A Motion Study of the Internal Dynamics of a Chainsaw

A Course Qualifying Project

submitted to the Faculty
of the
WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
ES 2503 Dynamics Report
by
Donald Bourque

Norbert Mongeon

Hanna Schmidtman

Michael Sweeney

Group 1

Abstract
This report entails an analysis of chainsaw motion. To calculate this chainsaw motion,
Newtonian laws and dynamic principles were applied. Using information given in the chainsaw
manual for a McCulloch PowerMac 320 as a source of operating values, and hand-measuring
parts, the following derivations were calculated: piston motion equations of position, velocity,
and acceleration; torque, power output, and force of the piston; analysis of the centrifugal clutch;
and the velocity of the chain.

Table of Contents
A MOTION STUDY OF THE INTERNAL DYNAMICS OF A CHAINSAW

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

Objectives

Overview of Report

CHAPTER 2. HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF THE CHAINSAW

2.1 Engineering Development of Modern Chainsaw

2.2 Internal Mechanisms of a Chainsaw and Their Functions

CHAPTER 3. MOTION STUDY AND DYNAMICS ANALYSIS OF A CHAINSAW

11

15

3.1 Specifications of Chainsaw Used for Measurements

15

3.2 Analysis and Calculations of Chainsaw Component Motion

16

3.2.1 Piston

16

3.2.2 Analysis of Torque, Power, and Force

25

3.2.3 Analysis of Centrifugal Clutch

28

3.2.4 Analysis of Chain Motion

32

CHAPTER 4. CONCLUDING REMARKS

34

APPENDIX

36

Appendix 1 List of Equations

36

BIBLIOGRAPHY

37

SIGNATURE PAGE

38

List of Figures
Figure 1. Aitken's Chainsaw Illustrated in 1785
Figure 2. Patent Drawing of Muir's Chainsaw
Figure 3. Exploded View of a Chainsaw
Figure 4. Photograph of the Centrifugal Clutch
Figure 5. Picture of McCulloch Power Mac 320 Used for Analysis
Figure 6. Piston at an Instant
Figure 7. Diagram to Solve for the Instantaneous Center
Figure 8. Illustration of Geometry used to Determine Motion of a Piston
Figure 9. Graph of Piston Displacement over Time
Figure 10. Illustration of Piston at Top Dead Center
Figure 11. Illustration of Piston at Bottom Dead Center
Figure 12. Graph of Pistons Velocity v. Time
Figure 13. Graph of Piston's Acceleration v. Time
Figure 14. Force on Piston v. Time Graph
Figure 15. Graph of Torque v. Revolution per Minute
Figure 16. Engine Performance Torque Curve
Figure 17. Force Body Diagram of a Centrifugal Clutch
Figure 18. Graph of Fictional Force v. Revolution per Minute
Figure 19. Photograph of Chain and Blade used for Analysis
Figure 20. Graph of Chain Velocity v. Revolutions per Minute

8
9
11
12
15
16
17
19
22
22
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
31
32
33

List of Tables
Table 1. Information Regarding the McCulloch Power Mac 320
Table 2. Lengths of Components of the McCulloch Power Mac 320
Table 3. Masses of Components of the McCulloch Power Mac 320
Table 4. Experimental Values Used to Calculate Motion of Piston
Table 5. Measurements Related to Clutch Analysis and their Corresponding Variables

15
16
16
21
28

Chapter 1
Introduction
The chainsaw was originally created as a medical device to dissect body parts without
injuring healthy bone; today chainsaws are used for yard work, artistic outlets, clearing land,
recreation, and industrial logging. The motions of the chainsaw span many topics covered in this
dynamics course. This report will encompass the phenomena of force, momentum, work, power,
energy, and planar and rotational velocity.
This report analyzes a small chainsaw; the McCulloch PowerMac 320. It investigates how
fast the chain moves and the dynamics of the motor when it runs at 9000 RPM. The dynamics of
the motor includes the kinematics of the piston. The force that is available for cutting is
determined from an analysis of the clutch.
To begin this process, research will be done to understand the internal mechanisms of the
standard chainsaw and use this information to create engineering design drawings which will
provide visual references. Using these, we will determine the necessary specifications, and
movements of the internal workings. Some of the necessary information to answer our project
statement will include:

Gear relationships

Stroke of the piston

Frictional forces

Measurement of crankshaft

Chain length

Objectives
The objective of this paper is to use topics discussed in the ES 2503 Introduction to
Dynamic Systems course to write a comprehensive research study. This paper explores the
translational, rotational and plane motion dynamics of a common handheld chain saw.
Overview of Report
Dynamics is the area of study which deals with the accelerated motion of a body. This
report will analyze the motion of each component of a chainsaw and how each contributes to the
tool's overall function. In the second chapter, a brief history of the evolution and engineering
development will be illustrated. A detailed description of the each component will follow and
describe the connection of each part with its neighbor that enables a chainsaw to work.
The bulk of the dynamics analysis is found in the third chapter. The kinetic and kinematic
relationships as well as forces, momentums, work, power, energy, and planar and rotational
motions of each component is analyzed using force body diagrams and engineering drawings as
visual references.

Chapter 2. History and Evolution of the Chainsaw

2.1 Engineering Development of Modern Chainsaw
The creation of the first and original chainsaw is highly disputed. Several manufacturers
created similar devices over a broad range of time.
The first chainsaw-like device is credited to John
Aitkens in the early 1780s. Aitkens was a highly
renowned surgeon who spoke lectured numerous times on
surgery, physic, midwifery, anatomy, and chemistry.
These findings were cataloged in his books, Principles of
Midwifery and Puerperal Medicine, where the design of
an instrument similar to the chainsaw is found. This
instrument was credited with being the first chain saw.
Aitkens created hand-cranked saw with a serrated chain
inspired by a watch chain. Its purpose was to remove

Figure 1. Aitken's Chainsaw

Illustrated in 1785

cartilage in the pelvic region of women with small statures that would be at risk of death during
pregnancy due to obstructed labor and birth via instruments or caesarian, more often than not,
killed the mother. Unfortunately, the procedure would often damage the urethra and bladder and
therefore never became widely used. However, its speed furthermore caused problems, although
its fundamental design is mimicked in modern chainsaw design. It was adopted as a bone saw,
specifically join excision (Kirkup, 2009).
Another saw-like medical device was created in 1830 by another German inventor,
Bernard Heine. The osteotome was created to saw through tough bone without the impact

damage of using a hammer or chisel. The design of the osteotome references that of modern
chainsaws in that a linked chain with small angled teeth move around a guiding blade by turning
the handle of a sprocket wheel. This instrument allowed surgeons to cut through diseased bone
without damaging the surrounding healthy tissue. Heine was elevated to celebrity status as his
invention was demonstrated at clinics around Europe. In 1834, he was awarded the Prix Montyon
of the Acadmie des Sciences in Paris, and the University of Wrzburg appointed him professor
of orthopedics in 1838, although he never formally studied medicine (Wolf, 1999).
The next one hundred
years of chainsaw history was
not

documented

as

significantly.

Advances

during this

time included

Muirs chainsaw. The only

evidence of this saw is a
patent filed in 1809 (Muir,
1907). The design of this
chainsaw

is

illustrated

in

Figure 2 to the left. There are

also reports of the Hamilton

saw invented in 1861, and the
American
1880.

