elementis _ romlebic,
Tavis mxriv, arafers aRniSnaven _ kombinirebiT miRebuli
wrfivi mimdevrobebis fonetikuri trasformi. swored es gansazRvravs niko maris azriT, glotogoniuri procesebis erTianobas.
niko maris glotogoniur Teorias araviTari racionaluri
safuZveli ar gaaCnia; igi aralogikuria Tanamedrove Teoriuli lingvistikisa da zogadi enaTmecnierebis meTodologis TvalsazrisiT; amitomac igi iracionaluria da, amdenad,
irelevanturia lingvistikisaTvis. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos,
rom niko maris Teoria, romelic enis garkveul struqtu3
genetikuri kodis struqturis mecnieruli wvdoma adamians zust warmodgenas Seuqmnis sakuTari genetikuri meqanizmis struqturis Sesaxeb da, amgvarad,
codna dedamiwaze nebismieri cocxali arsebis struqturis Sesaxeb, struqturisa, romelic impliciturad `CaSenebulia~ yovel cocxal organizmSi,
àracnobieridan~ `cnobieris areSi~ gadainacvlebs.

rul models warmoadgens, miaxloebuls genetikur kodTan,
irelevanturi rodia mecnierebisaTvis da, zogadad,
fsiqologiisaTvis. am Teoriis avtorSi SeiZleba davinaxoT
gamorCeuli pirovneba, romelsac enis, rogorc informaciuli sistemis, originaluri modelis Seqmnisas aracnobieridan amoaqvs Tavisi intuiciuri warmodgenebi genetikuri kodis struqturis Sesaxeb.
ra Tqma unda, genetikuri informaciuli sistemis amgvari
struqturis Sesaxeb gacnobierebuli, mkafio codna ar gaaCnda
arc niko marsa da arc Zvel Cinel filosofosebs, romlebmac
sami aTasi wliT adre Seadgines wigni I Ching (Cinuri `gardasaxvebis wigni~), romelSic warmoadgines oTxi binaruli
elementis gardasaxvaTa (transformaciaTa) specialuri
sistema; TviT es elementebi emyareboda `mamrobiT sawyiss~
ian-sa (yang) da `mdedrobiT sawyiss~ in-s (yin) da, amasTanave,
dajgufebuli iyo `tripletebad~; saerTo raodenoba amgvari samwevra mimdevrobebisa Seadgenda 64-s, genetikuri
`tripletebis~ analogiurad. uZveles Cinur simbolur
sistemaSi cocxali samyaros mravalferovneba swored aRniSnuli `tripletebis~ meSveobiT aRiwereba. am konteqstSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani Cans ionielTa kosmogonia, romelic samyaros ganixilavs rogorc oTxelementian sistemas;
aseve mniSvnelovania hipokrates Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviTac adamianis sxeuli warmoadgens sistemas oTxi sawyisi
SemadgenliT. aRniSnuli Tvalsazrisebi, agreTve sxva sistemebi kidev ufro ganamtkiceben im azrs, rom amgvari pirdapiri mimarTeba genetikur kodsa da ganxilul sistemebs Soris
emyareba Cvens aracnobier codnas aRniSnuli mimarTebis Sesaxeb.
yvela es simboluri semiotikuri sistema (gansakuTrebiT
ki Cinuri `gardasaxvebis sistema~ binaruli elementebiT ian109
Tamaz gamyreliZe
110
iTa [yang] da in-iT [yin], agreTve niko maris enobrivi modeli)

gasaocar SesabamisobaSia, Tundac raodenobrivi parametrebis mixedviT, genetikuri kodis struqturasTan. rogorc Cans,
es ukanaskneli aRniSnuli sistemebis SemqmnelTaTvis aracnobier samodelo safuZvels (substrats) warmoadgenda.
Teoriuli enaTmecnierebis istoria rogorc

lingvistul paradigmaTa
cvalebadoba drosa da sivrceSi*
ogorc cnobilia, enaTmecnierebis ganviTarebis gzaze

icvleboda midgomebi enis Seswavlisadmi. Sesabamisad,
enobrivi analizic sxvadasxva TvalsazrisiT warmoebda,
sxvadasxva doneebze da gansxvavebuli rakursiT.
evr o puli da amerikuli enaT mecniere bis ist oria
SesaZlebelia ganvixiloT rogorc `mecnierul paradigmaTa~1
erTgvari monacvleoba drosa da sivrceSi, rac sqematurad
Semdegi mimdevrobiT SeiZleba iyos warmodgenili:
I paradigma:
a.arnosa da k. lanslos universaluri gramatika;
II paradigma:
SedarebiT-istoriuli enaTmecniereba (franc bopi,
karl brugmani da neogramatikosebi, antuan meie...)
Sdr. .., (
2005, 2, .3-6).
1
`paradigmis~ cnrbis Sesaxeb mecnierebaSi ix. Th. Kuhn, The structure os scientofic revolution, 2nd ed., Chicago, 1962-1970.
*
111
Tamaz gamyreliZe
112
III paradigma:
niko maris iafeturi enaTmecniereba;
IV paradigma:
ferdinand de sosiuris sinqoniuli lingvistika:
a) struqturuli lingvistika (nikoloz trubeckoi, roman iakobsoni);
b) deskrifciuli lingvistika (leonard blumfildi...);
g) enobrivi tipologia da lingvisturi universaliebi (jozef grinbergi, giorgi klimovi);
V paradigma:
noam Comskis trans formaciul-warmom Sobi
gramatika;
VI paradigma:
struqturul-tipologiuri komparativistika
(roman iakobsoni, osvald semereni, vinfrid lemani,
pol hoperi, Tamax gamyreliZe/viaCeslav ivanovi);
VII paradigma:
nostratika da enobrivi makroojaxebi (holger
.pederseni, vladislav iliC-svitiCi, alan bomhardi,
sergei starostini, jon grinbergi, meri ruleni).
niko maris ìafeturi Teoriis~ CarTva lingvistul
paradigmaTa warmodgenil mimdevrobaSi gamarTlebulia
ideologiur safuZvelze seqmnili ìafeturi enaTmecnierebis~
miCneviT `fsiqosemiotur sistemad~, romelic daupirispirda
Tanadroul `komaravistul paradigmas~...
zmnis `pirianoba~ da `valentoba~*
enobrivi sistema warmoadgens ori ZiriTadi donisagan

Semdgar odenobas Sinaarsisa da gamoxatulebis
planisagan, anu logikul-semantikuri da gramatikuli doneebisagan, romelTa Soris garkveuli Sesabamisoba arsebobs: semantikuri donis erTeulebi gamoixateba ama Tu im
wesis saSualebiT gramatikul doneze, gramatikuli donis
erTeulebi morfologiuri elementebiTa Tu sintaqsuri
saSualebebiT.
Sinaarsis planis, anu enis logikur-semantikuri donis
iseTi erTeulebi, rogoricaa predikati P, subieqti S, obieqti O, anu moqmedebis, mdgomareobisa Tu Tvisebis (ufro
zogadad: procesis an situaciis) gamomxatveli da am procesis an situaciis monawile odenobebi subieqti da obieqti
universaluri kategoriebia, romlebic raRac saxiT, sxvadasxva gramatikuli saSualebebiT gamoxatulia nebismier
ix. saenaTmecniero krebuli. givi maWavarianis xsovnas. mecniereba,
Tbilisi 1979.
113
Tamaz gamyreliZe
114
enobriv sistemaSi. enebi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan ara am

kategoriaTa arseboba-ararsebobiT, aramed am universalur
logikur-semantikur kategoriaTa gamoxatviT garkveuli
morfologiuri, sintaqsuri Tu leqsikuri saSualebebiT.
maSasadame, gansxvavebebi, am TvalsazrisiT, enebs Soris Seexeba
enaTa e.w. `zedapirul struqturebs~ da ara `siRrmiseul
struqturebs~, romlebic zogadobiTa da universalobiT xasiaTdebian.
subieqti S da obieqti O, rogorc situaciis an procesis
monawileni, warmodgenilia yvela enis Sinaarseul sistemaSi.
obieqti, rogorc semantikuri kategoria, SesaZlebelia
diferencirebul iqnes rogorc `pirdapiri obieqti~ Od, anu
obieqti, romelzedac uSualod gadadis subieqtis Agens is mier Sesrulebuli moqmedeba, an romelic am moqmedebis
Sedegs warmoadgens, da ìribi obieqti~ Olnd, anu obieqti,
romelic sxvadasxva rols asrulebs processa an situaciaSi da SesaZlebelia daxasiaTdes rogorc adresati1 OA, designati2 OD, eqsekutori3 OExs., lokatiuri obieqti4 OL da sxv.5
2. aRniSnuli semantikuri erTeulebi gamoixateba enis gramatikul struqturaSi zmna-predikatTan dakavSirebuli saxelebis Tu nacvalsaxelebis saSualebiT, romelTac SesaZlebelia garkveuli morfologiuri gaformeba hqondeT (specialuri brunvis niSanTa saxiT).
1
iribi obieqtis es semantikuri funqcia gamoxatulia iseT qarTul winadadebaSi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, bavSvi werils swers mamas~.
2
Sdr. deda werils uwers bavSvs~.
3
Sdr. deda werils awerinebs bavSvs~.
4
Sdr. deda quds axuravs bavSvs~.
5
Sesablebelia gamoiyos iribi obieqtis, rogorc universaluri semantikuri
kategoriis, kidev ufro meti saxeoba. semantikur kategoriaTa amgvari zogadi
klasifikacia universaluri gramatikis amocanaa, romelic Seiswavlis zogad
semantikur kategoriebs da maT gamovlenas enis siRrmiseul struqturaSi~.
zmnis ~pirianoba~ da ~valentoba~

amgvarad, enis logikur-semantikuri struqturis yovel
semantikur erTeuls Seesabameba enis gamoxatulebis planis, enis gramatikuli struqturis garkveuli erTeuli; semantikuri erTeulebi gamoxatulebis planSi Sesabamisi
leqsikur-gramatikuli erTeulebiT aris warmodgenili;
logikur-semantikuri subieqti S, pirdapiri Od da iribi
obieqti Oind enis gamoxatulebis planSi warmodgenilia Sesabamisad gramatikuli subieqtiT {S} (anu `qvemdebariT) da
gramatikuli pirdapiri {Od} da iribi obieqtiT {Oind} (anu
pirdapiri da iribi `damatebiT~). semantikur erTeulTa es
Sesatyvisi gramatikuli {S}, {Od} da {Oind} erTeulebi morfologiurad saxels an nacvalsaxels warmoadgenen.
garkveul SemTxvevebSi pirveladi Sesabamisoba enis
logikur-semantikuri da gramatikuli donis erTeulebs
Soris SeiZleba dairRves da `pirdapiri Sesabamisobis~ nacvlad: S {S}, O {O}, rac damaxasiaTebelia `siRrmiseuli struqturisaTvis~, garkveuli gardaqmnebis Sedegad enis
`zedapirul struqturaSi~ gansxvavebuli saxis Sesabamisobas viRebT (magaliTad, `Sebrunebul Sesabamisobas~: S {O},
O {S}; Sdr. ìnversiuli wyoba~, `pasiuri konstruqcia~
da sxv.)6
3. saxelTan da nacvalsaxelTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic
warmoadgenen enis semantikuri donis erTeulTa subieqtisa da obieqtis reprezentaciebs gramatikul doneze, dgeba
sakiTxi piris kategoriisa da am kategoriis gamoxatvis Sesaxeb enobriv sistemaSi.
6
Sdr., magaliTad, qarTulSi: (1) kaci daTvs klavs da (2) kacs daTvi mouklavs,
sadac (1) winadadebaSi warmodgenilia semantikur-gramatikul elementTa
`pirdapiri Sesabamisoba~: S
O
P
{S}
{O}
{P}
xolo (2) winadadeba, sadac `Sebrunebuli Sesabamisoba~ gvaqvs, aris Sedegi
ìnversiuli trasformaciisa~.
115
Tamaz gamyreliZe
116
piris kategoria erT-erTi universaluri semantikuri kategoriaa, romelic sxvadasxva saxiT gamoxatulebas povebs enobriv sistemaSi. igi uSualod gamomdinareobs enobrivi komunikaciis aqtidan da aRniSnavs am aqtis monawileTa damokidebulebas enobrivi komunikaciisadmi.
enobrivi komunikaciis aqti gulisxmobs `metyvels~, anu
sametyvelo aqtis avtors, `msmenels~, sametyvelo aqtis
adresats, da raRac mesame odenobas, rasac Seexeba sametyvelo komunikacia, magram rac ar iRebs masSi uSualo monawileobas rogorc `metyveli~ an `msmeneli~. Cveulebriv, es sami
odenoba sametyvelo komunikaciisa xasiaTdeba Sesabamisad
rogorc pirveli, meore da mesame piri, rac berZnuli grama~
tikuli tradiciidan momdinareobs: Sdr. o o,
o, . semantikurad dapirispirebul sam odenobas,
sam `pirs~ Soris rTuli binaruli korelaciebi arsebobs,
romlebic erTmaneTs faraven. erTi mxriv, `metyveli~ anu pirveli, `Cemeuli piri, ego upirispirdeba imas, rac `Cems~ gareSea korelacia subieqturisa da arasubieqturis, xolo,
meore mxriv, `metyveli~ da `msmeneli~, pirveli da meore,
anu `Cemeuli~ da `Seneuli~ piri upirispirdeba imas, rac
arc `metyvelia~ da arc `msmeneli~ korelacia personalurisa da arapersonaluris.
piris kategoria, rogorc universaluri semantikuri kategoria, enobriv sistemaSi gamoixateba specifikuri nacvalsaxelebis saxiT, romlebic ganarCeven minimum sam formas
pirveli, meore da mesame pirisa Sesabamisad, sametyvelo
komunikaciiT Sepirobebul sam odenobas.
piris kategoria urTierTkavSirSia subieqtisa da obieqtis kategoriasTan im azriT, rom es kategoriebi enis semantikur doneze ar vlindeba cal-calke da yovelTvis erTmaneTTan kombinaciaSia mocemuli. ar arsebobs sazogadod S

subieqti an O obieqti, aramed piris kategoriis TvalsazrisiT gansazRvruli subieqti S1, S2, S3 da obieqti O1,
O2, O3. am kategoriaTa gamomxatveli odenobebi enis gramatikul doneze Sesabamisad {S1}, {S2}, {S3} da {O1}, {O2},
{O3} sakuTriv saxelebs an nacvalsaxelebs warmoadgenen.
kerZod {S1}, {S2}da {O1}, {O2} yovelTvis nacvalsaxelebia,
xolo {S3} da{O3} nacvalsaxelTan erTad SesaZlebelia
sakuTriv saxelis saxiT iyos gamoxatuli. amgvarad, saxeli
SesaZlebelia mxolod S3 da O3 semantikur odenobebs warmogvidgendes enis gamoxatulebis struqturaSi, maSin rodesac S1, S2 da O1, O2 semantikuri kategoriebi mxolod pirveli
da meore piris nacvalsaxelTa saxiT gamoixateba.
4. subieqtisa da obieqtis sxvadasxva saxeobaTa aRmniSvneli saxelebi an nacvalsaxelebi garkveuli formiT ukavSirdebian procesis an situaciis gamomxatvel gramatikul
erTeuls zmna-Semasmenels da qmnian sintaqsur erTianobas, romelsac SeiZleba `winadadebis birTvi~ ewodos.
maSasadame, winadadebis birTvi ganisazRvreba rogorc zmnuri
forma masTan garkveuli wesiT dakavSirebuli subieqt-obieqtur mimarTebaTa gamomxatveli saxelebiT an nacvalsaxelebiT. imisda mixedviT, Tu ra xasiaTisaa zmna, ra semantikuri
Sinaarsisa da subieqt-obieqtur mimarTebaTa gamomxatvelia
igi, zmnuri forma SeiZleba warmogvidges winadadebis birTvSi
usaxelod (e.i. mas struqturulad araviTari saxeli ar Seewyos: Sdr. qarT. Tovs, wvims, quxs; laT. pluit da sxv.), an mas
erTi, ori an meti saxeli (resp. nacvalsaxeli) daukavSirdes,
riTac iqmneba sintaqsuri struqturuli mTlianoba, rasac
`winadadebis birTvi~ ewodeba. winadadebis birTvi, amdenad,
SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc zmnuri forma gansazRvruli
raodenobis carieli sintaqsuri ujredebiT, romlebic SesaZlebelia garkveuli formis saxelebiT (resp. nacvalsax117
Tamaz gamyreliZe
118
elebiT) Seivsos gramatikulad swori winadadebis misaRebad.

winadadebis birTvis centralur sintaqsur elementad,
am TvalsazrisiT, gvevlineba zmna-Semasmeneli, romelsac ama
Tu im formiT Seewyoba subieqt-obieqtur mimarTebaTa gamomxatveli odenobebi saxelebi an nacvalsaxelebi.
zmnuri formis unars, Seiwyos winadadebis birTvSi subieqt-obieqtur mimarTebaTa gamomxatveli saxelebis (resp.
nacvalsaxelTa) anu àqtantebis~ gansazRvruli raodenoba,
SeiZleba zmnis `valentoba~ ewodos (L.Tesnire). maSasadame,
mocemuli zmnuri formis `sintaqsuri valentoba~ ganisazRvreba winadadebis birTvSi Tavisufal ujredTa raodenobiT. amis mixedviT, zmna SeiZleba iyos nulvalentiani
(`Tovs~), erTvalentiani (` wevs~), orvalentiani (`
klavs~), samvalentiani (`
swers~) da a.S.7
sintaqsuri ujredebis raodenoba winadadebis birTvSi ganisazRvreba zmnuri formis struqturiT: Sdr., magaliTad, Semdegi struqturis winadadebebi: qarT. Tovs,
wevs,
klavs,
swers; rus.
,
,
da misT. aqtualurad warmodgenil gramatikulad swor
winadadebaSi SeiZleba yvela sintaqsuri ujredi Sevsebulic
ar iyos saTanado saxelebiT (resp. nacvalsaxelebiT), magram
yovelTvis arsebobs SesaZlebloba amgvari sintaqsuri konstruqciis `Sevsebisa~ srul birTvamde.
qarTuli zmna valentobis TvalsazrisiT moTavsdeba diapazonSi 0...4, e.i. zmnuri forma qarTulSi SeiZleba iyos rogorc uaqtanto (Sdr. Tovs, wvims, quxs
da sxv. nulvalentiani zmnebi qarTulSi, ise rogorc sxva enebSi, ZiriTadad
meteorologiur movlenebs gamoxatavs), ise erT-, or-, samda oTxaqtantiani,
anu maqsimaluri raodenoba subieqt-obieqtur mimarTebaTa gamomxatveli saxelebisa (resp. nacvalsaxelebisa), romlebic SeiZleba zmnur formas Seewyos winadadebis birTvSi, aris oTxi.

