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Abstract
Power quality management is the main problem that the industry is facing today. This is mainly affected by the generation of
harmonics. The growing use of electronic equipment produces a large amount of harmonics in distribution systems because of nonsinusoidal currents consumed by non-linear loads. As we know for the better quality of power, the voltage and current waveforms
should be sinusoidal, but in actual practice it is somewhat disturbed and this phenomenon is called Harmonic Distortion. Voltage
harmonics are generally present in supply of power from utility. Even though electronic and non-linear devices are flexible,
economical and energy efficient, they may degrade power quality by creating harmonic currents and consuming excessive reactive
power. The STATCOM as FACTS controller can be applied to a single non-linear load or many. It provides controlled current
injection to remove harmonic current from the source side of electric system and also can improve the power factor.
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Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org
786
P
PF
S
PF
The factor
Kp
Vs ,rms I s ,rms
THDi
I
n2
2
sn, rms
(5)
I s1,rms
I s1,rms
I s ,rms
I s ,rms
I s ,rms
will
I s1,rms cos
I s1,rms
R L C loads in
K p cos
(4)
1 THDi2
(1)
PF cos
Kp
(3)
never
2
sn, rms
be
unity
for
non-linear
I s1,rms
I s ,rms
load
unless
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Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org
787
Period of the
Year
(Month)
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Actual
KW
Demand
(KW)
200
150
125
224
208
210
223
211
204
198
156
201
Actual
KVA
Demand
(KVA)
245
224
175
256
289
299
289
278
265
245
198
265
Actual Power
Factor (%)
81.63%
66.69%
71.43%
87.50%
71.97%
70.23%
77.16%
75.90%
76.98%
80.82%
78.79%
75.85%
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Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org
788
I
current ca to be injected into the system at PCC as shown in
Fig.4.
2.2. Modeling
The modeling of the STATCOM, though well known, is
reviewed in the lines below, for the sake of convenience. The
modeling is carried out with the following assumptions:
1) All switches are ideal
2) The source voltages are balanced
3) R s represents the converter losses and the losses of the
coupling inductor
2.
MODELING
OF
THE
STATCOM
AND
ANALYSIS
2.1. Operating Principle
As is well known, the STATCOM is, in principle, a static
(power electronic) replacement of the age-old synchronous
condenser. Fig.3 shows the schematic diagram of the
STATCOM at PCC through coupling inductors. The
fundamental phasor diagram of the STATCOM terminal
voltage with the voltage at PCC for an inductive load in
operation, neglecting the harmonic content in the STATCOM
terminal voltage, is shown in Fig.4. Ideally, increasing the
amplitude of the STATCOM terminal voltage
amplitude of the utility voltage
Vsa
Voa
above the
3
1/ 2
1/ 2
1/ 2
vo ,abc and
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Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org
789
Sin(t )
2
2
Vs Sin(t
)
3
3
Sin(t 2
v sa
v
v sb
s, abc
v sc
Ls
dv dc m
icd
dt
C
(8)
Rs
icq Ls
d
icd w
dt
vdc
0
w
R
s
Ls
m
C
0
icq
m Vs
icd
Ls Ls
vdc
0
Sin
Cos
(15)
d
icq Rs icq wLs icd vsq voq
dt
(9a)
d
icd wLs icq Rs icd vsd vod
dt
(9b)
(14)
Ls
(7)
Where,
Ls
S a
Sb
S
c
Sin( wt )
2
2
m Sin( wt
)
3
3
Sin( wt 2 )
Sl
(10)
vo, peak
Vdc
(11)
vo,qdo m 0 1 0
T vdc
Parameters
Frequency
Symbol
Values
50 Hz
Angular Frequency
314 rad/sec
Vs
RMS
line-to-line
Voltage
Coupling Resistance
Rs
1.0
Coupling Inductance
Ls
5.0mH
DC-link capacitor
7
8
Modulation Index
Phase angle
500 F
0.979
Load Resistance
10
Load Inductance
11
RL
LL
230V
50
52
126mH
0.79
(12)
m0 1 0i
cq
dc
i
cd
i
co
(13)
(a)
(b)
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Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org
790
(c)
*
voq voq wLs icq v sq
(d)
Vdc , (b)
3. DESIGN OF CONTROLLERS:
Rs
d icq Ls
dt icd
i 1 v v
cq sq oq
R s icd L v
s sd v od
L s
(16)
voq
i
, y cq
vod
icd
(18)
*
vod vod wLs icd v sd
Rs
0
*
icq Ls
icq 1 voq
i
cd 0 R s icd Ls v *
od
L s
G q ( s)
I q ( s)
*
Voq ( s)
1
R s sL s
, G d ( s)
I d ( s)
*
Vod ( s)
1
R s sL s
(19)
(20)
(17)
q - axis currents,
both the d and q - axis controllers are identical and its transfer
function is given in (21)
I cq ( s ) I ( s )
1
cd
G (s)
*
*
i
Voq ( s ) Vod ( s ) R s sLs
(21)
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Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org
791
G pi ( s ) K 1
K
p
s
i
1
With K p K , K i
(22)
K pi 16.9 and
1 1R
s
G pi ( s ).G ( s ) K 1
i
L
s
s
i 1 s R
s
(23)
Fig.8: Effective closed loop current control system
L
While taking s and on simplification reduces to
i R
s
Ls
which is taken as 0.3mseconds and with the
Kp
3
i
PI controller associated with the transfer function on the a.c.
system is
(24)
v dc
1
C
dc
and dc current i dc is
idc dt
(28)
1 s
(25)
Ls
V
1
Gv ( s ) dc
I dc
sC
(29)
Thus the system behaves like a first order with an apparent time
constant as
Ls
K
(26)
K p K , Ki
KRs
Ls
(30)
0.46
icd vdc Vdc 500
(31)
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Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org
792
Gop
K * K dc
sC
(32)
The closed loop transfer function with unity feed back gain is
1
Gcl
sC
1
K * K dc
G (s).G
v
pi
( s ) cl
1 s v
s 2 v2
1 s v
K
C
and taking v 1msecond and with the
K * K dc
parameters of Table. I, the value of K dc 1.08
Where, v
(36)
v2
K
K pv K 0.15, K vi
(33)
200
(37)
1
sC
v
Gv (s).G pi (s)ol K 1 s1
After taking
v C
(34)
Fig.11: Implementing scheme
and on simplification
4. SIMULATION RESULTS:
G (s).G
v
pi
1 s
( s) ol K 2 2 v
s v
(35)
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Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org
793
THDi of the
12.05% ) as plotted in
Fig.14 (b).
(b)
Fig.14: (a) Simulated waveforms of harmonic spectrum of
i sa
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
Fig.13: Simulated records of the
the STATCOM is on
[4]
[5]
[6]
(a)
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Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org
794
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
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