Riding

However,

Saw

of

reliable

sources of this information

Figure 2. Patent Drawing of Muir's Chainsaw

10

were not available. In 1905, rumors that a 10 feet log was felled in just four and half minutes in
Eureka California (1949). The chainsaw also made the cover of a March edition of Scientific
American in 1918.
The next major development in tree-felling technologies is highly controversial. Many
sources have competing declarations of who created the first chain saw. The evolution did not
occur until 1926 when Andreas Stihl patented a two-person saw. It weighed over one hundred
pounds and with a 2.2kW power output. The STIHL Tree-Felling Machine Type A was powered
with an electric motor and used in mill yards(Incorporated, 2013). Similarly, in 1927 another
German engineer Emil Lerp, of E. Lerp & Co. a Hamburg company, created the worlds first
petrol chain saw(DOLMAR, 2013). Three years later, STIHL demonstrated the first portable
gasoline powered chainsaw that resembles the modern hand-held chainsaws of today, at a trade
fair in Leipzig.
Another notable innovation to the chainsaw came about in 1947 when Joseph Buford Cox
noticed the ease at which the North American wood boring beetle could burrow through wood.
He noticed the beetle was boring rather than scratching or chewing its way through the grain,
also that its jaws were on the sides of its head and moved forward and backwards slicing the
wood. The bio-emulation resulted in the C-shaped jaws in steel of the Cox Chipper chain
("Safety FirstStudying the Effects of Chainsaw Sharpness; Contributed by the Centre for Human
Factors & Ergonomics," 2004).
The fundamental design of the chainsaw has not dramatically altered since the 60s;
however, safety of the user became an important topic which led to several innovations. STIHL
presented the first vibration dampening handle, to reduce the shuddering created by the engine

11

and chain in 1964 (Incorporated, 2013). Another chainsaw company, Husqvarna, made an
automatic chain-break to prevent injury due to kickback. The most significant advances in recent
chainsaw history have been attributed to experimentation with composite materials and plastics
for a more portable instrument(Green, 2012).

2.2 Internal Mechanisms of a Chainsaw and Their Functions

Figure 3. Exploded View of a Chainsaw

In basic form, a chainsaw is an engine with a handle and a chain and bar bolted to it. For
the purpose of this paper, each component in a chainsaw will be analyzed in depth.
First, there is the power source. The two-stroke motor, which has a significant power to
weight ratio is the central part, for example, the chainsaw used for this report had a ratio of 1:2,
compared to a 2013 Ford Taurus with a V6 engine which has a power to rate ratio of 1:15. A two
stroke engine is different from a four stroke internal combustion engine found in cars. As its
name implies, the two-stroke engine has two strokes; one that controls intake and compression
and another to regulate combustion and exhaust. A two-stroke engine has its intake fed through
ports in the side of the cylinder instead of having valves. The exhaust exits through ports on the

12

other side of the cylinder. These are at different heights to allow the exhaust to exit before the
intake. The piston plays a large part in a two stroke engine. When the piston is top dead center it
is creating a vacuum in the crankcase that pulls the air and fuel mixture from the carburetor
through the reed valve. When the piston is bottom dead center it is creating pressure that then
forces the fuel and air mixture into the combustion chamber. With this design a two-stroke
engine can fire every time that that piston is at top dead center. Oil is required to be added to the
fuel and the two-stroke engine is prone to more problems than four-strokes, this is why they are
used in applications that need a noteworthy power to weight ratio and are not used very often.
This makes a chain saw a suitable use for a two-stroke engine.
Besides the engine, chainsaws have
four important parts. There is the centrifugal
clutch,

magneto,

carburetor,

and

the

crankshaft. The centrifugal clutch, shown in

Figure 4 above, connects the engine to the

chain when the engine it revving high

enough. It achieves this by centrifugal force.
The clutch is a circular object with a couple
of sections in it that is connected to the

Figure 4. Photograph of the Centrifugal Clutch

crankshaft. When the clutch is spun fast enough, these pieces get pushed out away from the
center and come in contact with the outer drum. The outer drum begins to spin and this intern
makes the chain rotate by use of a gear. When the chainsaw is idling, the clutch is disengaged
because the centrifugal force is not strong enough to make it contact the outer drum. The