sxvadasxva transformaciuli wesebis SemoRebiT SesaZlebelia aRiweros enis sintaqsur konstruqciaTa gardaqmnebi
zmnuri formis valentobis gardaqmnisda Sesabamisad. ase, magaliTad, orvalentiani zmnuri forma (e.i. zmnuri konstruqcia qvemdebariTa da pirdapiri damatebiT) qarTulSi gardaiqmneba samvalentian zmnur konstruqciad zmnuri formis
transformaciiT kauzatiuri an versiis (saTaviso, sasxviso
an sazedao)8 kategoriis mixedviT:
Tcaus
(1) mama werils wers mama bavSvs werils a-wer-in-eb-s
{S} {Od}
Vtr
{S} {OExs.} {Od}
Vcaus.
TVob
(2) mama werils wers mama bavSvs werils u-wer-s
{S} {OD} {Od} VVob.
TVsup
(3) mama werils wers mama werils misamarTs a-wer-s
{S} {OL} {Od}
Vsup
samvalentiani zmnuri forma (e.i. zmnuri konstruqcia qvemdebariTa da pirdapiri da iribi damatebiT) amave transformaciebiT gardaiqmneba oTxvalentian zmnur konstruqciad
iribi obieqtis gamomxatveli saxelis brunvis SecvliT:
Tcaus
(1) mama bavSvs werils swers (1) mama dedas bavSvTan
Vtr
{S} {OExs.} {OA}
{S} {OA} {Od}
werils a-wer-in-eb-s
{Od}
Vcaus.
8
qceva da situacia, rogorc calkeul struqturaSi erTmaneTTan SeuTavsebeli

kategoriebi, SeiZleba erTi saerTo kategoriis variantebad miviCnioT da versiis~ kategoriaSi gavaerTianoT: subieqturi, obieqturi da sazedao (superesiuli).
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TVob.
(2) mama bavSvs werils swers (2) mama dedas bavSvTan
{S} {OD}
{OA}
werils u-wer-s
{Od}
VVob.
A
amosavali konstruqciis O kategoriis gamomxatveli iribi damateba, romelic micemiT brunvaSia, transformirebul
(1) da (2) sintaqsur konstruqciebSi Tandebulian brunvaSi
warmogvidgeba, xolo micemiTi brunvis formas konstruqciis damatebiTi wevri iRebs. transformirebul konstruqciebSi iribi obieqtis gamomxatveli Tandebulbrunviani saxeli, romelic amosavali konstruqciis Sesabamisi uTandebulo micemiTbrunviani saxelis gardaqmnas warmoadgens, winadadebis birTvis iseTive aqtantad unda iqnes ganxiluli,
rogoric amave konstruqciis zmnur formasTan dakavSirebuli danarCeni uTandebulo wevrebia.
am TvalsazrisiT, inversiuli transformacia ar cvlis
zmnuri konstruqciis valentobas:
Tinv
(3) mama bavSvs werils swers (3) mamas bavSvisTvis
{S} {OA} {Od}
Vtr
werili mi-u-wer-ia
inversiuli transformi (3) veRar gardaiqmneba qcevis kategoriis mixedviT (msgavsad I da II seriis zmnuri formebisa), ramdenadac III seriis zmnuri paradigmebi warmoSobiT I
seriis sasxviso qcevis formebi unda iyos (e.i. I seriis zmnur paradigmaTa sasxviso qcevis transformebi), romelTac
dakarges versiis gageba da axali funqcionaluri SinaarsiT
daitvirTnen. amdenad, inversiuli transformacia warmoSobiT

SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc I seriis zmnur konstruqciaTa
obieqturi versiis transformacia.
6. winadadebis birTvSi zmnasTan dakavSirebul saxelsa Tu
nacvalsaxels, subieqtisa an obieqtis gamomxatvels, SeuZlia zmnur formaSi Tavisi niSani gaiCinos, riTac es sintaqsuri kavSiri `koneqsia~ zmnur da saxelur formebs Soris
materialur gamoxatulebas iZens. es niSnebi zmnur formaSi
erTgvari reprezentantebi, èqsponentebia~ subieqt-obieqtur
mimarTebaTa gamomxatveli saxelebisa an nacvalsaxelebisa,
romlebic zmnas winadadebis birTvSi garkveuli formiT ukavSirdebian; e.i.{S}{O}V winadadebis birTvSi zmnuri struqtura V SesaZlebelia Seicavdes {S} da/an {O} saxelis gamomxatvel /S/ da/an /O/ niSnebs afiqsebis saxiT. amiT S da O
kategoriaTa amsaxvel saxelebsa (resp. nacvalsaxelebsa) da
zmnur formas Soris arsebuli sintaqsuri kavSiri koneqsia morfologiur gamoxatulebas iZens.
subieqt-obieqtur mimarTebaTa amsaxvel saxelTan an
nacvalsaxelTan dakavSirebuli amgvari /S/ da /O/ niSnebi zmnur formaSi SesaZlebelia am erTeulTa sxvadasxva kategorias gamoxatavdes:
1) nacvalsaxelis (resp. saxelis) pirs aseT SemTxvevaSi
zmnur formaSi warmodgenili saxeluri niSnebi icvleba zmnasTan dakavSirebuli nacvalsaxelis piris mixedviT cvlis
Sesabamisad;
2) saxelis (resp. nacvalsaxelis) klass aseT SemTxvevaSi zmnur formaSi warmodgenili saxeluri niSnebi icvleba
garkveuli semantikuri jgufebis mixedviT klasificirebul
saxelTa Sesabamisad.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs zmnis sistema pirovani uRvlilebiT;
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122
meore SemTxvevaSi zmnis sistema klasovani uRvlilebiT.9

SesaZlebelia mesame, Sereuli tipi zmnis sistema pirovan-klasovani uRvlilebiT.
7. qarTuli enis zmnuri sistema warmoadgens struqturul tips mkveTrad gamoxatuli pirovani uRvlilebiT. zmnuri forma winadadebis birTvSi ara mxolod Seiwyobs
garkveuli raodenobis subieqt-obieqtur mimarTebaTa gamomxatvel saxelebs rac ganisazRvreba zmnuri formis sintaqsuri valentobiT, aramed warmogvidgens zmnur struqturaSi am saxelTa reprezentant niSnebs, romlebic mocemuli saxelebis (resp. nacvalsaxelebis) piris kategorias gamoxataven.
zmna-SemasmenelTan sintaqsurad dakavSirebul saxelTagan (resp. nacvalsaxelTagan) saTanado niSans zmnur formaSi
aCens rogorc subieqtis, ise obieqtis gamomxatveli saxelebi (resp. nacvalsaxelebi), e.i. {S}, {Od} da {Oind} gramatikuli subieqti (qvemdebare) da gramatikuli pirdapiri da
(micemiT brunvaSi warmodgenili) iribi obieqti, romlebic
pirebisda mixedviT cvlis niSans. Sesabamisad sam niSans ganarCeven:
/S1/ -, /S2/ x-; /S3/ s;
/O1d/ m-, /O2d/ g-; /O3d/ x-//-;
/O1ind/ m-, /O2ind/ g-; /O3ind/ x-.
qarTuli zmnuri struqtura am mxriv gansxvavdeba morfologiurad iseTi enebis zmnuri struqturisagan, rogoricaa, magaliTad, berZnuli, laTinuri, germanuli, rusuli
da sxv., sadac zmna-SemasmenelTan sintaqsurad dakavSirebul
9
Secdoma iqneboda gvefiqra, rom klasovani uRvlilebis enebSi ar aris gamoxatuli piris kategoria. piris kategoria, romelic, rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, universaluri semantikuri kategoriaa, gamoixateba am tipis enebSi zmnur
formasTan sintaqsurad dakavSirebuli nacvalsaxelebis saSualebiT, romlebic
sami piris formas ganarCeven.

saxelTagan (resp. nacvalsaxelTagan) saTanado niSans zmnur
formaSi mxolod gramatikuli subieqti aCens, xolo gramatikuli obieqti zmnaSi aRuniSnavi rCeba.10
am TvalsazrisiT, qarTuli zmna SesaZlebelia daxasiaTdes rogorc subieqt-obieqturi wyobis zmna, gansxvavebiT subieqturi wyobis zmnuri struqturisagan, romelic zmnur
formaSi mxolod subieqtur niSans warmoaCens.
magram erT-erTi ZiriTadi struqturuli maxasiaTebeli
subieqt-obieqturi wyobis qarTuli zmnisa is aris, rom ara
yvela saxeli (resp. nacvalsaxeli), winadadebis birTvSi
zmnasTan sintaqsurad dakavSirebuli, avlens erTdroulad
Sesabamis morfologiur niSans zmnur formaSi. ramdeni saxelic ar unda iyos warmodgenili winadadebis birTvSi zmnasTan sintaqsurad dakavSirebuli (maqsimaluri raodenoba aseTi saxelebisa qarTulSi, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, oTxs udris
oTxvalentiani zmnis SemTxvevaSi), aqtualurad gamovlenil morfologiur niSanTa raodenoba zmnur struqturaSi
ar aRemateba ors.
amgvarad, `pirianobis~ TvalsazrisiT, e.i. zmnasTan sintaqsurad dakavSirebul saxelTa (nacvalsaxelTa) piris gamom10
am mxriv gansxvavebul struqturas gviCvenebs, magaliTad, Tanamedrove franguli, romelSic Camoyalibda rogorc subieqturi, ise obieqturi piris maCvenebeli prefiqsuli niSnebi zmnaSi. iseT konstruqciebSi, rogoricaa je le lui donne
`me mas mas vaZlev~, je-le-lui- erTeulebi ar warmoadgenen damoukidebul nacvalsaxelebs da zmnur konstruqciaSi saTanado subieqt-obieqturi aqtantebis markerebad gvevlinebian.
analogiuri struqtura gvaqvs agreTve ungrulSi, sadac zmnur formaSi
gamoxatulia masTan sintaqsurad dakavSirebul saxelTa (resp. nacvalsaxelTa)
rogorc subieqturi, ise obieqturi niSani. Sdr. ungruli subieqturi da obieqturi uRvlilebis struqturebi:
subieqturi
obieqturi
1. n lt-ok `me vxedav~
1. n lt-om `me mas vxedav~
2. te lt-sz `Sen xedav~
2. te lt-od `Sen mas xedav~
3. lt ìgi xedavs~
3. lt-ja ìgi mas xedavs~
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xatveli niSnebis raodenobis TvalsazrisiT zmnur formaSi,

qarTuli zmna SeiZleba daxasiaTdes rogorc erTpiriani
(`monopersonaluri~) an garkveul SemTxvevaSi orpiriani (`bipersonaluri~) struqtura.
arsebobs garkveuli struqturuli wesebi imisa, Tu zmnasTan dakavSirebul saxelTagan (resp. nacvalsaxelTagan)
konkretulad romeli erTeuli gamoavlens zmnur formaSi
Sesabamis morfologiur niSans da romeli erTeulebi rCeba
zmnaSi morfologiuri gamoxatulebis gareSe (a.SaniZe).11
11
ar unda avrioT erTmaneTSi zmnis sintaqsuri `valentoba~, anu zmnuri formis unari Seiwyos winadadebis birTvSi subieqt-obieqtur mimarTebaTa gamomxatveli saxelebis (resp. nacvalsaxelebis) garkveuli raodenoba, da zmnis `pirianoba~, anu zmnur formaSi am saxelTa (resp. nacvalsaxelTa) piris gamomxatveli
morfologiuri niSnis warmodgena.
is, rac `pirianobad~ gaigeboda, unda gulisxmobdes ara piris niSanTa gamovlenas zmnur formaSi, aramed zmnuri formis sintaqsur unars, Seiwyos winadadebaSi garkveuli raodenoba saxelebisa Tu nacvalsaxelebisa, romelnic
subieqt-obieqtur mimarTebebs gamoxataven, e.i. zmnis sintaqsur `valentobas~.
amas emyareba qarTuli zmnis daxasiaTeba rogorc `mravalpiriani~ (or-, samda oTxpiriani) zmnisa: mag., vaZlev me mas mas. magram am TvalsazrisiT, romelime
rusuli
, an germanuli
gebe struqturebi, romelomelTac subieqt-obieqtur mimarTebaTa gamomxatveli sami nacvalsaxeli Seewyoba
(-- ; ich-es-ihm), daxasiaTdeboda agreTve rogorc mravalpiriani~.
saqme isaa, rom yvela es zmnuri forma (rogorc qarTuli, ise rusuli da
germanuli) samvalentiania (zmnur formasTan subieqt-obieqturi mimarTebebis
gamomxatvel aqtantTa Sewyobis TvalsazrisiT), magram erTpiriani (zmnur formaSi piris niSanTa gamovlenis TvalsazrisiT). sazogadod, qarTuli zmna gansxvavdeba rusulisa an germanulisagan ara imiT, rom qarTuli zmna mravalpiriania, xolo rusuli da germanuli erTpiriani, aramed imiT, rom qarTuli zmna
subieqt-obieqturi wyobisaa (e.i. qarTul zmnur formaSi warmodgenilia erTerTi piris niSani subieqtisa an obieqtisa, mxolod gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi orivesi erTad), xolo rusuli da germanuli zmna subieqturi wyobis
(e.i. zmnur formaSi warmodgenilia mxolod subieqtis niSani).
am TvalsazrisiT, zmnis `pirianoba~ da zmnis `valentoba~ arsebiTad gansxvavebul struqturul maxasiaTeblebs warmoadgenen, romlebic asaxaven zmnuri
konstruqciis Sesabamisad morfologiur agebulebasa da sintaqsur kavSirebs.
magram am maxasiaTeblebs Soris garkveuli urTierTdamokidebuleba arsebobs,
romlic gansazRvravs maT Soris Sesabamisobis xasiaTs sxvadasxva enis zmnur
sistemaSi.

am TvalsazrisiT, SesaZlebelia enaTa tipologiuri dajgufeba movaxdinoT, kerZod, imis mixedviT, Tu rogor xdeba
aqtantTa morfologiuri asaxva zmnur formaSi; am mxriv,
SeiZleba gamoiyos subieqturi, subieqt-obieqturi da obieqturi wyobis enebi (Sdr. zemoT).
subieqt-obieqturi wyobis enaTa jgufSi SesaZlebelia
gairCes enaTa ramdenime qveklasi imis mixedviT, Tu ra Sesabamisoba arsebobs zmnis iseT urTierTdamokidebul kategoriebs Soris, rogoricaa zmnis sintaqsuri `valentoba~ da
zmnis morfologiuri `pirianoba~ _ `nawilobrivia~ es Sesabamisoba Tu `sruli~.
nawilobrivia Sesabamisoba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ara yvela potenciurad SesaZlebeli subieqt-obieqturi aqtantis
niSania aqtualurad warmodgenili zmnur formaSi (Sdr.
qarTuli enobrivi sistema);
srulia Sesabamisoba zmnis valentobasa da zmnis pirianobas
Soris sazogadod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac winadadebis birTvSi
zmnasTan potenciurad dakavSirebuli yoveli saxeli (resp.
nacvalsaxeli) Tavis warmomadgenel morfologiur niSans
aCens formaSi.12
12
enaTa aseT struqturul tips uaxlovdeba afxazuri, sadac winadadebis yoveli
potenciuri aqtanti saTanado markeriT aris warmodgenili zmnur konstruqciaSi:
Sdr. iseTi struqturebi, rogoricaa u-z-l-s-Tot mivcem~ (raRacas SenTvis
mas me); -u-z-l-r-Tot miscemen~ (raRacas SenTvis mas isini) da misT.
aqtantTa gamomxatvel niSnebs afxazur zmnur formaSi Zirisa da erTmaneTis mimarT mkacrad gansazRvruli adgili uWiravT, rac aisaxeba prefiqsul morfemaTa
rangobriv struqturaSi. erTi da igive fonemuri Sedgenilobis morfemebi sul
sxvadasxva gramatikuli mniSvnelobisaa (subieqturi an obieqturi piris gamomxatvelia), e.i. arsebiTad gansxvavebuli gramatikuli erTeulebia, prefiqsul morfemaTa mimdevrobaSi maTi gansxvavebuli adgilisda Sesabamisad; maTi Sinaarsobrivi sxvaoba ZiriTadad gansxvavebul rangobriv struqturaSi gamoixateba. amdenad, morfema~ sazogadod unda ganisazRvros ara mxolod misi gramatikuli mniSvnelobisa da fonemuri Semadgenlobis safuZvelze, aramed agreTve rangobrivi~
struqturis gaTvaliswinebiT. amgvar definiciebs arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba
iseT SemTxvevaSi, rodesac garkveul gramatikul mimarTebaTa gamomxatveli erTeulebi emTxveva erTmaneTs fonemuri Sedgenilobis mxriv.
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8. yoveli morfema zmnur struqturaSi mkacrad gansazRvrul adgils ikavebs zmnuri Zirisa da sxva morfemebis
mimarT, rac qmnis zmnuri formis morfemaTa `rangobriv struqturas~.
zmnuri struqtura SeiZleba warmovidginoT rogorc zmnis
Ziri -R- gansazRvruli raodenobis carieli morfologiuri
ujredebiT Ziris win da mis momdevnod. TiToeuli aseTi ujredi Seivseba mxolod erTi gansazRvruli prefiqsuli Tu sufiqsuri morfemiT, ris Sedegadac enis zedapirul struqturaSi warmoiqmneba esa Tu is zmnuri forma sruli morfologiuri gaformebiT.
piris prefiqsuli morfemebi Zveli qarTuli zmnis struqturaSi, rogorc wesi, mxolod erT ujreds ikaveben romelic moTavsebulia qcevis, kauzativisa da vnebiTis mawarmoebel
prefiqsTa ujredis win.13 es imas niSnavs, rom prefiqsuli
piris niSnebi struqturulad SeuTavsebelia erTmaneTTan prefiqsul morfemaTa mimdevrobaSi. ramdeni saxelic ar unda
daukavSirdes sintaqsurad zmnas winadadebis birTvSi, mxolod erT-erTi maTganis niSani Cajdeba zmnur struqturaSi
piris prefiqsul morfemaTaTvis gankuTvnil morfologiur
ujredSi. Zveli qarTuli zmnis struqturaSi SeiniSneba mkacrad gansazRvruli ierarqia zmnasTan sintaqsurad dakavSirebul saxelTa (resp. nacvalsaxelTa) prefiqsuli niSnebis aqtualurad gamovlenisa; zmnur struqturaSi mxolod is aqtantebi aCenen saTanado niSans, romlebic warmoadgenen wi13
qarTuli zmnis struqturaSi unda gamoiyos sami prefiqsuli ujredi
R. pirveli ujredi aris ujredi versiisa da vnebiTis, agreTve kauzaciis

mawarmoebeli mawarmoebeli prefiqsebisa. meore ujredi piris niSnis ujredia,
xolo mesame ujreds e.i. yvelaze dacilebuls Zirisagan im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
pirveli da meore ujredi Sevsebulia ikaveben preverbebi. Tu amgvar ujredebs
ganvsazRvravT rogorc morfemaTa rangebs, Sesabamisi morfologiuri erTeulebi
daxasiaTdeba rogorc pirveli, meore da mesame prefiqsuli rangis morfemebi.

nadadebis birTvSi Sesabamisad gramatikul subieqts, pirdapir obieqts an irib obieqts (micemiT brunvaSi dasmuls).
micemiT brunvaSi warmodgenili iribi obieqti Tavisi funqciiT SeiZleba iyos adresati, designati, eqsekutori an
lokatiuri obieqti. winadadebis birTvSi amave funqciiT naxmari Tandebulbrunviani saxeli, romelic micemiT brunvaSi
warmodgenili iribi obieqtis transforms warmoadgens da
aqtantad unda CaiTvalos, zmnur formaSi niSans ar aCens da
amdenad, araviTar monawileobas ar iRebs zmnuri struqturis gaformebaSi. amitomaa, rom samda oTxvalentian zmnebSi,
romelTa erT-erTi aqtanti Tandebulbrunvian formaSia warmodgenili, ivaraudeba mxolod im aqtantebis niSanTa kombinireba, romlebic warmogvidgenen gramatikul subieqts,
pirdapir obieqtsa da (uTandebulo) micemiT brunvaSi dasmul
irib obieqts.
niSanTa kombinirebis es wesebi sqematurad Semdegi saxiT
Camoyalibdeba:
A: orvalentian zmnur struqturebSi:
(1) /S1//O2d//O2d/-Rg-R
(2) /S2//O1d//O1d/-Rm-R
(3) /S2//O3d//S2/-Rx-R
(4) /S3//O1d//O1d/-R-/S3/m-R-s
(5) /S3//O2d//O2d/-R-/S3/g-R-s
(6) /S3//O3d//O3d/-R-/S3/x-//-R-s
B: samvalentian zmnur struqturebSi:
(1) /S1//O2ind//O3d//O2ind/-Rg-R
(2) /S2//O1ind//O3d//O1ind/-Rm-R
(3) /S2//O3ind//O3d//S2/-Rx-R
(4) /S3//O1ind//O3d//O1ind/-R-/S3/m-R-s
(5) /S3//O2ind//O3d//O2ind/-R-/S3/g-R-s
(6) /S3//O3ind//O3d//O3ind/-R-/S3/x-R-s
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amgvarad, zmnasTan dakavSirebuli aqtantebis piris niSanTa aqtualurad gamovlenis TvalsazrisiT qarTuli zmna unda
daxasiaTdes ZiriTadad rogorc monopersonaluri (erTpiriani) zmnuri struqtura. bipersonaluria (orpiriania) igi im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu {S3} aqtanti, romelic sufiqsuri niSniT gamoixateba, kombinirebs winadadebis birTvSi prefiqsuli niSniT gamoxatul obieqtur pirTan, Sdr. (4), (5), (6) struqturebi.
am SezRudviT SeiZleba vilaparakoT qarTuli zmnis `prefiqsul monopersonalizmze~. am principis Sesabamisad zmnasTan dakavSirebul aqtantTa potenciurad SesaZlebel prefiqsul niSanTagan zmnur formaSi aqtualurad gamovlindeba mxolod erTi niSani.
zmnur formaSi prefiqsul niSanTa mimdevrobidan garkveuli prefiqsis aqtualurad warmoCenis TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba
SemovitanoT subieqt-obieqtur piris niSanTa `simZlavris~
cneba.
am mxriv, gramatikuli subieqtisa da obieqtis gamomxatveli prefiqsebi zmnur konstruqciaSi ganisazRvreba rogorc
erTi da imave `simZlavris~ mqone niSnebi, ramdenadac am niSanTa
kombinirebisas garkveul konstruqciebSi vlindeba mxolod
subieqturi piris niSnebi, xolo sxva konstruqciebSi mxolod obieqturi piris niSnebi ({O1} da {O2} aqtantTa subieqtur {S1,2} aqtantTan kombinirebis SemTxvevaSi).
erTgvari gansxvaveba iCens Tavs `simZlavris~ TvalsazrisiT
pirdapiri da iribi obieqtis amsaxvel aqtantebsa da maT Sesabamis prefiqsul niSnebs Soris. iribi obieqti am mxriv ufro
`mZlavria~ pirdapir obieqtTan SedarebiT, ramdenadac maTi
kombinireba warmoaCens zmnur formaSi mxolod iribi obieqtis prefiqsul niSans.

