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T 11
T 22
T11
T11
T21
Newtonian fluid
Inertia causes the fluid to
flow away from the center
Viscoelastic fluid
Elastic forces cause the
fluid to climb up the rod
T 33
T 21
T22
T 11
1 AN007
Stress [kPa]
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
T22
&
&
&
&
&
40
&
&
&
&
)
)
)
&
)
20 ))
)
&
))
)
&
))
))
&
))
& )))))
))))
&
)
))
0
)
)))
&
&
&
&
&
&
-20
&
&
&
&
-40
&
&
&-0.2
-0.4
0.0
0.2
0.4
&
&
&
strain s/x2
-60
Normal Stress [kPa]
Shear Stress [kPa]
60
-0.4
-0.2
0
Strain s/x2
0.2
T21
T11
T 21
T 33
T11
x2
T22
s
T 21
T11
T21
T33
0.4
Figure 3. a) Shear and normal stresses versus shear strain for a silicone rubber sample subject
to simple shear shown schematically. The data points indicate the normal stress difference, necessary
to keep the block at constant thickness X 2, while the squares are the shear stress data(from Macosko,
1994). The lines are for an ideal rubber with G = 163 kPa
R
R
R sin
R
for small a
(3)
If the same rubber is twisted between a small predicts the normal stress:
angle cone and a disk in a cone/plate rheometer,
the shear and normal stresses can be simply and T T = N = G 2
11
22
1
(5)
directly related to the torque and normal forces:
In figure 3 these relations fit the data well. Note
M
T21 = 3
(1) the quadratic shape of T11-T22 and that when the
R
strain is reversed it stays positive. Since there
2F
T11 T22 = N 1 =
(2)
R 2
5000
shear stress at 1.4 s-1 [kPa]
Figure 3 shows shear stress and normal
shear stress at 1 s-1 [kPa]
stress data for silicone rubber vs. shear strain.
Normal stress at 1.4 s-1 [kPa]
4000
Normal stress at 1.0 s-1 [kPa]
Strain is directly related to the twist angle:
Second Normal stress at 1 s-1 [kPa]
3000
2000
1000
0
-1
strain
N1
= 1
& 2
N2
= 2
& 2
unentangled
entangled
Mw Mentangle
(10)
Mw > Mentangle
lim
N1
& 0 & 2
= 1,0 M w M z2
(11)
/R
R
3 AN007
(12)
2
& 0
REFERENCES
1. Macosko, C. W. Rheology: Principles,
Measurement and Applications,; VCH
Publishers: New York, 1994.
2. Rheometric Scientific Applications Brief,
Measuring normal forces
3. Weissenberg, K. Nature, 1947, 159, 310.
10
102
10
10
stress [Pa]
10
10
10
10
0.1
10
4AN007