STAAD (X) Tower UserManual en

STAAD(X) Tower
V8i SELECTseries 1
User Manual
TRN014610-1/0001
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Bentley, the "B" Bentley logo, STAAD(X) are registered or nonregistered trademarks of
Bentley Systems, Inc. or Bentley Software, Inc. All other marks are the property of their
respective owners.
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of Bentley Systems, Incorporated and/or third parties which is protected by copyright
and trade secret law and may not be provided or otherwise made available without
proper authorization.
User Manual i
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is Bentley Systems, Incorporated, 685 Stockton Drive, Exton, PA 19341- 0678.
Unpublished - rights reserved under the Copyright Laws of the United States and International treaties.
END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT

To view the End User License Agreement for this product, review: eula_en.pdf.
ii STAAD(X) Tower
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
Chapter 1 Getting Started
1.1 What is STAAD(X) Tower V8i?
1.2 What is New in STAAD(X) Tower V8i SELECTseries 1?
1.3 Help and Documentation
HTML and PDF Documentation and Help Files
Printing Help and Documentation Files
1.4 Document Conventions
1.5 Procedure Conventions
1.6 Technical Support
Chapter 2 Introduction
2.1 A Tour of the STAAD(X) Tower Environment
2.2 Units in STAAD(X) Tower
16
Coordinates in STAAD(X) Tower
17
2.3 New Model Wizards
18
Chapter 3 Command Reference: The Ribbon
34
3.1 Start Ribbon
35
3.2 The Model Tab
35
3.3 The View Tab
41
User Manual iii
The Tools Tab
51
3.4 Components Ribbon Tab
60
The Results Tab
70
3.5 The Report Tab
75
Chapter 4 Command Reference: The Navigation Tree

Model Tab
4.1 Foundation Tab
Chapter 5 Procedures and How-Tos
96
96
163
168
5.1 STAAD(X) Tower Interopability Manager
169
5.2 Tutorial for Self-Supporting Tower
169
5.3 Tutorial for Guyed Tower
172
5.4 Tutorial for Monopole Tower
175
5.5 Report Building
178
Chapter 6 Customization
180
6.1 Configurations
180
6.2 Display Preferences
181
6.3 User Defined Components
185
6.4 Report Item Customization
186
Chapter 7 Output and Tables
192
7.1 The Output Window
192
7.2 Tables
193
Chapter 8 Index
194
Chapter 8 List of Tables
197
iv STAAD(X) Tower
Chapter 1
Getting Started
1.2 What is New in STAAD(X) Tower V8i SELECTseries 1?
HTML and PDF Documentation and Help Files
User Manual 0

STAAD(X) Tower is a powerful addition to Bentley Systems, Inc.s line of structural engineering software tools. Its role is for the modeling, analysis, and design of communication tower structures. These may be free-standing, guyed, or monopole type
towers. STAAD(X) Tower helps engineers generate the physical model using parametric
setup wizards and categorizes the panels, legs, horizontals and bracing members with
orientations without manual intervention. The structure can easily be edited to achieve
the desired shape and configuration.
With STAAD(X) Tower, external components like antennas, appurtenances, and platforms can easily be attached and can generate wind, ice, and seismic loads following
the TIA codes along with other standard reference loads. The robust analysis and design
engine (as per TIA-222-Fand TIA-222-G codes) helps to minimize efforts to obtain the
analysis and design results. It also offers a vast range of post-processing graphs and diagrams.
STAAD(X) Tower features a state-of-the-art user interface, visualization tools, powerful
analysis and design engines. It makes modeling even complex tower structures a fast
and painless process. Additionally, STAAD(X) Tower provides a customizable and userfriendly report generation facility and also targets bi-directional interoperability with
other STAAD products.
Note: STAAD(X) Tower is compatible with Windows Vista, XP, and 2000 environments only!
1.2 What is New in STAAD(X) Tower V8i

SELECTseries 1?
The following lists server as summary release reports for the major new features and
enhancements found in each release of STAAD(X) Tower. Links are provided to the
appropriate section of the documentation to learn more about how to use each feature.
1 STAAD(X) Tower
V8i SELECTseries 1 (Release 08.02.01)

STAAD(X) Tower V8i SELECTseries 1 includes the following new and updated features:
Items
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IS 802, 806 Indian Steel design codes are now included for the design of steel tower
structures.
Integration with Bentley Structure Property Catalog Use the Bentley Structure Property Catalog (SPC) Explorer dialog for adding common sections and materials to your
tower model. Additionally, Schifferized angles are now available in the section catalog
(using the "V" designation).
Automatic Load Generation wizard Now you can quickly add TIA-222-G load combinations by using an easy wizard tool.
Isolated Footing Design Spread footings may now be analyzed and designed in the
program for guyed and self-supporting tower structures.
Improved User Defined Bracing Patterns creation The dialog for creating custom bracing patterns has been updated. You can now use predefined bracing patterns as templates to modify. Other changes to the dialog also help to make custom patterns even
easier to generate and your custom brace patterns will be available when you create new
tower models as well.
Improved Reports You can now use the Snapshot tool to capture dynamic views of
the model for your reports. Material take-off lists are also now available to include in
reports.
Unit Cost Data You can now add unit cost information pertaining to the shapes and
materials used in your tower model to generate a material take-off or cost summary for
inclusion in reports.
Structure Builder Templates You can save often used tower models as templates for
easy re-use.
Export to STAAD.Pro Export your Tower models to STAAD.Pro for an even wider set
of analysis and design options.
Dynamic Help Context sensitive help items are now available in the Help window.
V8i (Release 08.01.02)

Since STAAD(X) Tower is an entirely new product, everything is new. However,
STAAD(X) Tower introduces physical modeling and an advanced user interface to the
field of tower structure engineering. Users of STAAD(X) will recognize the user interface
implemented but it is one that is easy to learn even if you are new to the STAAD(X) generation of products. STAAD(X) Tower also offers a set of powerful model generation wizards to help you rapidly create models of even complex tower structures. Once your
model is created, adding loadings or appurtenances is also a fast and easy process.
User Manual 2

In an effort to provide you with the best application support in the industry, STAAD(X)
Tower documentation is provided electronically in the form of HTML help files and
Adobe Acrobat PDF files. This important decision was made to provide a method of
quickly updating users with the latest program additions or modifications. Since this
information is provided electronically, users can simply download the latest help files
from our web site, without the delay to update and reprint hard copy documentation.
Note: In response to user requests to have the application on-line help formatted in a manner that can be referenced away from a setting in which the
actual software is installed, we will now provide the help in an Adobe Acrobat Reader PDF formatted manual after each major release. These will be provided in PDF format to enable users to print as many copies of this information as
desired. These files will be generated in a timely manner after each release
from the on-line help and made available http://docs.bentley.com web
page.
HTML and PDF Documentation and Help

Files
In addition to new dynamic help features built into STAAD(X) Tower, help files are provided in Adobe Acrobat PDF formats. To view the PDF files, you must have Adobe
Acrobat Reader v.5.x or later installed and functioning. The online help is viewed externally of the program using MadCap Help Viewer v4.x or later, which is installed along
with STAAD(X) Tower. You can download the most recent versions of these applications
via the following urls:
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Adobe Acrobat Reader: http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/

MadCap Help Viewer: http://www.madcapsoftware.com/downloads/redistributables.aspx
These applications provide a Help > Contents menu selection, which will display the relevant help for that application. In most instances, help files for the primary application
may be launched under that applications sub-menu in your Windows Start menu.
3 STAAD(X) Tower

Topics in the STAAD(X) Tower help system may be printed when they are opened in the
Help Viewer application. To print a topic:
1. Select the topic you wish to print from the Table of Contents.
2.
Select File >Print.

or
Select File >Print Preview to review the output before printing.
Note: Help topics displayed in the context sensitive Help Window embedded
within the application cannot be printed directly from that window.
PDF files may be printed by selecting File > Print from the PDF reader application, then
selecting the range of pages to print.

A number of conventions are maintained throughout Bentley documentation, which
makes it easier to identify and understand the information presented.
CONVENTION
Note
Hint
Warning
Filenames
DESCRIPTION
Precedes information of general importance.
Precedes optional time-saving information.
Precedes information about actions that
should not be performed under normal
operating conditions.
Directory paths and file names are italicized.
User Manual 4
CONVENTION
DESCRIPTION
Example: C:\TUTOR directory, AUTOEXEC.BATfile.
Excerpts from text or basic script files, varProgram Code
iables, and statements appear in the font
shown.
Commands or information that must be
Input
manually entered is bolded in the font
shown.
Menu commands and dialog buttons appear
in a sans serif font that stands out from norMenu & Buttons mal body text.
Example: After selecting the Filemenu,
press the OK button in the dialog.
Dialog and database table names are italDialogs
icized.
field_names
Example: The Preferences dialog.
Indicates that the command must be
Select
executed from a menu or dialog.
Throughout this Tutorial, the menu command sequence required to execute a command will be explicitly defined in the text,
while the associated toolbar button is presented in the margin.
Table 1-1: Some typography conventions used in this document.

Several procedures are provided throughout this manual. Menu selections and user
input are emphasized in bold while the GUI icon is shown in the left margin. Refer to
the example below.
> SELECTION EXAMPLE
1. Select Home Ribbon > Add Physical Member.
By following the procedures, a member is created.
5 STAAD(X) Tower
Figures are also included at to help you identify where these commands are located on
screen.

These resources are provided to help you answer support questions:
n
Service Ticket Manager - http://www.bentley.com/serviceticketmanager - Create

and track a service ticket using Bentley's online site for reporting problems or suggesting new features.
Knowledge Base - http://appsnet.bentley.com/kbase/ - Search the Bentley knowledge base for solutions for common problems.
FAQs and TechNotes - http://communities.bentley.com/Wiki/view.aspx/Product_
TechNotes_and_FAQs - Here you can find detailed resolutions and answers to the most
common questions posted to us by you.
Ask Your Peers - http://communities.bentley.com/forums/5932/ShowForum.aspx Post questions in the BECommunity forums to receive help and advice from fellow
users.
User Manual 6
7 STAAD(X) Tower
Chapter 2
Introduction
2.1 A Tour of the STAAD(X) Tower Environment
16
17
18
2.1 A Tour of the STAAD(X) Tower

Environment
It is recommended you take some time to familiarize yourself with the main features of
theSTAAD(X) Tower interface, as this new layout represents one of the greatest dif-
User Manual 8
ferences between STAAD(X) and previous versions of STAAD. This section is intended to
provide you with a general overview of the STAAD(X) GUI.
As STAAD has added many features over the past several years, the number of icons,
tabs, and pages has increased dramatically. Many very powerful and useful features
were hidden in tabs on dialog boxes and, consequently, often overlooked. The new interface has been re-designed to make these features more readily available to you as you
need them. But equally important, features that you aren't using don't crowd your working space.
The figure below shows the default working environment in STAAD(X) Tower. However,
many of the interface elements are customizable or may be dismissed to increase the
screen area of others. Try dragging various panels about the interface window to find a
layout that works best for you.
The Application Menu Button
The first item in the Ribbon is the Application menu button (a STAAD(X) Tower logo).
This button replaces the File menu on previous versions. Clicking on the Application
displays the STAAD(X) application menu, which contains all of the file-level operations
9 STAAD(X) Tower
and program settings for STAAD(X). From here, you can create New models, Save or
Close current ones, along with similar file manipulations.
The Ribbon
The traditional menus and toolbars have been replaced by the Ribbon, which shows relevant commands for a given action instead of every command at once. This allows you
much more area on your screen to view models and the other panel areas that will be
described briefly. Still, the pertinent tools for the current task are provided to you, collected in Groups. The Ribbon Menu bar is permanently located across the top portion of
the STAAD(X) window. This style of menu will be familiar to users of Microsoft Office
2007, but is easy to learn for any user. Just think of the Ribbon tabs as visual menus.
In the main Ribbon, you will see a series of tabs - called Pages - which access sets of commands grouped by the task you is currently in. The Home page contains a set of most
frequently used commands. There are more Page tabs which appear just to the right of
the Home page which display collected features when clicked. Additionally, contextual
Pages will also appear at the end of the row during specific user activities. This way,
most of STAAD(X)'s functionality is brought to the top level, reducing the number of
mouse clicks and hunting around for specific features. Frequently used commands may
also be added to the Quick Access Toolbar to customize the interface.
Note: The Ribbon automatically resizes itself, the groups it displays, and the resolution of the icons within; all depending on the window size and the resolution of
your screen. Therefore, your ribbon may often appear differently than what is
shown in the documentation and help images.
User Manual 10
The Tower Model Explorer window
Another prominent new feature of STAAD(X) Tower is the Tower Model Explorer for
model navigation. The folder tree interface will be familiar to users of Windows. The
structure of the model explorer tab closely follows the typical workflow of model creation. You can quickly view all aspects of the model creation, analysis, and results in
this panel.
Hint: Clicking on the
sub-directories.
(plus sign) next to any item expands that item to display
Many of the tree items have pop-up menus associated with them. These items will display a icon (small blue arrow) at the end of the title once you have clicked on them.
When the mouse pointer hovers over this arrow, the pop-up menu will be displayed.
Hint: Right-clicking on a STAAD(X) Explorer item will display the same menu.
11 STAAD(X) Tower
The View Window
The view panel is your visual display of the model and any construction aides you
employ. Across the top, you will see tabs to describe each view. Some additional tabs for
certain modes, such as the Start Page or editing a MyLibrary object. You can also split
the view panel to display multiple views simultaneously.
The lower left corner of any view tab will also display the Global Coordinate System axis
for reference.
User Manual 12
The Properties and Help Window
The Properties & Help Window displays contextual information based on what model
elements you have selected elsewhere in the interface. tab displays contextual property
fields for selected elements in either the Tower Model Explorer or the Model View.
Note: When no property fields or help information is associated with a particular
element, these will not change from any previously selected element.
> Navigating the Help Window

The Help tab displays dynamic help information on features you are currently using in
STAAD(X) Tower. Like the properties display, the help item is updates when you select
a new item for use elsewhere in the interface.
Hint: Some topics contain more detailed information which may be expanded
by clicking the (arrow) next to the sub-heading.
13 STAAD(X) Tower
Hyperlinks are also embedded in various help files so you can navigate to related information for additional assistance. Click on hyperlinks within a help topic to display additional help. The Help Window also has common web-browser style navigation tools
along the top. You can use these to view previous help topics or go to the Help Welcome
screen. If the Help Window is too narrow to display all available tools, click the menu
button to display the remainder.
ICON
WHAT IT DOES
Back - View the previous help file. This can
be helpful when you may have selected a different item in the Model Explorer Window or
Ribbon bar, but wish to continue reading the
previously displayed help page. This also
works for help files you have selected via a
hyperlink.
Forward - If you have navigated to a previous page, you can move retrace using this
button.
Home - This button takes you to the Help
Welcome page.
Stop - Stops page loading.
Refresh - This will reload the current page.
Favorite - Clicking this button will launch the
current help page in an external viewer. This
viewer will allow you to store commonly
accessed help pages as favorite bookmarks
for quick location.
Expand All - Click to expand all collapsed
sections of the current help page.
Collapse All - Click to collapse all expanded
sections of the current help page.
Search - Type a term in search field and hit
the Return key to have all matches of that
term highlighted in the current help page.
Remove all Search Highlights - Clear any
highlighted terms in the current help page.
Table 2-1: Table: Help Menu navigation tools.
User Manual 14
The Output Window
Text messages and reports will be displayed here, providing you with information when
the program is running an analysis or design.
Note: Detailed results of these actions will be found in the Results ribbon tab
and the Model >Analysis >Results section of the Tower Model Navigator window.
The Start Page
15 STAAD(X) Tower
When STAAD(X) Tower is opened, you will be presented with the Start Page. There are
several sections of the Start Page which include common task:
n
Project Tasks - Create a new model, opening an existing file, or change your program
configuration.
Help Topics - Links to the online help, STAAD(X) knowledge base, product news, and
technical support.
License Status &Configuration - Displays which license options you have available for
use.
Recent Files - A list of recent files. Hover your cursor over any file link to display a
thumbnail and project meta data.
RSS Feed - Displays a list of the most recent STAAD(X) Tower news items. Click on any
item to read more.

