Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
II
In chapter I,
pointed
economic
that
well-being
households
present
based
out
whose
study,
on
number
the
been
design
done
non-cultivating
on
rural
over
It
the
labour
time.
The
field
nearly
work
six
hundred
In the
present
give
on
the
sample
households.
The Choice of States
The data for the present study were gathered from a few
selected
villages
of
Our choice
of
these
of
the
the demand
seasonal
Bihar
labour
for
process
agriculture.
The
rice
26
cultivation
Punjab.
even
The
otherwise,
economic
the
it
the
in
for
in
notwithstanding,
gainful
labour
as
labour
agricultural
relative
to
Punjab
from
the
relatively
less
In particular,
to
areas
of
Bihar.
operation
of
the
'push'
It
migrant
developed
assess
the
factors
in
in the
employment pattern
cultivating
rural
reasonably
fair
developed
and
choose one
state
which
states,
is
it
i~
comparatively
non-
general,
dynamics
It
needs
as
the
of
of
the
Table
Bihar.
2.1.
these
factors.
and
27
Table
2.1
Sl.
Bihar
Punjab
Indicator
No.
1.
1.
3063
1016
2.
3015
1554
3.
2837
1062
4.
Cropping Intensity
5.
6.
7.
1. 66
1. 35
85.68
33.21
98.18
58.44
143.20
27.40
Source :
1.
Statistical Abstract of
years, E.S.O., Punjab.
2.
Fertilizer
Statistics
F.A.I., New Delhi.
Punjab
for
for
different
different
years,
28
To
paddy,
begin with,
wheat
important
technology,
ingredient
for
area
to
net sown
under
the
new
Further,
farm
It is obvious
irrigated
compared
which is the
from
compared
the adoption of
in
Punjab
the proportion of
area
H.Y.V seeds for the two major crops of wheat and paddy
consumption,
Bihar's
of
to
intake is
extremely
low
in
regards
the rainfall,
Millimetres,
the
figure
an
Ganga,
Mahananda,
the
the
state
Gandak,
the
Ghaghar,
of Bihar is more
the
Kosi
vulnerable
and
to
such
the
natural
It
is
worthwhile
the
economic
their
11
Central
Statistical Organisation
(1987);
Statistical
11
Abstract of India 1985 ,
Monthly and Annual Rainfall 1984
(1) Table 13,
Department of Statistics,
Ministry of
Planning, Government of India, June, New Delhi, p. 41.
29
and
agricul~ural
infra-structural base.
Tables
2.2
and
2.3
total
area
hand,
Bihar
per
cent
Punjab
with
On
the
other
of total area,
has a density of
population
of
402.
only
thus,
the
percentage of rural
population
to
total
population was lower in Punjab (72.0 per cent) compared with that
in
engaged
in
agriculture
Again,
is
the percentage of
higher in
Bihar
of
relative
Punjab
workforce
(79.0
per
of
agricultural workforce,
the
continuing
proportion
of
to
be the mainstay of
Bihar,
Bihar,
and
the
economy
agriculture
cent)
much
compared
of
with
higher
with
rural Punjab.
Table 2.3 read with Table 2.1 reveals that irrespective
of
constant
the economies
This
is
substantiated
contribution
product
of
by
the
fact
that
in
prices
character.
1983-84,
state
the
domestic
and
46.0
JO
Table
2.2
Indicator
Sl.
No.
1.
1981 Census.
Bihar
Punjab
1.
1.53
5.29
2.
2.45
10.20
3.
Density of Population
4.
Sex-ratio (females/BOO
5.
Percentage of
(i)
males)
333
402
879
946
40.86
26.20
72.32
87.53
29.35
29.68
(iv)
58.03
79.07
(v)
38.20
44.90
(ii)
(iii)
Source
1.
Statistical Abstract of
years, E.S.O., Punjab.
Punjab
2.
Statistical Abstract of
years, C.S.O., New Delhi.
India
for
for
different
different
Jl
Table
2.3
Indicator
S1 No.
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
~conomi~s
Punjab
3
Source :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
: 1983-84
Bihar
4
468
45.80
65.70
89.43
1. 84
24.71
11030
1. 00
86.48
33.00
48.53
1. 02
7.93
8.84
: 32
per
cent
further
respectively
clear
cultivable
at 1970 - 71
constant
area
constitutes
nearly
98.0 per
for
prices.
It
of
cent
total
in
Further,
is
Punjab
food crops
area
in
is
means of irrigation,
because
of
relatively
the
under H.Y.V. of rice and wheat to total cropped area of these two
crops
is
compared
with
cropped area,
cropped
the
Kgs/ha
of
area in Bihar.
fertilizer
sale
points
differ
much
differences
the
two
in the
that
while
institutional
points,
the
in
agencies
Punjab,
managed
yet
there
matter
are
of
important
institutional
It is obvious from
the
co-operative
more
than half
and
of
such
the
other
sale
nearly
population,
JJ
In the matter of the adoption of mechanical innovations
also,
For instance,
on 30-6-1981,
against
29
area
in
Punjab,
of
net
sown area.
energised
sown
pumpsets
area,
the
90
of
net
roughly
25
differrent
from
matter
abolition
of
intermediaries,
the
always
powerful
stood
land reforms.
land
farmers'
the
yet in
Punjab
the
has
politics
has
implementation
of
reforms,
the
land
still
remains
Bihar
compared
fragmentation
with
Punjab.
Further,
81),
the
that
of
For instance,
problem
the
Also,
as
(1980
approximately
11
roug~ly
4 times smaller
than
marginal
farmers (i.e.
hectares)
is
where
the
matter
of infra-structural
pattern
constrained
poses
in
of
facilities
railway development in
Bihar
is
tremendously
The
dissected
another
transportation.
deficient
in
the
development
of
disadvantages
Consequently
railways
the
The
poses
yet
means
of
transport
Ganga
points.
also,
in
1985,
are
while
not
facilities.
operating
in Punjab 99.0
in
Such
Punjab.
of
the
Bihar could
not
per cent
matter
of technological factors,
infra-structural
Bihar.
facilities,
it is evident that
in
institutional set-up
and
than
infra-structural
set-up,
emerging
from
research
Ludhiana,
and
better
Punjab
farm
Agriculture
extension services,
the state
practices
University,
enjoys
JS
conspicuous
and
up-to-date
farm practices,
use
of
seeds,
chemical
improved
fertilizers,
of
agricultural commercialisation.
On the other
hand,
these
factors,
development.
This,
backwardness
acute
the
in
state
turn,
has
has
disparities
experienced
perpetuated
Not only
lopsided
the
general
this,
there
are
of
sub-
Bihar
well.
fairly
With
comparable
the
objective
agricultural
of
base,
locating
districts
with
a
and
districts of Bihar.
the
Green
both.
Before
districtwise
development
Bihar,
reports
on
and
settling
on these
two
districts,
agricultural
available in
small
Although
and
published
data
for
J6
Punjab
were
availability
to
available
for
later
years
this
nonchoice
Besides,
exercise.
selected district,
(X 1 J
yet
well,
existence
as
cultivable
area;
(X 5 )
per
was
worked
out
two
district
Ludhiana
ranked first in
states.
