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Lecture 4
LECTURE 4 TOPICS
I. Torsion
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Lecture 4-1
Torsional
Shearing
Stress
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Before Twisting
T
After Twisting
Shafts that have noncircular cross sections bulge or warp when they are
twisted. They have very complex shear stress distribution.
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=0
Components of
shear stress
Shear stress
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Angle of Twist
where
b /t
k1
k2
1.0
0.141
0.208
1.2
0.166
0.219
1.5
0.196
0.231
2.0
0.229
0.246
2.5
0.249
0.258
3.0
0.263
0.267
4.0
0.281
0.282
5.0
0.291
0.291
10.0
0.312
0.312
0.333
0.333
400
mm
Find:
200
mm
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Solution:
A) Maximum Torsional Shearing Stress, max
max =
400
mm
T
k 2bt 2
b = 400
greater dimension
t = 200
smaller dimension
b 400
=
=2
t 200
200
mm
k1 = 0.229
T = 200 kNm
G = 80 GPa
k 2 = 0.246
Solution:
A) Maximum Torsional Shearing Stress, max
400
mm
200
mm
max =
T
k 2bt 2
max =
200(103 )
(0.246)(0.4 )(0.2)2
= 50.81(106 ) Pa
= 50.81 MPa
T = 200 kNm
G = 80 GPa
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Solution:
B) Angle of Twist per Unit Length
400
mm
200
mm
TL
k1Gbt 3
200(103 )
T
=
=
3
(0.229)(80(109 ))(0.4)(0.2 )3
L k1Gbt
= 3.41(10 3 ) rad / m
T = 200 kNm
G = 80 GPa
400
mm
Find:
250
mm
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Solution:
A) Maximum Torsional Shearing Stress, max
max =
400
mm
T
k 2bt 2
b = 400
greater dimension
t = 250
smaller dimension
b 400
=
= 1 .6
t 250
250
mm
2 1 .5
1.6 1.5
=
0.229 0.196 k1 0.196
T = 200 kNm
G = 80 GPa
k1 = 0.2026
Solution:
A) Maximum Torsional Shearing Stress, max
max =
400
mm
250
mm
T = 200 kNm
G = 80 GPa
T
k 2bt 2
b = 400
greater dimension
t = 250
smaller dimension
b 400
=
= 1 .6
t 250
Interpolate for k2:
2 1.5
1 .6 1 .5
=
0.246 0.231 k 2 0.231
k 2 = 0.234
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Solution:
A) Maximum Torsional Shearing Stress, max
400
mm
max =
T
k 2bt 2
max =
200(103 )
(0.234)(0.4)(0.25)2
= 34.19(106 ) Pa
250
mm
= 34.19 MPa
T = 200 kNm
G = 80 GPa
Solution:
B) Angle of Twist per Unit Length
400
mm
250
mm
TL
k1Gbt 3
T
=
L k1Gbt 3
200(103 )
(0.2026)(80(109 ))(0.4)(0.25)3
= 1.974(10 3 ) rad / m
T = 200 kNm
G = 80 GPa
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Lecture 4-2
qds
ds
x
z
T
z
q = shear flow = t
= shear force per unit length
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qds
qds
ds
ds
qds
x
t + dt
(q + dq)ds
(q + dq)ds
q = shear flow = t
= shear force per unit length
z
t
qds
qds
ds
t + dt
(q + dq)ds
(q + dq)ds
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qds
NOTE:
ds
dA
x
z
Shear Flow
qds
ds
dA
x
Shear Stress
l
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s
T
qds
ds
qds
Virtual
external
force
External
deformation
Virtual
element
force
ds
Real element
deformation
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Torsional
Stiffness
Factor
when q is constant
Note that the torsional stiffness is
proportional to the square of the
enclosed area, which fact can
serve the engineer as a guide in
designing stiff torsion members.