When you begin a new model file in STAAD(X) Tower, you select default units of length
and force. When you must use different units for length or force than the defaults, you
will simply type them in the appropriate fields in the properties panel. When typing a
value in any field, simply add a space and then type the abbreviation for the desired
units (see the following table for available units).
Additionally, you can set derived units differently than base units. For example, if you
wish to typically work in feet and kips, you will still set the units for pressure as pounds
(force) per square foot and moment as inch-kips. Then, in one instance it is more convenient to enter a moment in foot-kips, you can simply include the non-default units.
Hint: To access a list of available units for a given property field, simply right
click in the field. Then select the units you wish to use from the pop-up menu.
Warning: Changing a unit type in STAAD(X) Tower does not change any existing value's units in the model. This only changes the default units in the interface.
UNITS OF LENGTH
UNIT
ABBREVIATION
inch
in or "
foot
ft or '
millimeter
mm
yard
yd
centimeter
cm
UNITS OF FORCE
UNIT
ABBREVIATION
pound (force) lbf
pound (mass) lb
kilopound
kip
kilogram
kg
metric ton
Mton
User Manual 16
UNITS OF LENGTH
UNITS OF FORCE
UNIT
ABBREVIATION
UNIT
ABBREVIATION
decimeter
dm
newton
N
meter
m
decanewton
DN
kilometer
km
kilonewton
kN
mile
mil
meganewton MN
Table 2-2: Available units of Length and Force in STAAD(X)
Tower
Note: Some fields have units already specified and these will indicated as such.
For these fields, simply provide a magnitude with no units.

STAAD(X) Tower uses a conventional Cartesian coordinate system, with the global Y
axis assumed as vertical. That is, the height of the tower is parallel to the global Y axis.
This coordinate system is a rectangular coordinate system (X, Y, Z) which follows the
orthogonal right hand rule. This coordinate system may be used to define the joint locations and loading directions. The translational degrees of freedom are denoted by u1, u2,
u3 and the rotational degrees of freedom are denoted by u4, u5 & u6.
Degrees of freedom as used in STAAD(X) Tower
17 STAAD(X) Tower
A STAAD(X) Tower model with global coordinate axis labeled

Creating a new tower model is done by using one of the parametric set-up wizards
included with in STAAD(X) Tower. These easy-to-use yet powerful allow you to create
general tower structures which you can then modify as necessary.
1. Click the New button on the Start ribbon tab to begin.
2. Select one of the three options for tower type.
3. Click Next > to proceed to the parametric wizard.
Three Types of Tower

STAAD(X) Tower supports three different basic types of tower structures from the wizard.
Each of these choices will take you to a different wizard to create that general tower type.
n
n
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Monopole
Self-supporting
Guyed
User Manual 18
Structure Builder Templates

You can also load a structure builder template by selecting this option.
Monopole Wizard
These screens will take you step-by-step through the creation of generating freestanding, monopole tower structure. You can change the details of the tower once the
wizard has finished in the STAAD(X) Tower interface.
1.
Click the New button on the Model ribbon tab.
2.
Select the radio button for Monopole to start the monopole wizard. Click Next.
19 STAAD(X) Tower
3. Click Next > to continue.
Tower Properties
Here you will provide meta-information about the structure as well as overall structure
details, such as height and shape.
User Manual 20
1. General Tower Properties:

a. Tower Name - Provide a name of the tower model. You can use any
alpha-numeric combination for this field.
b. Tower Description - Provide a brief description of the model. You can
use any alpha-numeric combination for this field (optional).
c. Unit Type - You must select between the English and Metric system of
units (default is English).
d. Country Code- This specifies the country for code checking and section databases. Select the country of the design code rather than the
country of tower's physical location (default is US).
e. Length &Force Unit - Based on the Unit Type you have chosen, provide the units of both length and force you wish to use as defaults for
the project. For any field in which you do not explicitly provide units,
these will be used (default is feet and kilopound, respectively).
2. Monopole Tower Properties:
a. Type of Monopole- Specify either a Stepped (i.e. - monopole steps
down in diameter as the height increases) or Tapered (i.e. - tapers
down linearly along its height). If the monopole has a constant diameter, you may choose either option (currently, only stepped is supported).
b. Elevation at Base - Provide the elevation above surrounding terrain.
This is used to calculate the appropriate wind forces along the height
of the tower.
c. Height of Tower - Provide the total height of the tower model above its
base.
d. Number of Sections - Specify the number of sections along the height.
e. Number of Facets - For tapered monopole sections, select the cross-section type by number of facets. For stepped monopole sections, the
cross section is always round.
21 STAAD(X) Tower
Structural Properties
1. Member Properties:
a. Stepped Monopole - Select the Type of Section profile for use in the
monopole structure. You can then choose the Default Section from the
drop-down menu. The outer and inner diameter values are displayed for
the selected section.
b. Tapered Monopole - Currently not supported.
c. Material - Select the default Material and material Grade for the
monopole structure.
2. Support - Specify the support conditions for the base level node. A Support assigned
from the parametric wizard must be of Fixed type. If other supports types (i.e.
enforced displacement or partially fixed) are required, select None. These may be specified and applied in the main interface.
3. Load - Select this box if you wish to apply selfweight loads to all members. If checked,
the following parameters are required:
a. Direction - Specify the direction in which the selfweight is to be applied
(Y is default).
b. Factor - Specify the factor for the applied selfweight load.
c. Include Components - Select this check box if the dead load of the external components attached should be included along with the dead load
of the structure.
User Manual 22
4. Once you are finished with this page, click Next to continue.
You can read a text summary describing the tower structure which will be generated.
Once you are ready for the structure to be created, click OK. The model is displayed in
a new tab of the view window in the main program interface.
Self-Supporting Tower Wizard

These screens will take you step-by-step through the creation of generating a three- or
four-legged, self-supporting tower structure. A wide variety of common tower bracing
patterns are available as templates. You can generate your own bracing pattern during
this process as well. You can also change the details of the tower once the wizard has
finished in the STAAD(X) Tower interface.
1.
2.
Select the radio button for Self-Supporting to start the self-supporting wizard.
Click Next.
3. Click Next >to continue.
23 STAAD(X) Tower
TOWER PROPERTIES
The Tower Properties dialog in the Self-Supporting Tower wizard

Here you will provide meta-information about the structure as well as overall structure
details, such as height and shape.
1. General Tower Properties:
alpha-numeric combination for this field. (
b. Tower Description - Provide a brief description of the model. You can
d. Country Code - This specifies the country for code checking and section
databases. Select the country of the design code rather than the country
of tower's physical location (default is US).
e. Length and Force units - Based on the Unit Type you have chosen, provide the units of both length and force you wish to use as defaults for
the project. For any field in which you do not explicitly provide units,
these will be used (default is feet and kilopound, respectively).
2. Base Tower Properties:
a. Number of Legs - You much select between a square, four-legged and triangular, three-legged tower structure (default is four).
User Manual 24
b. Base and Top Face Width - The face width is the distance between
adjacent legs. Provide the width at the bottom of the lowest panel and
the top of the highest panel in these fields, respectively. The tower legs
slope linearly between these two widths on each face.
c. Elevation at Base - Provide the elevation above surrounding terrain.
This is used to calculate the appropriate wind forces along the height
of the tower.
d. Base Tower Height - Provide the total height of the tower model above
its base.
e. Number of Panels - Specify the total number of panels along the
height.
f. Horizontals - Select this box if horizontal members are present at the
top of each panel.
g. Default Bracing Type - Select the typical bracing pattern you wish to
apply for all panel faces by default. You can edit individual panel faces
or levels as needed once the wizard is finished. You also have the
option to generate custom bracing patterns and save them for re-use.
3. Click Next to continue.
The Structural Properties dialog in the Self-Supporting Tower wizard

1. Length of Section - You can enter the maximum permissible length for any physical
member in the model. Typically, this will be used to limit the length of tower leg
25 STAAD(X) Tower
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
members. The parametric model generation process will ensure that any physical
member's length that would have exceeded this limit will be split into multiple physical
members. To remove this restriction, simply specify this value as zero (0).
Section Properties for Leg, Horizontal, and Diagonal (Bracing)Members. For each
member type present in the tower structure, specify the following for the default
member profile and material:
a. Type of Section - Specify either Angle or Pipe type section. Alternately,
you may select None in the wizard and specify a section from the main
interface.
b. Section Size - Select the section to be used from the within the section
type specified.
c. Steel Grade - Select the corresponding steel grade for the selected section.
d. Type of Angle and Spacing - If you select an Angle section, you must
specify single or double angle. For double angles, you must provide a
spacing between the backs of the angles.
Specification - Select this check box if you wish to consider all diagonal members as
truss (i.e. fully pinned-end) members.
Support - Specify the support conditions for all base level nodes. Supports assigned
from the parametric wizard can either be fully Fixed or Pinned (fixed is default). If other
supports types (i.e. enforced displacement or partially fixed) are required, select
None. These may be specified and applied in the main interface.
Load - Select this box if you wish to apply selfweight loads to all members. If checked,
(Y is default).
of the structure.
Once you are finished with this page, click Next to continue.
Once you are ready for the structure to be created, click OK. The model is displayed in a
new tab of the view window in the main program interface.
Guyed Tower wizard

These screens will take you step-by-step through the creation of generating guyed tower
structure. You can change the details of the tower once the wizard has finished in the
STAAD(X) Tower interface.
1.
2.
Select the radio button for Guyed Tower to start the monopole wizard. Click Next.
User Manual 26
27 STAAD(X) Tower
Tower Properties
1. Enter General Tower Properties:

alpha-numeric combination for this field.
b. Tower Description -Provide a brief description of the model. You can
d. Country Code - This specifies the country for code checking and section
databases. Select the country of the design code rather than the country
of tower's physical location (default is US).
e. Length & Force Unit - Based on the Unit Type you have chosen, provide
the units of both length and force you wish to use as defaults for the
project. For any field in which you do not explicitly provide units, these
will be used (default is feet and kilopound, respectively).
2. Base Tower Properties:
a. Number of Legs- You much select between a square, four-legged and triangular, three-legged tower structure (default is four).
b. Elevation at Base - Provide the elevation above surrounding terrain.
This is used to calculate the appropriate wind forces along the height of
the tower.
c. Tower Height - Provide the total height of the tower model above its
base.
User Manual 28
d. Base Face and Top Face Widths - The face width is the distance
between adjacent legs. Provide the width at the bottom of the lowest
panel and the top of the highest panel in these fields, respectively. The
tower legs slope linearly between these two widths on each face.
e. Tapered at Base - Select this box to specify if tower model will be
tapered at the base level.
f. Horizontals - Select this box if horizontal members are present at the
top of each panel.
g. Number of Panels - Specify the total number of panels along the
height, including any tapered panels if the tapered option has been
selected above.
h. Tapered Panels - Specify the number of tapered panels at the base of
the tower if the tapered option has been selected above.
i. Default Bracing Type - Select the typical bracing pattern you wish to
apply for all panel faces by default. You can edit individual panel faces
or levels as needed once the wizard is finished. You also have the
option to generate custom bracing patterns and save them for re-use.
Guy Properties
1. Guy Levels - Each guy level (up to five in the wizard) consists a set of parameters
listed below that are required to generate a set of guy cables (i.e. three guy cables for
a triangular tower model and four guy cables for a square tower model). Additional
29 STAAD(X) Tower
guy levels can be added from the main interface once the tower model is generated by
the wizard. See "Guy Levels" on page 121 for additional information.
a. Select the box for each guy level you wish to add.
b. Elevation - Specify the elevation for each guy level on the tower. This
elevation necessarily has to match with the available panel top
elevations. Therefore, a drop-down menu will provide you with a list of
panel elevations based on the height and number of panels you provided on the previous wizard screen.
c. Standard - Select the material standard of the cable (ASTM is currently
the only standard that is supported).
d. Size - Select a nominal diameter size for the guy cables from the available list of standard cables for the selected standard.
e. Anchor Radius - Radius of guy anchors at base elevation level, as measured from the center of the tower structure to the anchor node of the
guy. Anchor radius can be varied for each guy level included.
2. Guy Mounts:
a. Default Mount Type - Select type of guy mount you wish to use as a
default for this model. Mounts may be changed individually in the
model. Choose from Corner Mount, Face Mount, Torque Arm Corner
Mount, or Torque Arm Star Mount. See "Guy Mount Types" on page 123
for information on mount types.
b. If you selected either Torque Arm Corner or Star Mount in the default
type, you must provide additional structural details for the torque arm.
See Torque Arm options below. See "Torque Arm Styles" on page 126 for
more information.
n Wing - Forms a isosceles triangle parallel to the tower
leg, centered over two panel heights.
n Bat Ear - Forms a right-angle triangle with the height
of one panel and a horizontal arm at the top of that
panel.
n Dog Ear - Forms a right-angle triangle with the height
of one panel and a horizontal arm at the bottom of that
panel.
n Cantilever - A single cantilevered member is used at
the panel height specified.
c. Torque Arm Guiding Parameters n Spread - Specify the distance between the tips of the
adjacent torque arms.
n Leg Angle - Currently not supported.
User Manual 30
1. Length of Section - You can enter the maximum permissible length for any physical
member's length that would have exceeded this limit will be split into multiple physical members. To remove this restriction, simply specify this value as zero (0).
2. Member Properties - For Leg, Horizontal, Diagonal (Bracing), Guy Pull Off, and
Guy Diagonal Member types present in the tower structure, specify the following for
the default member profile and material:
a. Type of Section - Specify either Angle or Pipe type section. Alternately,
you may select None in the wizard and specify a section from the main
interface.
b. Section Size - Select the section to be used from the within the section
type specified.
c. Steel Grade - Select the corresponding steel grade for the selected section.
d. Type of Angle and Spacing - If you select an Angle section, you must
specify single or double angle. For double angles, you must provide a
spacing between the backs of the angles.
3. Specification - Select this check box if you wish to consider all diagonal members as
truss (i.e. fully pinned-end) members.
31 STAAD(X) Tower
4. Support - Specify the support conditions for all base level nodes. Supports assigned
from the parametric wizard can either be fully Fixed or Pinned (fixed is default). If other
supports types (i.e. enforced displacement or partially fixed) are required, select
None. These may be specified and applied in the main interface.
5. Load - Select this box if you wish to apply selfweight loads to all members. If checked,
(Y is default).
of the structure.
6. Once you are finished with this page, click Next to continue.
Once you are ready for the structure to be created, click OK. The model is displayed in a
new tab within the view pane.
Your Wizard Model Completed