The
On the
said
Punjab.
In
However, since
our choice
fell
on Bhojpur district.
that
both
districts)
were
selected
Further,
Bihar,
it is interesting to
and
programme.
note
Rohtas
districts
stake its claim on this ground and despite the fact, Dalmia Nagar
of
Ludhiana
in
terms
of industrial activity,
but it
had
district
to
be
37
Tabie 2.4
Districtwis~
Composite
lnde~
of
Agricultur~
-----------------,-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Sl.
District
No.
Cc.mcosit::
In del(
fiank
Ill
11
-------------------------------#---------------I--------#--------#--------I--------I----------------1-------------#PUNJAB
Gur dasour
1.
2. Ainri tsar
3. Kapurthala
4. Jullundur
!.03
~.97
t. Roopnagar
1.03
1. 02
0.98
0.93
7. Ludhiana'
1.\31
FerozE'pore
Faridkot
B.94
U3
1.03
1.01
1.01
Hoshiarpur
5.
8.
9.
10. Bhatinda
11. Sangrur
12. Patialia
1.07
1.03
0.86
i. 02
1.00
1.07
1.1!
0.98
0.91
~.94
~.87
0.77
B.80
0.88
0.88
1.25
l.BB
1. ! 5
1. et5
e. 90
~.96
1. OG
1. 31
1. 41
1.02
0.91
1.06
U3
~.57
0.70
0.53
0. 77
1.11
@.64
0.61
0.78
0.66
0.89
0.86
l. 54
1.33
1.13
1.32
1.00
1.19
. 1.19
0. 98
1.0~
0.99
!. 52
1. 26
0.98
0.84
~.99
0.84
0.80
1.12
0.75
9.68
10.66
7.72
9.20
8.48
l.62
i. ~.9
iL96
10.61
1. 44
0.96
1.28
l0.34
1.09
1.16
1.02
1.10
.
~.88
1.05
1.05
!.09
0 07
Ul7
1.15
1. 94
2.95
2.31
2.85
2.57
2.49
2.43
U5
~.82
0.99
0 i)Q
i.10
~.99
1.04
0.38
0.81
0.87
0. 76
2. i 9
0.98
0.65
1.87
1.11
1.11
1. 06
1.72
1. 24
1.08
~.99
0.88
1.10
6.3Z
7._:'i...
7.78
5.56
5.43
8.45
6.92
7.33
6. 10
7.35
6.93
9
6
5
2
II
12
8
4
10
3
7
BIHAR
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Patna
Nalanda
Gava
Nawada
Auranqabad
Bhajpur
~:oht as
8. Saran
9.
SirJan
10. Gopalganj
11.. Cha[1paran (Easti
12.
13.
14.
15.
0.97
1. 00
1.08
Ul
1. 00
1. 29
1. 26
1.18
1. 26
1.18
1. 30
Champaran (West)
1.17
Muzafferpur
Vai shal i
1. 28
1. 20
1. 24
1. 05
Sitamarhi
16. Darbhanga
17. Samastipur
lB. M~.dhubani
19. Bequsar ai
20. Monghyr
21. Bhaqa! pur
22. Santhal Parganas
23. Saharsa
24. Purnea
25. Kat hi ar
26. Hazaribag
27.
..,
1.:.;:..
Giridh
i.15
1. 21
!.25
1.11
1.17
1.12
1.18
"u, QC:
,.J
0.83
1. 5!
!. 97
1. 70
1 il'i
!. !5
1.14
1. 05
1. 08
1.11
1. 02
1.10
1.03
1.05
0.83
0.81
0.80
0.65
0. 77
1.11
1. 33
1. 07
0.82
1. 03
1. 07
1.13
1.11
1. 05
1. 04
0.69
29.
0.89
30. Palamau
0. 73
31.
0.71
I. 73
!. ?6
1. 96
1. ~7
0.83
0. 72
0. 73
Sinqhbhutr1
1.14
1. 04
1. 02.
l\.93
28. Dhanbad
Ran chi
0.98
\.3b
0.92
1. 44
1. 54
0.73
1. 02
0.99
0.88
0.80
0.71
0.73
0.99
1.05
0.90
~.73
0.89
1.23
1.14
1. 27
~.98
0.40
1.11
1.63
0.71
0.83
l. 45
0.73
1.02
0.85
0.96
0.70
0.93
0.96
1. 32
0.93
0.93
0.99
0.40
0.25
0.24
0.25
0.25
0.74
0.82
0.85
0.90
0.82
1.67
1.14
0.73
1.04
! . 18
0.87
2.30
1.17
.0. 82
0.98
0.86
0.96
0.85
0.92
1.12
0.44
1. 00
1. 41
11.38
0.88
1. 63
1.60
1. 31
1.13
UB
l. 74
1. 20
0.33
1.18
0.90
0. 77
0. 77
0. 91
0.38
0.41
0.47
~.94
0.40
0.21
0.67
0.91
0. 52
0.28
0.65
!11.21
0.49
0.19
0.29
0.22
0.15
0.17
1.15
1. 34
0.90
0.91
0.99
U1
0.97
1.32
l. 11
1. 43
1.13
1.05
9.89
9.04
9.56
6.93
7.09
7.92
7.11
6.25
7.26
8.29
5.87
9.38
7.37
7.41
4.93
6.83
5.48
5.48
4.31
4.98
4.72
5.26
5.12
4.07
5
t3
8
10
3
4
9
6
19
18
12
17
21
16
11
22
7
15
14
28
20
23.5
23.5
30
2i
29
25
26
--------------------~------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NOTE:
1. Standardisation has been done by dividinq the figures for the respective districts with the state fiqure
for each indicator
2. An explanation of the indicators i. , I. , X ..... X is qiven in the text.
1
J8
Two
parated
towns
of
Dalmia
Nagar
and
Dehri-on-Sone
rcumstances,
the
comparability
are
Under
such
two
of
villages
has
idirectionally
from
feet
distance
of
the
ployment nexus.
atues
areas
in
the town,
itself
selected.
Villages
captured
in
located
that
the
rural-urban
broad
income
Located
centrally
in the state
of
Punjab,
district
forms a
plain.
dhiana
of Punjab,
rder
Compared
of the state.
district
Western
in
J9
November
two
district
comparison,
Ludhiana
district
is about
Bhojpur
3793
square
square
diversities 4
physical
are
size.
Even
can
practices.
strong
the
level
the
and as such,
other
farm
though
irrigation base ,
yielding
4077
from
out
about
fertility,
chemical
fertilizers,
(1987);
high
yielding
Ibid.,
Area
2.
Central
Statistical Organisation
and Population, Table 2, p. 10.
3.
4.
Broadly
speaking,
district Ludhiana
consists of two
heterogeneous regions viz.,
the bet 1 and the Non-bet 1
But from the microscopic view point, it can be divided into
3 sub-regions namely, Bet (river land frequently flooded),
Dhaya
Neecha (lower upland) and Dhaya Uncha
(higher
upland).