iseT sintaqsur struqturebSi, sadac O3d obieqtis amsaxveli aqtanti kombinirebs O3ind obieqtis amsaxvel aqtantTan,
zmnis struqturaSi aisaxeba aqtualurad mxolod {O3ind} xprefiqsis saxiT, xolo /O3d/ niSani ar warmoidgineba:
/S3//O3ind//O3d//O3ind/-R-/S3/ x-R-s.
amgvar konstruqciebs unda Seewyo xeli {O3d} niSnis (e.i.
mesame pirdapir-obieqturi /x-/ prefiqsis) nulTan gaTanabrebisaTvis (/O3d/) iseT konstruqciebSic, sadac igi ar kombinirebda mesame irib-obieqtur pirTan da sadac igi, amdenad, kanonzomierad unda yofiliyo warmodgenili /x-/ prefiqsis saxiT. amiT dairRva manamde sistemaSi arsebuli struqturuli paralelizmi pirdapir- da irib-obieqtur mimarTebaTa gamomxatvel aqtantebs Soris, romlebic pirvel, meore
da mesame piris formebSi maTTvis saerTo /m-/, /g/ da /x-/ prefiqsebiT gamoixateboda.
Zveli qarTuli zmnis im sistemaSi, romelic asaxulia
`xanmet~ ZeglebSi, gabatonebul normad SeiZleba CaiTvalos
ukve {O3d} aqtantis niSnad zmnaSi morfemis xmareba.
magram Zveli sistema /{O3d}x- prefiqsiT / jer kidev Tavs
iCens garkveul konstruqciebSi.14
/x-/ prefiqsis odindeli arseboba mesame pirdapir-obieqturi piris niSnad, rodesac /O3d/x- qarTuli zmnis struqturaSi norma unda yofiliyo, SeiZleba davinaxoT ì-niani~
vnebiTis formebSi, romlebic pasiur transformebs warmoadgenen Sesabamisi aqtiuri konstruqciebisa mesame pirdapiramgvari evolucia pirdapiri obieqtis niSnisa (e.i. /O 3d/x-), risTvisac
xeli unda Seewyo /O 3d//O3ind/ /O 3ind/-R konstruqciebs, ar Sexebia pirveli da
meore pirdapir-obieqturi piris /m-/ da /g-/ niSnebs, ramdenadac gamoricxuli iyo struqturulad pirveli da meore piris SemTxvevaSi (gansxvavebiT mesame
pirisagan) pirdapir- da irib-obieqtur niSanTa kombinireba (winadadebis birTvSi zmnas ar ukavSirdeba erTsa da imave konstruqciaSi {O 1d} {O 1ind} da {O 2d}
{O 2ind} aqtantebi).
14
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130
obieqturi piris gamomxatveli /x-/ perfiqsiT. i-niani vnebiTis konstruqciebSi es x- prefiqsi (warmoSobiT mesame pirdapir-obieqturi piris gamomxatveli niSani) ar gauTanabrda
nuls, ramdenadac /O3d/x-- procesis ganxorcielebis
dros aqtiur konstruqciebSi morfologiuri kavSiri i-niani vnebiTis garkveul formebsa da Sesabamisi moqmedebiTi
gvaris pirdapirdamatebian konstruqciebs Soris gawyvetili
unda yofiliyo; aqtiur konstruqciebSi /O3d/x- procesis dawyebisaTvis Sesabamis pasiur konstruqciaTa /x-/ prefiqsi aRar gaigeboda rogorc /O3d/ niSani.
9. subieqt-obieqtur mimarTebaTa gamomxatveli aqtantebisa da maT Sesabamis niSanTa Sepirispireba Zveli qarTuli
zmnis struqturaSi saSualebas gvaZlevs kidev erTi Sinagani
rekonstruqcia movaxdinoT struqturaTa unificirebul tipebze dayvaniT. am SemTxvevaSi sakiTxi Seexeba subieqt-obieqtur mimarTebebs pirveli subieqturi piris gamomxatvel orda samvalentian zmnur struqturebSi.
Zveli qarTuli zmnis prefiqsuli monopersonalizmis principi, romelic gatarebulia uciloblad zmnuri struqturis yvela paradigmuli erTeulis mimarT, irRveva zog iseT
zmnur formaSi, sadac winadadebis birTvSi mesame obieqturi
piris amsaxveli saxeli ukavSirdeba pirvel subieqtur pirs.
aseT SemTxvevaSi orive es aqtanti saTanado aqtualurad gamovlenili prefiqsuli niSniT aris warmodgenili zmnur
formaSi: Sdr. `xanmeti~ formebi Se-x--abT, aR-x--marTe
da misT.
am formebSi warmodgenilia, winaaRmdeg `prefiqsuli
monopensonalizmis~ principisa, rogorc {S1}, ise {O3}
aqtantTa gamomxatveli prefiqsuli elementebi /-/ da /x-/,
rac /x--/ mimdevrobas gvaZlevs: /O3//S1/.

amgvari struqturuli Seusabamobis eliminireba da uZvelesi qarTuli zmnuri struqturis subieqt-obieqtur niSanTa
aqtualurad gamovlenis TvalsazrisiT unificirebul tipze
dayvana SesaZlebeli xdeba /x--/ mimdevrobis erTian morfemad ganxilvis SemTxvevaSi, saxeldobr, /x-/ elementad, romelic unda ganixilebodes rogorc pirveli subieqturi piris
gamomxatveli /S1/ niSani. maSasadame, mimdevrobebi /S1//O3d/ da
/S1//O3d//O3ind/, ise rogorc mimdevrobebi /S2//O3d/ da /S2//O3d//
O3ind/ (ix. zemoT), unda gamoxatuliyo aqtualur struqturaSi Tanaxmad `prefiqsuli monopersonalizmis~ principisa
mxolod subieqturi piris /S1/ da /S2/ niSnebis saxiT.
amgvari daSvebis Sedegad zmnur formaSi miviRebT piris
niSanTa aqtualurad gamovlenis Semdeg sqemas, romelSic
srulad aisaxeba zmnis `prefiqsuli monopersonalizmis~
principi:
A:
/S1//O2d//O2d/-Rg-R
/S1//O3d//S1/-Rx-R
d
d
/S2//O1 //O1 /-Rm-R
/S2//O3d//S2/-Rx-R
B:
/S1//O2ind//O3d//O2ind/-Rg-R
/S1//O3ind//O3d//S1/-Rx-R
/S2//O1ind//O3d/!/O1ind/-Rm-R
/S2//O3ind//O3d//S2/-Rx-R
amgvarad, pirveli subieqturi piris gamomxatveli /S1/
niSani uZvelesi qarTuli zmnis struqturaSi aRdgeba Sinaganad rogorc /x/ da ara/*-/) prefiqsi (iv.javaxiSvili). igi
Semdgom daiSala /x-/ da /-/ niSnebad, e.i. gagebul iqna
rogorc {O3} da {S1} aqtantTa gamomxatveli niSnebi zmnaSi,
riTac dairRva qarTuli zmnuri struqturisaTvis Tavdapirve131
Tamaz gamyreliZe
132
lad damaxasiaTebeli prefiqsuli monopersonalizmi, romelic jer kidev `xanmet~ ZeglebSi asaxuli Zveli qarTulis
doneze uciloblad gatarebulia yvela danarCen subieqtobieqtur pirTa kombinirebisas.15
preqarTulisaTvis, e.i. qarTuli enis ganviTarebis im etapisaTvis, romelic win uswrebs uZveles werilobiT ZeglebSi
asaxul enobriv mdgomareobas, SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT prefiqsuli monopersonalizmis Sesabamisi zmnuri struqtura
pirveli subieqturi piris /S1/*x- markeriT.
enis ganviTarebis garkveul etapze unda momxdariyo amgvar struqturaTa pirveli subieqturi piris /x/- R formis
gaazreba rogorc zmnuri formisa, romelSic gamoxatulia
agreTve mesame obieqturi piri O3/x-/ prefiqsis saxiT;
1. *mi-x-ec- ~ 3. *mi-x-c-a tipis paradigmebSi xdeba *mi-xec formis daSla *mi-x--ec struqturad; warmoSobiT erTiani pirveli subieqturi piris /*x-/ prefiqsi reinterpretirebul iqna rogorc O3ind/x-/ da S1/-/ prefiqsTa kombinacia.
romelime *mi-x-ec struqtura (winadadebis birTvi:
{S1}{O3ind}{O3d} V) mesame obieqturi piris *mi-x-c-a struqturis gavleniT, sadac kanonzomierad warmodgenilia O3ind/x-/
prefiqsi, gaazrebul iqna rogorc mi-x--ec struqtura, e.i.
rogorc iseTi zmnuri forma, romelSic /*x-/ prefiqsis
/*x-/ elementi miCneulia {O3} saxelis (resp. nacvalsaxelis)
gamomxatvel niSnad, msgavsad /x-/ prefiqsisa mi-x-c-a tipis
struqturebSi, sadac igi kanonzomierad {O3} saxelis (resp.
nacvalsaxelis) gamomxatvelia. amiT erTgvarad dairRva zmSdr. agreTve Sinaganad rekonstruirebuli S1 /*x-/ niSnis fonemuri mimarTeba S2 /*x-/ niSanTan, romelic analogiuria O2pl /*g-/ niSnis fonemuri mimarTebisa O 2 /* g-/ niSanTan, e.i. S1: *x-klav ~ S2: *x-klav da O 1pl: *g-klav ~
O2 : *g-klav.
15

nur formaTa prefiqsuli monopersonalizmis absoluturi
xasiaTi Zveli qarTuli zmnis sistemaSi.
pirveli subieqturi piris /*x-/ prefiqsis amgvar gaazrebas mesame piris obieqtur-prefiqsian formaTa gavleniT, mis
miCnevas O3 /*x-/ elementis Semcvel mimdevrobad, unda gamoewvia Tavdapirveli S1/*x-/ prefiqsis /*-/ prefiqsad gamartiveba im paradigmebSic, sadac ar iyo warmodgenili mesame
subieqturi piris formaSi obieqtis gamomxatveli O3ind/x-/
prefiqsi (e.i. erTvalentian subieqturi wyobis zmnebSi,
agreTve, nawilobriv, orvalentian zmnebSi pirdapiri obieqtis amsaxveli saxeliT); *x-ar tipis struqturas unda
moeca *-ar, xolo x-klav tipis struqtura unda gardaqmniliyo S1: *-klav formad.
/S1/ prefiqsis amgvari gamartiveba /*x-//*-/ aRniSnul
paradigmebSi SeiZleba davaxasiaToT rogorc /-x-/ elementis
`morfologiuri dakargva~ Tavdapirvelad erTiani /*x-/
prefiqsis gaazrebis gamo garkveul struqturebSi rogorc
/O3/ /S1/ /*x-*-/ prefiqsTa mimdevrobisa.16 es etapi qarTuli zmnis ganviTarebisa asaxulia ukve `xanmeti~ Zeglebis
enaSi, sadac {S1} nacvalsaxelis gamomxatveli niSani zmnis
struqturaSi regularulad v/- prefiqsis saxiT vlindeba,
xolo prefiqsuli /x--/ warmoadgens /O3/ /S1/ niSanTa mimdevrobas zmnur formaSi.
analogiuri dakargva g- elementisa O1pl */g-/ prefiqsSi O2 /g-/ prefiqsis

gavleniT ar unda momxdariyo imis gamo, rom O1 da O2 obieqtebi ver Seewyoba
erTmaneTs saerTo predikatTan da, amdenad, gamoiricxeba {O 1} da {O 2} nacvalsaxelTa niSnebis zmnur formaSi kombinirebis SesaZlebloba.
16
133
Tamaz gamyreliZe
134
damwerlobis tipologia, berZnuli anbani da

anbanur damwerlobaTa warmoSoba qristianul
aRmosavleTSi*
1. damwerloba rogorc semiotikuri sistema
amwerloba SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc garkveuli saxis urTierTdakavSirebul niSanTa simravle, romelic Sinagani struqturis mqone erTianobas warmoadgens. amgvari interpretacia damwerlobisa, rogorc semiotikuri
sistemisa, mas analogiuri humanitaruli sistemebis gverdiT ayenebs da, amdenad, damwerlobis Teoria, romelsac Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebaSi gramatologias uwodeben, SeiZleba
ganvixiloT rogorc nawili semiotikisa (semiologiisa), anu
zogadi Teoriisa niSanTa sistemebis Sesaxeb.
*
daibeWda krebulSi: Current Trends in Caucasian, East European and Inner Asian
Linguistics, edited by D.A.Holisky, K.Tuite, Amsterdam/Philadelphia, 2003:John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Sdr. Tamaz gamyreliZe, weris anbanuri sistema da Zveli qarTuli damwerloba.
anbanuri weris tipologia da warmomavloba (akaki SaniZis redaqciiTa da winasityvaobiT): Tbilisi universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1989.
damwerlobis tipologia, berZnuli anbani da anbanur damwerloba

amgvarad, SesaZlebeli xdeba weris sistemebis mimarT gamoviyenoT is operatiuli cnebebi, romlebic SeimuSaves sxva
semiotikur disciplinebSi, upirvelesad ki enaTmecnierebaSi. amgvar SesaZleblobas ganapirobebs ara mxolod mWidro
kavSiri enasa da damwerlobas Soris _ es ukanaskneli, garkveuli azriT, TiTqos zemodanaa dadebuli enaze _ aramed
damwerlobis sistema TavisTavad, romelic mniSvnelovan
struqturul msgavsebas avlens enobriv sistemasTan. damwerlobis ganxilva rogorc niSanTa sistemisa saSualebas iZleva ufro Rrmad CavwvdeT mis ontologiur bunebas. amgvari warmodgenis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia Camoyalibdes
damwerlobis zogadi tipologia da ganisazRvros damwerlobis roli adamianis kulturul ganviTarebaSi (Sdr.
gamyreliZe 1990).
2. `gamoxatulebisa~ da `Sinaarsis plani~ damwerlobaSi
rogorc semiotikuri sistema, damwerloba Sedgeba niSnis
bunebis mqone vizualuri simboloebisagan. es imas niSnavs,
rom yoveli grafikuli niSani-simbolo warmoadgens orplanian erTeuls, anu sistemur erTeuls, romelsac aqvs ori
mxare: gamoxatulebisa da Sinaarsisa. grafikuli niSnis
gamoxatuleba, anu misi aRmniSvneli (signans), aris is fizikuri substancia, romlis meSveobiTac niSnis vizualuri warmodgena xorcieldeba. es reprezentacia SeiZleba iyos naxati,
geometriuli niSani an figura. grafikuli simbolos Sinaarsi, anu misi aRsaniSni (signatum), aris yvelaferi is, rac amgvarad dawerili simboloTi gamoixateba, yvelaferi, rasac
mocemuli simbolo ukavSirdeba. es SeiZleba iyos garkveuli
cneba, idea, ricxvi, sityva, marcvali an calkeuli bgera.
weriTi sistema, Tu mas ganvixilavT rogorc niSanTa siste135
Tamaz gamyreliZe
136
mas, xasiaTdeba ori planiT _ gamoxatulebisa da Sinaarsis

planiT _, romlebsac maTi dualuri bunebis gamo, garkveuli weriTi sistemis grafikuli niSnebi ukavSirdeba.
weriTi sistemis amgvari dualuri buneba iZleva damwerlobis tipologiuri klasifikaciis SesaZleblobas gamoxatulebis planis maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT, rac, Tavis mxriv,
saSualebas mogvcems erTmaneTs SevudaroT sxvadasxva tipis
damwerlobani maTi Sefasebis kriteriumis gamomuSavebis
mizniT. vfiqrobT, es aseve aucilebelia imisaTvis, rom naTeli moefinos damwerlobis warmoSobis sakiTxs da ganisazRvros damwerlobis filogeneturi ganviTarebis1 ZiriTadi doneebi. Sinaarsis planis mixedviT SeiZleba gamoiyos
ori ZiriTadi tipologiuri klasi: (a) semasiografia anu
ideografia da (b) fonografia.
semasiografia weriTi sistemebis im klass gansazRvravs,
romlebSic grafikuli niSani aRniSnavs ara konkretuli enis
fonetikur mxares (calkeul sityvebs, marcvlebs an bgerebs
mocemul enaSi), aramed konkretul cnebebs da zogjer _
mTlian situaciasac. amgvari niSnebi uSualod ukavSirdeba
enis Sinaarsis plans. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, semasiografiul weriT sistemebSi Sinaarsis plani, romelic
mocemuli enis sityvebiTa da frazebiT gamoixateba, pirdapir aisaxeba niSnebSi; es ukanasknelni imgvar erTeulebad
warmogvidgebian, romlebic, iseve rogorc konkretuli sityvebi da sityvaTa kombinaciebi, aRniSnaven abstraqciis sxvadasxva donis universalur cnebiT kategoriebs. ideografiuli (semasiografiuli) sistemebis niSnebs, romlebic dakav1
damwerlobis filogeneturi ganviTareba (filogenezi) gulisxmobs damwerlobis evolucias sazogadod, mis ganviTarebaSi Tanmimdevruli doneebis gamoyofas, romlebic iwyeba semasiografiiT da mTavrdeba fonografiis anbanuri doniT.
damwerlobis ontogeneturi ganviTareba (ontogenezi) aris calkeuli weriTi
sistemis warmoSoba da mis ganviTarebaSi garkveuli Tanmimdevruli safexurebis
gavla, dawyebuli Seqmnidan da damTavrebuli misi SeswavliT.

