Unit4

1.Listdownthematerialsusedforsandwichconstruction.Facematerial
CorematerialWood
Foam
Polyvinylchloridefoam(PVC)PoystyrenefoamsPolyurethanefoams
Polymethylmethacrylamidefoams
Styreneacrylonitrile(SAN)copolymerfoams
2.Listdowntheadvantagesusingasandwichconstruction.Stiffnesstoweightratioishigh.
Strengthtoweightratioishigh.
Honeycomb sandwich panels are also used for energy absorption, air directionanlisation,
acousticalandthermalversatility,radiofrequencyshieldingetc.,
Honeycombisalsousedforstraighteninganddirectingairflow.
3.Whatarethethreeelementsinastructuralsandwich?Apairofthinandstrongfacing.
Athickandlightweightcoretoseparatethefacingsandcarryloadsfromonefacingstothe
otherand
Anattachmentwhichiscapableoftransmittingshearandaxialloadstoandfromthecore.
4.Listdownthemodesoffailureinasandwichstructure.Facingfailure
FlexurecrushingofcoreLocalcrushingofcoreGeneralbuckling
ShearcrimpingFacewrinkling
Intracellbuckling(dimpling)
5.Whatarethedifferentfailuremodesofsandwichconstruction?Facingfailure
TransverseshearfailureFlexurecrushingofcoreLocalcrushingofcoreGeneralbuckling
ShearcrimpingFacewrinkling
Intracellbuckling(dimpling)
6.Whatismeantbysandwichconstruction?
Tworelativelythin,parallelsheetsofstructuralmaterialbondedtoandseparatedbyarelatively
thick,lightweightcore.
7.Define:Shearcrimping.
Thecolumnbucklingcausedbythecorehavingtoolowashearmodulus.

8.Distinguishbetweenfacedimplingandfacewrinkling.
Facedimpling
Facewrinkling
Thecompressivebucklingofthefacingin Thelocalcompressiveinstabilityoffacing;
betweenthehoneycombwallscausedby similartoplatebucklingonanelastic
thinfacingsorlargecellcore.
foundation.
9.Whatissplicing?
When large core pieces or complex shapes are desired, small pieces can be spliced
togetherwithcoresplicingadhesives.
10.Whatisbondingpressure?
Adhesivessuchasthephenolicsandsomeothersactuallyrequiremorethanatmospheric
pressureinordertopreventexcessiveporosity.Mostofthecorematerialsalonecannot
withstandcompressivebondingloadsexceedingafewatmospheresandconsequentlyarenotfit
tobeusedwithanyadhesivesystemrequiringhigherbondingpressures.
11.Whatisfilletforming?
Inordertoachieveagoodattachmenttoanopencellcore,theadhesivemusthaveaunique
combinationofsurfacetension,surfacewettingandcontrolledflowduringearlystagesofcure.
Controlled flow prevents the adhesive from flowing down the cell wall and leaving a low
strengthtopskinattachmentandanoverweightbottomskinattachment.
12.Whatisadaptability?
In case of contoured parts, the adhesive must also be a goodgapfillerwithout appreciable
strengthpenalty,sincetolerancecontrolofdetailsismuchmoredifficulttoachieveoncontoured
partsthanonflatpanels.
13.Whatismeantbyflexuremodulus.
Theratio,withintheelasticlimit, oftheappliedstressonatestspecimen inflexuretothe
correspondingstrainintheoutermostfibersofthespecimen.
14.Whataretheaspectsmustbeconsideredindesigningsandwichstructures?
(a)Thesandwichisacompositestructure.
(b)Thematerialusedmaybeanisotropic
(c)Thecorehassufficientshearmodulus.
15.Whatisthepurposeoftheattachmentofcorewithfacings?
(a)Actassingleunitunderdeflection.

(b)Preventseparationandrelativemotionbetweenthecomponents
(c)Havesufficientstrengthtoforcefailureineitherthecoreorthefacingsatonlytheultimate
load.
16.Writeshortnoteson:Polyvinylchloride
Closedcellpolyvinylchloride(PVC)foamsareoneofthemostcommonlyusedcore
materialsfortheconstructionofhighPerformancesandwichstructures.Although,theyarea
chemicalhybridofPVCandpolyurethane,theytendtobereferredtosimplyasPVCfoams.
17.Whatistheneedsofdesignguidelinesinsandwichconstruction?
Requirementsofthickfacingstowithstandthetensile,compressiveandshearstresses
inducedbythedesignloads.
Adequatestrengthofthecoretowithstandshearstressesinducedbythedesignloads.
Adequate compressive strength of the core to resist crushing by design loads acting
normaltothepanelfacingsorbycompressivestressesinducedthroughflexure.
Requirementsofthickcorehavingsufficientshearmodulustopreventoverallbuckling
ofthesandwichunderload.
18.Whatisthepropertyoftoughness?
Intheareaofsandwichcoretofacingbonds,toughnessreferstotheresistanceshownby
theadhesivetowardsloads,whichacttoseparatethefacingsfromcoreundereitherstaticor
dynamicconditions.Greatertoughnessinthebondlineusuallyequatestogreaterdurabilityand
thustolongerservicelife.
19.Define:Foam.
Theuseoffoamasastructuralcorecontinuestobeextensive.Recentdevelopmentsin
thetechnologyoffoaminjectionhaveincreasedtheuseofthesematerials.Themostnovelof
thesemethodsistheuseofacoldcavitydie,inwhichthefoamisinjectionmoldedinasingle
productionstep.Thisisoneofthecorematerials.
20.Whatarethetypesofhoneycomb?
1. Paperhoneycomb
2. Aluminiumhoneycomb
3. Glassfibrereinforced
4. plastichoneycomb
5. Aramidpaperhoneycomb
6. Carbonfibrehoneycomb
7. Kevlarhoneycomb
8. Kevlarpaperhoneycomb