UNIT- 1

INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS MOBILE

COMMUNICATION
INTRODUCTION
Communication is one of the integral parts of science that has alw
ays been a focus
point for exchanging information among parties at locations physic
ally apart.
Afterits discovery, telephones have replaced the telegrams and letter
s.
Similarly, the termmobilehas completely revolutionized the comm
unication by opening up innovativeapplications that are limited to
ones imagination.
Today, mobile communicationhas become the backbone of the so
ciety.

All the mobile system technologies haveimproved the way of livi

ng.

Its main plus point is that it has privileged a common

mass of society.

Evolution of Mobile Radio Communications

The rst wireline telephone system was introduced in the year
1877.
Mobile communication systems as early as 1934 were based o
n Amplitude Modulation (AM)schemes and only certain public
organizations maintained such systems.

 With thedemand for newer and better mobile radio communicatio

n systems during the WorldWar II .
Mobile telephone was introduced in the year 1946.
The development of Frequency Modulation (FM) technique by
EdwinArmstrong.the mobile radio communication systems bega
n to witness many new
costs and numerous technological drawbacks

changes

Figure 1.1: The worldwide mobile subscriber chart.

But with the development of the cellular concept in the 1960s

at the Bell Laboratorie,

mobile communications began tobe a promising eld of expanse whic

h could serve wider population
Initially, mobilecommunication was restricted to certain ocial user
s and the cellulur concept was
never even dreamt of being made commercially available.
Moreover, even the growth in the cellular networks was very slow.
However, with the development of newer andbetter technologies start
ing from the 1970s and with the mobile users now connectedto the P
ublic Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), there has been an astrono
micalgrowth in the cellular radio and the personal communication
systems.
AdvancedMobile Phone System (AMPS) was the rst U.S. cellular t
elephone system and itwas deployed in 1983.
Wireless services have since then been experiencing a 50%
per year growth rate.

 The number of cellular telephone users grew from 25000 in1984 t

o around 3 billion in the year 2007 and the demand rate is increasin
g day by day.

PRESENT DAY MOBILE COMMUNICATION

Since the time of wireless telegraphy, radio communication has bee
n used extensively.
Our society has been looking for acquiring mobility in communi
cation since then.
Initially the mobile communication was limited between one pair
of users on single
channel pair.
With the increase in the number ofusers, accommodating them w
ithin the limited
available frequency spectrum becamea major problem.
To resolve this problem, the concept of cellular communicationw
as evolved.
The present day cellular communication uses a basic unit called
cell.

 Each cell consists of small hexagonal area with a base station loca
ted at the center
of the cell which communicates with the user.
To accommodate multiple usersTime Division multiple Access (T
DMA), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)Frequency Division
Multiple Access (FDMA) and their hybrids are used.
Numerousmobile radio standards have been deployed at various pl
aces such as AMPS, PACS,

Figure 1.3: The basic radio transmission techniques: (a) sim

plex, (b) half duplex
and (c) full duplex.

FUNDAMENTAL TECHNIQUES
By denition, mobile radio terminal means any radio terminal tha
t could be moveduring its operation.

 Depending on the radio channel, there can be three dierent t

ypes of mobile communication.
In general, however, a Mobile Station (MS)or subscriber unit co
mmunicates to a xed Base Station (BS) which in turn commun
icates to the desired user at the other end.
The MS consists of transceiver,control circuitry, duplexer and an
antenna while the BS consists of transceiver andchannel multiplex
er along with antennas mounted on the tower.
The BS are alsolinked to a power source for the transmission of th
e radio signals for communicationand are connected to a xed b
ackbone network.
Figure 1.2 shows a basic mobilecommunication with low power t
ransmitters/receivers at the BS, the MS and alsothe Mobile Switc
hing Center (MSC).
The MSC is sometimes also called Mobile Telephone Switching Oc
e (MTSO).
The radio signals emitted by the BS decay as thesignals travel a
way from it.
A minimum amount of signal strength is needed inorder to be
detected by the mobile stations or mobile sets which are the hand
heldpersonal units (portables) or those installed in the vehicles
(mobiles).
The regionover which the signal strength lies above such a thr
eshold value is known as thecoverage area of a BS.

The xed backbone network is a wired network that links allthe b

ase stations and also the landline and other telephone networks th
rough wires.

RADIO TRANSMISSION TECHNIQUES

Based on the type of channels being utilized, mobile radio transmissi

on systems may
be classied as the following three categories which is also shown in Fi
g. 1.3:
Simplex System:

Simplex systems utilize simplex channels i.e., the communication is

unidirectional.

The rst user can communicate with the seconduser.

However, the second user cannot communicate with the rst user.

Oneexample of such a system is a pager.

Half Duplex System:

Half duplex radio systems that use half duplex radiochannels allow
for non-simultaneous bidirectional communication.

The rstuser can communicate with the second user but the secon
d user can communicate to the rst user only after the rst user has nished his

conversation.

At a time, the user can only transmit or receive information.

A walkietalkieis an example of a half duplex system which uses p
ush to talk and release tolisten type of switches.

Full Duplex System:

Full duplex systems allow two way simultaneous communications.

Both the users can communicate to each other simultaneously.

This can be done by providing two simultaneous but separate chann

els to boththe user. This is possible by one of the two following me
thods.

Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD):

Time Division Duplexing (TDD):

PAGING SYSTEM:

Communication that send brief messages to a subscriber.

Depending on type of service , the message may be either

numeric message , alphanumeric message, voice message.

Used to notify a subscriber of the need to call a particular

telephone number.

Travel to known location to receive further instructions.

Modern paging system consists of news headlines, stock

quotations, faxes.

Message is sent to a paging subscriber via paging system

access number with a telephone keypad or modem.

The issued message is called a page.

The paging system then transmits the page throughout the

service area using base station which broadcast the page on a
radio carrier.

Paging system varies widely in their complexity and coverage

area.

Range from 2 to 5 km ( coverage area).

Simple paging receivers.

Inexpensive.

Wide area paging system consists of a n/w of telephone line,

base station transmitters .

Sophisticated.

Simulcast transmitters are located within the same service

area (or) cities (or) countries.

Paging
system
are
designed
communication to subscriber.

Whether there are inside a building.

Driving on a highway.

Flying in an airplane.

Large transmitter powers.

Low data rates for maximum coverage from each base

station.

to

provide

reliable