The parametric tower model wizard has now completed your model and you are free to
edit, add loads to, or appurtenances to the physical model.
Hint: Now is a good time to take a moment to save your model. To do so, click
either the
(Save) button found on the Home tab of the ribbon menu (also
found on the STAAD(X) menu). You will be prompted to choose a location on your
storage devices to save the file and to specify a file name.
User Manual 32
33 STAAD(X) Tower
Chapter 3
Command Reference:
The Ribbon
3.1 Start Ribbon
35
3.2 The Model Tab
35
3.3 The View Tab
41
The Tools Tab
51
60
The Results Tab
70
3.5 The Report Tab
75
User Manual 34
3.1 Start Ribbon

The Start Ribbon tab contains common commands for file-level operations such as creating new model files or opening existing ones.
File Group
This group contains common file-level operations.
ICON
WHAT IT DOES
New - Launches the New Model Dialog.
Open - For opening an existing file. Clicking the

icon launches the common Windows file browser
for locating files.
Recent Files... - Displays a dynamic list of recent
files which have been used in STAAD(X) Tower.
Table 3-1: Table: File level tools found in the Start Tab > File
Group
3.2 The Model Tab

The model tab contains many of the general tools you will use to manipulate your
model, perform analysis, and check members against codes.
35 STAAD(X) Tower
Standard Group
This group contains common tools for file operations and for managing the content
within the current model file.
ICON
WHAT IT DOES
New - Opens the New Model Dialog.
Open - For opening an existing file or importing
a model file created in a different application.
Clicking the icon provides a drop-down menu
with these options.
Save - This will save any changes made in the
current model file since the previous save.
Close - This will close the current model file and
return you to the Start Page.
Export to STAAD Model - Export your tower
model to a STAAD.Pro [.STD] file.
Copy - This feature is currently inactive.
Cut - This feature is currently inactive.
Paste - This feature is currently inactive.
Delete - This will delete any selected items in

either the Tower Navigation window or the
View Window (with the exception of items
which may not be deleted from a model file).
Recent Files - Click this icon to see a list of
recent files that have been opened in
STAAD(X) Tower. Clicking any one of these
files will open that file (but you will be
prompted to save the current file first).
Table 3-2: Table: Default contents of the Quick Access Toolbar, with their functions.
User Manual 36
View Group
The view group offers you access to some commonly used view tools on the Model ribbon tab, such as View Modes and View Tools.
ACCESS COMMONLY USED TABLES
Click the show tables to display a list of commonly used tables. Click any of the menu
items to display the listed table in the Output window.
See "Tables" on page 193 for additional information.
Selection Group
The Selection Cursors Group contains various pointer types in addition to a filtering
tool. The different pointers represent selection modes used to limit selections in the
Model View by object type.
Selection Tools
The pointer types are as follows:
ICON
37 STAAD(X) Tower
WHAT IT DOES
Idle Pointer Use this to turn off any current selection mode(s).
ICON
WHAT IT DOES
Select Node Allows you to select nodes.
Select Physical Member Allows you to

select one-dimensional model entities which
are part of the physical model. This selection
tool is only available when viewing the physical model. See "Modes Group" on page 41
Select Analytical Member Allows you to
select one-dimensional model entities which
are part of the analytical model. This selection tool is only available when viewing the
analytical model. See "Modes Group" on
page 41
Select Antenna Allows you to select
nodes.
Select Appurtenance Allows you to select
nodes.
Select Platform Mount Allows you to
select nodes.
Property Painter Use this tool to copy
selected properties from one entity to
another similar entity.
Table 3-3: Table: Cursors for model entity selections.
Note: Multiple selection modes may be toggled on simultaneously to select different types of model entities at the same time.
MAKING SELECTIONS
Computer models of even relatively simple structures are often quite complex, with
many joints, members, loads, etc. Even for highly complex models, STAAD(X) makes it
easy to select just the entities you want. The first step is to choose what class of entities
you need to select, by clicking on the appropriate Selection Cursors. You can have more
than one type of selection pointer highlighted at once.
There are a number of ways in STAAD(X) to select entities:
n
Clicking Individually Here, entities are simply selected, one by one. You can also
hold down the Ctrl key while making selections to select multiple entities. This method
works well if entities are spread about the model.
Fence Multiple Items Simply click and hold the left mouse button and drag the
pointer diagonally (any direction). You will notice a rectangle forming on screen which
is dynamically updated as the pointer moves. Any entity which is highlighted for
User Manual 38
selection in or touching this rectangle will be selected for you upon releasing the mouse
button. This method works well for entities which are grouped together in one location
in the model.
Ctrl + A This key chord selects all of the entities highlighted for selection in the
entire model. This feature works well in combination with the Selection Filter tool.
Run Analysis
Once you have added members, boundary conditions, and loads to your physical
model, you will then proceed to defining the analytical model. Most of this is completed
for you by STAAD(X) Tower automatically at run time. You will need to add physical
model load groups to Primary Load Cases for analysis. You can also add Primary Load
Cases together into Load Combinations.
PERFORM ANALYSIS
When you have completed the analytical loadings, you will need analyze the structure
before proceeding to design.
1.
From the Model ribbon tab, click the Run Analysis button.
or
From the Analysis > Whole Model entry on the Tower Model Navigator window,
select Perform Analysis from the pop-up menu.
At this time, the physical model will be decomposed into analytical parts (which can be
viewed using the View Analytical Model command). You can monitor the progress of
the analysis in the output tab within the Text Console Window's Output tab.
39 STAAD(X) Tower
Design Group
Here you will have access to tools used for selecting a standard you wish to use with
structure design, check element slenderness, and check members against the code requirements.
SET THE ACTIVE DESIGN CODE

Use the drop-down menu to select which standard you wish to use for checking the structure. The code displayed will then be set as the active design code. The available codes
are:
n
TIA/EIA-222-F - Selects the ANSI/TIA/EIA-222-F-1996 TIA Standard: Structural

Standards for Steel Antenna Towers and Antenna Supporting Towers.
TIA/EIA-222-G - Selects the ANSI/TIA/EIA-222-G-2006 TIA Standard: Structural
Standards for Steel Antenna Towers and Antenna Supporting Towers.
IS 802, 806 - Selects a combination of the Indian standards for angle and pipe section
design for tower structures.
Hint: The TIA/EIA-222-G standard is selected by default.
CHECK SLENDERNESS
You can perform slenderness checks on all members during the modeling phase using
the Check Slenderness tool.
1. Click the Check Slenderness button
2. The Output tab shows the status of failed members in red. The member number, type,
and section will be included for each.
3. Clicking on any status lines of the output content will highlight the member in the
View Window.
User Manual 40
PERFORM A CODE CHECK
Once the model has been analyzed, and a standard for design has been selected, you are
ready to perform member code checks based on the selected members.
1. Click the Check Code button.
2. The code check operations will be displayed in the Output tab of the Text Console Window.
3.3 The View Tab

The View ribbon tab contains tools for manipulating the View Window. You can toggle
the views of members by class, change the view orientation, and switch between viewing
the physical and analytical models.
Modes Group
You can view your STAAD(X) Tower model in two modes: the physical model or the analytical mode.
The physical view mode is typically the environment in which you will construct tower
models. The analytical view mode is used for reviewing the mathematical model which
will be used by the STAAD(X) engine in analysis.
41 STAAD(X) Tower
Note: Certain view features, such as member releases, are only available for the
Analytical Model display mode.
TOGGLE THE VIEW WINDOW BETWEEN PHYSICAL AND ANALYTICAL

MODELS
1. Click the either the Physical Model button or the Analytical Model button to display the
model's physical entities or analytical decomposition, respectively.
Structural Diagram
The Structural Diagram pop-up dialog allow you to control the graphic display details
included in the View Window. By selecting the Apply Immediately option in the dropdown window, any selections made will be updated as soon as they are selected. Otherwise, all changes will be applied once the Apply button has been selected.
Color Tab
User Manual 42
The color tab allows you to vary the color of displayed structural elements such as
members, supports, and appurtenances.
Change the Color of a Model Entity
1. Select the Structural Diagram pop-up dialog from the View tab.
2. Select the Color tab in the dialog.
3. Select any color in the right column associated with the element you wish to change.
The colors can be selected either from the Custom tab, the Web (named colors) tab, or
the System tab.
4.
Select Apply to update colors.

or
Select the Apply Immediately option to have all colors updated dynamically.
Use a Custom Color
1. When changing the color of a model entity as described above, select the Custom tab.
2.
In any of the blank color spaces at the bottom of the dialog, right-click to open the
Windows color picker dialog.
3.
Use the color picker tool to select a hue and shade graphically.
or
Enter in numerical values for Hue, Saturation, and Lumosity.
43 STAAD(X) Tower
or
Enter in numerical values for Red, Green, and Blue.
4. Click Add to Custom Colors.
5. Select the new color appears in the Custom colors grid.
6. Click OK.
Label Tab
The Label tab allows you to toggle the display of element labels in the View Window.
Turn on Display Labels
2. Select the Label tab in the dialog.
3. Select the box associated with any item label you wish to be displayed.
4.
Select Apply to update labels.

or
User Manual 44
Scale Tab
The Scale tab allows you to control the relative size of graphic elements.
Change Display Scale
2. Select the Scale tab in the dialog.
3.
Enter a numerical value ratio (scale units described).

or
Use the Up and Down arrows to step the scale factors by values of ten.
4.
Select Apply to update labels.

or
45 STAAD(X) Tower
Preferences Group
The member Preferences Group allows you to toggle the view of members, nodes, and
appurtenances by category.
Members
You can toggle the graphical display of members within the View Window by type using
these buttons. Clicking the Legs, Horizontals/Pull-offs, or Diagonals (Bracing) buttons
will turn on the view of those members, respectively. You can combine them to show two
or more member types. Clicking the All Members button will reset the display. These
commands do not affect the analytical model display mode.
Nodal
The Nodes and Supports buttons toggle the view each of these items, respectively.
When the Analytical Model view mode has been activated, you may also click the
Member Releases button to view how member end specifications will be applied to the
analytical model. Member releases are displayed as open circles near the end of the
member. The member ToolTip will display additional information about the releases
when the analytical member selection tool is used.
Guys
If your model is a guyed tower, then the buttons to toggle the view of Guy Assemblies
and Guy Cables will be activated.
User Manual 46
Faces
You can toggle the display of individual tower faces for self-supporting and guyed tower
structures.
Note: The tower legs on each side of the face will be displayed, along with all
members in the plane(s) of that tower face.
Appurtenances
These buttons allow you to toggle the display of tower appurtenances such as
Antennas, Appurtenances, and Platforms. For models where a given type of appurtenance is not applicable, that toggle will be grayed out.
View Tools Group

View From Commands
With the View Group on the Model Tab, there is a row of six icons which indicate highlighted faces of a cube. Each of these changes the current Model View pane to align with
either the positive or negative direction on one of the three global axis.
A seventh icon highlights three faces of the cube. This changes the current Model View
to an isometric view.
Note: View directions are absolute. Unlike Rotate View, these do not make
incremental changes in the current view but rather reset the current view to the
selected direction.
Rotate View Commands
A perspective in a Model View pane may be rotated about all of the three global axis by
using the Rotate View buttons found in the View Group on the Model Tab. These commands rotate the view as follows:
ICON
WHAT IT DOES
Rotate Up - counter-clockwise
manner about the positive x-axis.
47 STAAD(X) Tower
KEYBOARD C
OMMAND
Ctrl + Up Arrow
ICON
WHAT IT DOES
KEYBOARD C
OMMAND
Rotate Down - clockwise manner

Ctrl + Down Arrow
about the positive x-axis.
Rotate Left - counter-clockwise
Ctrl + Left Arrow
manner about the positive y-axis.
Rotate Right - clockwise manner
Ctrl + Right Arrow
about the positive y-axis
Spin Left - counter-clockwise about
the positive z-axis
Spin Right - clockwise about the positive z-axis
Toggle View Rotation Mode - This
icon is currently disabled.
Table 3-4: Table: Rotate view commands
Zoom Commands
The command buttons within the Zoom Group on the Model tab allow you to control the
zoom level within a view pane, as well as pan about the view. The command buttons
within the group have the following functions:
ICON
WHAT IT DOES
Zoom Window - Drag the mouse cursor
to form a rectangle of the area you wish to
fill the view pane with.
Zoom Out - Each click of this icon zooms
the current view pane out by one step.
Zoom Extents - Clicking this icon zooms
the current view pane out to display the
complete extents of the model.
Zoom In - Each click of this icon zooms the
current view pane in by one step.
Pan - Clicking this icon changes the cursor
to the Pan mode. Note the cursor changes
to a hand. Click and hold the left mouse
button within the view pane to drag the
model around. Note that the cursor
changes reflect "grabbing" the screen.You
may release the mouse button and repeat
User Manual 48
ICON
WHAT IT DOES
to drag the view as much as needed. Click
the Pan button again to exit Pan mode.
Table 3-5: Table: Zoom group commands
Hint: If you mouse has a scroll wheel, you can also use this to zoom in and out
within the View Window when the pointer is in that view.
Hint: The arrow keys on your keyboard also act as a pan control in the View
Window.
Snapshot
You can use the snapshot tools in STAAD(X) Tower to include model views or result diagrams in your report documents or simply export images to external files.
TAKE A SNAPSHOT FOR USE IN REPORTS
1. From the View ribbon tab, click the Take a Picture button. The Take Picture dialog
opens.
2. Enter an identifiable description in the Picture Title field.