Sirebulia garkveul cnebebTan, magram moklebulia konkretuli enis sityvaTa fonetikur garss, erTnairad igeben da
sworadac kiTxuloben sxvadasxva enis is warmomadgenlebi,
romlebic icnoben am niSnebs, rac imas niSnavs, rom isini
floben codnas am niSnebsa da cnebebs Soris arsebuli mimarTebebis Sesaxeb. ideografiuli sistemis niSnebisa Tu simboloebis Sesabamisi Sinaarsis amgvari codna emyareba an aRmniSvnelis identifikacias realuri samyaros obieqtTan, roca
niSani ikonuri asaxvaa am obieqtisa, an pirobiTad miRebul
mimarTebas, romelic arsebobs weriTi sistemis konkretul
niSnebsa da semantikur konceptualur aRsaniSnebs Soris.2
aqve gvinda aRvniSnoT weriTi sistemis gamoxatulebis
planTan dakavSirebiT. ideografiul weriT sistemebSi niSnebi SeiZleba grafikulad msgavsi iyos realuri samyaros im
obieqtebisa, romlebsac Sesabamisi cnebis meSveobiT ukavSirdebian. sistemaSi amgvari ikonuri msgavseba grafikul niSanTa aRsaniSnebsa da Sesabamis obieqtebs Soris mocemul weriT sistemas axasiaTebs rogorc piqtografiuls, anu rogorc
ikonur weriT sistemas. rodesac ideografiuli sistemis
simboloebi garegnulad ar hgvanan realuri samyaros im
obieqtebs, romlebsac ukavSirdebian Sesabamisi cnebiTi kategoriebis meSveobiT (Sdr., magaliTad, ricxvebis aRniSvna),
weriTi sistema SeiZleba aRiweros rogorc pirobiTi (konvencionaluri).
fonografiulia is weriTi sistemebi, romlebSic aRmniSvneli ukavSirdeba enis ara universalur konceptualur kategoriebs (romlebic kulturuli ganviTarebis garkveul done2
ideografiis elementebi gvxvdeba rogorc uZveles, ise Tanamedrove weriT

sistemebSi (Sdr., magaliTad: ricxvis aRniSvna weriT sistemaTa umravlesobaSi; iseTi tipis simboloebi, rogoricaa &, e.g., cf.; maTematikur niSanTa sistema da a.S.). uwyveti ideografuli weriTi sistemebi damaxasiaTebelia damwerlobis filogeneturi ganviTarebis uZvelesi safexurebisaTvis.
137
Tamaz gamyreliZe
138
ze yvela enobriv sazogadoebaSia warmodgenili), aramed ama

Tu im enis konkretul fonetikas. amgvar sistemebSi konceptebi
ar gvevlineba garkveul niSanTa aRmniSvnelebad, am rols
asruleben konkretuli bgeriTi Sedgenilobis mqone sityvebi an ufro dabali donis enobrivi erTeulebi: calkeuli
marcvlebi da/an bgerebi. weriTi sistemis codna, rodesac es
sistema fonografiulia, gulisxmobs winaswar codnas im
mimarTebisa (es mimarTeba ZiriTadad pirobiTia), romelic
arsebobs niSansa da mocemuli enis konkretul fonetikur
sityvas an ufro dabali donis bgeriT segments (marcvals,
bgeras) Soris.
sakuTriv wera ZiriTadad gulisxmobs (yovelgvari dasabuTebis gareSe) Canawers fonografiuli sistemis gamoyenebiT,
maSin roca ideografia damwerlobis filogenetur ganviTarebaSi garkveul pirvelad safexurs warmoadgens.
amgvarad, fonografiul sistemaSi wera ukve metyvelebas
ukavSirdeba da enis fonetikuri forma amgvari sistemis Sinaarsis plans Seadgens, anu garkveuli bgeriTi segmentebi
(fonetikuri sityvebi, marcvlebi an calkeuli bgerebi)
grafikuli niSnebis aRsaniSnebi xdeba.
fonografiuli weriTi sistema, romelSic grafikuli niSnebi konkretuli enis calkeul leqsemebs gamoxataven, ganixileba rogorc logografiuli da amgvar sistemaSi niSnebi
warmoadgenen logogramebs. fonografiuli sistema, romelSic niSnebi marcvlebs gamoxataven, ganixileba rogorc silabografiuli da amgvari sistemis niSnebs silabogramebs
uwodeben. dasasrul, fonografiuli sistema, romelSic
grafikuli niSnebi calkeul bgerebs (bgeriT erTeulebs)
gamoxataven, ganixileba rogorc anbanuri. damwerlobis tipologiaSi anbanuri sistema umaRles dones ganekuTvneba.
igi yvelaze ekonomiuria rogorc metyvelebis SedarebiT sru-

lyofilad CawerisaTvis (saWiro niSanTa raodenobis TvalsazrisiT), ise informaciis grZel manZilze gadacemis TvalsazrisiTac. swored amitom anbanuri damwerlobis Seqmna niSnavda udides miRwevas kacobriobis bunebriv ganviTarebaSi. anbanuri weris formiT kacobriobam SeiZina metyvelebis
Cawerisa da misi sivrcesa da droSi gadacemis martivi da efeqturi saSualeba.3
Tavis mxriv, anbanuri sistema iyofa fonologiur da fonetikur tipebad. fonologiur sistemaSi grafikuli niSnebiT
mxolod enis fonemuri erTeulebi aRiniSneba, fonemis bgeriTi
variantebi araa gaTvaliswinebuli miuxedavad imisa, fonetikurad ramdenad mniSvnelovania gansxvaveba maT Soris. faqtobrivad, fonologiuri damwerloba warmoadgens enis bgeriTi formis xelovnur Canawers im fonologiuri (fonemuri)
erTeulebis terminebSi, romlebic specialuri lingvisturi
kvlevis Sedegad gamoiyofa. weris fonetikur sistemaSi gamoixateba enis calkeuli bgeriTi erTeulebi, miuxedavad maTi
fonemuri statusisa enobriv sistemaSi. istoriulad dadasturebuli anbanuri sistemebi fonetikuri xasiaTisaa, Tumca
maTSi xSirad SeimCneva fonologiuri principis implicituri
realizacia da gamoixateba is fonetikuri gansxvavebebi, romlebic distinqciuri anu funqcionaluri mniSvnelobis mqonea.
3
ideografiis elementebi nebismier anbanur sistemaSi SeiZleba iyos warmodgenili. mxolod pirobiTad Tu vilaparakebT anbanuri sistemis srulyofilebaze ideografiul sistemasTan SedarebiT. anbanuri damwerlobis `srulyofileba~ unda gavigoT im azriT, rom igi qronologiurad SedarebiT daSorebuli safexuria damwerlobis filogenetur ganviTarebaSi, rac gulisxmobs
ideografiuli, logografiuli da silabografiuli safexurebis Tanmimdevrul
gavlas sakuTriv anbanuri damwerlobis warmoSobamde. TumcaRa, aRsaniSnavia,
rom anbanuri damwerlobis ganviTarebaSi aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac xdeba mibruneba ideografiis principebisaken da Cndeba ideografiuli niSnebi (Sdr.,
magaliTad, ideografiuli elementebi Tanamedrove inglisur damwerlobaSi).
139
Tamaz gamyreliZe
140
rac Seexeba gamoxatulebis plans, fonografiul sistemaSi grafikuli niSnebi, aRmniSvnelsa da aRsaniSns Soris
mimarTebis TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba daxasiaTdes rogorc
piqtografiulica da rogorc pirobiTic. amgvaria viTareba
logorafiul sistemebSi, sadac niSnebi SeiZleba iyos rogorc
piqtogramebi, ise pirobiTi grafikuli simboloebi. am TvalsazrisiT, silabografiuli da anbanuri damwerlobebisaTvis
mxolod pirobiTobaa damaxasiaTebeli, ramdenadac am sistemebSi grafikul simboloTa aRsaniSnebi, Tavis mxriv, ar warmoadgenen niSnebs da moklebulni arian Sinaarss. swored amis
gamo, aRsaniSnebi amgvar sistemebSi arafriT ar SeiZleba hgavdnen Sesabamis aRmniSvnelebs. grafikul simbolosTan dakavSirebiT piqtografiaze aq mxolod istoriuli aspeqtiT Tu
visaubrebT, anu realuri samyaros garkveuli obieqtebisadmi SesaZlo msgavsebis (Tu amgvari ram dasturdeba) TvalsazrisiT. nebismieri aseTi msgavseba mosalodnelia, rom asaxavdes mocemuli simbolos warmomavlobasa da mis gamoyenebas
semasiografiuli (logografiuli) funqciiT garkveul
araanbanuri tipis damwerlobaSi.
amgvarad, damwerlobis Sinaarsis plani warmoadgens sxvadasxva donis enobrivi erTeulebis (bgerebis, marcvlebis,
sityvebis, ricxvebis da a.S.) erTobliobas, romlebic sxvadasxva weriT sistemaSi gansxvavebuli grafikuli simboloebiT gamoixateba da romelTa konkretuli simravle Seadgens
Sesabamisi weriTi sistemis gamoxatulebis plans.4
am azriT, tradiciuli paleografia ganixileba rogorc gramatologiis dargi,
romelic upiratesad Seiswavlis weriTi sistemis `gamoxatulebis plans~, anu
garkveuli grafikuli niSnebis meSveobiT specialuri mniSvnelobis gamoxatvis
Taviseburebas da amgvari niSnebis droSi grafikul transformaciasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs. ramdenadac aseTi problemebi ganixileboda rogorc kavSiri gansxvavebul damwerlobebs Soris, gasagebia, rom tradiciuli paleografia, romelic ZiriTadad weriTi sistemis gamoxatulebis planiT iyo dainteresebuli, am sistemis niSnebs Soris grafikuli msgavsebis garegan aspeqtebze amyarebda Tavis daskvnebs da ar iTvaliswinebda im Sida struqturul Taviseburebebs, romlebsac sistemis `gamoxatulebis planisa~ da `Sinaarsis planis~ urTierTkavSiri gansazRvravda.

konkretuli sistemis grafikuli simboloebis specifikuri saxelebi, iseve rogorc weris mimarTuleba, weriTi
sistemis gamoxatulebis plans ukavSirdeba.
3. damwerlobis `paradigmatika~ da `sintagmatika~
weriTi sistemis gamoxatulebisa da Sinaarsis planis
cnebebTan erTad enaTmecnierebidan gramatologiaSi, rogorc
semiotikur disciplinaSi, unda gadmovitanoT paradigmatikisa da sintagmatikis cnebebi.
damwerlobis paradigmatika gulisxmobs damwerlobis
elementebis (grafikuli simboloebis) urTierTmimarTebebs
sistemaSi da maT Tanmimdevrul (wrfiv) dalagebas erTmaneTis mimarT garkveuli fiqsirebuli rigis saxiT. damwerlobis paradigmatika warmoadgens struqturas, romelsac marTavs sistemaSi grafikuli simboloebis gansazRvruli rigiT dalagebis wesebi da maTi reprezentacia konkretul wrfiv mimdevrobaSi. yovel damwerlobas sakuTari gansakuTrebuli paradigmatuli struqtura axasiaTebs, anu igi elementTa specifikuri rigiT, grafikuli simboloebis sakuTari
gansakuTrebuli mimdevrobiT xasiaTdeba.5
damwerlobis sintagmatika gulisxmobs mimarTebebs damwerlobis elementebs (grafikul simboloebs) Soris, roca
grafikuli simboloebis amgvarad dalagebuli rigi, ganmsazRvreli sistemis
paradigmatuli struqturisa, SeiZleba motivirebuli iyos sxvadasxva faqtoriT,
gansakuTrebiT ki mniSvnelovania simboloTa grafikuli msgavsebisa da am niSnebiT gamoxatul bgeraTa fonetikuri siaxlovis faqtori. Zveli semituri
sistemis paradigmatikas umTavresad swored es ukanaskneli gansazRvravs. xSirad
derivaciul weriT sistemaSi, romelic, Tavis mxriv, nasesxebia garkveuli werilobiTi wyarodan da Seqmnilia am ukanasknelis modelis mixedviT, grafikul
simboloTa paradigmatika (aramotivirebuli mocemuli sistemis TvalsazrisiT)
SeiZleba asaxavdes prototipuli sistemis niSanTa rigs (magaliTad, Zveli
berZnuli sistemis paradigmatika Zvel semiturTan SedarebiT).
6
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isini warmodgenilni arian teqstSi garkveuli mimdevrobis

saxiT erTi sityvis sazRvrebSi, sityvaTa mimdevrobaSi Tu
sintagmaturi planis ufro did erTeulebSi.
paradigmatuli da sintagmaturi planis eqsplicituri
gamijvna, rac f. de sosiuris lingvistur moZRvrebaSia warmodgenili, unda gaxdes aucilebeli principi weriTi sistemebis analizisas damwerlobis zogad TeoriaSi anu gramatologiaSi.
4. uZvelesi berZnuli rogorc anbanuri damwerlobis yvelaze adreuli nimuSi
Tu gvsurs gavarkvioT klasikuri berZnulis warmodgenili anbanuri damwerlobis warmomavloba da, sazogadod, anbanuri damwerlobis tipologia, unda gavaanalozoT Zveli
semituri damwerloba.
Zveli semituri, an ufro zustad, proto-semituri damwerloba, romlisganac damwerlobis sami ZiriTadi saxeoba _
finikiuri, qanaanuri da arameuli _ iRebs saTaves, unda aRiweros rogorc konsonantur-silaburi weriTi sistema (da
ara rogorc sakuTriv konsonanturi). amis mizezi is gaxlavT,
rom Zveli semituri damwerloba erTdroulad damwerlobis orive tips ganekuTvneba: rogorc konsonanturs (paradigmatulad, e.i. sistemis SigniT), ise silaburs (sintagmaturad, e.i. teqstSi). amgvarad, igi ormagi bunebis sistemas warmodgens da damwerlobis tipologiaSi mas ganixilaven
rogorc gardamaval, damakavSirebel safexurs mkacrad silabursa (rodesac damwerloba silaburia rogorc paradigmatulad, ise sintagmaturad, magaliTad, berZnuli B xazovani damwerloba) da sakuTriv anbanur weriT sistemebs Soris
(klasikuri berZnulis tipisa).
Zveli berZnuli damwerloba
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Zveli semituri konsonantur-silaburi damwerloba,

romelic 22 grafikuli niSnisagan Sedgeba, xasiaTdeba
garkveuli paradigmatuli struqturiTa da grafikul simboloTa mkacrad gansazRvruli rigiT. swored paradigmatikaSi vlindeba Zveli semituri damwerlobis konsonanturi buneba, rasac gansazRvravs urTierTcalsaxa myari Sesabamisoba grafikul simboloebsa da enis Tanxmovan fonemebs Soris.
weris sintagmatikaSi igive simboloebi asruleben silaburi niSnebis funqcias da axasiaTebT struqtura: Tanxmovani plus romelime xmovani mocemuli enisa (an xmovnis arqona), rac damokidebulia im sityvis morfologiur struqturaze an sityvaTa (morfemaTa) kombinaciis im tipze, romelic grafikul simboloTa konkretuli sintagmaturi mimdevrobiT gamoixateba. sakuTriv silaburi weriTi sistemisagan gansxvavebiT, romelSiac grafikuli simboloebi xasiaTdebian
struqturiT: Tanxmovani plus gansazRvruli xmovani, rac
erTnairad vlindeba mocemuli sistemis rogorc sintagmatikaSi, ise paradigmatikaSi, konsonantur-silabur sistemaSi grafikul niSnebs axasiaTebT struqtura: Tanxmovani plus
mocemuli enis romelime xmovani (an xmovnis arqona) mxolod
sintagmatikaSi, xolo paradigmatikaSi grafikuli niSnis
stuqtura warmodgenilia oden TanxmovniT.
damwerlobis tipologiaSi konsonantur-silaburi damwerloba ganixileba rogorc ufro metad srulyofili sistema silaburTan an (kidev ufro metad) silabur-logografiul damwerlobasTan SedarebiT. paradigmatulad igi ufro
ekonomiuria, adekvaturad asaxavs enis fonetikur mxares SedarebiT naklebi raodenobis grafikuli niSnebis meSveobiT
(maTi ricxvi daaxloebiT Seesabameba Tanxmovan fonemaTa
raodenobas). gasagebia, rom konsonantur-silaburi damwer-

lobis Seqmna iTvleba udides miRwevad, ramdenadac damwerlobis ganviTarebaSi igi warmoadgens axal safexurs, romelic gzas ukvalavs damwerlobis Tvisebrivad axal tips, saxeldobr, anbanur damwerlobas. am ukanasknelis upirveles
nimuSad gvevlineba klasikuri berZnuli damwerloba, romelSic Zveli semituridan gadmoRebuli grafikuli simboloebi (grafemebi) gamoxatavdnen calkeul bgerebs (Tanxmovnebsac da xmovnebsac) rogorc paradigmatikaSi, ise sintagmatikaSi. arqaul berZnulSi es SesaZlebeli gaxda zogierTi
semituri konsonanturi niSnis vokalur niSnad gadaqcevis
safuZvelze, riTac faqtobrivad Seiqmna Tvisebrivad axali
weriTi sistema _ anbani, saidanac saTaves iRebs yvela Semdgomi dReisaTvis cnobili anbanuri tipis damwerloba.
5. qristianuli aRmosavleTis anbanuri damwerlobani
anbanuri weriTi sistemis gansakuTrebul tipologiur
klass Seadgens qristianul anbanur damwerlobaTa erTi
jgufi, romelic aerTianebs kopturs, goTurs, klasikur somxurs, Zvel qarTulsa da Zvel slavurs. yvela am damwerlobisaTvis klasikuri berZnulis weriTma sistemam Seasrula
modelis, prototipuli damwerlobis roli.
koptur da goTur weriT sistemebSi, iseve rogorc Zvel
qarTulSi, daculia klasikur berZnul prototipul sistemasTan paradigmatuli damokidebulebis principi. am TvalsazrisiT, aRniSnuli sistemebi gansxvavebulia klasikuri
somxurisagan, sadac es damokidebuleba gamiznulad aris
darRveuli.
berZnuli sistemis paradigmatuli rigi mTlianad aisaxa
Zvel qarTul anbanSi, iseve rogorc koptursa da goTurSi;
berZnuli prototipis yvela _ 27-ve aso (9 x 3 = 27), Ti145
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Toeuli Tavisi fonetikuri da ricxviTi mniSvnelobebiT, imave

TanmimdevrobiT iqna gadmotanili aRniSnul anbanur damwerlobebSi, Sesabamisi fonetikuri da ricxviTi mniSvnelobebiT. berZnuli èpisemonebi~ imave funqciiT gardaisaxa (anu
rogorc mxolod garkveuli ricxviTi mniSvnelobis mqone
simboloebi; Sdr. kopturi asoebi `6~-isa da `900~-is mniSvnelobebiT, aseve, goTuri asoebi `90~-isa da `900~-is ricxviTi mniSvnelobebiT), an axal sistemaSi maT miiRes mocemuli sistemisaTvis specifikuri fonetikuri mniSvnelobani.
modelad aRebuli sawyisi weriTi sistemis paradigmatikis
SenarCunebas ganapirobebs prototipuli sistemis yoveli
grafikuli simbolos Sesabamisad gadmotana Tu `fonetikuri
Canacvleba~ axlad Seqmnili damwerlobis asoTa rigis saTanado adgilebSi. am gziT prototipuli sistemis paradigmatika srulad gardaisaxeba axlad Seqmnili damwerlobis
asoTa rigze.
goTurSi berZnuli prototipuli sistemis paradigmatikis
amgvari gardasaxva ganxorcielda ise, rom ar Seqmnila
saWiroeba daematebinaT specifikuri fonetikuri mniSvnelobis mqone aso-niSnebi. amgvari specifikuri fonetikuri mniSvnelobebi mTlianad ganTavsda berZnuli prototipis paradigmatikaSi garkveuli fonetikuri Canacvlebebis Sedegad.
amitomac aris, rom goTuri anbani imave raodenobis (9 x 3 =
27) grafikul simbolos Seicavs, rasac berZnuli prototipi. rac Seexeba ricxviT mniSvnelobebs, pirveli cxra simbolo am anbanuri mimdevrobidan aRniSnavs erTeulebs, Semdegi
cxra _ aTeulebs, xolo anbanuri rigis bolo cxra simbolo _ aseulebs.
goTursa da Zvel qarTulSi mas Semdeg, rac Zveli berZnuli prototipuli sistemis paradigmatikis mTliani gardasaxva moxda axlad Seqmnili sistemis asoTa rigze (zogan fone-

tikuri CanacvlebebiT), darCa garkveuli raodenobis specifikuri bgeriTi erTeuli grafikuli gamoxatulebis gareSe.
am `specifikuri~ bgerebis aRmniSvneli grafikuli simboloebi daemata asoTa rigis `ZiriTad~ nawils, erTgvarad Seavso
igi da masSi amgvarad aisaxa sawyisi prototipuli sistemis
paradigmatika. Tuki prototipuli sistema 9 x 3 = 27
grafikul simbolos aerTianebda, damatebiTi aso-niSnebiT
SesaZlebeli gaxda Zvel qarTul anbanSi gamoexataT àTaseulebic~.
klasikuri somxuri anbani efuZneba radikalurad gansxvavebul paradigmatul princips, romelic tipologiurad
upirispirdeba kopturis, goTurisa da Zveli qarTulis weriT sistemebs. klasikuri somxurisaTvis anbanTrigis Seqmnis
procesSi yvela èpisemoni~ (e.i. berZnuli asoebi mxolod
ricxviTi mniSvnelobiT) Tavidanve amoiRes berZnuli prototipuli sistemidan da aseve amoiRes im specifikuri berZnuli bgerebis aRmniSvneli grafikuli somboloebi, romlebic
ar axasiaTebda somxurs. rogorc Cans, klasikuri somxurisaTvis anbanis Seqmnis procesSi berZnulis specifikur fonetikur mniSvnelobebs ar Canacvlebia sakuTriv somxuri bgerebi (rogorc es xdeboda kopturi, goTuri da Zveli qarTuli
damwerlobebis Seqmnisas); amis sanacvlod berZnuli anbani
SemWidrovda da misgan miviReT anbanTrigi, romelic Seicavda
mxolod somxuri bgerebis korelatebs da romlebic grafikulad Taviseburi niSnebiT gamoixateboda. amgvarad miRebuli
berZnuli paradigmatuli rigi (e.i. berZnuli prototipuli
sistemidan miRebuli somxurisaTvis ucxo fonetikuri mniSvnelobebis amogdebiT) warmoadgenda fonetikuri mniSvnelobebis im sawyis birTvs, romelsac daeyrdno klasikuri
somxuri anbani da rogorc mTliani sistema igi Camoyalibda
aRniSnul birTvze somxurisaTvis specifikuri bgeriTi er147
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Teulebis damatebiT, romlebic specialuri grafikuli simboloebiT gamoixateboda.