13

advantages of this system is that the clutch engages automatically, unlike in cars, and it slips
automatically to prevent stalling of the engine.
A source of electricity is needed to create a spark with the spark plugs. The designers of
chainsaws decided a battery is extraneous weight and, instead, created a magneto to accomplish
the same task. A magneto is simply a generator that creates a periodic high-voltage pulse. These
magnetos create voltages between 10,000 and 20,000 volts. Pair of strong permanent magnets,
which are embedded in the fly-wheel, are spun past an armature and generate electric current.
From the armature, this electric current travels through the primary and secondary coils. These
coils of wire are wrapped around the armature and feed into an electronic ignition which controls
the voltages sent to the spark plugs.
In order for the engine to run, it needs a fuel and air mixture injected into the cylinder.
This is the job of the carburetor. The carburetor takes in air by opening its throttle plate. When
the air reaches a narrowing section of the carburetor, called the venture, a vacuum is created
according to Bernoulli's principle. This vacuum draws fuel out of a small hole called a jet. This
mechanism is able to produce the proper air to fuel mixture. If the throttle plate is almost closed,
the air near the jets will not move as fast and therefore have less suction and pull less fuel. If the
throttle plate is all the way open the air will move faster, creating more vacuum and pulling more
fuel.
The crankshaft converts the linear motion of the piston into rotational motional which is
needed to power the rotating chain. In all regular chainsaws the crankshaft is simple because
there is only one piston. To help visualize a picture of the crankshaft is shown below. The
crankshaft is pushed by the piston via the connecting rod. The connecting rod attaches to the

14

underside of the piston with the use of roller bearings to minimize friction. The other side of the
connecting rod is attached to the crankshaft. When the piston is moving up and down the
crankshaft will be forced to spin. To keep the crankshaft spinning with a constant velocity, it is
connected to flywheel.

15

Chapter 3. Motion Study and Dynamics Analysis of a Chainsaw

3.1 Specifications of Chainsaw Used for Measurements
The chainsaw that was used to study chainsaw dynamics was the McCulloch Power Mac
320. The availability of this chainsaw as a reference for numerical values and a visual aid
assisted to create a more accurate analysis.

Figure 5. Picture of McCulloch Power Mac 320 Used for Analysis

In order to calculate the solution to our problem statement we had to determine

measurements for the chainsaw. Using a scale and calipers we deduced the following:
Table 1. Information Regarding the McCulloch Power Mac 320

Variable
Horsepower

Value
2hp

Maximum Power Speed

9000 rpm

Idling Speed

3000 rpm

16

Table 2. Lengths of Components of the McCulloch Power Mac 320

Item

Length (cm)

Piston Diameter

3.78714

Stroke

3.01498

Diameter Gear

3.00736

Diameter Crankshaft

3.00736

Effective Length of Connecting Rod

2.96164

Chain Length

101.6 (54 links)

Table 3. Masses of Components of the McCulloch Power Mac 320

Item
Crankshaft and Flywheel

Weight (Kg)
0.562

Chain

0.166

Clutch

0.278

Piston
Connecting Rod

0.068
0.040

3.2 Analysis and Calculations of Chainsaw Component Motion

3.2.1 Piston
To begin, an example of solving for the velocity of the piston at a
particular moment was demonstrated.
First, it is necessary to convert the revolutions per minute into radians
per second.

(
Figure 6. Piston at an
Instant

)(

17

Therefore:

The length of the segments BC and AB are converted to ft.

)(

)(

The crankshaft rotates around a fixed axis, so the velocity of point B can be described by:
Equation 1
(

To determine the Instantaneous Center of the

crankshaft, perpendicular lines are drawn from the velocities
at points A and B as shown in Figure 7. Using geometric
relationships, such as the Law of Sines, the lengths from
points A and B to the Instantaneous Center can be found.
Equation 2
( )

( )

Figure 7. Diagram to Solve for the

Instantaneous Center

18

In this equation, AB is the length of the segment AB and rB/IC is the distance from point B
to the Instantaneous Center. This equation is then rearranged and solved for rB/IC.