3. Select Automatic Update to make the snapshot dynamic. That is, should the view you
are capturing change, the snapshot will be updated for you automatically.
4. Click OK to have the snapshot added the list of Report items.
49 STAAD(X) Tower
The Tools Tab
The Tools tab provides you with tools to manage structural data for your project and
create re-usable tools for new projects. Here, you will be view the section and materials
catalogs, produce a material take-off or cost summary, and create re-usable templates for
bracing and structures.
Structure Property Catalog

The geometric and material properties are added using the Structure Property Catalog.
This central database contains all material and cross section data. The Structure Property Catalog dialog is divided into tabbed sections for rolled and prismatic sections.
Either tab allows you to search databases of cross-sectional shapes and add profile and
material combinations to the tower model.
A list of all cross section profiles will be displayed in the Model >Physical Model >
Properties >Profiles section of the Tower Model Explorer Window. Refer to this help
topic for additional information on managing profiles and materials that have been
added to your model file.
LAUNCH THE PROPERTY CATALOG EXPLORER DIALOG
1.
From the Tools ribbon tab, click the Structure Property Catalog button.
or
User Manual 50
From the Model > Physical Model > Properties > Profile entry on the Tower Model
Explorer, select Add Section from the pop-up menu.
2. The Property Catalog dialog launches.
> Add A Catalog Section

1. Using the Structure Property Catalog dialog, select the criteria you wish to use.
2. Press the Search button.
3.
Select a section in the search results box and click Add Profile so that it is added to
the list of included profiles in the tower model.
or
Select a both section in the search results box and a profile from the lower panel.
With "Linked to Profile Selection"selected, click Add Profile + Material so that
both the profile and material are added to the tower model.
Hint: When a profile is selected, you can press the F2 key to select a new section size from the shape list. The section profile is updated and any members
with the previous size assigned will also be updated with the new profile selection.
Property Catalog Explorer: Standard Sections
The standard tab provides you with catalog-listed shapes to use for your tower model.
51 STAAD(X) Tower
Standard Sections search criteria:

n
n
n
n
n
Material Select the material to be used

Category Specify which category of the material used
Country Specify the country where the section catalog is produced
Specification Specify the catalog to be used
Profile Type Specify the shape class
User Manual 52
Available Standard Catalog Shapes

STAAD(X) Tower contains an extensive catalog of standard shapes.
COUNTRY/R
CATALOG
SHAPES CLASSES AVAILABLE
EGION
AISC13th W,M, HP, S, L, C, MC, PIPE, 2L, HSSEd. (Impe- RECT, HSS-ROUND, MT, WT, ST, Schifrial)
flerized L
AISC13th
W, M, HP, S, C, MC, L, MT, ST, WT, 2L,
Ed. (MetPIPE, HSS-ROUND, HSS-RECT
ric)
United
BS4UB, UC, UBP, PFC, UBT, UCT, JST
Kingdom 1:2005
CORUS
Schifflerized L, EA, UA, UB, UC, UBP,
(UK)
PFC, ASB, UBT, UCT
CORUS
Europe
IPE, HE, HL
(Europe)
MITTAL-EU T, HP, IPE, HD, HL, IPN, U, UPN, UPE
India
IS
ISB, ISC, PFC, RSC, EA, UA, TUBE, T
Table 3-6: List of Standard, Hot-Rolled Steel Calalog Shapes in
STAAD(X) Tower
United
States
Schifflerized Angle
A standard angle section whose legs form a 60 angle instead of a 90. These sections
are designated by the letter V. Only equal leg angles are available in this shape class,
which is most commonly used in three-legged towers.
> Add a Material

Note: Typically, a material that will be associated with a particular profile to
complete a section property will be assigned from the Section Explorer when adding a profile.
1. Select the Model >Physical Model >Properties >Materials entry on the Tower Model
Explorer.
2. Right-click to open the pop-up menu and select Add Material.
3. Refer to Mater
53 STAAD(X) Tower
Material panel of the Property Catalog dialog
Unit Cost Catalog

STAAD(X) Tower can generate materials take-off and cost summary sheets for inclusion
in reports. This cost data is entered using the Structural Property Catalog: Unit Costs
dialog for a specific country, catalog, profile, size, grade, and currency combination. This
allows you a fine level of control on the costs shown in your reports. The data will be
stored in an XMLfile which can be updated as new cost data is acquired.
Note: No unit cost data is shipped with the product. You must enter cost data specific to your project based on current information from fabricators or suppliers.
ADD UNIT COST DATA

1.
From the Tools ribbon tab, click the Unit Cost Catalog button.
User Manual 54
The Structural Property Catalog: Unit Costs dialog opens.
2. Specify Country, Specification, and Profile Type in the appropriate filters to select
which profile type you wish to update.
3. All profiles of this type will be listed in the Sections list box. Select which ones you
wish to provide cost data for.
4. Select a material Grade specific to the cost data provided.
5. Specify a Currency for your cost data.
6. All selected profile and material combinations will listed in the table. Enter in Unit
Cost data for each.
7. Click Update to save this data to the Structural Property Catalog.
EDIT UNIT COST DATA

1. Open the SPC:Unit Costs dialog
2. Search for the shape/material designation(s) you wish to edit.
3. The existing Unit Cost is displayed in the table. Change the Unit Cost to the current
value.
4. Click the Update button to save the data.
55 STAAD(X) Tower
ADD MATERIAL TAKE- OFF AND COST SUMMARY SHEETS TO YOUR

REPORT
1. From the Report ribbon tab, drag the Material Take-Off/ Cost Summary item from the
Report Document Map list to the Selected Items List where you wish to have this information appear in the report. This item appears in the Input Data section of the report.
Custom Bracing Wizard

Though STAAD(X) Tower includes an extensive list of commonly used bracing patterns
for tower structures, you may find it necessary to add a custom pattern for your tower
structure. Your custom bracing patterns will be available along side the catalog patterns
when selecting panel bracing. Custom bracing panels will listed in the Model >Physical
Model >Objects>Libraries entry on the Tower Model Explorer Window. See "Libraries"
on page 133
Once you have added a custom bracing pattern, it will be available for future tower models as well when you run a new model wizard or edit panels in an existing model.
ADD A CUSTOM BRACING PATTERN

1.
From the Tools ribbon tab, click the Custom Bracing Wizard button.
or
Select Define Bracing from the pop-up menu on the Libraries entry in the Tower
Model Explorer Window.
User Manual 56
The Define Bracing Pattern dialog opens.
2. Select a prototype bracing pattern from the predefined types (optional) if one is similar
to the custom pattern.
3. Enter an appropriate name in the Bracing Title field.
4. For each node or member you wish to add, refer to the instructions below regarding
Adding a Node or Adding a Member. Repeat to add as many new nodes or members as
necessary.
5. Click the Update button to add the new bracing pattern (or click the Cancel button
to discard the new pattern).
Adding a Node
1. Select one of the following methods to add a node to the template:

n Intersection This command will add a new node at the intersections
of two members. You will be asked to specify two members by clicking
them. If these two member segments do not intersect, a node will be
added at their projected intersection. If two parallel members are
selected, no node will be added.
n Extrapolate
n Intermediate For this option, you must also specify the fractional
length along a member where you would like a new node added. Then
you must select the start and end nodes of the member in the pattern
diagram. If you select User Defined, then enter a value between zero
(0) and unity(1) as a ratio of the member length.
2. Click the Add Node button.
3. Depending on the method of addition selected, follow the instructions which appear in
the bottom status bar.
Warning: An error message will be displayed if you attempt to create a duplicate node.
57 STAAD(X) Tower
Adding a Member
1.
Select the type of member you wish to add to the template.

Note: Thought the member type does not affect the structural analysis
directly, it will affect how the structure is parametrically created and edited.
2. Click the Add Member button.

3. Select the first and second nodes, respectively, to form the start and end of the additional member in the template.
Warning: An error message will be displayed if you attempt to add a duplicate
member or a zero-length member (i.g. - start node and end node the same).
Deleting a Node or Member
1. Right click on the node or member you wish to remove.

2. Select Delete from the pop-up menu.
3. The item(s) selected for deletion will be highlighted and a confirmation dialog will open
asking to confirm their deletion.
4. Click Yes to proceed with the deletion.
Note: Removing nodes or members with dependant elements will require the
deletion of dependants. These will be displayed when the confirmation dialog
opens.
Create Structure Builder Template

While the tower wizard can help you rapidly create a basic tower model, you will typically need to modify this model using the interface. If you need to commonly use similar, specialized models you can create a template file. This will save your model data so
it may be access the next time you create a new model.
SAVE A MODEL AS A NEW STRUCTURE BUILD TEMPLATE

1.
From the Tools ribbon tab, click the Create Structure Builder Template button.
User Manual 58
The Save Template dialog box opens.

2. Enter a name into the Template Name field.
3. Click the Save button.
CREATE A NEW MODEL FROM A TEMPLATE

1.
From the Start ribbon tab, click the New button.

or
On the STAAD(X) button menu, click the New button.
2.
The New Model Setup Wizard dialog opens. Select the option to Create model using
Structure Builder Template.
3. Click the Next >button. The Open Template dialog opens.

4.
Select the template model you wish to use in the Template Name list.
Click the Open button. You template model is loaded into a new model file.

The Components tab allows you to add tower components to your tower structure
model. You can also access various component catalogs.
59 STAAD(X) Tower
Add Antenna
Dish antennas are added to your tower model using the Add Antenna tool found on the
Components ribbon tab.
You can view all the available dish antennas and add your own custom entries in the
Antenna catalog.
ADD AN ANTENNA
1.
2.
3.
From the Components ribbon tab, click the Antenna button (found in the Add Components group).
Move to the View window, where your cursor becomes a

sor).
(the Add Antenna cur-
Click the joint on the physical model where you wish to anchor the antenna. It will be
added to the model at this location.
EDIT AN ANTENNA
1. Select the antenna you wish to edit from either the Model >Physical Model >Objects >
Components >Antennas section of the Tower Model Navigator or from the View window using the antenna selection cursor. The antenna is highlighted in both areas of the
interface.
2. The antenna parameters are displayed in the Properties window.
User Manual 60
Antenna Property Fields
Dish Mount Data

n
n
n
n
n
n
Antenna Number and Title - These fields display the automatically generated number
and name for a specific antenna entity (non-editable).
Mounting Pattern - Currently inactive.
Leg ID - Specify the tower leg which the antenna is anchored to.
Offset Distance - The distance from the face of the supporting element (e.g. - tower leg)
to the antenna.
Node Number - The node which the antenna support is connected to in the analytical
model.
Height - Displays the elevation above the tower base (non-editable).
Azimuth Angle - The angle of rotation in a plane parallel to the XZ plane.
Note: The reference line from which this local azimuth value is measured is
taken as a line that is 135 from each adjacent leg of a square tower or 150
from each adjacent leg of a triangular tower.
XZ Angle - The angel of rotation as measured from the XZ plane.

Dish Shape Data
Description - You may select the antenna type by catalog description from the dropdown menu in this field.
Dish Type, Outer Diameter, Depth, and Weight - Displays parameters for the selected
dish antenna (non-editable).
61 STAAD(X) Tower
DELETE AN ANTENNA
1. Select the antenna you wish to delete from either the Model >Physical Model >Objects
>Components >Antennas section of the Tower Model Navigator or from the View window using the antenna selection cursor.
2.
On the Model ribbon tab, click the
(Delete) button.
Add Appurtenance
Appurtenances are added to your tower model using the Add Appurtenance tool found
on the Components ribbon tab.
You can view all the available appurtenances and add your own custom entries in the
Appurtenance catalog.
ADD AN APPURTENANCE
1.
From the Components ribbon tab, click the Appurtenance button (found in the Add
Components group).
2.