aRsaniSnavia, rom specifikuri somxuri mniSvnelobebi ar
agrZelebda uwyvetad anbanTrigis `ZiriTad~ nawils, romelic
nawilobriv mainc asaxavda berZnul paradigmatikas, miuxedavad imisa, rom am ukanasknelis SemWidroebul saxesxvaobas
warmoadgenda. somxur anbanSi `damatebiTi~ nawilis simboloebi gafantulia `ZiriTadi~ nawilis simboloebs Soris,
ris Sedegadac darRveulia berZnuli prototipiT motivirebuli sawyisi paradigmatika da, Sesabamisad, amosavali berZnuli modelisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ricxviTi mniSvnelobebis sistemac moSlilia.
axlad Seqmnil weriT sistemaSi prototipuli damwerlobis ricxviTi mniSvnelobebis SenarCunebis principi,
romelic mkacradaa daculi koptur, goTur da Zvel qarTul
damwerlobebSi, mTlianad uaryofilia klasikuri somxuri
anbanis Semqmnelis mier, romelic berZnul damwerlobas mxolod imisaTvis iyenebs, rom Sesabamisobis gziT moaxdinos
zogierTi somxuri bgeriTi erTeulis identifikacia. swored
amiT unda iyos ganpirobebuli is faqtic, rom klasikuri
somxuri anbanis Semqmneli, romlisTvisac models berZnuli damwerloba warmoadgenda, ar iTvaliswinebda berZnulisaTvis specifikuri bgerebis gamomxatvel, magram somxuri
bgeriTi sistemis TvalsazrisiT Warb grafikul simboloebs;
aseve ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli episemonebi _ niSnebi, romlebic moklebulia raime fonetikur mniSvnelobas. amis gamoa, rom berZnuli anbanis birTvs, romelsac klasikuri somxuri sistema eyrdnoba, Seadgens simboloTa mimdevroba A
-dan (somx. ayb) X -mde (somx. kh), saidanac gamoricxulia asoebi specifikuri berZnuli mniSvnelobebiT.
klasikuri somxuri anbanis am specifikur asoebs Sorisaa

ganTavsebuli _ `ZiriTadi~ nawilis grafemebis alternativebis gamoyenebiT ramdenime gasxvavebul adgilas _ yvela damatebiTi simbolo, rac mTlianobaSi qmnis klasikuri prototipuli berZnuli sistemisagan gansxvavebul sruliad axal
paradigmatikas klasikur somxur damwerlobaSi. amis gamo
mTlianad dairRva Sesabamisoba prototipul berZnul da
klasikur somxur damwerlobebs Soris urTierTSesabamisi
grafikuli simboloebis mier ricxviTi mniSvnelobebis gamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT. amgvarad, klasikuri somxuri damwerloba radikalurad gansxvavebulia kopturi, goTuri da Zveli qarTuli weriTi sistemebisagan, romlebic, zemoT aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT, erT tipologiur klasSi erTiandebian.
berZnul damwerlobaze dafuZnebul qristianuli periodis anbanebs Soris, istoriuli urTierTmimarTebebis TvalsazrisiT, unda ganvixiloT Zveli slavuri damwerlobebi _
kirilica da glagolica, romlebic Zveli weriTi sistemebis aRniSnul tipologiur klass ganekuTvnebian. Zveli slavuri glagolica aSkarad efuZneba paradigmatuli damokidebulebis imave princips axlad Seqmnil damwerlobasa da
berZnul prototipul sistemas Soris, romelic daculia
koptur, goTur da Zvel qarTul anbanebSi.
Zveli qarTuli damwerloba da Zveli slavuri glagolica, garda msgavsebisa paradigmatul struqturaSi, sxva saerTo principiTac xasiaTdebian, kerZod, grafikuli simboloebis moxazuloba am axlad Seqmnil damwerlobebSi daSorebulia prototipuli sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli moxazulobisagan. rogorc Cans, es principi im mizniT gatarda,
rom axlad Seqmnili sistemebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli yofiliyo yvela Tviseba `damoukidebeli erovnuli damwerlobisa~ da saerTod gamoricxuliyo garegani msgavseba maT
Tanadroul romelime sxva sistemasTan.
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klasikuri somxuri damwerloba (grafikulad absoluturad gansxvavebuli berZnuli prototipisagan), romlis

Semqmnelad mesrop maStoci gvevlineba, aRniSnul princips
didi simkacriT icavs. klasikuri somxuri damwerlobis Seqmnisas mesrop maStoci mTlianad emyareboda berZnul weriT sistemas, Tumca man totalurad Secvala prototipuli
sistemis grafika da axlad Camoyalibebul damwerlobaSi
Sesabamisi niSnebis moxazuloba sruliad gansxvavebuli teqnikiT Seqmna. am gziT TiTqos moiSala yovelgvari garegani
msgavseba berZnul prototipTan da Seiqmna STabeWdileba, rom
Camoyalibda damoukidebeli da originaluri axali damwerloba.
Zveli qarTuli anbanis Semqmnelic gamiznulad, imave ganzraxviT, cvlis berZnul prototipul sistemas, Tumca es
araa berZnuli grafikis totaluri cvlileba: axali sistemis avtori axdens prototipuli sistemis ama Tu im niSnis
arqaizacias, an zogjer _ garkveul grafikul modifikacias.
am gziT Zveli qarTuli anbanis avtori aRwevs sasurvel
Sedegs _ qmnis originalur erovnul damwerlobas, swored
iseve, rogorc maStocma berZnuli prototipuli moxazulobis mTlianad SecvliT Seqmna originaluri klasikuri somxuri erovnuli damwerloba.
aRmosavleT qristianul kulturul samyaroSi amgvarma
tendenciebma, romlebic nakarnaxevi iyo rogorc politikuri,
ise religiuri TvalsazrisiT, Sedegad gamoiRo ramdenime garegnulad gansxvavebuli weriTi sistemis Seqmna, romlebic
berZnul damwerlobas efuZnebodnen da, amave dros, TavianTi
grafikuli moxazulobiT berZnuli prototipuli sistemisagan damoukideblobas avlendnen.
am TvalsazrisiT, Zveli qarTuli damwerloba, klasikuri
somxuri da Zveli slavuri glagolica erT tipologiur

klasSi erTiandebian, kopturi da goTuri damwerlobebis sapirispirod, aseve, sapirispirod kirilicasi, romelTa
grafikuli gamoxatuleba maTi Tanadrouli berZnuli damwerlobis moxazulobis amsaxvelia.
aRsaniSnavia, rom, amavdroulad, Zveli qarTuli damwerloba (iseve rogorc Zveli slavuri glagolica) mTlianad
gansxvavdeba klasikuri somxuri anbanisagan damwerlobis
Sinagani, paradigmatuli struqturiT. berZnul prototipul
sistemasTan paradigmatuli damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT,
Zveli qarTuli damwerloba (iseve rogorc Zveli slavuri
glagolica) tipologiurad erTiandeba qristianuli damwerlobis iseT uZveles nimuSebTan, rogoricaa kopturi da
goTuri weriTi sistemebi.
6. anbanuri sistema _ saboloo safexuri damwerlobis
ganviTarebaSi?
bevr originalur anbanur sistemaSi, romlebic enis fonetikuri mxaris adekvaturad gamoxatvis mizniT Seiqmna, sityvaTa daweriloba ukve aRar asaxavs srulad maT realur
warmoTqmas, rac met-naklebad ukavSirdeba fonetikuri sistemis mniSvnelovan transformaciebs. enaSi bgeriTi sintagmatika SeiZleba daSordes grafikul sintagmatikas, romelic
asaxavs Sesabamisi sityvebis fonetikur ier-saxes anbanuri
weriTi sistemis Seqmnis periodSi, misi ganviTarebis adreul
safexurze, roca fonetikuri ier-saxe sityvebisa jer kidev
SenarCunebuli iyo maT dawerilobaSi.
amgvar gviandel anbanur sistemebSi calkeuli sityvis
grafikuli struqtura misi fonetikuri mxaris gamomxatvel erTgvar pirobiT niSans warmoadgens. am sistemebSi
calkeuli grafikuli simbolo sintagmatikaSi SeiZleba Seg151
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vxvdes ara rogorc romelime bgeris an fonemis aRmniSvneli, aramed rogorc mTeli sityvis fonetikuri aspeqtis gamomxatveli garkveuli sintagmaturi agregatis grafikuli
elementi (Sdr., magaliTad, calkeul sityvaTa dawerilobani
Tanamedrove inglisursa da frangulSi).
enis fonetikuri aspeqtis ganviTarebasa da damwerlobis
Zvel sintagmatikas Soris amgvari Seusabamobis logikuri
Sedegi SeiZleba gaxdes anbanuri warmoSobis damwerlobis
Secvla kvazi-logografiuli sistemiT, sadac calkeuli aso
an asoTa garkveuli sintagmaturi jgufi gamoxatavs mTel
sityvas (asoebis fonetikur mniSvnelobasa da mocemuli sityvis Semadgenel bgerebs Soris sruli Seusabamobis pirobebSi). am SemTxvevaSi damwerlobaSi irRveva yvela adre arsebuli kavSiri enis fonetikur mxaresTan da igi iqceva enisagan
damoukidebel sistemad, romelic garkveuli raodenobis
grafikul simboloebs Seicavs da xasiaTdeba Zveli fonetikuri sintagmatikis amsaxveli specialuri wesebiT. damwerlobis àvtonomiur~ bunebaze mxolod am azriT SeiZleba
laparaki.
qarTuli damwerloba gadaurCa anbanuri sistemidan daSorebis am process qarTuli fonetikis gansakuTrebuli konservaciis faqtis wyalobiT, romelmac sintagmaturi fonetikuri formebi, SeiZleba iTqvas, xelSeuxeblad Semogvinaxa werilobiT dafiqsirebuli TiTqmis 1500-wliani istoriis manZilze.
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`kulturis ekologia~1
ermini èkologia~ Tavisi etimologiuri SinaarsiT niSnavs mecnierebas `sacxovreblis ~, `gare mos~,
`garemocvis~ Sesaxeb. TviT `garemocvis~ cnebas azri aqvs
garkveuli centris, im centraluri wertilis daSvebis
SemTxvevaSi, romelSic adamiani imyofeba.
èkologiis~ amgvari gansazRvrisas unda davadginoT, Tu
ra xasiaTis `garemosTan~, `garemocvasTan~ gvaqvs saqme: adamianisaTvis es garemo aris fizikuri da biologiuri, Tu
sakuTriv adamianuri _ kulturul-socialuri. Sesabamisad,
saWiroa gavarCioT adamianis fizikur-biologiuri ekologia
da ekologia kulturul-socialuri, romelic ganixilavs
èkologiis~ humanitarul aspeqtebs da romlisTvisac SeiZleboda `kulturis ekologia~ gvewodebina.
gamoqveynda krebulSi oCxari, julieta ruxaZisadmi miZRvnili eTnologiuri,

istoriuli da filologiuri Ziebani: `mematiane~, Tbilisi, 2002, gv. 113_115.
1
~kulturis ekologia~
`kulturis ekologia~ ganixilavs adamians ara rogorc
biologiur obieqts, romelzedac zemoqmedebas axdens fizikuri garesamyaro, aramed rogorc socialur-kulturul
obieqts, romelic garkveul urTierTobebs amyarebs adamianur garemosTan da romelzedac zemoqmedebas axdens esa Tu
is socialuri garemo.
èkologiisadmi~ miZRvnil Sekrebebze Cven mTel yuradRebas mivapyrobT xolme fizikur-biologiur ekologias da
TiTqmis mTlianad ugulebelvyofT `kulturis ekologiis~
problemebs, maSin rodesac mTeli msoflios xalxebs, da gansakuTrebiT mcirericxovan erebs, fizikuri garemos siwmindis dacvaze aranakleb mwvaved awuxebT erovnuli kulturisa da enis gadarCenis, TavianT esTetikur da eTnikur faseulobaTa dacvis sakiTxebi _ da yovelive es totaluri globalizaciis epoqaSi.
amgvar enaTa da kulturaTa mospoba-gadaSeneba iseTive
katastrofaa kulturul-ekologiuri TvalsazrisiT,
rogoric garesamyaros dabinZureba _ fizikur-biologiuri
ekologiis TvalsazrisiT.
Cven `wiTel wignSi~ Segvaqvs im cxovelTa da mcenareTa
saxelebi, romelTac gadaSeneba emuqrebaT da amiT vafrTxilebT kacobriobas, magram xSirad gvaviwydeba TviTon adamiani da misi kultura, rodesac gulgrilad SevcqeriT xalxebisa da maTi enebis gadaSenebas, xalxebisa, romlebic Tavad
warmoadgenen kacobriobis istoriisa da sakacobrio kulturis nawils.
aseTi xalxebisa da enebis dakargviT kacobrioba ufro
Raribi da erTgvarovani xdeba; kacobrioba kargavs raRac nawils Tavisi istoriuli mexsierebisa, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT
im xalxebis erovnul grZnobebze, romelTac istoriulma bedma arguna gamxdariyvnen cocxali mowmeni TavianTi erovnuli
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enebisa da erovnuli kulturebis SebRalvisa, zogjer ki _

sruli gadaSenebisa did saxelmwifoebriv gaerTianebaTa farglebSi.
xSirad swored es iwvevs gareSe damkvirveblisaTvis gaugebar erovnul mRelvarebas, romelsac Tavisi intensivobiT ver
Seedreba veraviTari ukmayofileba, mZime socialurekonomikuri Tu sxva pirobebiT gamowveuli.
Tanamedrove samyaros saerTo-erovnuli kulturul-enobrivi faqtori gansazRvravs `kulturis ekologiis~ problemaTa kompleqss. saWiroa saswrafod SevqmnaT dakargvis
saSiSroebis winaSe myofi enebisa da xalxebis `wiTeli wigni~ da dauyovnebliv miviRoT samecniero-organizaciuli zomebi am enebisa da xalxebis gadasarCenad.
yvela es problema Sedis swored `kulturis ekologiis~
sferoSi da aucilebelia am sakiTxebze farTo diskusiebis
gamarTva, kulturul-ekologiuri problemebis ganxilva
saerTaSoriso masStabiT, raTa Camoyalibdes `kulturis
ekologiis~ mecnieruli safuZvlebi. es ukanaskneli `fizikur-biologiur ekologiasTan~ kompleqsSi Seqmnis erTian
ekologiur disciplinas, romelsac SeiZleba sazogadod àdamianisa da sazogadoebis ekologia~ ewodos.
`transkavkasia~ Tu samxreT kavkasia~?
geopolitikuri nomenklaturis
dazustebisaTvis*
Aa
mierkavkasias~ dasavlur enebze, Cveulebriv, `transkavkasias~ uwodeben, rac rusul `~-s Targmans warmoadgens, laTinuri `trans-~ TavsarTis gamoyenebiT rusuli `~- prefiqsis Sesabamisad. `transkavkasia~
_ `~, maSasadame, niSnavs `kavkasiis qedis, kavkasiis
miRma teritorias~, rac qarTulad rogorc ìmierkavkasia~
gadmoiTargmneba.
kavkasionis qedis samxreTiT mdebare teritoriis `transkavkasia~ _ `~ (e.i. ìmierkavkasia~) terminiT aRniSvna gulisxmobs saqarTvelos, somxeTisa da azerbaijanis
momcveli am teritoriis danaxvas da saxeldebas CrdiloeTidan, `kavkasiis~ samxreTi nawilis Sefasebas Crdiloeli
damkvirveblis TvaliT, ris gamoc es termini garkveul politikur, ase vTqvaT, `koloniur~ Seferilobas iZens.
*
daibeWda Tavdapirvelad gazeT -Si, 1997.
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Tamaz gamyreliZe
170
kavkasiis regioni anu `kavkasia~, romelic moicavs teritorias kavkasionis CrdiloeTiT da samxreTiT, am qedis
berZnul `kaukasos~ saxels ukavSirdeba. Tavad berZnuli
`kaukasos~ termini Zveli iranuli `kapkah~ saxelwodebisagan unda momdinareobdes, rac `did mTas~ niSnavs.
amgvarad, `kavkasia~ geografiulad warmodgens garkveul
teritorias Sav zRvasa da kaspiis zRvas Soris, romelsac
kavkasionis qedi or nawilad yofs _ CrdiloeT kavkasiad da
samxreT kavkasiad. `kavkasiis~ samxreT nawils Cven savsebiT
bunebrivad àmierkavkasias~, anu kavkasiis qedis àqeT~, àmier~ mdebare regions vuwodebT.
amisgan gansxvavebiT, rusul da dasavlur sityvaxmarebaSi
CrdiloeT kavkasias ` ~-s uwodeben, xolo
samxreT kavkasias logikurad mosalodneli da geografiulad gamarTlebuli ` ~-is nacvlad garkveuli politikuri orientaciis mqone `~ _ `transkavkasia~ (e.i. ìmerkavkasia~) terminiT aRniSnavdnen.
yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT, termini `transkavkasia~ _
`~ mizanSewonilia am enebSi Seicvalos politikurad neitraluri da geografiulad zusti terminebiT
`Crdilo kavkasia~ _ ` ~, `North Caucasus~
da `samxreT kavkasia~ _ ` ~, `South Caucasus~;
qarTulad `samxreT kavkasia~ terminis paralelurad tradiciuli àmierkavkasiac~ SeiZleba vixmaroT (saqrTvelos,
somxeTisa da azerbaijanis momcveli teritoriis aRsaniSnavad).
es sakiTxi araerTxel dasmula sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso
samecniero-politikur konferenciebze kavkasiis Sesaxeb da
dadebiTad iqna aRqmuli aRniSnuli forumebis monawileTa
mier.
`transkavkasia~ Tu ~samxreT kavkasia~?

amasTanave unda iTqvas, rom tradiciuli terminebi `transkavkasia~ _ `~ imdenad fexmokidebulia saerTaSoriso sityvaxmarebaSi, rom amaT nacvlad termin `samxreT
kavkasiis~ damkvidrebas albaT garkveuli dro dasWirdeba.
yovel SemTxvevaSi, Cven mudam unda SevaxsenoT da mivuTiToT
Cvens dasavlel da Crdiloel kolegebs `kavkasiis~ mimarT
amgvari terminologiuri cvlilebebis aucileblobaze, Sesabamisad unda Seicvalos ucxour organizaciaTa amierkavkasiasTan dakavSirebuli proeqtebis terminologia: `transkavkasia~ _ `~ terminis nacvlad unda ixmarebodes
termini `samxreT kavkasia~, ` ~, `South Caucasus~, qarTulad agreTve _ àmierkavkasia~.
termini `transkavkasiuri~ (magaliTad, `transkavkasiuri
magistrali~) darCeba mxolod mTels `samxreTkavkasiaSi~ gamavali, gamWoli gzis, `derefnis~ aRsaniSnavad aRmosavleTdasavleTis (an dasavleT-aRmosavleTis) mimarTulebiT (laTinuri windebuli `trans-~ garda ìmier-~ mniSvnelobisa, rus.
`-~, gamoxatavs agreTve mniSvnelobebs `-Si~, `gaswvriv~,
rus. `~, `~; Sdr. terminebi `transatlantikuri~,
`transcimbiruli~ da sxv.).
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172
`mtkvari~ hidronimis etimologiisaTvis*