]) {

]) {

])

])

The rotational sense of BC has to be the same as the rotation caused by vB around the
Instantaneous Center.

Finally, the velocity can be solved with the information found thus far.
(

)(
(

)(

19

An analysis of the general motion of a piston was also calculated. The pistons position is
defined as the distance between the piston and the center of the crankshaft. This distance (x) is
determined by the radius (r) of the rotating crankshaft and the length (l) of the connecting rod
which connects the piston to the crankshaft. The crankshaft radius and the connecting rod create
a triangle with angle A whose side (x) is equal to the measurement we are trying to find. The
Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals by John Benjamin Heywood first illustrated the
diagram as shown in Figure 8 and explained the equation for piston motion, although the algebra
necessary to determine the equation is more thoroughly explained in the following passage
(Heywood, 1989).

Figure 8. Illustration of Geometry used to Determine Motion of a Piston

20

Using the law of cosines, we find that:

Equation 3

Moving

to the other side:

( )

( )

Completing the square:

)(

(
(

Back to line 3:

)
Factored out
(

Rewriting the trig identity

as:

:
(

)
(

Reducing:

Solving for x:

(
)
(

21

Equation 4

The equation

gives the distance of the piston from the

center of the crankshaft as a function of the crank angle

function of time (t) is desired. To change this,

. However, a position equation as a

( )

is substituted into the

piston equation.

Equation 5
( )

( )

This equation and the following experimental data in Table 4 are used to plot the displacement of
the piston over a short amount of time.
Table 4. Experimental Values Used to Calculate Motion of Piston
Item
Length of Crankshaft
Angular Velocity
Connecting Rod Length

Variable
R

Measurement
0.015m
150 revolutions per minute
0.05m

22

Piston Displacement vs. Time

0 .0 7

Meters

0 .0 6

x( t ) 0 .0 5

0 .0 4

0 .0 3
0

51 0

0 .0 1

0 .0 1 5

0 .0 2

Seconds

Figure 9. Graph of Piston Displacement over Time

This graph is expected due to the fact that the maximum displace of the piston is the sum
of the crankshaft radius and the length of the connecting rod for the maximum displacement of:
meters when the position is at Top Dead Center, as shown Figure 10, and
meters when the position is at Bottom Dead Center, Figure 11.

Figure 10. Illustration of Piston at Top Dead

Center

Figure 11. Illustration of Piston at Bottom Dead

Center

The equations for velocity and acceleration are found by differentiating the motion of the piston
equation. Since velocity is the derivative of the position equation, it is found by ( )

( ).

23

The equation for acceleration is the derivative of the velocity graph, ( )

( ) or ( )

( ).

The maximum velocity can be found by evaluating the maximum point(s) of the acceleration
graph, by the same reasoning that to optimize a system; one must evaluate its derivative. The
maximum was found to occur at t=0.005270393s, by calculating ( )

. This moment is used

to calculate the maximum velocity when the piston rotates at 9000 revolutions per minute. The
maximum velocity is

( )

( )

. This vector is then converted into a speed:

( )(

)(

( )

Velocity of Piston
20

Meters/second

10

v( t )

10

20
0

51 0

0 .0 1

0 .0 1 5

Seconds

Figure 12. Graph of Pistons Velocity v. Time

0 .0 2

24

Meters/second^2

Acceleration

a( t)

110

210

510

0.01

0.015

0.02

Seconds
Figure 13. Graph of Piston's Acceleration v. Time

Using the mass of the piston, the net force on the piston rotating at 9000 rpm can be
determined. The mass of the piston was measured to be 0.068 kg. To find the force, Newtons
Second Law is used which states the force is equal to the mass of an object multiplied by its
acceleration: ( )

( ). Figure 14 illustrates the relationship between the force and time

as the piston moves. The graph also can be used to find the maximum force the piston
experiences, using the same philosophy utilized in the maximum velocity calculations. Using the
derivative of the graph shown in Figure 14, the maximum net force on the piston rotating at 9000
RPM is 658.732 N.