(the Add Appurtenance
cursor).
3. Click the tower leg at the Panel level you wish to add the appurtenance at.
EDIT AN APPURTENANCE
Select the appurtenance you wish to edit.
User Manual 62
Appurtenance Property Fields
Appurtenance Mount Data

n
n
n
n
n
Appurtenance Numberand Title - These fields display the automatically generated

number and name for a specific antenna entity (non-editable).
Alignment - Dictates whether appurtenance will be placed in parallel to the global vertical axis (Vertical) or the local x-axis of the supporting member (Aligned).
Leg ID - Specify the tower leg which the appurtenance is anchored to.
to the appurtenance. The initial value will be such that, with a vertical alignment, one
or both ends of the appurtenance is held tight to the supporting members.
Height above Base - Displays the elevation above the tower base (non-editable).
Appurtenance Shape Data
Description - You may select the appurtenance type by catalog description from the
drop-down menu in this field.
63 STAAD(X) Tower
The remaining non-editable fields will display the dimensions and weights associated
with the selected appurtenance.
DELETE AN APPURTENANCE
1. Select the appurtenance you wish to delete from either the Model >Physical Model >
Objects >Components >Appurtenances section of the Tower Model Navigator or from
the View window using the appurtenance selection cursor.
2.
(Delete) button.
Add Platform
Tower platforms are added to your tower model using the Add Platform tool found on
the Components ribbon tab.
You can view all the available monopole antenna platforms and add your own custom
entries in the Platform catalog.
ADD A PLATFORM
1.
From the Components ribbon tab, click the Platform button (found in the Add Components group).
2.

(the Add Platform cursor).
3. Click the joint on the physical model where you wish to anchor the platform. It will be
added to the model at this location.
EDIT A PLATFORM
1. Select the platform you wish to edit from either the Model >Physical Model >Objects >
Components >Platforms section of the Tower Model Navigator or from the View window using the platform selection cursor. The platform is highlighted in both areas of
the interface.
2. The platform parameters are displayed in the Properties window.
User Manual 64
Platform Property Fields
Monopole Mount Properties

n
Mount ID - This field displays the automatically generated number for a specific
monopole platform mount entity (non-editable)
Height Above Base - Displays the elevation above the tower base (non-editable).
Antenna Types
n
n
Mount Types - This list displays the available mount types for platform antennas.
Description - You may select the platform mount by catalog description from the dropdown menu in this field..
Size, Weight, and Antenna No. - These are non-editable fields which display information associated with the selected Antenna Platform Mount Type.
DELETE A PLATFORM
1. Select the platform you wish to delete from either the Model >Physical Model >
Objects >Components >Platforms section of the Tower Model Navigator or from the
View window using the platform selection cursor.
2.
(Delete) button.
Catalogs
STAAD(X) Tower includes extensive component catalogs for common telecommunication tower elements. You can view the contents of these catalog using the
catalog windows built in to the interface.
65 STAAD(X) Tower
The Catalogs can be launched from the Component ribbon tab.
ADD CUSTOM COMPONENTS

You can also add custom components to the catalog for reuse:
1. From the Components ribbon tab, click the catalog icon for the classification of component you wish to add: Antenna, Appurtenance, Platform, or Steel Cable.
2. When the catalog window launches, click the New button to create a new catalog
entry.
3. Select the Type of for the component entity you are adding. This list varies based on the
component class catalog.
4. Add a description and the required dimensions and weights.
5. Once you have completed all fields, click the Save button. The new custom entry will
be added to the catalog by the description you provided.
Warning: If you attempt to enter invalid values for dimensions or weights, a
will be displayed before the value field. If the magnitude seems correct, be sure to
check the units you are attempting to specify.
Antenna Catalog
Click the Antennas button in the Component Catalogs group to launch the Dish
Antenna catalog.
User Manual 66
Appurtenance Catalog
Click the Appurtenances button in the Component Catalogs group to launch the Appurtenance catalog.
67 STAAD(X) Tower
Platform Catalog
Click the Platforms button in the Component Catalogs group to launch the Monopole
Antenna Shape catalog.
Steel Cable Catalog
Click the Steel Cables button in the Component Catalogs group to launch the Steel Cable
catalog.
User Manual 68
The Results Tab

The Results tab provides you with tools to visualize results from the analysis on the
model in the view pane. Here, you will be able to review member forces, member
stresses, global reactions, and design results.
View Results Commands

The following commands are used to graphically display force, displacement, or stress
results on the physical model. The results are shown to scale (for scale settings, See
"Scale Tab" on page 46) in wireframe, superimposed onto the current model view (See
"Modes Group" on page 41 for model view settings).
The current load case may be selected by using the drop-down list in the Results group.
This list includes all Primary Load Cases and Load Combinations included prior to running the most recent analysis (See "Show Results Group" on page 71 for additional information on load selection).
ICON
DESCRIPTION
Axial Force - The force along the local x-axis
of the member.
Shear Y Force - The force along the local yaxis of the member.
Shear Z Force - The force along the local zaxis of the member.
Torsion - The twisting moment about the
local x-axis of the member.
Bending Moment Y - The bending moment
about the local y-axis of the member (generally weak-axis bending).
Bending Moment Z - The bending moment
about the local z-axis of the member (generally strong axis bending).
69 STAAD(X) Tower
ICON
DESCRIPTION
Displacement - The deformed shape of the
structure will be displayed.
Beam Stress - The combined stress along the

local y-axis will be displayed for both above
and below the neutral axis of the member.
Support Reaction - Global support reactions
Sup. Reac- values will be displayed along each support.
tion
These will be listed in order of force (X, Y,
and Z) and moment (MX, MY, and MZ).
Table 3-7: Table: View Results commands
Show Results Group

This group provides you with tools to display all of the analysis results for a given load
case. Select a load case from the menu of analyzed cases, then toggle on either force or
stress results.
SHOW RESULT BOX

To display the member stress pop-up dialog box:
1. Toggle on by clicking Show Result Box from the Results ribbon tab.
2. Select the member you wish to display results for. The Results: Physical Member dialog
box appears.
3. Use either the slider tool or the direct input text box to vary the distance along the
member. The results are updated automatically.
User Manual 70
SHOW MEMBER STRESS

Member stresses are displayed in the properties Window. To display them for a
member:
1. Toggle on by clicking Show Member Stress from the Results ribbon tab.
2. Select the member you wish to display stresses for. The Property Window updates with
the member stress and cross section display.
3. Use either the slider tool or the direct input text box to vary the distance along the
member. The results are updated automatically.
Note: Maximum stress at extreme cross-section points are listed along with
their locations along the length of the member.
SHOW FORCE GRAPH

Selecting this option will display a graph of the physical member force along its length
in the Output window. The force or moment being displayed may be selected by clicking
on the force title in the top-left corner of the graph display. A slider along the bottom of
71 STAAD(X) Tower
the graph may be moved to display the force values at a any point along the member's
length.
Note: The force graph displays the force along a physical member. If you wish to
see the forces at analytical segment ends, refer to the Member End Forces Table.
LOAD SELECTION MENU

A drop-down menu is available to select which load case for displaying results. This list
is dynamically updated with all Primary Load Cases in the model.
Design Results
If you have performed a code check on the analyzed structure, you can review the design
results by toggling on their view with these commands.
SHOW ALL DESIGN RESULTS

You can review the code check status of members graphically and by the Design Results
Table. Any members which have failed a code check will be displayed as red in the View
Window and their Status will be set to Fail in the Design Results Table.
1.
Design results are not available until both an Analysis is run and a Code Check is
made on the tower model.
2.
In the Tower Model Navigator window, select the Design entry.

or
On the Results ribbon tab, click the Show All Results button in the Design Results
group.
The Design Results table opens in the Output Window and the View Window highlights any members which have not passed a code check.
User Manual 72
SHOW SELECTIVE RESULTS

To review a more detailed set of results for a specific member, you can use the Show
Selective Results tool.
1. Click the Show Select Results Button on the Results ribbon tab.
2. Select a member in the View Window which you wish to review design results for.
3. The Member Design tab appears in the Output window. Click this tab to review
detailed design results.
The physical member properties and design parameters are displayed along with the
code check status. Also, the critical code check information is presented along with each
code check performed on the selected member. Any code checks that exceed their allowable value will be highlighted for you.
Hint: At any time, you may select a different member in the View Window and
the Design Results table will update to display that member's information.
73 STAAD(X) Tower
3.5 The Report Tab
The Report ribbon tab contains a number of features for formatting, viewing, and distributing your compiled reports. Once you load the Report tab, the Tower Model Explorer
is replaced with two different side windows: the Report Document Map and the Selected
Items List. These tools, along with the tools found along the ribbon bar, are used to add
elements into your report, customize the format, and produce reports for external use.
Template Group
These commands allow you to create, modify, save, and load report templates.
ICON
WHAT IT DOES
Load - Launches the Open Template dialog.
Here you will find a list of all saved template
formats.
Prepare- Launches the Template Global Settings dialog. Here you will find options for formatting aspects of report templates.
Restore - This removes any changes made to
a template since it was loaded.
Clear - This deletes all template settings currently in use.
Save - Launches the Save Template dialog so
you may save the current template settings
for reuse.
Table 3-8: Table: Report Template commands
User Manual 74
Open Template Dialog
Template Name A drop-down menu provides a list of all previously saved Templates.
Get Selected Entity List Select this option to include any report objects which are in
the included template's Selected Entity list.
Get Each Object Customized Information If the Get Selected Entity List option has
been selected, this option may be selected to import any report object customizations
which have been added to the selected template.
Template Global Settings
Save Template Dialog
75 STAAD(X) Tower
Template Name Enter a unique, alphanumeric name for the report template you wish
to save. The current report settings and options will be exported to this template name.
Note: If you enter the name of an existing template file, you will be prompted if
you wish to overwrite the existing file. This cannot be undone.
Save Selected Entity List Select this option to include any report objects which are in
the current report's Selected Entity list.
Save Each Object Customized Information If the Save Selected Entity List option has
been selected, this option may be selected to export any report object customizations
which have been added to the current report.
Set this Template as Default Select this option to make the settings of this template
the default when the Reports tab is opened.
Print Group
Commands for printing a hard copy of your report from STAAD(X) Tower.
ICON
WHAT IT DOES
KEYBOARD S
HORTCUT
Print Opens a Windows print

dialog to select a printer and
Ctrl + P
modify printer preferences.
Quick Print Sends the report
directly to your default Windows
printer.
Options Opens the Print
Options dialog.
Table 3-9: Table: Report Printing commands
Page Setup Group

Control the printed page size and layout of your report.
ICON
WHAT IT DOES
Header/Footer Set the options for the
header and footer of the report document.
Scale Opens the Scale Settings panel to set
your report scale.
User Manual 76
ICON
WHAT IT DOES
Margins Opens the Margins gallery where
you can select predefined options or set custom margins.
Orientation Opens the page Orientation
gallery.
Size Opens the Page Size gallery.
Table 3-10: Table: Report page setup commands
Scale Settings
Allows you to specify how the document should be scaled on a printed page.
Adjust to: Set the scale based on the percentage to full size.
Fit to Scale the report output based on page width.
Margins
The Margins tool opens the margins gallery, where allows you may select from a list of
preset margin sizes or set Custom Margins.
77 STAAD(X) Tower
Set Custom Margins
1. On the Reports ribbon tab, Click the Margins tool.

2.
Select Custom Margins at the bottom of the gallery list. The Page Setup dialog
opens.
3. Specify the Margins (in inches) in the Margins panel.

4. Click OK.
Orientation
The Orientation tool opens the orientation gallery, where you can set the report page
orientation to either Portrait or Landscape.
Size
The Size tool opens the Page Size gallery, where you can select from a variety of common
User Manual 78
paper sizes for your report output.
Navigation Group
Here, you will find controls to navigate through your on-screen report.
ICON
WHAT IT DOES
KEYBOARD S
HORTCUT
Find - Opens the Find dialog for

finding specific text strings
within your generated report.
Ctrl +
First Page - Jumps the current
Home
report view to the first page.
Previous Page - Steps the curCtrl + Page
rent report view backward one
Up
page.
Ctrl + Page
Next Page - Steps the current
Down
report view forward one page.
Last Page - Jumps the current
Ctrl + End
report view to the last page.
Table 3-11: Table: Report screen navigation commands
79 STAAD(X) Tower
Find dialog
Find what: Specify a text string to search for. Previously used text strings are available in the drop-down box by clicking the arrow.
Search Options Select any combination of options to narrow your search:
n
Match case The search is case insensitive by default. This restricts the search to use
on the letter case you enter.
Match whole word The search will return partial word matches by default. This
option restricts to only complete word matches (strings between whitespace and punctuation).
Search up The search starts at the current point in the document and works towards
the end. This option reverses the search to mover from the current point towards the
beginning.
Find Next Click this button to begin/continue the search
Close This closes the Find dialog.
Zoom Group
A series of controls for setting the display of your current Report View.
ICON
WHAT IT DOES
Mouse Pointer - The default pointer which
does not affect the magnification or scrolling
of your report in the Report View window. Use
this to "turn off"the Hand Tool or Magnifier
features.
Hand Tool - This tool allows you manually
scroll by clicking and dragging a page up or
User Manual 80
ICON
WHAT IT DOES
down.
Magnifier - This tool toggles between viewing
the report at 100% and viewing an entire
page.
View Many Pages - Choose the page layout
for displaying the report.
Zoom Out - Click to see more of the page.
Zoom - Produces a menu for resizing the

page view to a number of preset sizes. You
can also specify a custom zoom by percentage.
Zoom In - Get a close up view of the document.
Table 3-12: Table: Report view zoom commands
Page Background Group