$ h ahk `vinc RmerTebs uyvarT,
axalgazrda kvdeba~. menandres es sityvebi SesaniSnavad esadageba givi maWavarians _ brwyinvale mecniersa da araCveulebriv adamians, romelmac waruSleli kvali datova
qarTul da saerTaSoriso enaTmecnierebaSi. me piradad mqonda bedniereba masTan erToblivi mecnieruli muSaobisa
mravali wlis manZilze; swored man Semiyvana me qarTveluri
enaTmecnierebis saocar samyaroSi; swored masTan erTad
Seiqmna qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiTi Seswavlis is suraTi,
romelic Tavis droze faqtobrivad qarTveluri SedarebiTistoriuli enaTmecnierebis axal paradigmas warmoadgenda. es patara statiac me minda mivuZRvna Cveni dauviwyari
megobrisa da kolegis givi maWavarianis xsovnas.
idronimi `mtkvari~ qarTul wyaroebSi dasturdeba uZveles hagiografiul da istoriul ZeglebSi mtkuar-i
/ mtkur-is[a] formiT, sadac u niSani (digrafi) umarcv-
*
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi 4(16). eZRvneba givi maWavarianis dabadebis 75
wlisTavs, Tbilisi, 2002 w.: iv.javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universiteti.
~mtkvari~ hidronimis etimologiisaTvis

lo [] bgeras unda gadmogvcemdes, e.i. gvqonda xmovanmonacvle mtkar-/mtkr- fuZe:...xolo queyanasa amas Sina arian
mdinareni udidesni mtkuari da Woroxi (qarTl. cx. IV, 661,
9_10); amier erTeulni mtkurisani (qarTl. cx. IV, 83, 17) da
sxv.
`mtkvari~ hidronimis etimologizaciis cda bolo dros
mocemuli aqvs prof. v.sergias, romelic mas laz. mtkori
(tyiuri) adieqtivs ukavSirebs da lazuridan momdinared
miiCnevs: lazuri mtkori // qarTuli mtkvari, e.i. tyiani,
Zlieri, daudgromeli (v.sergia, mtkvris etimologiisaTvis
_ `saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe~, t. 146, 2,
1992, gv. 221_228); aqvea mocemuli mravali sxva avtoris ufro
adrindeli mosazrebebi `mtkvari~ hidronimis warmomavlobasTan dakavSirebiT: n.mari, arn. Ciqobava, v. struve, l. meliqseT-begi, s. jiqia, z. WumburiZe, a. axundovi, ...).
qarT. `mtkvari/mtkvris~ hidronimis amgvari etimologizacia gaWirdeba ukve imis gamo, rom lazuri `mtkori~ forma
sakmaod gviandelia (meoreuli Tavkidura #m- TanxmovniT da
ty- // tk- gadasvliT: Sdr. megr. tyari tyiuri) da ver CaiTvleba amosavlad qarT. mtkvari hidronimisaTvis (Sdr. agreTve
amgvari dakavSirebis SemTxvevaSi laz. -o- // qarT. -va- gadasvlis daSveba, rasac paraleli ar unda moepovebodes, rom
aRaraferi vTqvaT amgvari dakavSirebis semantikur sirTuleebze).
analogiuri formalur-semantikuri sirTuliT xasiaTdeba
`mtkvari~ hidronimTan dakavSirebuli yvela sxva warmodgenili etimologizacia.
sul sxva suraTi gveqneba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mtkvar- hidronims ganvixilavT rogorc warmoSobiT participialur formas: qarT. `mtkvari/mtkvris~ saxeli aSkara kavSirs avlens
warmoebis mxriv m- _ -ar- prefiqs-sufiqsian participialur
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Tamaz gamyreliZe
174
(mimReobur) formebTan, Zv. qarT. mdinari m-din-ar-i tipisa:

Sdr. `...wyali aRmomcenare, mdinari da Suenieri~ (zarzm. 324,
17).
m-din-ar-i formis paraleluri participialuri formaa
Zvel qarTulSi m-din-ar-e: Sdr. `...cremlni, viTarca mdinareni
wyalni~ (sas. w. II 5, 7) (amgvari paraleluri warmoebisaTvis
Sdr. agreTve Zv. qarT. m-Zin-ar-i da m-Zin-ar-e).
mimReoba m-din-ar-e ukve Zvel qarTulSi gasubstantivebulia da ixmareba arsebiTi saxelis mniSvnelobiT, rogorc Tanamedrove qarTulis mdinare.
analogiur gasubstantivebul participialur warmoebas
gviCvenebs Zv. qarT. m-kud-ar-i, ax. qarT. mkvdari, sityva, romelic *ked- kvdoma zmnuri Ziris nulsafexurian *kud-/
*kd- formas warmoadgens.
swored msgavsi mimReoburi warmoeba Cans hidronim
`mtkvari~ formaSic, e.i. m-tkv-ar-i, sadac gamoiyofa participialuri m- _ -ar- cirkumfiqsi da uxmovno tk- Ziri, romlis srulsafexuriani forma iqneboda * tek- (Sdr.
nulsafexuriani participialuri m-kd-ar-i forma, sapirispirod srulsafexuriani ked- zmnuri formisa).
es savaraudo srulsafexuriani *tek- Ziri emTxveva saerTo-indoevropul *tekw- zmnur Zirs, romelic mraval istoriul indoevropul enaSi dinebis, swrafad moZraobis semantikas gamoxatavs: Sdr. Zv. ind. tkti iswrafvis, miedineba, slav. (rus.) dineba, Zv. slav. teko , rus. gavrbivar, mivedinebi, toq. cake mdinare, Zv. iranuli (avesturi)
taaiti miedineba, tai-p mdinare wyali (Sdr. Zv. qarT.
mdinareni wyalni).
maSasadame, m-tkv-ar-i Tavdapirvelad dinebis gamomxatveli participialuri forma unda yofiliyo da formalurad
da semantikurad m-din-ar-i // m-din-ar-e mimReoburi warmoe-
~mtkvari~ hidronimis etimologiisaTvis

bis analogs warmoadgenda; gasubstantivebuli mtkvari sityva TandaTan ukve konkretuli mdinaris sakuTar saxelad
aRiqmeba da sakuTriv hidronimis statuss iZens.
savaraudo *tek- zmnuri Ziri, romelic indoevropulidan
momdinared miiCneva da dinebis mniSvnelobas unda gamoxatavdes, ar Cans produqtiuli sakuTriv qarTulSi da mxolod
mtkvar- saxelSi unda dasturdebodes [Tu egeve Ziri ar vivaraudeT qarT. mtknar- < *m-tk-n-ar- (?) formaSi, e.i. mdinari: Sdr. Zv. qarT. sisxli mtknari, an mtkvriseuli = mdinariseuli: Sdr. mtknari wyali gamdinari, umarilo wyali]. amitom participialuri m-tk-ar- formis warmoeba,
yovel SemTxvevaSi, saerTo qarTul-zanur doneze unda vivaraudoT, rodesac indoevropulidan momdinare *tek- zmnuri Ziri dinebis mniSvnelobiT sxva konstruqciebSic unda
gvqonoda, rac cal-calke ukve megrul-lazursa da qarTulSi
aRar dasturdeba (Tu aseTad ar CavTvliT zemoT ganxilul
mtknar- formas).
am TvalsazrisiT sagulisxmoa (aseve indoevroulidan momdinare) uZvelesi din- Ziri, romelic produqtiuli rCeba
TviT Zvelsa da Tanamedrove qarTulSi (Sdr. din-eb-a, mi-edin-eb-a, m-din-ar-e, s-di-s, den-i, dn-ob-a da sxv.: Sdr. ind.evr. *dhen- dineba ; mdinare , wyaro: Zv. spars. danuvatiy
miedineba, toq. tsn- dineba, laT. fns/fontis wyaro, avest. dnu- mdinare, osur. don mdinare, wyali da sxv.).
qarTuli m-tk-ar- formis siZveles, yovel SemTxvevaSi
qarTul-zanur qronologiur doneze arsebobas, mxars uWers mtkvris aRmniSvneli berZnuli hidronimi Kuro, romelic amosavlad swored zanur *(m)tkur- formas unda gulisxmobdes (Sdr., erTi mxriv, qarT. cxvari/cxvris da megr. Sxur, laz. Cxur- cxvari da, meore mxriv, qarT. mtkvari/mtkvris
da savaraudo zan. *(m)tkur-, romlisganac bunebrivad gam175
Tamaz gamyreliZe
176
oiyvaneba am hidronimis Zv. berZnuli varianti). savaraudo

zan. *(m)tkur- formaSi berZnulisaTvis uCveulo #mtk- kompleqsis #tk k bunebrivi gamartivebiT viRebT istoriul
berZnul formas u mtkvari (aqedan unda momdinareobdes ukve mtkvris aRmniSvneli saxelebi, Turqul-azerbaijanuli kur, rusuli , dasavluri Kura da sxv.).
yovelive es gvavaraudebinebs indoevropulidan momdinare
*tek- zmnuri Ziris qarTvelurSi odindel produqtiulobas dinebis mniSvnelobiT, yovel SemTxvevaSi im qronologiur doneze, romelic win uswrebda qarTul-zanuri
erTianobis daSlas (am TvalsazrisiT niSandoblivia zemoT
ganxiluli den-/din- < i.-e. *dhen- Ziris produqtiuloba
qarTulSi).
`qarTu~ _ kartu rogorc `qarTvelis~,

`qarTvelTa qveynis~ aRmniSvneli uZvelesi
qarTveluri saxeli
egrul-lazuri qorTu `qarTveli~ eTnonimi qarTulzanuri enobrivi erTianobis epoqisaTvis *qarTu sityvaformas unda gulisxmobdes `qarTvelis~, `qarTvelTa
qveynis~ mniSvnelobiT.
uZveles qarTulSi *qarTu forma ar dasturdeba, magram
gvaqvs el- bolosarTiT (sufiqsiT) nawarmoebi qarTu-el-i
~ qarT-el-i ~ qarTvel-i (u/ sonantis qarTulSi vTanxmovanSi gadasvlis Sedegad), rac ufro adreul epoqaSi
swored amgvari sityva-formis arsebobas gvavaraudebinebs.
maSasadame, qarTul-zanuri enobrivi erTianobisaTvis unda
davuSvaT *qarTu saxelis arseboba `qarTvelis~, `qarTvelTa
qveynis~ mniSvnelobiT, romelmac megrul-lazurSi mogvca
kan onzomiera d qorTu `qarT vel i~ f orma (zanu ri
xmovanTgadawevis Sedegad), xolo sakuTriv qarTulSi -elbolosarTis darTviT miviReT istoriulad dadasturebuli
qarTv-el-i forma.
daibeWda gazeTSi `24 saaTi~, 2006 wlis 8 aprili.
177
Tamaz gamyreliZe
178
Tavis mxriv, qarTul-zanuri *qarTu Sedgenili forma unda

iyos *qarT- Zirisa da u- bolosarTis saSualebiT, rac
naTlad Cans qarTl-i toponimis arsebobidan qarTulSi,
romelic nawarmoebia qarT- Zirze _l- bolosarTis darTviT.
amave *qarT- Zirze -ul- bolosarTis darTviT viRebdiT
*qarT-ul- formas, romelmac qarTulSi mogvca kanonzomierad qarT-ul-i, xolo megrulsa da lazurSi qorT-ul-i
formebi (lazurSi _ `qliavis specifikuri jiSis~ mniSvnelobiT). es Tavdapirveli qarTveluri *qarT- Ziri toponimis
mniSvnelobiT SesaZlebelia davinaxoT agreTve svanur qarT
formaSi `qalaq Tbilisis~ mniSvnelobiT.
maSasadame, qarTul-zanuri enobrivi erTianobis epoqaSi
unda gvqonoda *qarT- Ziri, romelzedac -u- sufiqsis darTviT viRebdiT *qarT-u formas `qarTvelis~, `qarTvelTa qveynis~ mniSvnelobiT, xolo -l- sufiqsis darTviT specifikur
toponims qarT-l-i `qarTvelTa qveyana~; ukve qarTul-zanuri
enobrivi erTianobis epoqaSi (e.i. jer kidev `xmovanTa zanur
gadawevamde~) unda vivaraudoT qarTvelur tomTa saxelwodebebSi garkveuli arealuri sxvaobebi: aq warmodgenili unda
yofiliyo formebi *qarTu da *zan-. es ukanaskneli *zanfuZe mxolod svanurs SemorCa mzn `megreli~, zn `samegrelo~ formebis saxiT, xolo sakuTriv megrulsa da lazurSi
igi Seicvala *megrel- [margal, e.i. ègris mobinadre~, Sdr.
qarTuli m-egr-i] eTnonimiT.
amgvarad, SeiZleba davaskvnaT: qarTul-zanuri enobrivi
erTianobis epoqaSi arsebobda `qarTvelTa~ aRmniSvneli saxeli *qarTu, romelic megrulsa da lazurSi gardaiqmna
kanonzomierad qorTu formad `qarTvelis~ mniSvnelobiT,
xolo sakuTriv qarTulSi -el- sufiqsis darTviT mogvca
istoriulad dadasturebuli qarTv-el-i eTnonimi.
eiforia Tu euforia | | evforia?*
Revandel qarTulSi xSirad ismis sityva èiforia~, rac

niSnavs àRtkinebas~, àRtacebas~, àmaRlebul ganwyobilebas~.
berZnuli warmomavlobis es sityva farTodaa gavrcelebuli sxvadasxva evropul enaSi (Sdr. rus. , ingl. euphoria, frang. euphorie da sxv.).
berZnuli sityva eujforiva ori nawilisgan Sedgeba: euj- da
-foriva, mniSvnelobebiT _ `kargi, keTili, baraqiani~ da `tareba~, rac mTlianobaSi gvaZlevs mniSvnelobas `baraqianoba~,
`nayofiereba~, `kargi mosavali~ da a.S.
euj- `kargi, keTili~, rogorc Semadgeneli nawili, mraval
sxva sityvaSic iCens Tavs Zvel berZnulSi: Sdr. euj-v genhv ,
`keTilSobili~ (aqedan sakuTari saxeli èvgeni~), eujv-ephv
`kargad mosaubre~, euj-grafhvkargad naweri~ (Sdr. sakuTari
saxeli èvgrafi~), euj-fhmov keTilis mTqmeli~, euj-fhmismov
`kargad Tqmuli~, Sdr. èvfemizmi~ da mravali sxva.
*
daibeWda gazeTSi `saqarTvelos respublika~, 2007 wlis 9 agvisto.
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Tamaz gamyreliZe
180
berZnuli euj- `keTili, kargi~ qarTulSi gadmoicema,

rogorc wesi, eu-/ev- mimdevrobiT, garda zemoT ganxiluli
SemTxvevisa, e.i. garda sityvisa eiforia, romelic rusuli
formis gavlenas amJRavnebs; ufro zustad rusuli kanonzomieri asaxvaa berZnuli eujv-foriva sityvisa, ramdenadac berZnuli euj- gadmoicema rusulSi - difTongiT (Sdr. agreTve berZn. neuron `myesi, nervi~ da rus.
`neironi~), da es rusuli gadmotanil iqna
qarTulSi èiforia~-s saxiT.
amdenad, qarTulisaTvis ufro kanonzomieri iqneboda
berZnuli warmomavlobis es friad gavrcelebuli sityva ara
eiforia formiT gvexmara (Sdr. rus. ), aramed qarTulisaTvis ufro bunebrivi da kanonzomieri euforia (an
evforia) formiT.
TviT neironi terminic qarTulSi rusulidan aris Semosuli (Sdr. ); ufro kanonzomieri iqneboda misi neuron/
nevron formiT xmareba berZnuli neuron sityvis Sesabamisad
(es forma kanonzomierad aris warmodgenili nevrologia
terminSi). amdenad, ufro marTebuli iqneboda qarTulisaTvis
ara neiroqirurgia (rac rusuli -s imeorebs),
aramed nevroqirurgia; rac Seexeba imave semantikis mqone qarT.
nerv-i sityvas da rusulsa da sxva enebSi gavrcelebul Sesabamis terminebs, isini laTinur nervus `nervi~ formas asaxaven da saTanadod gadmoicemian xsenebul enebSi.
didi
qarTveli
enaTmecnierebi
akaki SaniZe
giorgi axvlediani
arnold Ciqobava
giorgi wereTeli
Tamaz gamyreliZe
182
akaki SaniZe _ axali qarTuli enaTmecnierebis

fuZemdebeli
arTuli mecnierebis istoriaSi akaki SaniZe gansakuTrebul movlenas warmoadgens. miuxedavad imisa, rom mas
peterburgis universitetSi klasikuri Teoriullingvisturi momzadeba ar gauvlia (igi ufro rogorc farTo profilis filologosi gadioda momzadebas, vidre
sakuTriv lingvisti-Teoretikosi), akaki SaniZe, mis mier Seqmnili qarTuli gramatikuli sistemis wyalobiT, enaTmecnierebaSi faqtobrivad im Teoriul-lingvisturi mimdinareobis winamorbedi aRmoCnda, romelic SeiZleba daxasiaTdes
rogorc struqturul-funqciuri; miuxedavad imisa, rom akaki
SaniZes ar moucia Tavisi lingvisturi koncefciisa da meTodologiis mTliani formulireba, enisadmi (am SemTxvevaSi
qarTuli enisadmi) mTeli Tavisi mecnieruli midgomiTa da
enobrivi analizis gamoyenebuli xerxebisa da meTodebis mixedviT, akaki SaniZis lingvisturi Teoria unda ganvixiloT
rogorc struqturul-funqciuri da enaTmecnierebis istoriaSi igi im mimdinareobebs SevadaroT, romlebic Semdgom
ferdinand de sosiuris sinqroniuli Teoriisa da praRis
akaki SaniZe _ axali qarTuli enaTmecnierebis fuZemdebeli

saenaTmecniero skolis struqturalizmis saxiT Camoyalibdnen.
aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT sakmarisia davasaxeloT enobriv elementTa dapirispirebis, òpoziciis~ cneba, romelsac, rogorc enobrivi analizis safuZvels, ase farTod iyenebs akaki SaniZe; swored lingvisturi opoziciis principze
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aigeba arsebiTad struqturul-funqciur mimarTulebaTa

