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Associate Professor, 2, 3Senior Research Fellow, Department of Jute and Fibre Technology, University of Calcutta, West
Bengal, India
Abstract
Geotextiles have proven to be the most versatile and cost effective ground modification materials. Their use has extended rapidly into
nearly all areas of civil, geotechnical, environmental, coastal and hydraulic engineering. They form the major component of the field
of Geosynthetics, the others being geogrids, geomembranes and geocomposites. One of the growing alternatives in todays context,
with respect to growing environmental concern and carbon foot print generation, is the emergence of technical textiles made out of
natural fibres which includes geotextile products for geotechnical applications, agrotextile products as well as other such relevant
areas. Jute geotextile (JGT) can certainly be considered as a potential aspirant replacing majority of todays popular synthetic
products which are posing severe threats to our environment thereby adversely affecting the eco-congruity. For sustainable socioeconomic development, applications and usable area of jute geotextile are in increasing trend. There is a wide scope for innovative
and prospective use of jute geotextile followed by the design and engineering of the products, oriented as per the end-user
requirements for different geotechnical applications. This will open up newer avenues for Jute, not only as a technical textile, but for
the entire Jute Sector as it is environment friendly and its application is effective for protecting environmental degradation. Therefore,
keeping in mind about the potential candidature of jute geotextile this paper has substantiated a detailed review on jute geotextile-its
designing and manufacturing along with its characteristic features, end-use specific applications, advantages and eventually its
techno-economic viability.
Keywords: Geotextiles; Jute Geotextile; Geotechnical Engineering; Underlay; Overlay; Paving Fabric
-----------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------1. INTRODUCTION
The term geotextile refers to textiles used in geotechnical
engineering, transportation engineering and environmental
engineering although all soil, rock and ground related activity
fall with the general scope of geotextile application.
The first use of a textile fabric structure for geotechnical
engineering was in 1926 for road construction. In 1930s
woven jute fabric was used for sub-grade support in
construction of highway in Aberdeen. The use of a woven
synthetic fabric for erosion control was in 1950s in Florida by
Barrett, [1].Apart from this, the maiden use of nonwoven
fabric in civil engineering was for asphalt overlay (U.S.A) in
1966. In 1962, M/s Nelton Ltd., U.K. [2] used synthetic nets
for the first time in a civil engineering project. Similarly,
reinforcement work of soft ground in Japan was conducted
under the responsibility of professor I. Yamanauchi. This
successful trial was followed by many applications, including
embankment reinforcement for the Japanese National Railway
[3], and inspired the development of geogrids. In 1969,
Giroud had used nonwoven fabrics as a filter in the upstream
face of an earthen dam. In 1971, Wager initiated use of woven
fabrics as reinforcement for embankments constructed on very
soft foundations. More recently in the nineteenth century,
George Stephenson used fibrous materials, including waste
cotton bales, to provide a water permeable and flexible
foundation for the worlds first passenger railway [4] in U.K.
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Constituent
Cellulose*
Lignin
Hemicellulose**
C.capsularis
(White) jute
60.0 63.0
12.0 - 13.0
21.0 - 24.0
C.olitorius
(Tossa) jute
58.0 59.0
13.0 14.0
22.0 -25.0
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Weight(g/m2)
Threads/dm (MD x
CD)
Thickness (mm)
Open area (%)
Width (cm)
Strength (kN/m)
(MD x CD)
Elongation at break
(%) (MD x CD)
Pore size (O90)
Micron
Coefficient of water
permittivity
(10-3 m/s)
Water permeability
at 10cm. water head
(l/m2/s)
Puncture resistance
(N/cm2)
Water holding
capacity (% on dry
weight basis)
Durability (yrs.)
Max.