You can customize the background of report pages.
ICON
WHAT IT DOES
Page Color - You can choose a color for the
background of the report document.
Watermark - Opens the Watermark dialog.
Table 3-13: Table: Report page watermark commands
Watermark dialog
Watermark images or text are often used to indicate that a document is to be treated
specially (i.g. - "Draft" or "For Internal Use Only"). The Watermark dialog allows you to
add a custom watermark to your report document.
81 STAAD(X) Tower
The Text Watermark tab
Text Enter a text string to use as a watermark. Common watermark text strings are
available in a drop-down list by clicking the arrow.
Direction Specify the orientation of the text on the page using any of the preset
options in the drop-down list.
Font / Color / Size / Bold / Italic Specify the look of the font using common typographical settings.
User Manual 82
Transparency Set the watermark transparency using the slider or text field. Zero represents an opaque watermark; 255 will render the watermark entirely transparent.
The Picture Watermark tab
Load Image Click this button to open a Windows file open dialog in order to select
the image you wish to use as a watermark (i.g. - a company or client logo).
Size mode Specify how the watermark should be displayed if it is not the same width
as the page:
n
Clip The left and right edges of the watermark will be clipped off if it is wider than
the page(at 100 dpi).
Stretch The watermark image will be stretched vertically and horizontally to fit the
entire page(this also means squashing if the image is larger than the page). This
option does not keep the aspect ratio of the image in tact.
Zoom The watermark image will be resized to fill either the page width or height,
depending on which dimension ratio of the watermark is greater. This option will keep
the aspect ratio of the image in tact.
Horizontal / Vertical Alignment Specify how the watermark image will be aligned on
the page.
Transparency Set the watermark transparency using the slider or text field. Zero represents an opaque watermark; 255 will render the watermark entirely transparent.
Position and Range options
Position Specify if the watermark is to appear in front of or behind (default) of the

report content.
Page Range The watermark may be added to All (default) pages or to a select
range(s) of pages.
83 STAAD(X) Tower
Export Tools
STAAD(X) Tower gives you the capability to save a prepared report in a variety of file formats for later use or distribution. The Export To buttons will allow you to save the
file to a storage device (local hard drive, network drive, etc.). The E-Mail To options
will open your default windows application and add the file as an e-mail attachment.
Both will provide you with the same file options dialog before saving or attaching.
Note: You cannot select HTML files for e-mailing. Use .mth files instead for
attaching a file which can be read by many web browsers.
PDF File
Click to save the report as a portable document format (.pdf) file. These files are commonly used to transport text and graphical data in a self-contained file. They require a
reader program, such as Adobe Reader.
PDF Export Options
n
n
Page Range - You can specify a range of pages for generating a portion of the report.
Compressed - Checking this option uses file compression to reduce the file size of the
output.
User Manual 84
n
n
Don't Embed These Fonts - You can specify fonts to not be embedded which will
also reduce file size.
Images Quality - You can specify a qualitative value for images to control file size.
Application, Author, Keywords, Subject, Title - These fields allow you to input
meta data for the file which can aid desktop search programs.
HTML File
Click to save the report as a hypertext markup language (HTML) file. These files may
contain text, images, and formats in separate files (depending on the options selected).
They are typically read by web browsers such as Microsoft Internet Explorer and Mozilla
Firefox.
HTML Export Options
n
n
Export mode - Select between creating a single file, a single file for each page of the
report, or multiple files. The multiple files options will result in images being separate
from the text files (but your browser will display them simultaneously).
Page border color & width - Provided background color and margin information
for page borders for readability.
Title - The title of your report will typically be displayed in the title bar of the web
browser.
Character Set - Choose which text encoding format you wish to use for displaying
the text characters in the report. Unicode (UTF-8) is a common standard for text.
Remove carriage returns - Checking this option will cause vertical spaces between
report sections to be removed.
85 STAAD(X) Tower
Plain Text File
Click to save the report as a plain text file. No images will be included in this format.
These files can be read by a wide variety of programs and devices.
Text & CSV Export Options
Text separator - You can specify what type of separator will be used between sections
of text. Text Export will default to TAB. A CSV file is a comma separated values file,
which is simply a text file using commas to delineate data items.
Encoding - Choose which text encoding format you wish to use for displaying the text
characters in the report. Unicode (UTF-8) is a common standard for text.
MIME HTML File
MIMEHTML or MHT files are self-contained html documents which can include
rich data. These files can be read by Microsoft Internet Explorer 5 or higher.
User Manual 86
MHT Export Options
n
n
Export mode - Select between creating a single file, a single file for each page of the
report, or multiple files. The multiple files options will result in images being seperate
from the text files (but your browser will display them simultaneously).
Page border color & width - Provided background color and margin information
for page borders for readability.
Title - The title of your report will typically be displayed in the title bar of the web
browser.
Character Set - Choose which text encoding format you wish to use for displaying
the text characters in the report. Unicode (UTF-8) is a common standard for text.
Remove carriage returns - Checking this option will cause vertical spaces between
report sections to be removed.
Microsoft Excel File
Microsoft Excel is a popular spreadsheet program. These files can contain images and
text data, as well as preserve the table structure. They also allow for some richer formatting features for making your data easier to read. They are typically only readable
by spreadsheet programs such as Excel, IBM Lotus 1-2-3, or Sun OpenOffice.
87 STAAD(X) Tower
XLS Export Options
n
n
Show grid lines - Check this box to format tables with grid lines.
Export values using their format - Checking this box will include number formatting for data.
Rich Text File
A rich text file contains both text and images in a single file and also preserves much of
the formatting from your report. These files can be read by a wide variety of word processing programs, such as Microsoft Word or Sun OpenOffice. There are not options associated with this export format.
Image File
Saving to an image file creates a raster image of the entire report output (though WMF
files can also include vector data). The data in the image file is not directly editable,
though image editors can manipulate the file graphically. All information will be human
readable, though.
Note: Reports saved to image file formats will create single image files of the
entire report, except for a TIFFfile which are multi-paged images.
Image File options
User Manual 88
Hint: You may be able to recover some of the data in a machine readable, text
format by using optical character recognition - or OCR - software, such as Adobe
Acrobat or Nuance OmniPage.
You can save the image file in a variety of common image file formats:
n
BMP- Bitmap images are uncompressed image files. These are very common and readable by most image editing tools. Many word processing or spreadsheet programs can
import these image files for re-use. These files can be very large for even relatively short
reports (approximately 100x the size of a GIF, 50x the size ofa PNG, and 20x the size
of a WMF/EMF, JPG, or TIFF).
WMF and EMF - Windows Metafile and Enhanced Windows Metafile images are
uncompressed image files which may contain both raster and vector data. These are
primarily only readable by Microsoft Office products such as Word, Excel, and PowerPoint.
GIF - Graphics Interchange Format is a widely used, compressed bitmap image file format. These files are readable by a wide variety of programs, including web browsers,
image editors, and office programs. This format often produces the smallest file size of
any of the image options (roughly 1/100 the size of a BMP and
JPG - JPEG image files are another compressed image format commonly used for photographic images. These are also readable by a wide variety of programs, including web
browsers, image editors, and office programs. JPEG is not commonly used for line
drawings or text due to the blurring that may result from its compression algorithm.
PNG - Portable Network Graphics format a more recent but widely used, compressed
bitmap image format. This format is common among recent generations of image editing software, web browsers, and office programs (some legacy software may not
natively support this format).
TIFF- Tagged Image File Format images are compressed image files. It can store both
raster and vector data and has a wide variety of uses, primarily for archiving image
data. TIFFfiles can be
Hint: Using the PNG or TIFF formats results in a often best balance between file
size and image quality for most report formats, with PNGbeing smaller files
while TIFFare higher quality images.
Report Building Panels

When you click on the Report ribbon tab, the Tower Model Explorer is replaced by a
pair of panels used report building. These two panels represent the list of all available
report entities the Report Document Map and those which you wish to include in
the report output the Selected Items List.
89 STAAD(X) Tower
> Adding Report Items

1. Expand the sections of interest to display available entities in the Report Document
Map.
2. Click and drag items from the Report Document Map to the Selected Items List.
> Edit Report Items

Hint: You can rearrange items in the Selected Item List by clicking and dragging
them into a new position within the list.
Customize Report Items
You can customize the look and even content of many tables included in your reports.
See "Report Item Customization" on page 186 for more information.
> Deleting Report Items

Use either of the following procedures to remove report entities from the Selected Items
List:
1. Select an item (or items) in the Selected Item List.
2. Click the
button (Delete Items) above the Report Entity list.
or
1. Right click on the report entity you wish to remove and select Delete from the popup menu.
2. Click OK in the confirmation dialog.
Hint: You can select items in the list individually by clicking on them. Multiple
items may be selected by holding down the Ctrl key (Control key) and clicking the
items individually. To select multiple, adjacent items in the list, you can click and
drag a window over the items or click the first and last items while holding the
Shift key.
User Manual 90
> Generate Report

Once you have added items to the Report Entity list, you can generate the report for
review.
1. Click the
button (Generate Report) in the Selected Item list toolbar.
Manage User Entities

User entries are report entities that you can use to add in external information or organize the report to better suite your needs. You can include additional images (diagrams),
notes, or rich text documents as well as group other report entities in the final report
document.
Clicking the
menu.
button (Manage User Entities) displays the Manger User Entities
> Add Diagrams, Notes, or Rich Text

You can import external content for inclusion in your STAAD(X) Tower reports. Such
items are called User Entries. These may be images, plain text files, or rich text files.
1. Open the Manage User Entities menu.
2.
Select Add Diagram to add an image file

or
Select Add Notes to add a text file as a note
or
Select Add Rich Text to add formatted text.
3.
Provide a Item Label, Footer/Header text (for diagrams and notes, respectively), and
91 STAAD(X) Tower
specify a file for use in Item Link.
File Formats
Diagrams External image files to be used as report diagrams must be either JPEG
(.jpg) or Bitmap (.bmp) types.
Notes Documents to be used as notes must be plain text files with a .txt extension.
These may be created or edited with any plain text editor (such as Notepad).
Rich Text External documents to be included must be in the Rich Text (.rtf) format.
Most any word processing software have the ability to save files in this format. No footer
or headers are used when these documents are added in the file. They will simply be
inserted inline.
Report User Groups

You may create your own group definitions for how information in a report is organized.
To open the User Group management dialog:
1. Select Add/Update/Delete User Group from the Manage User Entities menu.
2.
The User Group management dialog opens.
User Manual 92
> Add a Report Group

1. Open the Add/Update/Delete dialog.
2. In the Report Group Header text box, enter a section title as you want it to appear in
the report. Previous entries will appear in the list box below when the arrow is clicked.
3. Select all the Report Entities you wish to have included in this Report User Group.
4. Click the
(Add Group)button.
Note: Select the Immediately Refresh option before updating to have the report
re-generated with the new group.
> Update Existing Report Group

Report Group entities may be re-organized similarly to other report entities.
2. Select the group wish to change in the Report Group Header text box.
3. Select or unselect the Report Entities you wish to have included in this Report User
Group.
4. Click the
(Update Group)button.
To have these changes reflected in the Selected Items List:

1. Click the
93 STAAD(X) Tower
(Update Selected Items List)button.
> Delete a Report Group

Follow one of the two procedures to remove a report group:
2. Select the group you wish to remove in the Report Group Header text box.
3. Click the
(Delete Group)button.
User Manual 94
95 STAAD(X) Tower
Chapter 4
Command Reference:
The Navigation Tree
Model Tab
4.1 Foundation Tab
96
163
Model Tab
The model tab of the Tower Model Explorer is the mode to create a physical model of
the tower structure, analyze, and review results on that structure.
User Manual 96
Project Information
This sub-section of the Tower Model Explorer contains meta data about the model.
When you select this item, the properties panel displays all the available fields for
Project Information. This information is separated into three sub-sections in the associated Properties panel. These are Job and File Information.
ADD/ E DIT JOB INFORMATION

1. Select the Model >Project Information branch of the Tower Model Navigator.
2. In the Properties Window, add or edit Job Information fields as needed.
Properties
1.
Job Information is project level information which you supply for record keeping
in your organization. Job Name, Number, Client's name, Engineer's Name, and
Approver's Name can be any string of characters. Worked On and Approved On are
data formats. You can edit manually or use the drop down calendar to select a date
for these fields.
2.
File Information relates to the computer file for the STAAD(X) Tower model. The
File Name, Path, and Size are displayed in non-editable fields.
Warning: You cannot edit file Information fields while the file is open. File
name and location of a model may be changed in Windows Explorer provided
that model is not currently open in STAAD(X) Tower. However, doing so may
result in unintended consequences for the recent files list.
97 STAAD(X) Tower
DELETE JOB INFORMATION

Job information fields can be cleared by highlighting their contents and pressing Delete
keys. However, the fields or the Job Information entry in the Tower Model Explorer Window cannot be deleted from the model.
Physical Model
The Physical Model branch of the Tower Model Navigation window contains all the information for physical model entities such as sections, materials, objects, and loads.
This section also contains general information properties about the tower model when
selected.
> Add/ Edit General Information

1. Select the Model >Physical Model > Tower Information branch of the Tower Model
Navigator window.
2. In the Properties Window, add or edit General Information fields as needed.
Properties
n
Tower Name & Description:You may enter in any string here to name and/or describe
the tower you are modeling.
Tower Type: Displays what type of tower structure was selected in the New Model Wizard (non-editable).
Country Code: Displays the country for code checking and section databases which was
selected in the New Model Wizard.
Length and Force Unit: Displays the selected default units for length and force, respectively.
User Manual 98
> Delete General Information

General information fields can be cleared by highlighting their contents and pressing
Delete keys. However, the fields or the Physical Model entry in the Tower Model
Explorer Window cannot be deleted from the model.
Tower Information
This section of the Tower Model Navigation window displays all of the general, parametric tower model information in the Properties Pane. If you used the New Model
Wizard to generate your tower model, then the relevant information will be presented in
the Properties Pane.
> Edit the Tower Information
You can edit the initial tower data appearing in any of theGeneral Tower Properties
fields.
The values in General Tower Properties can be edited to vary the default values for the
tower model. Individual model elements can be edited in the Physical Model > Objects
section of the Tower Model Explorer.
Self-Supporting Tower:General
Properties
For towers with the self-supporting type listed under the Physical Model properties, the
following General Tower Properties are presented in the Properties window:
99 STAAD(X) Tower
n
n
n
Legs - The number of tower legs in the model (non-editable).