The latter is the area of the present study in
case of district Ludhiana.
Similarly, District Bhojpur can
be divided to two parts, viz. ,the low lying Alluvial plain
of the North and the Flat region of the South.
The former
lies between the famour river,
the Ganga and main line of
Eastern Railway and the latter while stretching
from
southern embankments of the main line of Eastern Railway
extends up to the South Western extremes. The present study
was conducted into the latter in case of Bhojpur district.
40
seeds
in
Bhojpur,
big way.
It needs to be stressed
if properly harnessed,
that
soils
of
for
factors,
both
the
And finally,
from
very
significant
in
Ludhiana,
of
link
received a great fillip which has further strengthened the ruralurban linkages bearing important implications for the employmentincome-consumption
facilities
nexus
of
the
rural
population.
These
lower
scale.
Demographic Features
41
Table
2.5
Sl.
Indicator
Ludhiana
Bhojpur
No
1971
1.
1981
1971
1981
10.47
10.83
3.54
3.44
7.51
7.66
2.36
2.36
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Percentage of :
(a)
(b)
(c)
846
42.63
472
859
50.60
496
588
967
944
25.38
31.35
65.19
57.99
91.48
89.28
29.57
30.39
28.10
25.21
(d)
Workforce in Agriculture
(Cultivators and Agricultural
Labourers) to Total Workforce
50.80
43.84
81.50
79.08
(e)
35.32
40.08
50.76
47.08
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Source :
(i)
(ii)
of
Statistics
and
42
It
shares
may
be
though
the
percentage
higher
in
on
account
of
density
of
Ludhiana
than
Population
latter.
While
has
during
1971-81,
yet
males in 1981,
per
Ludhiana
thousand
continues
to
be far
than
Bhojpur.
the
population
compared
fact
that
workforce
lower
Further,
Similarly,
dependence
846
literacy,
the
the
females
from
Bhojpur
to
total
period,
been
lower
the percentage
of
agricultural
of
Bhojpur.
In
been
1971-81.
of
agro-based
industries
and
other
industrial
sector,
decade
on
of
a
agricultural
increased
from
workforce
has
per
4J
cent in 1981 in Ludhiana,
recorded
decline in Bhojpur from 51.0 per cent in 1971 to 47.0 per cent in
1981.
agricultural
against
workforce
Bhojpur
over
continues
the
said
to be lower
period.
in
This
Ludhiana
implies
as
that
This,
that
labourers
the
proportion
of
agricultural
in turn,
means
to
total
agricultural
agricultural
wage
rates
in
the
former
With
development
even
though
the
level
of
extensive
cultivation
2.6
is
sufficiently high in both, yet the yield rates of wheat and paddy
are
considerably
These
the
in irrigation facilities,
latter.
differences
practically
the
2.3,~ndicates
the
best
It is obvious
total
cultivable
area,
stood
than
their
44
Table
2.6
Sl.
Indicator
Ludhiana
Bhojpur
No.
1.
99.70
89.54
1.
2.
Cropping Intensity
3.
3521
1349
4.
3940
1211
5.
100.00
54.33#
6.
174.61
33.72
7.
95.26
62.69
8.
91.79
18.20
9.
10.
NOTE
#
@
Source :
1.78
1. 37
54.00
100.00
30.23
2.
3.
4.
45
respective
state figures.
of
districts
factors
relatively
compared
their respective
the
of
states.
these
two
Though
This is presumably
to
such
many
in
the
under
and
Bihar.
An
important
districts
mineral
resources,
there
Further,
selected
is
and
limited
scope
for
is
in
establishing
under
Intensive
Agricultural
District
their
respective
sugarcane,
vegetables
states.
and
district Ludhiana;
paddy,
such
and
as
'masoor'
While
paddy,
wheat,
-~rhar'
cotton,
crops
of
are grown
in
district
Bhojpur.
Ludhiana has been lucky to have the well known Punjab Agriculture
University located at the district headquarters.
effective
farmers
availability
as
also
the
This ensured an
flow
of
knowledge
the
about
local
modern
46
techniques of production developed in the University from time to
time.
top
comparison,
with
any
nearest
modernization.
Bhojpur,
in
liaison
University or
research
institute.
Agriculture University is in
district
Ranchi,
The
located
Apart
from
agricultural sector,
its
impressive
in
the
performance
fans,
goods
manufactured in district
A number of
agro-
industries
the
Green Revolution.
the
the
city
recent times.
comparison
to
Ludhiana,
Bhojpur is not
has
District
1971
Nevertheless,
base.
16
as
Some
much
the
small
Series17,Punjab
47
scale
leather
hulling,
district.
Further,
In recent years,
district
a
is
its
landscape
the
shelling
rice
of
the
activity.
catering to
Industrial complexes
Of course,
a
are
there are
The
present
the
and
explained
It is
collected
later
levels
of the
in this chapter,
rural
socio-
labour
8 villages
perhaps
income
households.
were
As
purposively
It
is
the
48
Table
2.7
Road
Station
Hqrs.
Sub.Divr., Hqrs.
is ion
Hqrs.
Canal
Distributary
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
4
7
9
2
3
5
6
8
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------A. Punjab
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
(V1)
(V2)
(V3)
(V4)
(V5)
(V6)
(V7)
(V8)
2.00
3.00
5.00
8.00
9.00
12.00
15.00
17.00
0.00
0.50
0.00
0.00
0.75
0.00
1.00
0.00
2.00
3.00
5.00
8.00
9.00
12.00
15.00
17.00
Mathia Gurdas(V1)
(V2)
Lalganj
(V3)
Hukaha
(V4)
Nathpur
(V5)
Sarasti
(V6)
Itarhi
(V7)
Konch
(V8)
Unwans
2.00
3.00
4.00
7.00
10.00
11.00
15.00
18.00
0.75
0.75
0.30
0.00*
1.00
0.00
0.50
0.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
7.00
10.00
11.00
15.00
18.00
Majri
Rasulra
Ikolaha
Kotla Dhak
Faizgarh
Isru
Nasrali
Jalajan
18.00
19.00
21.00
24.00
25.00
28.00
31.00
33.00
2.00
3.00
5.00
8.00
9.00
12.00
15.00
17.00
41.00
42.00
44.00
47.00
48.00
48.00
45.00
48.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.00
0.00
0.00
3.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
7.00
10.00
11.00
15.00
18.00
71.00
72.00
73.00
76.00
79.00
80.00
84.00
87.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
B. Bihar
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
::c
2.00
3.00
4.00
4.00 ......
1.00
1.00
4.00
7.00
Though some houses are located on the main-road itself, but the main village
is about One. Km. from the main road and block headquarters.
nearest
towns.
Similarly
Kms.)
in
towns.
Jalajan
Unwans
the
(18
said
road
villages
the
by
and large.