ZiriTadi koncefciebi Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebaSi.
akaki SaniZis mier Seqmnil gramatikul sistemaSi winadadebis centrs, mis struqturul RerZs warmoadgens zmna, romlis garSemoc Tavs iyris winadadebis yvela danarCeni wevri
da mas garkveuli Sinagani kavSiriT erwymis; zmna gansazRvravs
winadadebis Sinagan struqturas, arsebiTad, enis mTel gramatikul wyobas. amgvari gageba winadadebisa yalibdeba akaki SaniZesTan sakmaod adre, qarTuli zmnis analizis pirveli
cdebisTanave, rac bunebrivad nakarnaxebi iyo TviT qarTuli
zmnis struqturuli xasiaTiT, misi mravalpirianobiT, riTac
igi gansxvavdeba sxva cnobil enaTa zmnuri struqturebisagan.
es koncefcia martivi winadadebis struqturaSi zmnis centraluri adgilis Sesaxeb evropul mecnierebaSi formdeba
gacilebiT ufro gvian, XX s. 30-ian wlebSi, frangi mecnieris tenieris `struqturuli sintaqsis~ Teoriis saxiT.
qarTul enaTmecnierebaSi es principebi mwyobr koncefciad
sakmaod adre Camoyalibda, rac dRes amerikisa da evropis
enaTmecnierebis aseT did interss iwvevs qarTuli enisa da
qarTuli enaTmecnierebis mimarT da rac akaki SaniZis namoRvawars am interesis centrSi ayenebs. qarTvelma mecnierma
qarTuli enis gramatikuli struqturis Tanmimdevruli analizisa da Seswavlis procesSi empiriuli gziT faqtobrivad
Camoayaliba im meTodologiis ZiriTadi principebi, romelic
ufro gvian Teoriul safuZvels uqmnis zemoT dasaxelebul
mimdinareobebs enaTmecnierebaSi. amdenad, akaki SaniZem qarTuli enis mwyobri gramatikuli sistemis CamoyalibebiT iseTi
enaTmecnieruli Rirebulebani Seqmna, romlebic mniSvnelovania ara marto qarTul-qarTveluri enebis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT, aramed Teoriul-enaTmecnieruli TvalsazrisiTac

sazogadod da lingvistur TeoriaTa da enaTmecnierebis istoriis TvalsazrisiT _ gansakuTrebiT.
XX s. saukunis dasawyisSi, ufro zustad _ ocian wlebSi, enaTmecnierebaSi, iseve rogorc mecnierebis sxva dargebSi, iwyeba fenomenologiuri analizis periodi, rodesac saganTa da movlenaTa istoriul Seswavlas cvlis maTi sistemuri analizi, saganTa da movlenaTa gaazreba Sinagan struqturul mimarTebaTa gamovlenisa da Seswavlis gziT. meoce
saukunis mecnierebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia istorizmis,
evolucionisturi Tvalsazrisis erTgvari Sesusteba da mTeli yuradRebis gadatana movlenaTa da mimarTebaTa Sinagan
sinqroniul analizze.
swored es principebia damaxasiaTebeli am saukunis pirveli naxevris Teoriuli enaTmecnierebisaTvis; igive principebi daedo safuZvlad, ZiriTadad, qarTuli enis akaki SaniZiseul analizs.
aq eZleva dasabami swored axal qarTul enaTmecnierebas.
àxal qarTul enaTmecnierebaSi~ da àxal qarTul mecnierebaSi~ sazogadod me vgulisxmob qarTul samecniero dargebs,
romlebic Camoyalibda Cveni universitetis daarsebis Semdeg
da romlebsac wina periodSi niadagi moumzada qarTuli universitetis damaarsebelTa, pirvel rigSi ivane javaxiSvilis,
samecniero Sromebma. swored am Sromebma Cauyara safuZveli
axal qarTul mecnierebas sazogadod, romelSic sapatio adgili akaki SaniZis saenaTmecniero memkvidreobas ukavia.
am periodamde qarTuli ena, qarTuli enis gramatikuli
struqtura ar iyo sakmaod Seswavlili da Seicavda mraval
bundovan da gaurkvevel problemas. qarTuli enis Seswavla
mniSvnelovnad CamorCeboda sxva civilizebuli erebis enaTa
Seswavlas. am CamorCenis likvidacia da qarTuli enis gramatikisa da qarTuli enis, rogorc qarTveli xalxis erovnu185
Tamaz
gamyreliZe
186
li enis, Seswavlis mecnierul niadagze damyareba akaki SaniZis didi da ucilobeli damsaxurebaa. iq, sadac struqturuli qaosi da gaurkvevloba sufevda, akaki SaniZem araCveulebrivi sicxade Seitana da struqturuli wesrigi daamyara. amiT man mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli axali qarTuli
enaTmecnierebis farTo asparezze gamosvlas da akaki SaniZe
saerTaSoriso wreebSi erTxmad aRiares kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis patriarqad.
dRes qarTveli xalxis warmoCineba, sazogadod, da saerTaSoriso asparezze _ gansakuTrebiT, swored qarTuli mecnierebis, qarTuli kulturis meSveobiT unda xdebodes, am
cnebaTa farTo gagebiT. es erTgvari erovnuli TviTmyofadobis
ganmtkiceba unda iyos qarTveli xalxisa msoflio sazogadoebriobis TvalSi.
ama Tu im xalxis sayovelTao aRiarebis safuZvels mxolod mis mier Seqmnili obieqturi, namdvili da gauzviadebeli mecnieruli Tu kulturuli Rirebulebebi qmnis, romlebic saboloo angariSiT am xalxis mudmiv Rirebulebebad
iqceva da romelTa mixedviTac fasdeba misi wvlili da adgili sakacobrio civilizaciaSi. swored amgvari WeSmariti
mecnieruli da kulturuli Rirebulebani unda gaxdes Cveni
xalxis TviTdamkvidrebis upiratesi safuZveli.
amgvar gardauval Rirebulebad iqca swored Cveni kulturisaTvis akaki SaniZis samecniero memkvidreoba; swored
amgvar mudmiv Rirebulebas warmoadgens Cveni erisaTvis akaki SaniZe.
es Cveni didi mamuliSvili unda iqces qarTuli mecnierebis,
mTeli qarTuli kulturis maradiul simbolod.
giorgi axvlediani _ axali qarTuli

enaTmecnierebis klasikosi*
iorgi axvledianis saxeli mWidrod ukavSirdeba axali enaTmecnierebis Camoyalibebasa da damkvidrebas. man
akaki SaniZesTan erTad safuZveli Cauyara axal saenaTmecniero azrovnebas saqarTveloSi. giorgi axvlediani da
akaki SaniZe arian qarTuli enaTmecnierebis fuZemdeblebi da,
maSasadame, klasikosebi am mecnierebis TvalsazrisiT.
giorgi axvlediani ekuTvnis axali qarTuli mecnierebis
aRorZinebasTan dakavSirebul mecnierTa im mcirericxovan
jgufs, romelsac didi ivane javaxiSvili meTaurobda. axali qarTuli mecnierebis es aRorZineba Tan mohyva Cveni erovnuli universitetis daarsebas, risi erT-erTi aqtiuri monawile giorgi axvledianic iyo. ivane javaxiSvilis sityvebiT:
`tfilisis universitetSi enaTmecnierebis dargis Seqmna sami
piris: profesor ioseb yifSiZis, profesor akaki SaniZis da
*
ix. enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi, 2002: iv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisi saxelm-
wifo universiteti.
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profesor giorgi axvledianis Rvawls Seadgens. pirveli maTganis, samwuxarod, udrood gardacvalebis gamo udidesi
tvirTi ors ukanasknels daawva~.
es ùdidesi tvirTi~ did mecnierebsa da sazogado moRvaweebs _ giorgi axvlediansa da akaki SaniZes _ SaravandediT
mosavs da mecnieruli azris ganviTarebis istoriaSi Rirseul
giorgi axvlediani _ axali qarTuli enaTmecnierebis klasikosi

adgils miakuTvnebs _ rogorc qarTuli sulieri kulturis brwyinvale warmomadgenlebs.
saocrad farToa giorgi axvledianis mecnieruli interesebis sfero; Znelia dasaxelebul iqnes enaTmecnierebis iseTi
dargi, romelSic mas Tavisi mniSvnelovani wvlili ar Seetanos. giorgi axvlediani aris Teoriuli enaTmecnierebis
safuZvlebis Camyreli saqarTveloSi; igi saTaveSi Caudga zogadi enaTmecnierebis kaTedras Tbilisis universitetSi da naxevar saukuneze metxans ganagebda mas; man waikiTxa pirveli
sauniversiteto kursi da Seqmna saxelmZRvanelo am dargSi
_ ènaTmecnierebis Sesavali~ (1918_19), romelic, amave dros,
Tbilisis universitetSi Seqmnili da aq gamocemuli pirveli saxelmZRvaneloa sazogadod.
amrigad, giorgi axvlediani axali saenaTmecniero
azrovnebis pioneria saqarTveloSi, da Tu dRes CvenSi Teoriuli enaTmecniereba aseT maRal donezea, es upirvelesad
giorgi axvledianis mecnierul moRvaweobas unda mieweros.
giorgi axvledianis ènaTmecnierebis Sesavali~ didi istoriuli faqtia qarTuli mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi, ramdenadac am wign Si pirve lad qarTul e naze gan imar ta
zogadlingvisturi cnebebi da pirvelad CaerTo am wignis
sauniversiteto kursSi qarTuli enis monacemebi Teoriuli
enaTmecnierebis ZiriTadi problemebis sailustraciod.
magram ènaTmecnierebis Sesavlis~ mniSvneloba da Rirebuleba ar amoiwureba mxolod zemoT moyvanili aspeqtebiT.
am naSroms, iseve rogorc ufro gvian gamosul mis gamokvlevebs _ `mkveTri xSulni qarTulSi~ (1922 w.), `qarTul TanxmovanTa gandaseba~ (1926 w.), `zogadi da qarTuli fonetikis
sakiTxebi~ (1938), `bgeraTmonacvleobis zogierTi sakiTxi
qarTulSi~ (1948 w.), sruliad gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
aqvs ara marto qarTuli enaTmecnierebisaTvis, qarTuli enis
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bgeriTi Sedgenilobis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT, aramed zogadenaTmecnieruli TvalsazrisiTac, ramdenadac aq giorgi

axvlediani enis bgeriTi sistemis Sesawavlis axal principebs ayalibebs da fonologiis _ anu funqcionaluri fonetikis erT-erT pionerad gvevlineba.
fonologiam _ funqcionalurma Tvalsazrisma enis bgeriTi Sedgenilobis SeswavlaSi _ rac dasrulebuli saxiT Camoyalibda praRasa da Semdgom venaSi didi rusi enaTmecnieris
_ nikoloz trubeckois mier XX saukunis ocdaaTian wlebSi, sruliad axali perspeqtivebi gadaSala enaTmecnierebis
winaSe.
giorgi axvledianis dasaxelebul naSromebSi aSkarad
vlindeba funqcionaluri Tvalsazrisi enis bgeriTi Sedgenilobis analizSi da, Tumca aq jer ara gvaqvs `diferencialuri niSnis~ cneba, Semotanili mecnierebaSi ufro gvian roman
iakobsonisa da nikoloz trubeckois mier, magram ukve aSkarad iCens Tavs dapirispireba konkretul bgerasa da fonemas
rogorc enis funqcionalur erTeuls Soris.
es iyo im droisaTvis udidesi miRweva, erT-erTi yvelaze
adrindeli nimuSi enaTmecnierebis itoriaSi enis bgeriTi erTeulis ganxilvisa funqcionaluri TvalsazrisiT. giorgi
axvlediani dasaxelebul naSromebSi ikvlevs qarTul fonemaTa mimarTebebs sistemasa da teqstSi, adgens qarTuli enis
paradigmatul da sintagmatur struqturebs.
enobriv movlenaTa ganxilva amgvari sistemur-funqcionaluri TvalsazrisiT, rac giorgi axvledianis jer kidev
adrindel nawerebSi iCens Tavs, SesaZlebelia misi maswavleblis _ SCerbas da saerTod imdroindeli rusuli enaTmecnierebis gavlenas mieweros, romlis brwyinvale tradiciebis gamgrZeleblad saqarTveloSi giorgi axvlediani mogvevlina, xolo TviT ruseTSi, samwuxarod, Cakvda àxali saenaT-

mecniero moZRvrebis~ moZalebis gamo. swored am tradiciebma mogvca Semdgom e.w. `praRis skolis~ fonologiuri
moZRvreba, romelic safuZvlad daedo Tanamedrove fonologiur Teoriebs.
giorgi axvledianis mier gatarebuli funqcionaluri
Tvalsazrisi am brwyinvale tradiciebis asaxvas warmoadgens, gadmotanils qarTul-kavkasiur enobriv samyaroSi. amiT
giorgi axvledianis Rvawli da naazrevi scildeba sakuTriv
qarTuli enaTmecnierebis farglebs da TvalsaCino adgils
imkvidrebs msoflio enaTmecnierebis istoriaSi. dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom giorgi axvlediani, sxva gamoCenil
enaTmecnierebTan erTad, fonologiuri Teoriis erT-erTi yvelaze adrindeli warmomadgenelia da mis mier Tanamedrove
fonologiis CamoyalibebaSi Setanili es mniSvnelovani wvlili saTanadod unda Sefasdes enaTmecnierebis istoriaSi.
qarTuli enis bgeriTi Sedgenilobis analizma funqcionaluri TvalsazrisiT saSualeba misca giorgi axvledians
daedgina mTeli rigi enobrivi kanonzomierebani, romelTac
arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvT qarTveluri enebis Sesaswavlad
sinqroniul Tu diaqroniul aspeqtSi. mTel rig fonetikurfonologiuri xasiaTis SromebSi, romlebic qarTuli enis
bgeriTi Sedgenilobis aRweras mieZRvna, giorgi axvledianma gamoikvlia TanxmovanTSeerTebis wesebi, ris safuZvelzedac man Semdgom Camoayaliba àqcesiur-decesiurobis~ Teoria, daadgina qarTuli àbruptivebisa~ da `mJReri xSulebis~ fonetikur-fonologiuri buneba, gaarkvia kombinatoruli xasiaTis bgeraTa cvalebadobis meqanizmi qarTulSi da
mravali sxva, rasac arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs ara marto
qarTuli enis aRwerisa da Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT, aramed
zogadi enaTmecnierebis TvalsazrisiTac, rogorc enobrivi
sistemis fonetikur-fonologiuri kvlevis brwyinvale ni191
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muSebs. aqve Camoyalibebulia funqcionaluri xmovanTmonacvleobis _ àblautis~ (apofoniis) ZiriTadi saxeebi da gansazRvrulia misi roli qarTul enobriv sistemaSi.
giorgi axvledianis Teoria àqcesiuri~ da `decesiuri~
kompleqsebis Sesaxeb, romelic man qarTveluri enebis monacemebis safuZvelze SeimuSava, zogadlingvisturi xasiaTisa aRmoCnda, ramdenadac aq dadgenili kanonzomierebani
TanxmovanTa SeerTebisa damaxasiaTebeli unda yofiliyo enaTa didi umravlesobisaTvis. rogorc bolo xanebSi gairkva,
àqcesiur-decesiurobis~ Teoria efeqturi saSualebaa
agreTve indoevropul enaTa mTeli rigi istoriuli kanonzomierebis gamosavlenad da asaxsnelad, rac am Teorias indoevropuli enebis SedarebiT-istoriuli Seswavlis
samsaxurSi ayenebs da, amdenad, giorgi axvledianis saxels
indoevropuli enaTmecnierebis istoriaSic TvalsaCino adgils umkvidrebs.
giorgi axvledianis fonetikur-fonologiuri naazrevi Sejamebulia mis cnobil `zogadi fonetikis safuZvlebSi~,
romelic 1949 wels gamoica da romelic samagido wignad
iqca zogadi da qarTuli fonetikis sakiTxebiT dainteresebulTaTvis; igi ramdenime wlis win xelaxla daistamba.
magram giorgi axvledianis es didi Rvawli Teoriuli enaTmecnierebis winaSe, samwuxarod, naklebadaa cnobili saerTaSoriso samecniero sazogadoebisaTvis.
Cveni wminda movaleobaa farTod gavacnoT giorgi axvledianis es naazrevi da mas saTanado, mis mier damsaxurebuli
adgili mivuCinoT msoflio enaTmecnierebis istoriaSi. es
gaxlavT adgili erT-erTi pionerisa iseT enaTmecnierul mimdinareobaSi, rogoricaa enis fuqcionalur-fonologiuri
analizi, romelmac SesaZlebeli gaxada sazogadod enis

rogorc sakomunikacio sistemis adekvaturi aRwera da Seswavla.
dRes enis bgeriTi Sedgenilobis funqcionaluri analizi
ukve sayovelTaod aRiarebuli da gavrcelebuli meTodia da
msoflio samecniero sazogadoebriobam unda icodes, rom am
saenaTmecniero mimdinareobis saTaveSi qarTveli enaTmecnieric dgas.
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arnold Ciqobava _ didi qarTveli swavluli

da sazogado moRvawe*
kademikosi arnold Ciqobava gansakuTrebuli movlenaa

qarTuli mecnierebisa da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis istoriaSi. mis saxelTan dakavSirebuli ìberiul-kavkasiuri Teoria~ wminda enaTmecnieruli Rirebulebis garda
dRemde ganixileba rogorc kavkasieli xalxebis erT-erTi
damakavSirebeli da gamaerTianebeli faqtori.
terminebSi ìberiul-kavkasiuri enebi~ da ìberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba~ mkvlevrebi dRes gansxvavebul mniSvnelobebs deben.
paleokavkasiuri (anu kavkasiis araindoevropuli, arasemituri da araTurquli) enebis jgufis genetikur erTianobas
jer kidev niko mari amtkicebda; Semdgom ivane javaxiSvilma
uZRvna am Teziss vrceli gamokvleva. magram es debuleba
calke koncefciis saxiT da ìberiul-kavkasiuri Teoriis~
saxelwodebiT swored arnold CiqobavasTan Camoyalibda.
*
sityva, warmoTqmuli arn.Ciqobavas dabadebis 100 wlisTavTan dakavSirebul sazeimo sxdomaze; daibeWda evropis lingvisturi sazogadoebis aqtebSi.
amave dros, qarTul saenaTmecniero skolaSi es koncefcia

emyareba calkeuli Crdilokavkasiuri enis aRwerasa da sinqroniul Seswavlas. am skolis udides damsaxurebad unda
miviCnioT swored is, rom SesaZlebeli gaxda Seswavliliyo
praqtikulad yvela Crdilo-kavkasiuri ena da Seqmniliyo

calkeuli enebis aRweriTi gramatikebi, enebisa, romelTa
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Tamaz gamyreliZe
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Soris, amave dros, naTesauri, genetikuri kavSirebi iqna postulirebuli da Crdilo-kavkasiuri enebi samxreT kavkasiur
(qarTvelur) enebTan saerTo ìberiul-kavkasiur enaTa ojaxSi~ iqna gaerTianebuli.
mecnierTa sxva jgufi ìberiul-kavkasiur enebs~ ganixilavs rogorc saerTo arealur-tipologiur jgufSi Semaval
Crdilo da samxreT kavkasiur enebs, romelTa Soris mniSvnelovani fonetikur-fonologiuri da struqturul-tipologiuri msgavseba vlindeba, rac maT saerTo kulturul
arealSi istoriul urTierTobasa da kavSirebs mowmobs mravali saukunis manZilze. orive es Tvalsazrisi ìberiul-kavkasiur enebs~ Soris arsebul xangrZliv kulturul-istoriul kavSir-urTierTobebs gulisxmobs. am mxriv es enebi umdidres masalas awvdis Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebas istoriul-genetikuri Tu istoriul-tipologiuri kvlevisaTvis.
udidesi Rvawli am Teoriuli kvlevis safuZvlebis Seqmnisa
swored arn. Ciqobavas ekuTvnis im skolis Camoyalibebisa da
damkvidrebisaTvis, romelic dRes `qarTvel kavkasiologTa
skolis~ saxelwodebiT aris mTel msoflioSi cnobili.
iseve rogorc iv. javaxiSvilis mier Tbilisis erovnuli
universitetis daarseba iyo ara mxolod umaRlesi ganaTlebis
keris aRorZineba saqarTveloSi, aramed umniSvnelovanesi
erovnuli aqti axali qarTuli damoukidebeli saxelmwifosaTvis maRali mecnierul-kulturuli donis uzrunvelsayofad, aseve arn.Ciqobavas mier ìberiul-kavkasiuri skolis~
Seqmna da misi warmatebiT funqcionireba aris winapiroba
dRes mravali sazogadoebriv-politikuri aqtis realizaciisa, maT Soris e.w. `saerTo kavkasiuri saxlis~ Seqmnisa, im
umniSvnelovanesi ideis ganxorcielebisa da saboloo damkvidrebisa, rasac `mSvidobiani kavkasia~ da `kavkasiaSi kulturaTa dialogi~ ewodeba; es idea ganixileba dRes msofli-
arnold Ciqobava _ didi qarTveli swavluli da sazogado moRvawe

oSi rogorc erTgvari antiTeza dasavleTSi farTod gavrcelebuli koncefciisa `civilizaciaTa Setakebis~ Sesaxeb msoflios sxvadasxva regionSi, maT Soris kavkasiaSic; swored es
faqtorebi gansazRvraven, arsebiTad, dRes ìberiul-kavkasiuri Teoriis~ sazogadoebriv-politikur da mecnierulpolitikur mniSvnelobas.
arsebobs enaTmecnierebis kidev erTi dargi _ SedarebiTistoriuli enaTmecniereba, r omlis Cvens qveyanaSi
aRorZinebasa da damkvidrebaSi arn. Ciqobavam gadamwyveti
roli Seasrula. es moxda niko mariseuli ènis Sesaxeb axali moZRvrebis~ winaaRmdeg galaSqrebis Sedegad.
niko mari gansakuTrebuli movlena iyo mecnierebaSi sazogadod da, kerZod, kavkasiologiaSi; es iyo sruliad gansxvavebuli `ganzomileba~ mecnierebis istoriaSi; igi scildeba imdroindeli mecnierebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel racionalistur farglebs da Semoaqvs axali, intuitur doneze damyarebuli mecnieruli `paradigma~ (am terminis Tomas kuniseuli gagebiT).
me mqonda SemTxveva specialurad ganmexila mariseuli
ìafeturi Teoriis~ oTxelementiani analizi sxva oTxelementovan sainformacio sistemebTan kavSirSi da aRmeniSna, rom
niko maris òTxelementovani sistema~ alogikuria lingvisturi analizis TvalsazrisiT, da am mxriv, arn. Ciqobavas mZafri kritika aRniSnuli meTodikisa _ metyvelebis e.w. paleontologiuri analizisa _ savsebiT kanonzomieri da gamarTlebuli iyo; magram mariseuli òTxelementovani sistema~, amisda miuxedavad, Rrma Sinaarsis matarebelia zogadTeoriuli da zogadfsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT, rogorc
kidev erTi cda mecnierebis istoriaSi sinamdvilis aRwerisa
òTxelementovani~ simboluri sainformacio sistemis saSualebiT, romelic, Tavis mxriv, rogorc gairkva, safuZvlad
197
Tamaz gamyreliZe
198
udevs `genetikuri kodis~ struqturas (maSasadame, yovelive