Base Width - The panel face width at the base of the tower.
Top Width - The panel face width at the top of the tower.
Note: The slope of the tower legs (and, thusly, the slope panel sides) is determined by Base Width, Top Width, and Tower Height above base. However,
you can edit the panel width of individual panels to alter the slope above and
below that panel top.
n
n
Base Elevation - The elevation of the tower above surrounding topography. Changing
the Base Elevation value does not affect the geometry of the tower but will affect wind
loading conditions.
Tower Height - The height of the tower above the base elevation.
Panels - The number of panel divisions along the height of the tower.
Note: You can also change the number of Panels in the tower model. The
number of panels is counted up from the base, such that higher values will add
panels to the top of the structure and lower values will remove the top panels. The
top-most panel will maintain the Top Width value you have specified. Therefore,
the slope of the new panels will be determined by either the Base Width and
Tower Height or by the upper-most Top Panel Width and panel heights above
that point (see Panel Properties for these variables).
n
n
Horizontals - Select this box if horizontal members are present at the top of each panel.
Bracing - Select the typical bracing pattern you wish to apply for all panel faces by
default. Individual panels and panel faces may be edited individually to change from
the default selected here.
Max. Section Length - You can enter the maximum permissible length for any physical
member's length that would have exceeded this limit will be split into multiple physical
members.
User Manual 100
Note: The default value of 0 ft for Max. Section Length actually removes the
limit all together. Any section length is permissible with this option.
Monopole:General Properties
For towers with the monopole type listed under the Physical Model properties, the following General Tower Properties are presented in the Properties window:
n
n
Base Tower Type - Defines how the cross section varies along the height of the tower
structure:stepped or tapered (non-editable). Currently only Stepped monopoles are
supported in STAAD(X) Tower.
loading conditions.
Bottom and Top Diameter - Specify the nominal diameter at the bottom and top of
the tower, respectively.
Number of Sections - For Stepped type monopoles, a number of step sections must be
provided.
Guyed: General Properties

For towers with the self-supporting type listed under the Physical Model properties, the
following General Tower Properties are presented in the Properties window:
101 STAAD(X) Tower
n
n
Base Tower Type - Indicates if the tower is square (four-legged) of triangular (threelegged) (non-editable).
loading conditions.
Base Face Width - The panel face width at the base of the tower.
Note: If the Tapered at Base option is selected below, this width will be used at
the top of the highest tapered panel. That is, the panel width at the point of inflection between the tapered slope and the upper tower slope will be set equal to this
specified width.
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
Top Face Width - The panel face width at the top of the tower.
Number of Panels - The number of panel divisions along the height of the tower.
Tapered at Base - Select this box to specify if tower model will be tapered at the base
level.
Tapered Panels - Specify the number of tapered panels at the base of the tower if the
tapered option has been selected above.
Horizontals - Select this box if horizontal members are present at the top of each panel.
Panel Bracing - Select the typical bracing pattern you wish to apply for all panel faces
by default. Individual panels and panel faces may be edited individually to change from
the default selected here.
Guy Mount Type - Select type of guy mount you wish to use as a default for this model.
Mounts may be changed individually in the model. Choose from Corner Mount, Face
Mount, Torque Arm Corner Mount, or Torque Arm Star Mount.
Spread - Specify the distance between the tip of the adjacent torque arms
Torque Arm Style - If you selected either Torque Arm Corner or Star Mount in the
default type, you must also specify the Torque Arm type.
User Manual 102
If any individual panels have been edited such that the tower geometry has altered (see
Panel Properties), you will be asked if you wish to maintain the specified panel top
widths. You may uncheck any of the questions to return these values to those calculated by the model wizard. You will also be informed of other alterations in the model
which will result from the Tower Information variable changes made. This will allow
you the option to have multiple leg slopes for a tower model.
Note: Physical leg members will be separated at any discontinuity along their
length. Therefore all physical leg member entities remain straight, even if their
length is less than the Maximum Permissible Length specified.
Properties
In this section, you will find the material and section information which has been
added to the model file.
n
n
Profiles
Materials
Profiles
Profiles describe the geometric properties assigned to a model entity. A list of all cross
section profiles will be displayed in the Model >Physical Model >Properties >Profiles
section of the Tower Model Explorer Window. If you used a wizard to create your
model, then any profiles you selected for the member classes are already listed there.
Note: Profiles must be added to the Tower Model Explorer before they may be
used in members or engineering entities.
See "Available Standard Catalog Shapes" on page 54 for adding profiles and materials to
this lest as well as available catalog shapes
Assigning a Profile
1. Select the member(s) you wish have a profile assigned to, either from the Tower Model
Explorer or the View window.
2. Select the profile you wish to use from the Model >Physical Model >Properties > Profiles section of the Tower Model Explorer.
3. From the pop-up menu of this profile, select Assign.
103 STAAD(X) Tower
Chagne a Profile
Profiles themselves are non-editable. You may change the profile that you have added to
the model file to a different profile within the same class.
1. When a profile is selected, you can press the F2 key to select a new section size from the
shape list.
2. The section profile is updated and any members with the previous size assigned will
also be updated with the new profile selection.
Additionally, if a custom shape is needed, you may create a user-defined profile with a
catalog section as a template.
Delete a Profile
From the Model Explorer Window

1. Select the profile you wish to remove in the Tower Model Explorer Window.
2.
(Delete) button
Materials
The list of material and grade combinations that have been added for use in the physical
model are displayed in the Physical Model >Properties >Materials section of the Tower
Model Explorer window.
See "Structure Property Catalog" on page 51 for adding profiles and materials to this lest
as well as available catalog shapes
Assigning a Material
1. Select the member(s) you wish have a material assigned to, either from the Tower
Model Explorer or the View window.
2. Select the material type you wish to use from the Model >Physical Model >Properties
> Materials section of the Tower Model Explorer.
3. From the pop-up menu of this material, select Assign.
Edit a Material
Materials are non-editable. To view material properties, you can select them in the Tower
Model Navigator and the properties will be displayed in the Properties window.
Delete a Material
Materials cannot be deleted from a tower model.
Objects
This branch of the Navigation Tree represents all of your model's physical objects. These
include:
User Manual 104
n
n
n
n
n
n
Panels
Nodes
Members
Guy Levels
Components
Libraries
Panels
A list of all panels along the height of the tower structure will be displayed in the Model
>Physical Model >Objects >Panels section of the Tower Model Explorer window. This
allows you to manipulate individual panels parametrically, instead of making changes
or updates at the member or node level.
Panels are numbered starting with the first at the base and increasing along the tower
height (positive Y direction).
Add/ Delete a Panel
Panels can only be added or removed by editing the general tower properties, found in
Tower Information. The total number of panels can be edited there, with panels counted
up from the base.
Edit a Panel
1. From the Model >Physical Model >Objects >Panels section of the Tower Model
Explorer, select the panel which you wish to edit. All physical members within this
panel will be shown rendered in the main View window while all other members in
model will be shown in wireframe.
2. The parametric properties of the selected panel are displayed in the Properties window.
All panels will have the default properties as you specified in the New Tower Model wizard. A few simple controls allow you to edit the panel properties to generate irregular or
specialized tower structures.
Self-Supporting Tower and Guyed

Tower
By default, the tower structures created by the wizard have a constant slope and all panels have uniform height. In the property list, parameters like individual panels top face
width and individual panels height can be altered to enable slope changes.
105 STAAD(X) Tower
Additionally, you can apply or remove individual panel faces horizontals and also can
change the bracing pattern per panel face. Editing this property list helps the user to parametrically edit the default model to achieve the desired structure. The parameters of
this property list are shown below:
n
n
Panel Information - The Panel ID and Height above Base are not directly editable.
Panel Height - You may edit the Panel Height of each panel. To change the automatically calculated panel height, specify the desired value and press the Return key
(or simply click outside of the field). To return the value to the automatically calculated
height value, deselect the Constant box.
Panel Top Face Width - You may edit the Panel Width of each panel. To change the
automatically calculated panel width, specify the desired value and press the Return
key (or simply click outside of the field). To return the value to the automatically calculated width value, deselect the Constant box.
Panel Faces - The bracing pattern of each face of the selected panel may be varied
from the specified default pattern. Predefined or custom patterns from your Library are
available in the drop-down list. Selecting the Top Horizontal box includes a horizontal
brace at the top of each face of the panel. Selecting the Apply to All Faces? option will
update all faces for the last selection made to any one. This keeps all of the bracing constant for all faces of the selected Panel.
User Manual 106
Monopole Tower
Monopole towers do not have panels, but pole sections (which appear under the Panels
section of the Tower Model Explorer).
Note: You may only the length of a pole section; all other properties displayed
are for information only.
Nodes
All of the nodes in the model are listed in this branch of the Navigation Tree. Nodes are
added automatically in the physical modeling process.
Node properties can be reviewed by one of the following:

1. Use the Select Node tool and highlight the node(s) you wish to review in the View Window.
2. Expand the Physical Model >Objects >Nodes section of the Tower Model Explorer.
From the pop-up menu, select Show Nodes. Select the node from the list you wish to
review.
The Node properties are displayed in the Properties Window.
107 STAAD(X) Tower
Note: Nodal properties cannot be directly edited from the Properties Window.
They are for information purposes only.
Members
The Model >Physical Model >Objects >Members section of the Tower Model Navigator contains sub-sections for each of the physical object entities that may be present
in your tower model. The sections can each be expanded for displaying and editing some
entities.
The members are separated into tower structure element types such as legs, diagonals,
horizontals, etc.
Add a Member
When using the parametric modeling capabilities of STAAD(X) Tower, physical members
are added by changing model parameters such as panel bracing patterns.
Edit a Member
1. Select the member(s) you wish to edit from either the Tower Model Navigator or the
View Window. Regardless of which selection method you choose, the member's will be
highlighted in both areas of the interface.
2. The member's properties are displayed in the Properties window for editing.
Member Information - Here you are presented with the member number and type
(i.e. - leg, diagonal, etc.). Also the member length and orientation angle are displayed
here. These property fields are for information only and cannot be edited.
Member Incidences - Indicates the Start Node and End Node numbers. These are not
editable so as to maintain the basic tower structure.
Section Details - This field allows you to edit the member section and materials from
those that you have added to the current model. Additional Profiles or Materials may be
added from the Properties section of the Tower Model Explorer.
Specification Information
User Manual 108
Offset - Some members of a structure may not be concurrent with the incident nodes
thereby creating offsets. Additionally, a member may be re-aligned such at the centroidal axis does not pass through the end nodes. See Member Offsets below.
Start Release & End Release - Beam elements can have any degree of freedom released
at either end in the member properties. You may specify each degree of freedom to be
either fully fixed (default) of fully released. A partial - or spring - release is also available. A linear or rotational spring constant must be provided for this option. For
moment releases, you may also specify a percentage release and value. Each end may
be have different releases. See Member Releases below.
Truss, Member Compression, Tension - Special member designations with pre-defined
member specifications. See Axial Only Members below.
Design Parameters - The appropriate design parameters are also displayed. These vary
depending on the active design code.
TIA-222-F - Specify the Net Section Factor and Effective Length Factor for both the
local Y and Z axis.
TIA-222-G - Specify the method to calculate Slenderness, a Bolt Diameter, and
Unbraced Length Factor.
IS 802, 806 - Specify the a method to calculate the Slenderness (mainly used for diagonal members), the Net Section Factor, Bolt Diameter, and Coating Type.
Local Coordinate System

A local coordinate system is associated with each member. Each axis of the local orthogonal coordinate system is also based on the right hand rule. The following figure shows
a beam member with start and end (e.g. - joints 'i' and 'j', respectively). The positive
direction of the local x-axis is determined by joining start to end and projecting it in the
same direction. The right hand rule may be applied to obtain the positive directions of
the local y and z axes. The local y and z-axes coincide with the axes of the two principal
moments of inertia. The local coordinate system is always rectangular.
Member Releases
Each (linear) member in STAAD(X) Tower if restrained at both ends with six degrees of
freedom, unless a release is specified. In other words, all members are rigidly connected
the nodes. You have the option to release each of the degrees of freedom as well as specify a partial release by providing a spring constant.
Note: If the member end is a cantilever end or is supported, those conditions
govern the degree of freedom at that location.
109 STAAD(X) Tower
Release Types
n
n
n
Full Fixed - Degree of freedom is fully restrained at the node.

Full Release - Degree of freedom has no restraint at the node.
Partial (Spring) Release - Degree of freedom is restrained to the node by the value of the
spring constant specified.
User-Specified End Releases

One or both ends of a member can be released. Members are assumed to be rigidly
framed into joints in accordance with the structural type specified. When this full rigidity is not applicable, you can set individual force components at either end of the
member to zero. By specifying release components, individual degrees of freedom are
removed from the analysis.
Specify a Member Release

1. With the member selected, expand the Start Release and/or End Release section of the
Specification Information in the Properties Window.
2. Check the box to activate the release at the Start or End of the member.
3.
For each of the end degrees of freedom you wish to release, select Full Release from the
associated force/ moment menu.
User Manual 110
4.
To specify a partial release, select Partial Release and provide a spring constant.
Note: Release components are given in the local coordinate system for each
member.
Axial Only Members
You may specify axial load-only members in STAAD(X) Tower. There are three different
methods for specifying an axial load member:
n
Truss Member - A member which is only capable of carrying axial load, though in
either tension or compression. Often, bracing members in a frame will use this specification. A Truss member has only a single degree of freedom - axial deformation. Any
applied member loads are redistributed equally to each end as joint loads.
Compression Only Member - only members are truss members that are capable of carrying compression forces only. Thus, they are automatically inactivated for load cases
that create tension in them.
Tension Only Member - Tension-only members are truss members that are capable of
carrying tensile forces only. Thus, they are automatically inactivated for load cases
that create compression in them.
Specify an Axial Only Member

1. Select the member which you wish to specify as an Axial only member.
2. From the Properties Window, under Specification Information, check the box beside
which axial-only specification you wish to use.
Warning: A custom End Release should not be applied on a member which is
declared Truss, TensionOnly, or Compression Only.
111 STAAD(X) Tower
Member Offsets
Some members of a structure may not be concurrent with the incident joints thereby creating offsets. This offset distance is specified in terms of global or local coordinate system (i.e. X, Y and Z distances from the incident joint). Secondary forces induced, due to
this offset connection, are taken into account in analyzing the structure and also to calculate the individual member forces. The new offset centroid of the member can be at the
start or end incidences and the new working point will also be the new start or end of the
member. Therefore, any reference from the start or end of that member will always be
from the new offset points.
Specify End Joint Offsets