The
than 1 Km.
between
locational
village
of
Bihar,
the
picture
the
Further,
road
is
much
towns
2.7
of
distance
nearness
development,
the
Bihar
villages enjoy
locational
different
matter
that
nearby
block
It
is,
office
slight
however,
may
away.
not
a
be
Perhaps,
are
of
considerable
inter-village
variations
areas.
in
the
Table
2.8
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Indicator
Sl.. Village/s
No.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Size of Total Total
Density Sex- Average Land- Castewise Percentage
Sample House- Popul- of Popu- ratio House
lation
(Fern- hold
Village holds ation
(Acres) (No.) (No.) (persons/ ales/ size
Sq. krn). 1 000''
males)
man
ratio
Distribution of Population
Castes
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
8
11
12
2
3
4
6
7
9
10
5
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A. Punjab
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Majri
Rasulra
Ikolaha
Kotla Dhak
Faizgarh
Isru
Nasrali
Jalajan
(V1)
(V2)
(V3)
(V4)
(V5)
(V6)
(V7)
(VB)
All
109
267
516
69
145
463
315
157
604
1811
3260
423
979
2791
2009
954
554
427
475
350
544
446
271
293
836
844
853
808
890
881
904
842
5.54
6.78
6.32
6.13
6.75
6.03
6.38
6.08
0.39
0.50
0.46
0.63
0.42
0.48
0.82
0.79
55.80
35.12
42.24
33.33
41.16
31.45
34.10
50.42
8.11
13.69
7.33
13.48
9.50
14.73
11.80
7.02
36.09
51.19
50.43
53.19
49.34
53.82
54.10
42.56
7937
2041
12831
399
865
6.29
0.55
38.48
10.92
50.60
122
305
586
241
714
895
329
991
59
146
129
69
103
695
122
278
355
1068
904
427
831
4939
752
2150
724
868
381
436
288
1364
565
536
811
921
872
802
746
837
889
903
6.02
7.32
7.01
6.19
8.07
7.11
6.16
7.73
0.34
0.26
0.57
0.49
0.74
0.15
0.40
0.44
53.24
3.56
21.35
63.23
5.78
9.64
40.29
15.26
29.30
95.13
41.59
36.77
91.58
79.49
36.17
62.51
17.46
1. 31
37.06
0.00
2.64
10.87
23.54
22.23
4183
1601
11426
675
854
7.14
0.33
16.15
69.63
14.22
269
1048 '
1694
298
444
1546
1833
805
B. Bihar
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Mathia Gurdas(V1)
(V2)
Lalganj
(V3)
Hukaha
(V4)
Nathpur
Sarasti
(V5)
(V6)
Itarhi
(V7)
Konch
(V8)
Unwans
All
Source : 1
2
\.1\
0
51
geographical
size,
area,
density
n~mber
of population,
of households and
of
their
population
household
population,
scheduled
in
may
also
be
observed from
Table
2.8
that
is
looking
significantly
is
higher in Punjab
than
significant
Bihar
all
average
in
Bihar.
village
oi
size
further,
is much
avilability
This is
figures,
the
By
land
as
there is not
between
Punjab
and
figure
for
household is higher
in
Bihar
compared
with
Punjab.
It is important to note that agricultural labourers
Punjab
are
artisans
drawn
basically
from
the
scheduled
castes,
in
and
both scheduled castes and backward classes are the main source of
labour supply in the farm - sector.
backward
cent
respectively
taken together;
11.0
per
villages
52
70.0 per cent respectively.
cent
In other words,
around 49.0
per
the
scheduled
glaringly
castes
agricultural
But in case of
and
backward
labour,
can
classes,
explain
per
depending
cent
of
mainly
on
rate
and
the
2.9
cultivation
(percentage
area),
almost
is
states,
yet
the same
cultivable
For example,
inter-village
variations
villages
is
mainly
is
compared
with
villages
enjoy
that of Bihar
better
former,
Bihar
concerted
efforts
tubewell
lacking
their
villages.
is
large
the
this
behalf
irrigation
Moreover,
the
of
base
Punjab
irrigation
However,
intensity in Punjab
tubewells,
electrification
of
their
significantly
in
are noticeable
two
in
total
higher
wide
to
agricultural development.
ratio
extensive
Punjab
in
by
installing
canals.
in
rural
strong
Government
The
while this is
generally
the
net
53
Table 2.9
Important Indicators of Agricultural Development of Punjab and Bihar Sample Village_
: 1980-81
S]_.
Indicator
Village/s
---------------------------------------------------------------Cropping
Proportion
Net Sown Area (Acres) Per
Intensity of Net
----------------------------Tractor
No.
Level of
Extensive
Cul tivation
Irrigated
Area to Net
Sown Area
Pumpset
(including
Diesel
Engines)
Thresher
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
6
7
8
1
2
3
5
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A. Punjab
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Majri
Rasulra
Ikolaha
Kotla Dhak
Faizgarh
Isru
Nasrali
Jalajan
(V1)
(V2)
(V3)
(V4)
(V5)
(V6)
(V7)
(V8)
All
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
97.36
1. 80
1.84
1. 94
1. 95
1.91
2.00
1.88
1. 91
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
7.38
9.00
9.19
5.43
4.66
5.36
7.58
10.55
33.71
34.96
36.76
29.56
33.75
27.92
46.97
104.00
39.33
30.30
30.14
17.73
16.20
10.55
13.93
42.82
99.72
1. 92
100.00
7.27
38.08
18.16
99.75
99.86
99.81
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
95.17
1. 63
1. 54
1. 53
1. 92
1.94
1.48
1. 82
1. 51
88.33
93.21
94.35
98.10
92.33
90.65
93.62
67.34
0.00
0.00
46.64
70.33
76.63
18.73
74.50
31.82
0.00
0.00
256.50
0.00
0.00
187.25
298.00
297.00
0.00
93.33
171.00
0.00
124.83
298.00
127.29
98.74
1. 63
86.59
39.10
367.50
183.75
B. Bihar
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Mathia Gurdas(V1)
(V2)
Lalganj
(V3)
Hukaha
(V4)
Nathpur
(V5)
Sarasti
(V6)
Itarhi
(V7)
Konch
(V8)
Unwans
All
o.oo
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------NOIE : 1. Minor adjustments have been made because the data were gathered
2.
Source: 1.
2.
3.
54
sown
area
Punjab
Table
machanisation
is
further
reveals
that
For example,
level
the
compared
of
with
Moreover,
in
some
sample villages
of
Bihar,
the
number.
2.9,
is
considered
to be the
farm
sheet-anchor
technology.
villages is irrigated.
of
From
Punjab
is also very high, although some scope still exists for extending
the irrigation base further.
tubewell
(including
diesel
Further,
engines) irrigation
is
the
major
This is due to
may
be
differences
the
mentioned
in passing that
no
major
inter-village
pursued
Paddy,
paddy,
villages.
wheat,
by
wheat,
villages
55
Social and Other Amenities
Table 2.10 provides information on the availability
of
some social and other amenities to the sample villages in the two
states.
enjoys
well-being
position
other
itself.
However,
fairly
distances.