but
T = 150 in-kips
Aluminum Alloy (G = 4000 ksi)
t = 1/8 in (uniform)
Find:
A) Torsional Shearing Stress,
B) Angle of Twist per Unit
Length
14
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Solution:
A) Torsional Shearing Stress,
=
A
T
2 At
150 in kips
2 1
2 8(6 ) + (3) in 3
8
= 7.866 ksi
A = 8(6 ) + (3)
Solution:
B) Angle of Twist per Unit Length
K=
3
s centerline perimeter
s = 8(2) + 2(3)
T
=
L GK
TL
GK
4 A2
ds
t
4 A2
1
ds
t
4 A2t
s
Constant t
2 21
4 8(6) + (3)
8
K=
[8(2) + 2(3)]
= 83.47 in 4
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Solution:
B) Angle of Twist per Unit Length
TL
GK
T
=
L GK
150 in kips
=
L (4000 ksi )(83.47 in 4 )
= 4.49(10 4 ) rad / in
s centerline perimeter
s = 8(2) + 2(3)
15
C
695
mm
15
16
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Solution:
A) Maximum Shearing Stress
=
15
C
695
mm
15
T
2 At
max =
T
2At min
Solution:
A) Maximum Shearing Stress
15
C
695
mm
c
d
15
17
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Solution:
A) Maximum Shearing Stress
129.41
( r 2 )
360
150
210
2
( (320)2 )
A=
(
(500) ) +
360
360
1
+ (129.41)(482.963 2)
2
1
1
= 1,142,661.891 mm 2
+ 2 (85.744)(320)
2
= 1.14266 m 2
Asec tor =
Note:
482.963
331.29
85.744
15
C
695
mm
15
Solution:
A) Maximum Shearing Stress
129.41
max =
482.963
331.29
85.744
15
C
695
mm
T
2At min
170(10 3 )
2(1.14266 )(0.001)
= 74.388 MPa
At A-D
15
18
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Solution:
B) Angle of Twist per Meter Length
T
=
L GK
TL
=
GK
l
A
15
ds
15
C
695
mm
ds
ds
ds
K=
4 A2
ds
t
ds
t = t + t + t + t
A
B
C
D
Note:
sarc _ length =
(2 r )
360
1 210
ds
1
(671.32) + 1 150 (2(320)) = 3037.233
1.7
1 360
Solution:
B) Angle of Twist per Meter Length
4(1.14266)
= 0.00171955 m 4
3037.233
2
K=
15
C
695
mm
B
l
A
T
=
L GK
170(103 )
(28(10 ))(0.00171955)
9
= 0.00353 rad / m
15
19
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Lecture 4-3
T3
T2
T1
Equation A
1
The total applied torque T is equilibrated by
the sum of the individual resisting torques
of the individual portions.
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Therefore
Equation B
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22
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4
1/8
1/8
Solution:
A) Torsional Stiffness Factor of the
Composite Section.
= 1.57 in 4
For Rectangle 2:
(1)
r 4
=
2
2
For Circle 1: K1 = J =
K 2 = k1t 3b
b 2
=
=8
t 14
By interpolation:
k1 = 0.3036
K 2 = (0.3036)(1 4 ) (2 ) = 0.0095 in 4
3
4
1/8
1/8
3
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Solution:
A) Torsional Stiffness Factor of the
Composite Section.
Therefore:
K = Ki
= K1 + K 2 + K 3
= 5.5795 in 4
4
1/8
1/8
3
Solution:
B) Maximum Shear Stress due to an
applied torque T.
T1
T2
For Circle 1:
4
1/8
1/8
3
T3
T1 =
1.57
K1
T = 0.281 T
T =
5.5795
K
For Rectangle 2:
K
0.0095
T2 = 2 T =
T = 0.0017 T
K
5.5795
For Closed Thin-Walled 3:
4.0
K
T = 0.717 T
T3 = 3 T =
5.5795
K
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Solution:
B) Maximum Shear Stress due to an
applied torque T.
T1
T2
For Circle 1: 1 =
4
1/8
1/8
3
T3
For Rectangle 2:
T
2 = 2 2
k 2bt
b 2
=
=8
t 14
By interpolation:
k 2 = 0.3036
0.0017 T
(0.3036)(2)(1 4)2
= 0.045 T
Solution:
B) Maximum Shear Stress due to an
applied torque T.
T1
T2
4
1/8
1/8
3
T3
0.717 T
(2 )(8)(0.125)
= 0.3585 T
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Solution:
B) Maximum Shear Stress due to an
applied torque T.
T1
T2
Therefore:
max = max(1 , 2 , 3 )
max = 0.3585 T
4
1/8
1/8
3
T3
Lecture 4-4
(Reading Assignment)
26
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a
q3
q1
flows,
Assuming L = 1,
Fz = 0 :
q1 + q 2 + q 3 = 0 :
Inflow = Outflow
q1
q1 q 2 q 3 = 0 :
q3 =
t2
T1
A1
= 0:
q1 q 2
T = T1 + T 2
T = 2 A1 q 1 + 2 A 2 q 2
T2
A2
q3
t1
q2
t3
- Subjected to a torque T
> eq . 1
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=
L
1 L 2
1
2 GA 1
ds
1
=
t
2 GA 2
ds
t
1 q 1 l1 2 3
q l
1 q 2 l 3 4 1
q l
+ 3 3 1 =
3 31
A1
t1
t2
A2
t3
t2
But
q3 =
q1 q 2
1 q 1 l1 2 3
(q q 2 )l 3 1 = 1 q 2 l 3 4 1 (q 1 q 2 )l 3 1 > eq . 2
+ 1
A1
t1
t2
A 2
t3
t2
- Equations 1 and 2 can now be used to solve for q1 & q2, the unknown shear flows
Lecture 4-5
(Reading Assignment)
28
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29