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BESITAN, Amy C.

A HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES


by Samuel K. Tan
The history of the Philippines is a story of people struggling to create a nation they can call their own. Samuel K. Tan
discussed simultaneously the process, actions and factors the people used to fight for their nation, unity and independence that
they hoped for a long time.
CHAPTER 1
Evolution of the Land
(100-2 Million Years)
From the Big Bang theory which was the beginning of the evolution of the universe and the innumerable reactions and
events that brought about the archipelago. Archipelago, which has more than 7,000 island and islets.
The Crateceous-Paleogene (135-25 Million Years)
The first geological period was called the Creataceous-Plaeogene period, where the flowering plants, insect-eating
mammals, dinosaur eggs and marsupial emerged during the craetaceous. Paleogene period, where tarsier emerged that is unique in
the Philippines with marine organisms such as corals, clams and algae. Scientific studies stated that the plant life in the Philippines
showed a remarkable diversity. Mangroves and beach forest were found in the lowland and moss forest in the highlands.
The Neogene (25-2 Million Years)
The second period was called the Neogene, rock formations, land formations came about because of the presence of
volcanoes.
Quarternary (2 Million- 10,000 Years)
The Period where culture rises together with religion.
CHAPTER 2
The Cultural Breakthroughs
(250,000 BC-200AD)
The development of culture through series of migrations in the archipelago. The interaction between the environment and
the life of the people.

The Paleolithic Culture (250,000 BC- 10,000 BC)


The culture where man survives from nature itself. Man survives by collecting from what was around with the use of
stones, pebbles and wooden tools. We cannot deny the fact that man in nature is creative and resourceful. They also have a type of
economy which was called The Collecting Economy, where they gather their own food with the use of stone(lithic) and
wood(lignic). The peleolithic time was a period where no conflicts can be seen, authority over the other is not important.
The Neolithic Culture (10,000 BC- 500BC)
Where economic demand occurred. Conflicts arise because of increase of population. Presence of function, male to work
on hunting and farming and females to nurse the infirmed and should work in the kitchen. Presence of leaders to cater conflicts,
elders assigned to lead for they are experienced. Because of fast increase of population and increase of conflicts people adapt and
came up of solutions to lessen their problems, occurrence of local laws to regulate the community.
CHAPTER 3
Patterns of Ethnicization
The Peopling Process
The emergence of patterns of ethnic line from different contact. Two view that explains the complex peopling of the
Philippines: 1. Wave Theory by H. Otley Beyer or the series of arrivals bringing different types and levels of culture to the
archipelago. 1st wave: arrival of dark-skinned pygmies whose cultural remains are preserved by the Negrito-type Filipinos in
Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. 2nd wave: the Indonesians A and B. Indonesian A who lives in land areas and Indonesian B who
lives in the coastal areas of the archipelago, represented by the Kalinga, Gaddang, Isneg, Mangyan, Tagbanua, Manubo, Mandaya,
Subanon and Sama. 3rd wave: the Christianized and Islamized group.
The Civilizational Influences
The two great influences in the archipelago that brought changes in the culture of the first Filipinos. 1. Chinese Inflence:
which contributed more on the economic and sociocultural aspect of the archipelago. Introduction to some economic activities that

until today it is being used, the ractice of trade and introduction to porcelain and silks. 2. Indian Empire: that contributed more to
the political and religious culture of the archipelago. The Srivijayan Empire that introduces Buddhistic-Hinduistic institution and
the Majapahit Empire that penetrated Hinduistic influences in Southeast Asia.
The Ethnic Synthesis
Emergent period, because of the development from the dynamic interactions between ecological system and external
influences, ethnolinguistic groups emerged. And because of these interactions, crystallization of ethnolinguistic groups were tight
but narrowed into distinct ethnic group by the time of Western contact.
Institutions emerged that brought about components of communities or societies. First, the Political Institutions or the
patterns of authority that was practiced in the archipelago. The process of tongtong to arrange conflicts between the ethnic groups.
Second, the Economic Institutions or the economic structures that was practiced during the time. Third, the Sociocultural
Processes or the sociocultural institutions that emerged from varied community interactions, the preserved traditions.
CHAPTER 4
The Rise of the Communities
The communities that emerged from the contact of the colonizers.
The Moros
The first Muslim group to bring the faith according to Sulu tarsila. Islam community was viewed as the totality
expressing unity of life as thought by the Koran.
The Indios
Emerged upon the advent of the Spanish culture which was spread by means of sword and the cross in some of the ethnic
group. Most Christianized places are from the lowlands. Plaza Complex, kind of town planning in which the fort and the church
were integrated centrally and concentrically with the social classes. Introduction to processions, masses and sacraments.
The Infieles
According to the Spanish, the Infieles are the pagans. They are the one that were never Islamized and Christianized. They
were the only ones who preserved and practiced their own tradition.
Looking into the different communities that emerged from the contact of the colonizers, it made a dilemma among the
native groups, that destroyed the original culture or practice of the archipelago. Seeing the next chapters of Samuel Tans A
History of the Philippines, it is the struggle of the people to return or reclaim the archipelago from the colonizers. From the
Spanish Colonial system result to a native response. 2 responses, first to assimilate, that Philippines to become a province of Spain
and second a response to separate from the Spanish rule. It is truly seen in the responses that it made a dilemma among the natives
but those who decided to separate never turned their back and continued their action in order to regain the archipelago from the
colonial rule. As a result, different movements emerged to fight the colonial rule. Same with the American rule, the natives again
was divided into two the option to compromise and the revolutionary continuum, consisting a nativistic movements going against
the American colonial rule. But despite these movements colonial rule reign because of its influential tool: the Colonial
Educational System, the Americans taught the Filipinos in schools, about sports, literature, art, music, and other colonial practices
that up to now being practiced. Because of these influences we Filipinos found ourselves enjoying of what was taught to us.
Education emerged a new generations of Filipinos. Regarding the traditional culture as primitive and the new pattern from West,
the modern or the superior. Instead of recovering and regaining the traditional culture where the root of the native can be found,
Filipinos had developed a particular fondness in the new habitat and consequently adapted it and called it their new culture.

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