Some
villages
much
whole,
irrespective
the
encouraging
social
town since
they
are
On
the
and
other amenities,
Bihar,
other hand,
on
village.
the
However,
headquarters,
Itarhi
V6
in
Bihar)
In
focal
point
being
block
The position of
Sample Design
As
mentioned
in
the
preceding
section,
the
urban
industrial town of Khanna was chosen from Punjab, and, Buxar from
Bihar.
distances
selected
Eight
from
villages
each
located
of these
unidirectionally,
focal
towns,
were
made
varying
purposively
at
to
two
and
An attempt
scenarios
~thor
Table 2.10
N1unities in
the
V2
V3
V4
V5
V6
VB
V7
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------~---
0.00
o.uo
0.00
0.00
o.oo
o.oo
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
o.oo
0.50
2.00
2.00
2.00
3.00
0.00
4.00
3.00
4.00
3.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
1.00
3.00
2,00
o.oo
2.00
2.00
2.00
3.00
0.00
4.00
3.00
4.00
3.00
1.00
o.oo
o.oo
3.00
o.oo
2.00
0.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
3.00
0.00
4.00
3.00
4.00
3.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.00
2.00
o.oo
2.00
2.00
3.00
3.00
5.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
3.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
3.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
3.00
0.00
4.00
3.00
4.00
3.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
3.00
3.00
2.00
0.00
3.00
2.00
2.00
3.00
0.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
3.00
1.00
t 0.00
o.oo
3,00
3.00
5.00,
o.oo
2.00
2.00
3.00
3.00
5.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
3.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
3.00
4.00
5.od
2.00
2.00
2.00
3.00
0.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
3.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
3.00
3.00
2.00
o.oo
2.00
2.00
3.00
3.00
5.00
4.00
4.00
7.00
3.00
10.00
o.oo
11.00
1.oo*
15.00
2.00
18.00
18.00
71.00
19.00
72.00
21.00
73.00
24.00
76.00
25.00
79.00
28.00
80.00
31.00
84.00
33.00
87.00
2.00
2.00
3.00
3.00
5.00
4.00
4.00
7.00
3.00
10.00
0.00
11.00
3.00
15.00
5.00
18.00
3.00
1.00
2.00
0.00
0.00
1.00
4.00
4.00
_'f.oo
3.00
0.00
0.00
3.00
0.00
5.00
0.00
3.00
5.00
2.00
4.00
0.00
3.00
4.00
4.00
3.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
4.00
0.00
0.00
2.00
2.00
3.00
3.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
3.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
2.00
4.00
2.00
7.00
0.00
2.00
1.00
3.00
3.00
4.00
2.00
7.00
1.00
10.00
1.00
11.00
4.00
15.00
5.00
18.00
1.00
2.00
0.00
3.00
0.00
4.00
3.00
7.00
3.00
10.00
0.00
11.00
0.00
15.00
2.00
18.00
2.00
2.00
3.00
3.00
0.00
4.00
3.00
4.00
3.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
3.00
4.00
2.00
7.00
BHR
2.00
2.00
3.00
3.00
5.00
4.00
8.00
7.00
9.00
10.00
12.00
11.00
15.00
15.00
17.00
18.00
PJB
10.1JO
9.00
7.00
4.00
3.00
0.00
3.00
5.00
Yen
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
HP,W
W,HP
IIP,W
BHR
W,HP
HP,W
W,HP
HP,W
W,HP
HP,W
W,HP
HP,W
W,HP
HP,W
W,HP
HP,W
W,HP
PJB
No
No
No
No
No
PJB
BHR
3. Public/Private Library
PJB
BHR
PJB
BHR
5. Veterinary Hospital
PJB
BHR
6. Banking Facilities
PJB
BHR
7. Co-operative Society/Bank
PJB
BHR
Marketing.
PJB
BHR.
9. Fertilizer Depot
PJB
BHR
PJB
BHR
PJB
BHR
PJB
BHR
BHR
14.Post Office
PJB
PJB
BHR
15.Electricity Office
PJB
BHR
PJB
BHR
17.Telephone Facilities
PJB
BHR
lB.Wine Shop
PJB
BHR
19.Recreational
Facilit~s
..:_
0.00
1.00
PJB
BHR
2. High School
11
10
PJB
o.oo
0.00
7.00
BHR
21.Electrification
PJB
BHR
PJB
BHR
No
4 Iron
6 Steel
Mills
No
No
1 Sewing
IIBChine
No
No
No
2 Rice
No
Sheilers
Spare
Parts
Factory
No
-------------------------~---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------NOIE
1. PJB = Punjab. 2. BHR = Bihar. 3 HP =Hand Purrp. 4 W =Wells
In Punjab. these facilities are located on the Khanna- Malerkotla Road which is about
1 Km. from the Nasrali Village (V7).
57
which were,
respective focal
of
geographical
proximity
frontiers.
Consequently,
the
the
their
rural-urban
road
between
Selection of Households
After
enumeration
This
of
ensured,
revenue
selecting
complete
prepared.
inter
the
alia, a
records as well.
sample
villages,
village
level
in
villages
"Income criterion"
According
deri~ed
to "activity criterion,
PNLH
the
groups.
which
came in only at
self-cultivation
secondary
or
tenancy cultivation or
form
self-employment
from
in
the
58
As a result of the above exercise,
cultivating
rural
labour
households
emerged
in
the
sample
We chose
300
The choice of
the
other
words
the
number
technique.
of sample households
was
roughly
In
in
determining
the
number of
the
the
households
that
total
with
very
sample
number
the
be
household
dividing
to
households
of
non-cultivating
village
rural
labour
village.
The
subsequent
households
by
start,
from
were
and
so on.
In the case of migrant agricultural labourers,
system
was
lottery
of
The
three
schedules:
Viliage Schedule,
Resident
Labour
of
Household
59
Schedule
villages.
information
household
on employment.
socio-economic
households.
The
and
schedule
sought
the
detailed
demographic
features
of
the
selected
details
a pilot survey
covering
and
the
This
pretesting
obvious.
questionnaire
covering
Incorporating
all these
changes.
was
omissions
the
final
method
state.
and
another
Punjab
villages.
reference
period of the
study
in
the
is
the
between April
25, 1981 to July 24,1981 from Punjab and between July 27. 1981 to
Oct 10. 1981 from Bihar.
Categorisation of Sample Households
employed
As
mentioned
for
classifying
categories.
earlier.
''income-criterion"
the
in
two
was
broad
designated
group)
6o
and
(or
PNLH
group).
The
been
carried
however,
analysis of
out
consumption
without
pattern
adhering
has,
to
this
classification.
Table
2.11
provides
villagewise break-up
similar
information
of
sample
the
migrant
agricultural
In particular, a perusal
of this Table, brings out clearly the contrast between Punjab and
Bihar
in
groups.
For example,
sample
households
per cent (163 out of 300 ) of the sample households belong to the
PALH
group
while
predominantly
46.0
per cent of
them
draw
their
incomes
employment.