`cocxals~) da romlis codna, rogorc Cans, adamianSi qvecnobierad aris mocemuli.
amaSi vxedav me niko maris genialur intuiciasa da ganWvretis unars, miuxedavad imisa, rom man amiT imdroindeli
SedarebiT-istoriuli enaTmecniereba, romelsac dasavleTSi ukve klasikuri Sedegebi hqonda mopovebuli sxvadasxva
jgufis _ da gansakuTrebiT indo-evropuli enebis _ istoriuli Seswavlis dargSi, faqtobrivad CixSi moaqcia da CaaxSo kidevac garkveuli ìdeologiuri~ argumentebis moSveliebiT.
arn. Ciqobavas udides damsaxurebad enaTmecnierebis istoriaSi unda CaiTvalos is, rom igi Tavidanve win aRudga
mariseul àxal moZRvrebas~ da TviT ioseb stalinis mecnierul polemikaSi CarTviT SedarebiT-istoriuli enaTmecniereba mTeli imdroindeli `kavSiris~ masStabiT normaluri,
mTel msoflioSi aRiarebuli gziT warmarTa.
mxolod ormocdaaTiani wlebidan, enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebze cnobili diskusiis Semdeg, daiwyo CvenSi SedarebiTistoriuli enaTmecnierebis aRmavloba, ramac arsebiTad xeli
Seuwyo mTeli Teoriuli enaTmecnierebis Semdgom ganviTarebas.
dRes saqarTveloSi SedarebiT-istoriuli enaTmecniereba ukve umaRles donezea ayvanili da garkveul dargebSi TviT
gansazRvravs ama Tu im disciplinis ganviTarebis dones msoflio masStabiT.
yovelive amis sawyisi arn. Ciqobavas mecnierul moRvaweobasa
da saqmianobaSi unda veZioT, amiT ganisazRvreba swored arn.
Ciqobavas istoriuli roli da wvlili, romelic man msoflio enaTmecnierebis ganviTarebaSi Seitana.
arnold Ciqobava _ didi qarTveli swavluli da sazogado moRvawe

magram es srulebiT ar akninebs niko mars rogorc did
qarTvel mecnier-filologsa da moazrovnes.
Tu Cven arnold Ciqobavas ganvixilavT rogorc SedarebiTistoriuli enaTmecnierebis amaRorZinebels yofili sabWoTa kavSiris sivrceSi, pirvel rigSi _ ruseTsa da saqarTveloSi, da ìberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis~ Semqmnels, xolo
ivane javaxiSvils _ rogorc sazogadod axali qarTuli mecnierebis fuZemdebelsa da sulisCamdgmels, niko mari unda
davayenoT am did qarTvel mecnierTa saTaveSi, rogorc imdroindel ruseTSi moRvawe didi qarTveli mecnieri-filologosi, romelmac sanqt-peterburgis universitetsa da ruseTis saimperatoro mecnierebaTa akademiaSi safuZveli Cauyara XX saukunis damdegs qarTul-kavkasiur kvleva-Ziebas,
dasabami misca im droisaTvis mowinave qarTul-kavkasiur
filologiur da istoriul mecnierebasa da Seqmna brwyinvale kavkasiologiuri skola, sadac mravali gamoCenili
qarTveli mecnieri aRizarda.
swored amas mohyva Semdgom Cvens qveyanaSi xsenebuli dargebisa da maTTan dakavSirebuli disciplinebis gansakuTrebuli aRmavloba da ganviTareba; swored am niadagze aRmocenda
ufro gvian niko maris upirvelesi mowafis _ didi ivane javaxiSvilis mier qarTuli universitetis daarsebis Semdeg,
qarTvel mecnierTa brwyinvale pleada, romelTa Soris akademikosi arnold Ciqobava erT-erT yvelaze gamorCeul da TvalsaCino adgils imkvidrebs.
199
Tamaz gamyreliZe
200
saqveynod aRiarebuli swavluli *
avida Cvengan qarTveli swavluli, saqveynod aRiarebuli enaTmecnieri - kavkasiologi. arnold Ciqobava faqtiuri iniciatori da ZiriTadi ganmaxorcielebeli iyo
ormocdaaTian wlebSi im `gadatrialebisa~, romelic moxda
mTeli sabWoTa enaTmecnierebis wiaRSi. amis Sedegad gaxda
swored SesaZlebeli is didi miRwevebi msoflio enaTmecnierebis TvalsazrisiT, rac dRes sabWoTa da, kerZod, qarTul
enaTmecnierebas aqvs. SesaZlebelia, zogi ram, rac amis
Semdgom gakeTda, arnold CiqobavasaTvis mecnierulad miuRebelic yofiliyo, magram es ar aris am SemTxvevaSi arsebiTi
da mTavari.
CemTvis piradad uaRresad mniSvnelovania is, rom erT-erTi
bolo wignTagani, romlebsac igi sicocxlis ukanasknel
dReebSi ecnoboda, Cveni wignic iyo indoevropelebis Sesaxeb. aqac, albaT, misTvis sakamaTo bevri ram iqneboda, magram
erTi ram udavoa: arnold Ciqobava yoveli CvenganisaTvis iyo
erTgvari `Sinagani cenzori~, romelic àkontrolebda~ yovelive imas, rasac vqmnidiT; yoveli avtori cdilobda Tavisi
naSromisaTvis arnold Ciqobavas TvaliT Seexeda... albaT, bevr
enaTmecniers moakldeba axla baton arnoldis `Tvali~, rom
araferi vTqvaT mis mier Seqmnil iberiul-kavkasiur skolaze,
romelsac amieridan misi mravalricxovani mowafeebi unda
Caudgnen saTaveSi...
gamoqveynda Tavdapirvelad JurnalSi `qarTuli ena da literatura skolaSi~,

19.., # 3_4, Tbilisi, gv. 220.
*
akademikosi giorgi wereTeli

(dabadebis 100 wlisTavis gamo)
amoCenil qarTvel mecniers, qarTuli aRmosavleTmcodneobis erT-erT fuZemdebels, farTod cnobil arabistsa da semitologs, akademikos giorgi wereTels 2004
wlis 21 oqtombers dabadebidan 100 weli Seusrulda. mecnieri-filologisaTvis arcTu xangrZlivi sicocxlis manZilze (igi gardaicvala xanmokle, magram mZime avadmyofobis Semdeg 1973 wlis 9 seqtembers) giorgi wereTelma udidesi
samecniero Sedegebi moipova da saxeli gaiTqva saerTaSoriso
mecnierebaSi rogorc umaRlesi rangis mkvlevarma-aRmosavleTmcodnem, romelmac mniSvnelovani naSromebi SesZina
filologiur mecnierebasa da aRmosavleTmcodneobas da miT
daimkvidra didi mecnieris saxeli msoflio mecnierebaSi.
ganuzomlad farTo iyo akademikos giorgi wereTlis samecniero interesebis sfero. igi moicavs arabul enaTmecniere
gamoqveynda gazeTSi `24 saaTi~, 2004, 23 oqtomberi, SabaTi, 252; ix.

agreTve: Tamaz gamyreliZe, akademikosi giorgi wereTeli (1904-1973), Tbilisi
2004: ena da kultura.
201
Tamaz gamyreliZe
202
basa da folklors, ebraistikasa da arameistikas, axlo aRmosavleTis Zvel enebsa da damwerlobaTa istorias, qarTvelur enaTmecnierebas, qarTuli da SedarebiTi leqsTwyobis
sakiTxebs, Teoriuli lingvistikis problemebs... TiToeul
am dargSi man mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana da misma Sromebma
Rirseuli adgili daimkvidra Cveni humanitaruli mecnierebis saganZurSi.
mravalmxrivma da Rrma erudiciam, maRali klasis mecnierulma naSromebma, amave dros, araCveulebrivma organizatorulma unarma damsaxurebuli avtoriteti moupova msoflio mecnierebaSi giorgi wereTels da mis mier Seqmnil
saenaTmecniero skolas, xolo giorgi wereTlis iniciativiT daarsebuli saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis aRmosavleTmcodneobis instituti, romelic amJamad mis saxels
atarebs, misi xelmZRvanelobiT msoflio orientalistikis
erT-erT mniSvnelovan centrad iqca.
Tavis erT-erT gamosvlaSi maSindeli sakavSiro akademiis
prezidenti mstislav keldiSi aRniSnavda:
`...saqarTvelos respublikis mecnierebaTa akademia Zalian

did samecniero dawesebulad gaizarda. amasTanave unda aRiniSnos, rom aq Camoyalibda msoflioSi ganTqmuli, saerTaSoriso
mniSvnelobis mTeli rigi samecniero skolebi...
es gaxlavT maTematikuri skola, romelic Tavis sawyiss
akademikos niko musxeliSvilisagan iRebs, skola fiziologiis dargSi, romelsac safuZveli ivane beritaSvilma Cauyara,
saaRmosavleTmcodneo skola, romelsac akademiis wevri
giorgi wereTeli udgas saTaveSi~.
giorgi wereTlis saerTaSoriso aRiarebis dasturi iyo
is, rom igi arCeul iqna didi britaneTisa da irlandiis samefo saazio sazogadoebis sapatio wevrad da agreTve sapatio
wevrad poloneTis orientalitTa sazogadoebisa.

1968 w. giorgi wereTels, ukve msoflio saxelis mqone mecniers, mecnierebis winaSe didi damsaxurebisaTvis irCeven maSindeli sakavSiro akademiis namdvil wevrad. giorgi wereT-
lis arCeva sakavSiro akademiis akademikosad farTo samecniero sazogadoebriobam miiCnia misi mravalmxrivi mecnieruli
da pedagogiuri moRvaweobis samarTlian aRiarebad.
203
Tamaz gamyreliZe
204
giorgi wereTlis rogorc mecnieris sidiade ganisazRvreba ara gamoqveynebul SromaTa raodenobiT, aramed mis mier
Seqmnil gamokvlevaTa xasiaTiT, romelTagan TiToeuli Tavisebur aRmoCenas warmoadgens da waruSlel kvals tovebs
erovnuli da msoflio mecnierebis saTanado dargebSi.
giorgi wereTeli Tavis TavSi aerTianebda faqtobrivad ramdenime samecniero dargis specialistsa da Rrma mcodnes,
rac mas saSualebas aZlevda axleburad, Taviseburi TvalTaxedviT Seexeda TiToeuli am dargisaTvis; igi iyo saqveynod aRiarebuli semitologi, ubadlo iranisti da qarTvelologi; igi iyo brwyinvale filologosi da enaTmecnieri,
romelic yovelTvis idga msoflio filologiisa da lingvistikis uaxles miRwevaTa doneze da xSirad Tavisi gamokvlevebiT TviT gansazRvravda am dones...
giorgi wereTeli ganekuTvneba im qarTvel mecnierTa da
moRvaweTa rigs, romelTac mecnierebaSi gadalaxes sakuTriv
erovnuli sazRvrebi, TavianTi Semoqmedebis zogadmecnieruli Rirebulebisa da mniSvnelobis wyalobiT farTo asparezze
gavidnen da miT erovnul mecnierebas saerTaSoriso mecnierebaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili daumkvidres da sayovelTao aRiareba moupoves...
swored aseTi pirovnebebi uTqvamen saqveynod saxels
qarTul erovnul mecnierebasa da kulturas, mTel qarTvel
xalxs da mas msoflios TvalSi Tanamedrove civilizebuli
da kulturulad mowinave erebis rigSi ayeneben, swored es
aris giorgi wereTlis didi damsaxureba qarTveli xalxisa
da qarTuli kulturis winaSe.
dRes qarTveli xalxis warmoCineba saerTaSoriso asparezze upiratesad qarTuli mecnierebisa da qarTuli kulturis
meSveobiT Tu SeiZleba moxdes. ama Tu im xalxis sayovelTao
aRiarebis safuZvels mxolod mis mier warmoqmnili mecnie-

ruli Tu kulturuli Rirebulebani qmnian, romelTa mixedviTac fasdeba am xalxis wvlili da adgili sakacobrio civilizaciaSi.
erT-erTi aseTi mecnierTagani, romelTac saxeli gauTqves
msoflioSi mTel qarTul mecnierebas, romelTa mixedviTac
msoflio samecniero sazogadoebriobas warmodgena eqmneba
qarTuli mecnierebisa da kulturis umaRlesi saerTaSoriso
donis Sesaxeb, swored akademikosi giorgi wereTeli gaxldaT.
giorgi wereTlis sicocxle moulodnelad Sewyda im dros,
rodesac igi jer kidev aRsavse iyo axali mecnieruli ideebiT, axal-axali samecniero wamowyebebiT. am ideebis ganxorcieleba mas aRar dascalda; magram is, risi Seqmnac man
moaswro, samudamod Seva qarTuli da saerTaSoriso mecnierebis saganZurSi.
madlierma qarTvelma xalxma Tavis sasiqadulo Svils
mudmivi adgilsamyofeli daumkvidra qarTuli mecnierebis
taZarSi, erovnuli universitetis miwaze, sxva gamoCenil
qarTvel mecnierTa da moRvaweTa gverdiT...
205

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Tamaz gamyreliZe

Meluk, Igor. 1968. Stroenie jazykovyx znakov i vozmonye formalno-smyslovye

Tanamedrove diaqroniuli lingvistika da

naTmecnierebis istoriaSi XX saukunis meore naxevarSi SeiniSneboda mometebuli interesi diaqroniuli

pirvelad gamoqveynda 1971 wels: ..,

Tanamedrove diaqroniuli lingvistika da qarTveluri enebi

Tanamedrove diaqroniuli lingvistika da qarTveluri enebi

Tanamedrove diaqroniuli lingvistika da qarTveluri enebi

Tanamedrove diaqroniuli lingvistika da qarTveluri enebi

lo [, , r...] bgerebis saxiT, morfemaSi saTanado sonantis

Tanamedrove diaqroniuli lingvistika da qarTveluri enebi

qarTveluri Zireuli morfemis specifikur tips Seadgenen

sufiqsuri morfemis struqtura gamoixateba kanonikuri

Tanamedrove diaqroniuli lingvistika da qarTveluri enebi

*der-k dreka (gardauvali) *dr-ek

*ker-b Sekreba (gardauvali) *kr-eb Sekreba (gardamavali)

Sinagani da SedarebiTi rekonstruqciiT aRdgenili saerTo-qarTveluri ablauturi modelebi asaxaven im enobriv

saerTo-qarTveluri enis fonologiuri da morfologiuri

Tbilisi, 1965 (Semdgom teqstSi _ sonantTa sistema...~).

Tanamedrove diaqroniuli lingvistika da qarTveluri enebi

fonetikurad identuri erTeulebi ganixileba rogorc Tanxvedra, rogorc `aradiferencirebuli masala~13.

ix.: arn. Ciqobava, Wanur-megrul-qarTuli SedarebiTi leqsikoni, Tbilisi,

Tanamedrove diaqroniuli lingvistika da qarTveluri enebi

megr.-laz. joRormegr.-laz. kirde ~ svan. koj

da sxv., megrul-lazuri da svanuri srulxmovniani formebi

koncefcia `zanuri srulxmovnobis pirveladobis~ Sesaxeb sruladaa

midgomiT SesaZlebeli gaxda rogorc xmovnebs, ise sonor

Tanamedrove diaqroniuli lingvistika da qarTveluri enebi

naSromSi warmodgenili analizis principisa da qarTvelur formaTa dayofis

Tanamedrove diaqroniuli lingvistika da qarTveluri enebi

Tanamedrove diaqroniuli lingvistika da qarTveluri enebi

Sesabamis fuZe-enaTa rekonstruqcia kavkasiur enaTa am sami

Tanamedrove diaqroniuli lingvistika da qarTveluri enebi

inventaris dayofa sakuTriv xmovanTa, sakuTriv TanxmovanTa

Tanamedrove diaqroniuli lingvistika da qarTveluri enebi

saerTo-qarTvelurisa da saerTo-indoevropulis struqturul-tipologiuri dapirispireba, qarTvelur-indoevropuli morfologiuri izomorfizmis gamovlena faqtobrivad

Tanamedrove diaqroniuli lingvistika da qarTveluri enebi

TanxmovanTa harmoniuli kompleqsebis Sesaxeb ix.: g.axvlediani, zogadi

Tanamedrove diaqroniuli lingvistika da qarTveluri enebi

To-qarTveluri struqturebis gardaqmnasa da miaxloebas indoevropul morfonologiur struqturebTan38.

*m kerd-/*m k4d- `mkerdi~ : i.-e. *kerd-/*

qarTvelur-indoevropul morfonologiur izomorfizms g.wereTeli xsnis

Tanamedrove diaqroniuli lingvistika da qarTveluri enebi

Sdr.:W.P.Lehmann [recenzia wignze], sonantTa sistema...~ (Language, vol. 44,

Tanamedrove diaqroniuli lingvistika da qarTveluri enebi

axali paradigma indoevropul SedarebiT_

naTmecnierebis istoriaSi XX saukunis meore naxevari

daibeWda rusul enaze krebulSi -

axali paradigma indoevropul Sed._istoriul enaTmecnierebaSi

axali paradigma indoevropul Sed._istoriul enaTmecnierebaSi

axali paradigma indoevropul Sed._istoriul enaTmecnierebaSi

rom es aris enaSi sistemur fonemur gardaqmnaTa klasikuri

axali paradigma indoevropul Sed._istoriul enaTmecnierebaSi

imisaTvis, rom indoevropuli fuZe-enis konsonanturi

axali paradigma indoevropul Sed._istoriul enaTmecnierebaSi

aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT sainteresod gveCveneba indoevropuli enaTmecnierebis patriarqis, cnobili amerikeli

axali paradigma indoevropul Sed._istoriul enaTmecnierebaSi

adgileba, ise am xalxis kulturac farTo mniSvnelobiT _

axali paradigma indoevropul Sed._istoriul enaTmecnierebaSi

axali paradigma indoevropul Sed._istoriul enaTmecnierebaSi

amasTan erTad, saerTo-indoevropuli materialuri da

axali paradigma indoevropul Sed._istoriul enaTmecnierebaSi

axali paradigma indoevropul Sed._istoriul enaTmecnierebaSi

der-k dreka (gardauvali) dr-ek

ker-b Sekreba (gardauvali) kr-eb Sekreba (gardamavali)

m kerd-/m k4d- `mkerdi~ : i.-e. kerd-/