25

Force on Piston vs. Time

3

110

Newtons

500

0
F( t )
500

110

1.510

510

0.01

0.015

Seconds
Figure 14. Force on Piston v. Time Graph

3.2.2 Analysis of Torque, Power, and Force

The equation of horsepower (hp) is:
Equation 6
(

5252 is a conversion faction that originates from the following equations.

(
(

)
)

The horsepower equation can be rearranged to solve for torque.

0.02

26

Information within the manufacturers catalog provided the horsepower and revolution
per minute used in the analysis. For these calculations power is taken to be 2 horsepower while
rotating at 9000 revolution per minute.

This is the torque developed by the 2HP motor. The following graph illustrates the relationship
between torque and rotation.

Torque v. Angular Velocity

100

Torque, (lb/ft)

80
60
40

(rpmv) = (HP*5252)/rpm
20
0
0

500

1000

1500

2000

Revolutions per Minute (rpm)

Figure 15. Graph of Torque v. Revolution per Minute

The following graph found on the mechanical engineering blog, MechGuru, displays an
Engine Performance Torque Curve that shows the relationship of torque, horsepower, and
revolution per minute. Realistically, torque and hp are changing with respect to each other and

27

the RPM. It is also important to notice that the torque and hp curves intersect at 5252rpm. This
relates to the previously explained conversion factor that relates torque and hp (Suvo, 2013).

Figure 16. Engine Performance Torque Curve

28

3.2.3 Analysis of Centrifugal Clutch

The experimental values for these analyses were collected by hand. Therefore, the
analysis of the clutch requires several measurements tabulated below.

Normal Direction

Figure 17. Force Body Diagram of a Centrifugal Clutch

Table 5. Measurements Related to Clutch Analysis and their Corresponding Variables

Item

Variable Measurement

Diameter of Unexpanded Clutch

dC

2.540in

Diameter of Expanded Clutch

dOC

2.730in

Mass of Clutch

mC

0.08 kg

Radius of Clutch Plates

.02123m

Angular Velocity

4000rpm

29

Using the measurements of the expanded and unexpanded clutch diameter, the distance
the spring travels to engage the clutch, this is denoted in the following equation by the variable x.
Since the measurements were taken using American Units, the measurements are converted into
meters.

)(

)(

In order to use the angular acceleration in future equations, it must be converted in radians per
second.

)(

Using the Centripetal Force Equation and the Force from a spring equations, the spring constant
can be solved.

Centripetal Force Equation

Force from Spring
Combination of Equations

30

Equation 7

)(

The normal force the clutch exerts on its housing at 9000 RPMS can be calculated with the
values found.

)(

Equation 8

Equation 9

Using the equations created by the spring and centripetal forces, the normal force can be found.
Equation 10

[(

)(

)(

)]

[(

)(

)]

31

The normal force can be used in the calculations to find the frictional forces. The static
friction coefficient was found to be 0.08 in the case of a dry metal on dry metal circumstance.
The frictional forces between the clutch and its housing component are calculated below.
Equation 11

)(

Frictional Force v. Angular Velocity

1000

Frictional Force (N)

800
600

F(rpm) = {mc*r[RPM(1/60)(2)]2-Fs}

400
200
0
-200
-400

1500

3000

4500

6000

7500

9000

Revolution per Minute (rpm)

Figure 18. Graph of Fictional Force v. Revolution per Minute

32

In the chainsaw, the frictional force between the clutch and the outer housing is
equivalent to the force the chain uses to cut. The clutch will slip if the resistance of the wood
being cut created a greater force than the frictional force of the clutch.
3.2.4 Analysis of Chain Motion

Figure 19. Photograph of Chain and Blade used for Analysis

Converting 9000 rpm to rad/sec

)(

Therefore:

The radius of the gear, which was measured in inches, due to the fact that the instruments used
were in the American system of units, is converted to SI.