In
A village-to-
proportion
seeking
employment
interesting
focal
town,
dependence
Punjab,
on
households,
of
income
nearly
the
labour
households
completely on
other
hand,
in
Bihar
agricultural
irrespective
of
extend
the
their
employment.
the
It
In
number
of
focal
Table 2.11
Overall and Villagewise Break-up of Sample Households In Punjab and Bihar
st.
v
Household Description
No.
1
1.
Total Households.
State
3
PJB
V1
V2
V3
V4
V5
V6
V7
V8
10
11
12
BHR
109
59
267
146
516
129
69
69
145
103
463
695
315
122
157
278
2041
1601
102
56
170
40
16
32
50
23
138
130
76
58
58
80
657
459
2.
PJB
BHR
47
40
3.
2 as Percentage to 1 Above
PJB
BHR
43.12
67.80
38.20
38.36
32.95
31.01
23.19
46.38
34.48
22.33
29.31
18.71
24.13
47.54
36.94
28.78
4.
PJB
21
26
47
37
78
26
7
21
23
15
63
85
35
38
26
52
BHR
44.68
65.00
46.08
67.07
45.88
65.00
43.75
65.63
46.00
65.2
45.65
65.39
46.05
65.52
44.83
65.00
3
21
11
14
45
76
33
38
25
52
47.83
93.33
71.43
89.41
12
1
18
57.14
52.17
6.67
28.57
10.59
BHR
5.
4 as Percentage to 2 Above
All
Villages
PJB
32.19
28.71
300
300
45.66
65.36
6.
Predominantly Agricultural
Labour Households(PALH)
PJB
BHR
4
15
13
12
29
24
7.
6 as Percentage to 4 Above
PJB
BHR
19.05
57.69
27.66
32.43
37.18
92.31
8.
PJB
BHR
17
11
34
25
49
2
9.
8 as Percentage to 4 Above
PJB
BHR
80.95
42.31
72.34
67.57
62.82
7.69
10
PJB
52
75
142
37
44
108
115
37
610
11.
PJB
12
20
35
10
27
28
150
12
11 as Percentag-to 10 Above
PJB
23.08
26.67
24.65
22.73
25.00
24.35
42.86
100.00
4
24.32
94.29
100.00
96.15
100.00
5.71
3.85
24.32
163
252
54.33
84.00
137
48
45.67
16.00
24.59
62
town.
It
the
and
of
partly
very
high
labour
overwhelming
majority
of them,
for
marginally;
the dependence on
an
agricultural
might
be
useful
Sample Households
to
give
some
introductory
In this regard,
a few
is
number
the
family
(average
per
family .are almost the same between the two states as also between
each
pair
town.
Again,
and/or
children,
recorded
as
significant
the
as
earning
the
focal
women
also
women
the
percentage
and /or
of
children
family
do
members
not
display
between
This
cultivating
town)
villages 6 .
each
non-
Hereafter,
the expression
'equally
distanced',
'more
distanced
'less distanced'villages etc.
would refer
to
distance from the chosen focal town
Table 2.1.2
v
Sr.
No.
Item
All
State
PAlli
PNLH
Vill-
V1
V2
V3
V4
V5
V6
V7
V8
ages
10
11
12
13
14
300
300
163
252
137
48
PJB
BHR
PJB
BHR
5.81
5.81
5.04
5.54
5.40
5.62
6.57
5.05
6.61
6.13
5.46
5.86
5.66
5.82
5.27
5.65
5.52
5.71
5.72
5.65
5.28
6.04
PJB
BHR
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
21
26
47
37
78
26
7
21
23
15
63
85
35
38
26
52
(b)
Earning Women
PJB
BHR
80.95
61.54
61.70
75.68
76.92
80.77
85.71
85.71
78.26
100.00
85.71
85.88
97.14
92.11
88.46
88.46
80.33
84.00
88.96
89.68
70.07
54.17
(c)
Earning Children
PJB
BHR
4.76
11.54
6.38
5.41
6.41
7.69
14.29
14.29
17.39
26.67
12.70
10.59
14.29
13.16
11.54
10.00
9.33
14.11
9.52
5.11
8.33
PJB
BHR
26.23
25.83
26.58
27.25
26.84
30.10
26.09
20.80
23.68
29.35
26.74
26.46
25.76
26.65
27.74
24.76
26.37
26.44
27.28
26.37
25.39
26.48
Earning Women
PJB
BHR
15.57
13.88
13.08
15.57
16.63
19.85
17.39
18.85
18.42
20.71
19.19
19.94
22.73
19.95
20.44
19.71
17.80
18.83
19.91
20.31
15.27
11.39
(c)
Earning Children
PJB
BHR
0.82
1.99
1.69
0.98
1.19
1.37
2.17
2.83
3.29
5.43
2.62
2.01
3.03
2.26
2.19
2.05
1. 75
2.89
1.82
0.96
1.38
PJB
2.23
2.16
1. 88
2.19
2 .1. 5
2.64
1. 83
2.59
2.92
2.32
2.49
2.51
2.49
2.33
2.24
2.25
2.36
2.49
2.40
1. 96
2.57
BHR
2.16
64
Inspite
important
to
note
as
also
women
from the focal town into the interior of the countryside. Bearing
in mind the fact that the levels of poverty are relatively higher
in the remote villages than in the nearby villages from the urban
focal town, it can be safely argued that the poor families of the
remote
areas
children.
have
larger
number
of
working
women and/or
Assets
and
households
useful
and
in
liabilities
the
information
two
in
study
this
as
reported
areas.
regard.
by
our
respondent
reveals
relates
to
the
realm
of
production
or
home
consumption or
ahead
compared
with
its
counterpart
in
Bihar.
The
Table 2.13 Pattern of Assets and Liabialities of Rural Labour Households -in Punjab and Eihar
<Mean Value in Rs.l
State
Sl.
No.
\}j
V2
V4
l.
V3
V7
!1.-.
'iO
10
11
dit.
Hver a~e
!2
15
i4
1 ...:
'---------------------------1------------.---------~---------t---------~---------~---------~--------*--------~----------~----------~----------*-------------#-----
Productive Assets
1.
Land
PJB
BHR
c:,.., ;-;t
.J..;..-::..;
603.85
437.84
(18.38)
(!2.1\J)
52.67
54.91
(e.62J
(~.70)
81.92
(UJ7i
11. 0~
'0
UH~
!to&.~""
Hi. 30l
399. !8
7\3)
331. i6
(11.331
857.80
{2.28}
973.38
184. 14
978.24
1698.33
("''i
LL 10)
666.35
(24.55)
!54.87
1641.43
(21. 12i
2857. 17
(33.48)
988.00
2011.67
(27.39}
767.e)
1626.0~
!34. 56i
p.-.
lwi 19
(25. 77i
162.25
1780.26
(23, 1!)
1733~57
55.77
{2.05}
4fj3.53
652.:.8
13.6\!l
(22.4~'}
C2.311
23c08
(t l5)
251 B3
(1~.10!
\8.45)
c:-::
r..'~l
34. 14
(1. 12j
l5.G3
d1. 54)
459.81
t~~.
