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Lecture 3
Examples
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line Equations

ECE230

Date: 11.01.2016

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Example 1
A laser beam traveling through fog was observed to have an intensity of

1 ( 2 ) at a distance of 2 from the laser gun and an intensity of

0.2 ( 2 )

at a distance of 3. Given that the intensity of an

electromagnetic wave is proportional to the square of its electric field
amplitude, find the attenuation constant of fog.

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Example 2
If = 3 /6 , find the value of .

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Example 3
Find the instantaneous time sinusoidal functions corresponding to the
following phasors:
=

5 3

= 6 /4

= 6 + 8

= 3 + 2

= 2 /6

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Example 4
The voltage source of the circuit shown below is given by:
= 25 4 104 45

Obtain an expression for , the current flowing through the inductor.

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Transmission Line (TL)

It encompasses all structures and media that serve to transfer energy or
information between two points.
In this course we talk about TL that guide EM waves.
Such TLs include telephone wires, coaxial cable carrying audio and video
information to TV sets or digital data to computers, microstrips printed on
microwave circuit boards, and optical fibers carrying light waves.

Fundamentally, TL is a two port network with each port

consisting of two terminals.

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Transmission Line (TL) (contd.)

Source end may be any circuit

generating an output voltage e.g.,
Radar transmitter
Amplifier
Computer terminal in transmitting
mode

Load end may be:

Antenna in the case of Radar
Input terminal of Amplifier
Computer
terminal
in
receiving mode

In the case of dc: source is represented by Thevenin equivalent generator

and .
In the case of ac: the corresponding terms are and .

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Transmission Line (TL) (contd.)

The role of wavelength
In low frequency circuits,
circuit elements usually
are interconnected using
simple wires.
The pertinent questions:
Is the pair of wires between terminals and a transmission line?
If so, under what set of circumstances should we explicitly treat the pair
of wires as a transmission line?
Answer:
Yes
The answer to second question depends on the length of the line and
the frequency of the wave provided by the generator.

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Transmission Line (TL) (contd.)

Essentially, the determining factor is the ratio of length and wavelength
of the wave propagating on the transmission line.

Let:
= = 0 , and assume that the current flowing
through the wires travel at the speed of light.

Then
(t) will appear after a delay of /.

Therefore, if the wires are lossless:

t =
t /

t = 0 cos( /)

At t=0 and f=1kHz, = 5

t = 0 cos( 0 )

Where:
= /

2
= 0
= 0 cos
= 0.9999999980

The
value
of

At t=0 and f=1kHz, = 20

is controlled by
2

= 0
= 0 cos
= 0.910
= /

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Transmission Line (TL) (contd.)

The velocity of propagation is related to frequency as = and in
present case = .
=

radians

When / is small, transmission-line effects may be ignored, but when

0.01, it may be necessary to account not only for the phase shift

due to the time delay, but also for the presence of reflected signals
that may have been bounced back by the load toward the generator.
Power loss on the line and dispersive effects may need to be considered
as well.
A dispersive line is one on which the wave velocity is not constant as a
function of the frequency .
Therefore, the shape of a rectangular pulse, which can be decomposed
into many sinusoidal waves of different frequencies, will be distorted on a
dispersive TL.

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Transmission Line (TL) (contd.)

Preservation of pulse shape is very important in high speed data

transmission.
For example, at 10GHz the wavelength is 3cm in air but only about 1cm
in semiconductor.

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Transmission Lines (TLs) (contd.)

Variations in current and voltage across the circuit dimensions KCL and
KVL cant be directly applied This anomaly can be remedied if the line is
subdivided into elements of small (infinitesimal) length over which the
current and voltage do not vary.

Dz

Circuit Model:
RDz

Dz

Dz
RDz

LDZ
GDz

Dz

Dz

CDz

RDz

LDZ
GDz

CDz

RDz

LDZ
GDz

CDz

LDZ
GDz

lim Infinite number of infinitesimal sections

Dz 0

CDz

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Example Transmission Line

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Example Transmission Line (contd.)

Transverse TEM Transmission Lines: Electric and Magnetic fields are
entirely transverse to the direction of propagation.

The electric field is in the radial direction between the inner and outer
conductors.
The magnetic field circles the inner conductor.
Higher order Transmission Lines: waves propagating along these lines
have at least one significant field component in the direction of
propagation. Hollow conducting waveguides, optical fiber etc belong to
this class of lines.