)(

)(

)(

The equation to solve for velocity is as follows:

(

)(

33

)(

Velocity v. Angular Velocity

14

Velocity (m/s)

12
10
8
6
v(RPM) = RPM(1/60)(2)(0.015)
4
2

0
0

1500

3000

4500

6000

7500

9000

Revolution per Minute (rpm)

Figure 20. Graph of Chain Velocity v. Revolutions per Minute

34

Chapter 4. Concluding Remarks

Using topics discussed in the ES 2503 Introduction to Dynamic Systems course, the
pistons position equation of a McCulloch PowerMac 320 chainsaw running at 9000 RPM was
determined to be

( )

( ) . Then, MathCad was used to

differentiate and graph the pistons motion equations. Differentiating the position equation gives
the velocity equation, and the acceleration equation was found by differentiating the velocity
equation. The maximum instantaneous velocity of the piston was then calculated to be
.

Analyses of torque, horsepower, and angular velocity can be seen in Figures 15 and 16.
The torque output from this 2hp chainsaw was calculated to be 1.167 ft*lbs at 9000 RPMS. The
normal force of the clutch on the outer housing (see Figure 17) at 9000 RPMS was calculated to
be

, the coefficient of friction for this interaction was determined to be .08, and the

overall friction force was calculated to be 968.502 N. The velocity of the chain was then
calculated to be 14.172 m/s.
These calculations are important as chainsaws require efficiency. They are designed to be
compact and have a high power output. Being aware of the forces within a dynamic system is
paramount as the stresses that each part experiences will determine which materials are
necessary. Torque and horsepower are sought after in a good chainsaw, and using dynamics
principles alloys this information to be calculated.
Overall, this project went very well. Much was learned about the history and various
applications of a chainsaw, as well as it being a great opportunity to test our knowledge of
dynamics and engineering principles.

Limitations for this project include not having a

35

dynamometer to analyze this chainsaws torque and power correlation to its RPMs. This would
be a potential improvement for this dynamics paper. The chainsaw is an example of turning a 2stroke engine into a simple, practical device.

36

Appendix
Appendix 1 List of Equations
Equation 1
Equation 2
Equation 3
Equation 4
Equation 5
Equation 6
Equation 7
Equation 8
Equation 9
Equation 10

17
17
20
21
21
25
30
30
30
30

37

Bibliography
(1949, October). Timberman Magazine.
DOLMAR. (2013). 80 Years of DOLMAR. Retrieved 22 April, 2013, from
http://www.dolmarpowerproducts.com/company/history/80_years_dolmar.html
Green, A. (2012). A Brief History of the Chain Saw. Popular Mechanics.
Heywood, J. B. (1989). Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals: McGraw Hill.
Incorporated, S. (2013). SITHL Group Worldwide History. Retrieved 22 April, 2013, from
http://www.stihlusa.com/information/corporate/about-us/stihl-company-history/
Kirkup, J. (2009). John Aitken's chain saw. Journal of medical biography, 17(2), 80-80.
Muir, R. L. (1907). United States Patent No. 865118. U. S. P. Office.
Safety FirstStudying the Effects of Chainsaw Sharpness; Contributed by the Centre for Human
Factors & Ergonomics. (2004). New Zealand Forest Industries Magazine, 38.
Suvo. (2013). Understanding Torque Curve. Retrieved from http://blog.mechguru.com/machinedesign/understanding-torque-curve/
Wolf, S. (1999). The osteotome. Canadian Medical Association. Journal, 160(5), 694-694.

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