221 63
597.92
di
2. Implements anj
?JB
BHR
etc. i
di
3. livestock, Poultry,
PJB
(0.27l
485.22
1169.57
di
1674.32
(19.69)
381.08
( 11.60)
339.36
PJB
!727 19
1224.49
Piqqery, e?tc.
BHR
A. Total Productive
A;.set s (1+2+3)
9.0~
\20.31)
( 14.87l
919. 92
(25. 43)
?~
~'
14
(15. 57l
(~.
~2.
85.87
65.3B
{1 19)
( i .@1)
(B. 8~'}
9.62
;, jJf).
C.t.-1.!
14
416.67
( 14. 37}
'iQ"7
QP.
.L,,.J.i"'t
(22. 31)
2943.04
~34.49i
2~1.20
!7
... !
(0.85)
23.@1
(3.00)
18.66
!~. 77)
(~.
!0. 37)
8i)
.tc-,
.~.:..
617. 92
j '1'i
.o
. ..~..
12
1756.43
(24.23)
\26.611)
!23.32)
577.03
537 . 85
(26. 7Bl
666.46
(23.83)
21~.8S'
16~.. 55
(25.30)
181. 79
1840.58
\24.44)
72
i3.64
83r46
(1. ~6}
1! . 81
~0ab2}
(0.32)
(1. 17!
441c69
1952.55
(27. 0!i
646. 17
(24.~3)
,.,
~1:''}7
J..JJ..,;
(i 9.
10
-21.99
25)
77i. S6
(21. 1!i
n. ~.s
2k137. 26
i606.56
(28.24)
-24.49
606.69
LI.'L l l
,..,n=--,
-1.49
(20.31)
-21.14
BHR
di
:993.92
(3iL25l
73.iB
1368.76
!37.84)
4197.61
(49,35)
1765.38
(53,73)
137.77
4!70.21
(53.04)
!748.65
(48.34i
138.48
3817.53
14S.B:d
1453.85
(53.56)
162.58
510.24
518.51
493.4e
-10.5 4
741.12 1078.67
!27.30) !37.19)
!42.21
Hi.71
961.49
!95.49
3835.71
(49.36i
1371.43
(47.28)
179.69
3693.48
(43.28i
1486.67
(49.21i
!62.57
3684.78
(48. 77)
1416.33
i50.78i
487.86
476.29
996.0~
\34.84)
(34,47)
91.43,
881.26
(33.601
13!.18
1382.69
56.9r.
!37. 76)
16.19
Household Assets
4.
PJB
F:esidential
Accor:H'lodati en
!!H~:
di
5.
PJB
(6.@0i
\Utensils, Cot5,
Bedding, Cnarkha
etc.
BHR
187.50
. (5. 7i J
di
6. Status Based
Asset~
PJB
WatchiClock , F~n
SHR
Financial ClaliiiS
t5.5Bi
452.06
!6.16)
179.42
145.48
!47.3!
137 .12
(6.6li
(5.021
(5.!5)
(4.63)
405.14
(6.1HI
141.71
391.15
!6.22i
469.22
438.25
506.e6
(6.401
i6.231
!6 .08 )
143.87
!5.48)
184.79
2~4.62
173.86
235.35
223.15
229 .68
185.89
218.81
587.~2
530.58
511.43
489.35
438 . 41
(5. 971
m.s6
(5_.66)
366.1~
48~.05
22.45
26.7 !
17.5~
(0. ?b)
li.l7)
(0.87l
{7 . 4ii
!~52.13
PJB
1197.62
1152.1J
240.38
(14.65)
212.16
;(7.32i
(5.86)
(t:. 91)
12.86
2~L0~
80 . i7
t2.98l
(0.44i
(~.7CI
556.98 3876.9! 2346.75
961.54
(12.51)
24il.38
(8.861
767.39
19. 28)
19. 56)
!80.76
794.44
ue.B2i
193.53
!6.53)
310.50
i64.65
(1. 931
123 .60
(1. 68)
~98.22
443.05
30~.01
25~.44
278.81.
21~.60
149.35
( 1. 94)
260.00
(2.68)
.... "r""!
~/ ._\ .,
..,.,.
.J.:.
(6.!i)
!5.821
942.86
( 12.13}
269. 0:: .
(8. 9S'l
(6.22)
122.69
1754.17
!47. 91)
125.28
175.0!
di
PJB
\6 .28 1
162.16
i351.98
\51 .54 1
154.27
178.04
( 1. 33)
1116.87
BHF:
!6 .42 i
3951.B2
149. 97)
150.42
(5.39)
2! 1. 94
(5.16)
i:'il.
..a . .J,
(14.~8)
186.49
.:-t
. (!.57)
Se;f!na machine.
Furniture, etc. i
sn.a1
. (6. 98)
IRadio/Trans1ster,
(6.59)
3437.73
754.29 676.92
1!!.241 m.m
196.05 117.31
(8.601 15.84)
284.74 477.04
75. i 7
6Ul0
(1.12)
(!.eli
(6.49!
32. fj~
(l.15i
142Uil
908.67
112.07i
2k10,33
566.20
(5.88;
(7 16 )
27.69
(!. 06!
1431.96
55.21
( 1. 51 }
925.54
7t8. 63
( !lil. 6/i
1S'6, 23
1074.e9
(13. 58)
353.59
292.21
150.56
10UJ5
203.53
12.00)
{7.48}
75
l" l7
33 .4 7
221. E:8
16.e6l
384.09
(7 .18 )
2~' .
Ci\ :i L.
',. 1
( 1.47i
..1
B. Total Household
BHR
47.ll0
di
(1. 43i
493.21
PJB
(4+5+6+7+8)
A~.set:.
BHR
Tdal Assets
PJB
97Ui4
6638.47
(84.43}
(79. 69)
22~'1.81
2248. 78
5903.45
(76.831
1973.46
6037.86
(77.69)
1821.76
5590.96
(65.5!)
\62. 16)
1~5. 20
m.iil!i
(62.81 )
231.43
6i78. 10
19'1. 14
1862.67
,,
{65. j.b:
200. 16
25.58
2~.79
86)
383. jq
(C. 9!)
261.57
(~.
28.49
(1. 02i
22.79
(L 1.0::'.1,._1/
193.99
4"jQ iJ.7
22.00
62.60
(0.84)
382.05
( 1. 7i)
225. 13
5690.01
{75.561
(7i. 76.)
!79.o9)
1827.67
{65.53)
211. 33
1741.77
(66. 40)
197 16
2278.65
{62.24)
176,55
7530~57
7213. i3
(i00.00}
2623.@3
7908.26
tililtU~l
(100. DO)
t:"j"T'\ Q7
j WIW'
.J.
630i. ~~
!84.55
21. "'<t:'
iJ
3l1.82
7' .64
7862.96
7683.71
7771.43
8534.00
\100. lillill
(!BU'llill
(100.l:l0l
(100.0~)
3285.73
3617.54
2714.58
2900.43
(10\J.Iil(:))
(10Ul0i
(1011,00)
(Jiili:Ullill
2858.67
(!00.00)
di
!58.86
117.36
liP
~,),IU.'