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Example of Transmission Lines

Coaxial Cable
d = conductivity of dielectric [S/m].

2 0 r
C
b
ln
a
L

0 b
ln
2 a

m = conductivity of metal [S/m].

a
b

F/m
H/m

2 d
G
S/m

b
ln
a
1 1
1
R

m 2 a 2 b

/m

(skin depth
of metal)

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Example of Transmission Lines (contd.)

C

Twin Line

0 r
d
cosh
2a
1

a = radius of wires

0
1 d
L
cosh

2a

Z0

F/m

H/m

d
cosh 1
r
2a

x
cosh 1 x ln x x 2 1
ln 2 x

Z0

d
ln
r a

0
d

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Transmission Line Equations

i( z, t )

RDz

i( z Dz, t )

LDz

v( z , t )

GDz

v( z Dz, t )

Apply KVL:
v( z , t ) v( z Dz , t ) RDzi ( z , t ) LDz

Describes the
voltage along the
transmission lines

CDz

i ( z , t )
t

Lossy
Transmission Line
Circuit Model

v( z , t ) v( z Dz , t )
i ( z , t )
Ri ( z , t ) L
Dz
t

v( z , t )
i ( z , t )
Ri ( z , t ) L
z
t

For 0

KCL on this line segment gives: i( z, t ) i( z Dz, t ) GDzv( z Dz , t ) C Dz v( z Dz, t )

t

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Transmission Line Equations (contd.)

Simplification results in: i( z, t ) Gv( z, t ) C v( z, t )
z

For 0

Describes the current along the

transmission lines

These differential equations for

current/voltages were derived by Oliver
Heavyside. These equations are known
as Telegraphers Equations.

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Transmission Line Equations (contd.)

Let us define phasrors: , = () and , = ()

With the substitution

V(z)e jt
= - Re RI(z)e jt + jLI(z)e jt
of
phasors,
the Re
z
equations of voltage
I(z)e jt
and current wave
jt
jt
Re
=
Re
GV(z)e
+
jCV(z)e
result in:
z
The differential equations for current and voltage along the transmission
line can be expressed in phasor form as:

Re
= - Re RI(z)e jt + jLI(z)e jt
dz
d I(z)e jt
Re
= - Re GV(z)e jt + jCV(z)e jt
dz
d V(z)e jt

As () and
() are
function of
only position

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Transmission Line Equations (contd.)

The equations can be simplified as:

d V(z)
jt
Re
+ RI(z)+ jLI(z) e = 0

dz

For further
simplification

d I(z)
jt
Re
+ GV(z)+ jCV(z) e = 0

dz

At t=0, ejt=1:

d V(z)

Re
+ RI(z)+ jLI(z) = 0

dz

At t=/2, ejt=j:

d V(z)

Re
+ RI(z)+ jLI(z) j = 0

dz

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Transmission Line Equations (contd.)

Finally we can write:

Differentiating with respect

to gives

Transmission
Line Wave
Equations
Complex Propagation
Constant

d V(z)
R j L I(z)
dz
d I(z)
G jC V(z)
dz
d 2 V(z)
2

V ( z) 0
2
dz
d 2 I(z)
2

I ( z) 0
2
dz

These differential
equations can be
solved for the
phasors along the
transmission line
Here

( R j L)(G jC )

j
Attenuation Constant
(nepers/m)

Phase Constant
(radians/m)

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Transmission Line Equations (contd.)

d 2 V(z)
2

V ( z) 0
2
dz

V ( z ) V0 e z V0e z

d 2 I(z)
2

I ( z) 0
2
dz

I ( z ) I 0 e z I 0e z

+ and are complex

constants

+ and are complex constants

represents a wave propagating in + whereas

+ a wave propagating in .
There are four unknowns
(0+ , 0 , 0+ , 0 ). These can be
related as:

I ( z)

V0 e z V0e z
R j L

V0 z V0 z
I ( z)
e
e
Z0
Z0

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Transmission Line Equations (contd.)

Comparison of current phasor solutions lead us to:

V0
V0
Z0

I0
I0

Z0

Characteristic Impedance

R j L

It is equal to the ratio of the voltage amplitude to the current

amplitude for each of the traveling waves individually (with an
additional minus sign in the case of propagating wave.
It is not equal to the ratio of the total voltage () to the total
current unless one of the two is absent.

Definitely not an impedance in traditional sense