GENERAL PATHOLOGY

Review on Histology
Histology
Study of tissue
Tissue
Building blocks of organs
Group of cells working together to
carry out function.
Four Basic Types of Tissue

Epithelial Tissue
Found: lining surface, spaces,
covering surface
Cell arranged: tightly packed, in
layers
Function: Protect, Seal, Secrete,
Absorb

Connective Tissue
Found: connecting tissue and organs
Cells + fibers
Cell arranged: dispersed; fibers

Muscle Tissue
Found: when movement is needed
Cell arranged: striped or dark pink
spindles
Function: for movement

Nerve Tissue
Found: Brain, spinal cord, other
organs
Special cell: neurons
Neurons: like large cell, extensions,
owl eye nucleus
Function: Communication

Pathology
From the words:
Patho/s means disease or
suffering
logy means study
Discipline that bridges clinical practice
and basic science.
Is a scientific study of disease.
Disease
Disturbance of the structure and
function of the body.
An abnormal variation in structure or
function of any part of the body.

Pathological Study of the Disease

a. Etiology
Origin of the disease
including the underlying
causes and modifying
factors.
Refers to the why the
disease arises.
Example: Hypertension
LDL
HDL
Modifying factors:
Decedentary lifestyle
Physical inactivity
Nutritional excess
b. Pathogenesis
Refers to the how the
disease develop.
Steps in the development
of the disease.
Mechanism of the
disease.
c. Morphological Changes
Structural features of the
disease.
d. Functional derangement and
Clinical Significance
Functional feature of the
disease.
Clinical Significance
Symptoms any indication of disease
perceived by the patient.
Signs objective findings noticed by
doctor on examination of the patient;
also known as clinical signs.
Onset start of the disease
Acute rapid progression,
abrupt
Chronic prolong or severe,
gradually.
Prognosis Prediction of the outcome
of the disease.
Fate outcome of the disease.
Complication new disease,
conditions that may occur during or
after the usual course of the original
disease.

Nomenclature of the Disease

Primary and Secondary
Used to describe the causation of the
disease.
Primary no evident cause.
Secondary with evident cause.
Acute and Chronic
Used to describe the dynamics of a
disease.
Benign and Malignant
Used to classify certain disease
according to their likely outcome.
Benign in localized area, not lethal,
harmful
Malignant invade the other organ,
lethal, metastasize, cause death
Syndrome
An aggregate of signs and symptoms
or a combination of lesions w/o which
the disease cannot diagnosed.
Causes of Disease
Genetic Factor
Hereditary
Environmental Factor
Physiological
Chemical
Mechanical
Psychological
Nutritional
Making of Diagnosis
Diagnosis the act of naming a disease in
an individual/patient.
Process of Making Diagnosis
Taking a clinical history to document
symptoms
Examining the patient for clinical signs

Performing investigation

Division of Pathology
General Pathology
Deals with the basic principles of
disease processes.
Cancer, aging, inflammation
Systemic Pathology
Examines the particular response of
specialized organs.
Goiter, pneumonia, breast cancer

General
Pathology
Study the
basic reactions
of cells and
tissues to
pathologic
stimuli that
underlie all
disease.
Common
changes in all
tissues.

Systemic
Pathology
Study of the
particular
responses of
specialized
organs and
tissues to well
defined
stimuli.
Specific
changes in
organs.

Subdivision of Pathology
Gross Pathology
Examination of anatomical
changes.
Cellular Pathology
Examination using microscope.
Surgical Pathology
Removal of tissue through
surgery.
Clinical Pathology
Examines all body fluids,
organisms, blood, urine, feces.
Immunopathology