"c
167.94
1
"\
QP
,~,..J~
147
f'i.!
194.25
213.02
169.99
174. OJ
PJB
BHF:
468.89
616. 42
-23.93
204.55
.,. .-, 14
-36.31
627.73
733.85
305.@0
!4i:l.tl
351. 96
633e !6
395.~~
898.87
-'
1 '
705.58
446.24
-;;~. j
dP
529. 13
436. 19
31S'. 21il
51~. '0
I'
-t4 0.9
-31. 09
r;-,
.-,r;
383.38
-1t. 74
87.94
204.88
-57.08
!,8. 59
37.36
3.29
di
tqc ..,.:-
,. ,J, I ..J
(0.79)
( 100. ~0)
BHR
295.57
t'Pj
i.J... ,.)
8505.29
!A + EO
15.33
(0.54)
1~32.90
c.
Qt:'
19.04
(0.70)
684.40
(69 75)
di
53.24
(1. 47i
PJB
BHR
di
,\~1'
392.88
59.78
r;,.., ,,,-.
Ji.. iJ'f
q;[1 qr.
25.87
58.26
38.33
!37.39
'~
..P'
..;:;.'t.,;
-10.59
. c ..
-81. !8
;,i,
it:"
,_i.;;.;;.,,J
4!. 10
1!7 .86
-65. 1'7~
!ililiUiili
2789. 16
( 100. 00)
I I
433.2e
-8.82
520.87
72.57
26.43
125.79
52.46
63.25
92.41
141. 0t
jt~t.. C''')
,o.'iiwoJL
!l.J..dJ
-7!. 40
-10.83
-50.75
-44.47
'"H
~.l
cr,
.JO.
7i
.:'i
.,
~:
12
017'
(1~0.~0)
3661.:.3
39 .64
67 ::
l.J
-41 .49
.~:'7
.58
t.
-37
~:3
-40.5i
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------~--
NOTE:
5.
PJBi -BHF:i
PNLHi -PAL Hi
1 PJB =Punjab; 2 BHR = Bihar: 3 di = ---------- : dit = -----------BHRi
PALHi
Fipures in the parenthesfs are the percentage of the total value of assets.
68
differential
particular,
with
respect
productive
assets,
and
status
based
Further,
over
assets,
PALH
their
households
of
therefore,
agricultural
urban
and
productive
can,
livestock
residential
counterparts.
standpoints.
to
ties
be
It
transformation
on
r~ral
those
who
hierarchy.
are
at
the
lower
While
occupational
diversification
from
farm
to non-farm avenues of
employment, there were some who reported the other way round.
expected,
degree
As
institutional,
change
in
social,
different
areas
economic,
depending
upon
technological
the
and
69
infra-structural differences.
synoptic
view
responsible
which
of
the
for
in
degree,
inception
occupational
represent
activities
contrasting
as
nexus
2.14
through
present
2.16
the
detailed
and
Bihar.
occupational
65.0
per
cent).
of
These
diversification
is
show
much
that
the
degree
of
agriculture
since
the
Tables,
enabled
large
mid
number
of
urban-industrial
diversification
in
Punjab.
set
into
remains
of
the
occupational
consequently
diversity
Most
motion
households
centres.
chain
enhanced
to
of
get
the
employment
prospects
from
for
the
rural
labour
The
severely
restricted.
And
finally,
the
occupational
Table 2.19Incidence of Villagewise and Overall Occupational Diversification in Punjab and Bihar.
No.
Sl.
Village/s
------------------------------------Sample
Households
4 as
Households Reporting
Percentage
(No.)
Diversifito 3
cation (No.)
1.
V1
21
2.
V2
3.
---------------------------------7 as
Sample
Households
Percentage
Households Reporting
to 6
(No.)
Diversification (No.)
21
100.00
26
12
46.15
47
40
85.11
37
26
70.27
V3
78
53
67.95
26
11.54
4.
V4
42.86
21
0.00
5.
V5
23
17
73.91
15
40.00
6.
V6
63
34
53.97
85
11
12.94
7.
V7
35
16
45.71
38
-5
13.16
8.
VB
26
12
46.15
52
5.77
All
300
196
65.33
300
66
22.00
"-...J
0
71
Table 2.15
Inception of Occupational Diversification in Punjab and Bihar
SL
No.
Period
1.
] 2.
1960-61
1960-61
1965-66
tial(di~)
BHRi
Before
differen
25
(8.33)
14
(4.67)
78.57
18
(6.00)
5.
(1.67)
260.00
3.
1965-66
1970-71
61
(20.33)
21
( 7. 00)
190.48
4.
1970-71
1975-76
61
(20.34)
15
( 5. 00)
306.67
5.
1975-76
1980-81
31
(10.33)
11
(3.66)
181.82
6.
All
196
(65.33)
66
(22.00)
196.97
----------------------------------------------------------------PJBi-BHRi
1.
PJB
Punjab.
2.
BHR
Bihar
3.
di
= ---------
BHRi
4.
5.
Figures
in the parentheses represent the percentges of
total sample.
the
72
Table
2.16
Sl.
Reason Type
1.
Economic
2.
Punjab
Bihar
140
(46.67)
38
(12.67)
Social
23
(7.67)
8
(2.67)
3.
Institutional
10
(3.33)
10
(3.33)
4.
Others
23
(7.66)
10
(3.33)
196
(65.33)
66
(22.00)
All
NOTE: 1
Social reasons
social status,
marriage, etc.
3.
Institutional
reasons include disturbances by the
Government,
redemption from landlord's debt, nonavailability of cultivable land, non-availability of
common grazing land and lack of capital for purchasing
livestock or other productive asse~a.
4.
73
The
we
conclude,
it
might be in order
to have a
consequence
rural-urban
be
of
liknages,
diversified
As
in
both
member~
farm
as
well
members
the
of
focal
self
non-farm
activities.
employed
labour
annual
involvement
earning
wheat
livestock.
general
child
quite
economic
labour
common
deprivation
the
in different types of
both
harvesting,
Besides,
is
and
households,
of
their
women
activities
villages.
part
of
by
etc.
and
driven
repair,
such
repair
Further,
cycle
activities
they
are
rice
transplantation
engaged
to
look
and
after
harvesting,
etc.
74
Thus,
It
would
be
rather
presumptuous
the
visit
study
survey
households
is
that
As
do
is
well
the
queries
therefore,
on
are
the
the
the
completely
the
rural
labour
basis
of
their
memory.
One cannot,
devoid
that
on
known,
method.
generally
to
Nevertheless, we hope
particularly
because
questionnaire
to
straighten
out
inconsistencies
and
mental
the
present
of
as
the
new
farm
technology
had
acquired
fair
Inasmuch
degree of
75
by
'maturity'
the
and
concreteness
as
regards
the
effects
of
technological changeover.
Moreover, the emerging interaction between the internal
dynamics
linkages on the
should
decade.
single
years
have
assumed
would
We believe this to be a
big advantage.
The
conclusions
devising
suitable
are
expected
to be helpful to those
measures
and
yet
provide