Open
mesh
woven
JGT
(control
of
surficial
erosion)
292-730
Typical
Woven
JGT (for
separation
&
filtration)
Typical
Nonwoven
JGT
(for
filtration &
drainage)
760-1200
500-1000
12-7 x
12-7
3-7
80
122
10-12 x
10-12
8 x10
102 x 39
2-3
76
20-25 x 20
4-8
150
4-7 x 5-7
10 x10
20 x 25
300-150
500-300
3.4 0.34
50-20
380-400
400-500
1-4
of woven JGT ranging from 600 gsm to1200 gsm as per end
use requirements. Woven JGT has a large potential though it
remains to be fully exploited. Fabrics of varying tensile
strength and Apparent Opening Size (AOS) can be produced
to meet site-specific needs. In order that the types of woven
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7. CONCLUSIONS
The global market of geotextiles is very fast expanding. A
recent study by Tata Economic Consultancy Services (TECS)
reveals that the global geotextile industry is expected to
expand @ 10% to 15% per annum. Though the projected rate
of growth sounds rather optimistic, there is no denying the fact
that global geotextile market has significant growth potential.
The current share of man-made geotextiles is 95% of the total
global consumption vis--vis a meager 1% share of JGT. The
erstwhile golden fibre jute is now reduced in common
perception to mere gunny bags. While the use of jute in
packaging, home dcor, etc. is well known, the use of jute in
geotextiles is a largely unexplored area, although it can offer
vast benefits to the indigenous industry and agro economy
overall. The traditional market of jute is squeezing as a result
of entry of synthetic fibres made of polyamides,
polypropylene and other derivatives of petroleum chemical in
the market. Therefore the Jute industry can only be revived
with its diversified uses. Out of all the probable uses of jute,
the use of jute geotextile can be one of the potential areas to
revive jute industry as a whole. Therefore the increased off
take of jute will help in poverty alleviation in jute-growing
areas and in improving the living conditions of farmers and
workers. So its versatility is only coming to light now as the
world looks on for this natural golden fibre to take over with
the ideal solution for the modern civil engineering
construction like roads, railway tracks, soil erosion control etc.
which are essential for the progress of civilization.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
At the inception, the authors express their appreciation to
National Jute Board (NJB), Ministry of Textile, Government
of India for extending their all sources of co-operationto pave
the way for Jute Geotextile the natural choice for different
specific technical functions. The authors are indebted to Shri
Tapobrata Sanyal, Project Consultant, NJB, MoT, GoI for his
valuable cooperation and support throughout the framing of
this paper. Finally the authors convey their regards to the
Honourable Vice Chancellor and Pro Vice Chancellor
(academic), University of Calcutta, West Bengal, India for
their kind consent to allow this review paper for publication in
the scholarly journal and valuable guidance to carry out this
paper. Martin, P., W. R.Sarsby andS. C.Anand. 2000. Hand
Book of Technical Textiles,edited by A.R. Horrocks and S.C.
Anand.Published by Woodhead Publishing in association with
The Textile Institute, Manchester.
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[50]
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Annexure-1
Table- 2: Important physical properties of jute fibre[27, 29-35, 43-46]
Properties
1.
2.
3.
Range
0.75 - 6.0
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
5 -25
0.90 - 3.50
8.00 - 31.0
1.45 - 1.52
3-6
0.8 - 2.0
0.30
0.25 1.30
130 - 220
10.
11.
12.
0.86 - 1.94
2.2 4.0
12.5 - 13.8
13.
Refractive index[33]
(Parallel to fibre axis)
(Perpendicular to fibre axis)
Bi-refringence (Double refraction)
Swelling in water[44]
Diametrical (%)
Area-wise (%)
Stiffness index (g/den)
Specific heat [45] (cal/g/OC)
Dielectric constant (at 50 HZ) 56
Insulation resistance [27](ohm)
Heat of combustion [27](J/g)
Specific internal surface [27] (m2/g)
Coefficient of friction(inclined plane method) [46]
Crystallinity [27](%)
Hermans angle of orientation[44]
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
1.577
1.536
+ 0.041
20.0 - 22.0
40.0 - 50.0
300 - 400
0.324
2.2 - 7.2
1010 - 1017
16.0 - 17.0
10 - 200
0.3 - 0.54
52 - 60
7-9
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Annexture-2
Table- 3:Overall property advantages and specific end - uses of Jute Geotextiles
Property Advantages
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