1. Select the member you wish to set offsets for. You may select multiple members to
assign the same offset values.
2. In the Properties &Help Window, expand the Specification Information panel. Offsets
are listed first, with the pre-defined length units in parenthesis. Offsets at the Start and
End of member are entered separately.
3. Check the box beside Offset at Start and/or Offset at End corresponding to the offset
you wish to specify. Expand each of these sections by clicking the icon.
4. The User Defined Offset summary is presented. Expand this section to enter offset
details.
5. Select if the values are to be specified in terms of Global or Local axis in the Direction
field.
6. Enter the offset values in the predefined units as listed in the Offset field for each of
the X, Y, and Z directions.
User Manual 112
Partial elevation of beam and brace member-end offsets due to connections.
Specification information for members 1 and 2, respectively, from the above elevation.
Member end joint offsets.
113 STAAD(X) Tower
Insertion Point
STAAD(X) Tower provides you with the option of offsetting linear entities with regards to
the local x-axis of that element. An imaginary line can be assumed that connects the two
end points, or nodes, of a member. Under normal circumstances, this line passes
through the centroid of the members profile (this is the "center" insertion point). You can
use the Insertion Point feature to specify pre-defined offsets, based on shape-specific geometric points.
When adding a new member, the insertion point may be set using the drop-down Add
Member menu from the Model ribbon tab.
Edit Insertion Point

1. Select the member whose Insertion Point you wish to change.
2. From the Properties Window, under Specification Information >Offset, select the Insertion Point you wish to use.
3. Press the Return key.
Note: The Insertion Point offset is the same at either end of the member. Therefore, the alignment along the length of the member is constant, such that the
cross-sectional offset distance at both ends is equal.
Below are several Insertion Points available, listed by shape group:
Table 4-1: Table: Insertion points for W-Shapes, M-Shapes, S-Shapes,

and HP Shapes
Top Left
Top
Top Right
User Manual 114
Center
(default)
Bottm Left
Bottom
Bottom Right
Table 4-2: Table: Insertion points for C Shapes and MC Shapes.
Top Left
115 STAAD(X) Tower
Top Right
Web Middle
Center (default)
Bottom Left
Bottom Right
Leg Members
Legs are physical members with a generally vertical (parallel to the global Y axis) orientation that form the corners of self-supporting or guyed towers.
You can assign a section to all leg members when using the model wizard to generate
your tower structure. Each leg member will be a continuous member unless you have
specified a maximum section length which is exceeded or the structure geometry is
altered such that a leg member has a discontinuity.
Add/ Delete a Leg Member

The number and pattern of leg members are defined in the General Tower Properties.
These cannot be directly added or deleted.
User Manual 116
Edit a Leg Member

You can review a list of leg members in the Tower Model Explorer Window:
1. Select the Model >Physical Model >Objects >Members >Legs entry on the Tower
2. From the pop-up menu, select Show all Leg Members.
3. Click the to expand the list.
Hint: Leg members are listed from bottom to top of the structure and from leg 1
to 3 or 4 (for three- or four-sided tower structures, respectively). When legs are
broken by discontinuities in the tower slope or by maximum length, multiple leg
members
4. Click on any horizontal member in either the Tower Model Explorer Window list or
the View Window to display parameters in the Properties Window.
Refer to Edit a Member for information on property fields.
Horizontals
Horizontals are physical members oriented parallel to the global X-Z plane. These secondary members are in plane of the tower face and lay between two adjacent panel sections.
You can select to include horizontals automatically when using the model wizard to generate your tower structure (self-supporting and guyed towers). You can also assign a section to all horizontal members at this time.
Add/ Delete a Horizontal Member
Horizontal members are added or removed by means of selecting the appropriate panel
pattern when selecting panels. Horizontal members are selected for each panel. You
may also generate custom panels using the library editor.
117 STAAD(X) Tower
Edit a Horizontal Member

You can review a list of horizontal members in the Tower Model Explorer Window:
1. Select the Model >Physical Model >Objects >Members >Horizontals entry on the
Tower Model Explorer Window.
2. From the pop-up menu, select Show all Horizontal Members.
Hint: Horizontal members are listed from bottom to top of the structure and from
face A to face C or D (for three- or four-sided tower structures, respectively).
4. Click on any horizontal member in either the Tower Model Explorer Window list or the
View Window to display parameters in the Properties Window.
Diagonal Members
Diagonals are physical members oriented in the tower panel plane. These secondary
members generally form the intermediate bracing of a panel pattern.
You can assign a section to all diagonal members when using the model wizard to generate your tower structure (self-supporting and guyed towers).
Add/ Delete a Diagonal Member

Diagonal members are added or removed by means of selecting the appropriate panel pattern when selecting panels. You may also generate custom panels using the library
editor.
Edit a Diagonal Member

You can review a list of diagonal members in the Tower Model Explorer Window:
User Manual 118
1. Select the Model >Physical Model >Objects >Members >Diagonals entry on the
2. From the pop-up menu, select Show all Diagonal Members.
Hint: Diagonal members are listed from bottom to top of the structure and from
face A to face C or D (for three- or four-sided tower structures, respectively).
4. Click on any diagonal member in either the Tower Model Explorer Window list or the
Redundant Members
Redundants are physical members oriented in the tower panel plane. These tertiary
members form the intermediate bracing of a panel pattern along with the diagonal
members
Redundant members inherit their section from diagonals when using the model wizard
to generate your tower structure (self-supporting and guyed towers).
Add/ Delete a Redundant

Member
Redundant members are added or removed by means of selecting the appropriate panel
pattern when selecting panels. You may also generate custom panels using the library
editor.
Edit a Redundant Member

You can review a list of redundant members in the Tower Model Explorer Window:
1. Select the Model >Physical Model >Objects >Members >Redundants entry on the
2. From the pop-up menu, select Show all Redundant Members.
119 STAAD(X) Tower
Hint: Redundant members are listed from bottom to top of the structure and
from face A to face C or D (for three- or four-sided tower structures, respectively).
4. Click on any redundant member in either the Tower Model Explorer Window list or the
Guy Cables
Guy cables are physical members which provide stability to guyed structures.
The cable sections used for guys are selected when using the model wizard to generate
your guyed tower structure.
Add/ Delete a Guy Cable

Guy cable members are added or removed by means of selecting the appropriate guy
mount patterns when specifying guy levels.
Edit a Guy Cable

You can review a list of cable members in the Tower Model Explorer Window:
1. Select the Model >Physical Model >Objects >Members >Guy Cables entry on the
2. From the pop-up menu, select Show all Guy Cables.
Hint: Guy cables are listed from bottom to top of the structure and from face A to
face C or D (for three- or four-sided tower structures, respectively).
4. Click on any cable member in either the Tower Model Explorer Window list or the View
Window to display parameters in the Properties Window.
User Manual 120
Guy Levels
Individual guy cables are connected to the main tower structure in a regular pattern
which is specified by selecting a mount type. This pattern can repeat at different
heights along the tower, each of which are referred to as a guy level. Each guy level consists of several guy connections to the main tower structure. In the case of torque arm
mounts, additional members are used to transfer forces from the tower to the guys.
Add a Guy Level
To add new guy levels from the Tower Model Explorer Window:
1. Select the Model >Physical Model >Objects >Guy Levels entry on the Tower Model
Explorer Window.
2. Right click to display the pop-up menu.
3. Select Add Guy Level. The Add Guy Level dialog opens:
4. Enter the parameters for the new guide level. Refer to Edit a Guy Level below for
descriptions of the parameters.
5. Click OK. The new guy level and guy cables are added to the guyed tower model.
Edit a Guy Level
You can review a list of cable levels in the Tower Model Explorer Window:
1. Select the Model >Physical Model >Objects >Guy Levels entry on the Tower Model
Explorer Window.
Hint: Guy cables are listed from bottom to top of the structure and from face A
to face C or D (for three- or four-sided tower structures, respectively).
3. Click on any cable member in either the Tower Model Explorer Window list or the
121 STAAD(X) Tower
Guy Level Properties

n
n
n
Level An identification number assigned automatically. This is not directly editable.

Leg/Face The tower leg or tower face which the guy mount is connected to.
Mount Height Above Base The elevation above tower base where the guy levels are
attached to the main tower structure.
Anchor Radius The straight-line distance (in the X-Z plane) from the center of the
tower structure to the guy anchor.
Anchor Elevation The elevation above tower base where the guys at this level are
anchored. Enter a negative value if the anchor elevation is below that of the base of
the tower.
Note: Editing anchor radius or elevation will affect all guy anchors in the tower
model.
Guy Mount Type, Spread, and Torque Arm Style This describes the connection
method which the guy cables are connected to the main tower structure. The Spread
value and Torque Arm Style values are required for corner or star mount types. See the
following section on guy mount types.
User Manual 122
Note: Editing guy mount properties will affect all guys at that level.
Cable Properties
n
n
Standard and Designation Material values for the cable used for this guy level.
Apply at Same Level Select this option to have the cable properties applied to all
guys at this guy level.
Guy Mount Types

There are four mount types available:
n
Corner Mount Type essentially provides the way to attach the guy cable from
individual legs and anchored at the available base elevation level while respecting the
anchor radius value for the guy level. The direction of anchoring must make an angle
of 45 degrees from X direction in case of 4 legged guy tower.
123 STAAD(X) Tower
In the Face Mount Type guy cable mounting the two guy cables from individual
legs constituting the vertical/inclined boundary of the face of interest will be pulled
together to meet in a singular anchoring point found at convenient base elevation
level. Each of these two guy cables will subtend same angle with the X/Z direction as
decided by the face of interest.
In the Torque Arm Corner Mounting type two pulled off guy cables driven out
from two adjacent face's torque arm assembly gets united at the convenient base
anchor point. In case of four (4) legged guy tower the individual cables will make
same angle with the imaginary diagonals of the square tower. The imaginary diagonals will make 45 degree with the principal tower construction axis (X/Z).
User Manual 124
Torque Arm Star Mounting involves specific torque arm assemblies at user specified guy level from which the cable is pulled off and is anchored at the convenient
base anchor point. The direction of stressed cables will always be parallel to the principal axis of main tower construction like X/Z in case the guy tower has four (4) construction legs.
125 STAAD(X) Tower
Torque Arm Styles

Both the corner mount and star mount types use torque arms to transfer forces into the
guys. If either of these are selected, a torque arm style must also be specified. There are
four styles available:
n
Wing Forms a isosceles triangle parallel to the tower leg, centered over two panel
heights.
Bat Ear Forms a right-angle triangle with the height of one panel and a horizontal
arm at the top of that panel.
Dog Ear Forms a right-angle triangle with the height of one panel and a horizontal arm at the bottom of that panel.
User Manual 126
Cantilever A single cantilevered member is used at the panel height specified.
Additionally, when a torque arm is used, the spread value must be specified. This is the
distance between the guy end points on two adjacent torque arms.
Delete a Guy Level
Guy levels may not be deleted from the model.
Components
You can add multiple components to the tower physical model. Components are considered for both gravity and lateral loads. They can be either selected from vendor catalog lists included in the interface or custom components may be generated
parametrically.
The following component types are available:
Dish Antennas
A list of all dish antennas which have been added to the structure is displayed in the
Model >Physical Model >Objects >Components >Antennas section of the Tower
Model Navigator.
Note: Dish antennas can be mounted in the self-supporting and guyed tower
models.
127 STAAD(X) Tower
Add a Dish Antenna

Antennas are added from to the structure using the Add Antenna command found on
Edit a Dish Antenna

interface.
User Manual 128
Antenna Properties
Dish Mount Data

n
n
n
n
n
n
Antenna Number and Title - These fields display the automatically generated number
and name for a specific antenna entity (non-editable).
Mounting Pattern - Currently inactive.
Leg ID - Specify the tower leg which the antenna is anchored to.
to the antenna.
Node Number - The node which the antenna support is connected to in the analytical
model.
Height - Displays the elevation above the tower base (non-editable).
XZ Angle - The angel of rotation as measured from the XZ plane.

Dish Shape Data
Description - You may select the antenna type by catalog description from the dropdown menu in this field.
129 STAAD(X) Tower
Dish Type, Outer Diameter, Depth, and Weight - Displays parameters for the selected
dish antenna (non-editable).
Delete a Dish Antenna

1. Select the antenna you wish to delete from either the Model >Physical Model >Objects
>Components >Antennas section of the Tower Model Navigator or from the View window using the antenna selection cursor.
2.
(Delete) button.
Appurtenances
A list of all appurtenances which have been added to the structure is displayed in the
Model >Physical Model >Objects >Components >Appurtenances section of the Tower
Model Navigator.
Note: Appurtenances can be mounted in the self-supporting and guyed tower
models.
Add an Appurtenance
Appurtenances are added from to the structure using the Add Appurtenance command
found on the Components ribbon tab.
Edit an Appurtenance
1. Select the appurtenance you wish to edit from either the Model >Physical Model >
the View window using the appurtenance selection cursor. The appurtenance is highlighted in both areas of the interface.
2. The appurtenance parameters are displayed in the Properties window.
User Manual 130
Appurtenance Properties
Appurtenance Mount Data

n
n
n
n
n
Appurtenance Numberand Title - These fields display the automatically generated

number and name for a specific antenna entity (non-editable).
Alignment - Dictates whether appurtenance will be placed in parallel to the global vertical axis (Vertical) or the local x-axis of the supporting member (Aligned).
Leg ID - Specify the tower leg which the appurtenance is anchored to.
to the appurtenance. The initial value will be such that, with a vertical alignment, one
or both ends of the appurtenance is held tight to the supporting members.
Height above Base - Displays the elevation above the tower base (non-editable).
Appurtenance Shape Data
Description - You may select the appurtenance type by catalog description from the
drop-down menu in this field.
131 STAAD(X) Tower
The remaining non-editable fields will display the dimensions and weights associated
with the selected appurtenance.
Delete an Appurtenance
1. Select the appurtenance you wish to delete from either the Model >Physical Model >
the View window using the appurtenance selection cursor.
2.
(Delete) button.
Platforms
A list of all monopole antenna platforms which have been added to the structure is displayed in the Model >Physical Model >Objects >Components >Platforms section of
the Tower Model Navigator.
Note: Monopole antenna platforms can be mounted on monopole tower models
only.
Add a Platform
Platforms are added from to the structure using the Add Platform command found on
Edit a Platform
interface.
User Manual 132
Platform Properties
Monopole Mount Properties

n
Mount ID - This field displays the automatically generated number for a specific
monopole platform mount entity (non-editable)
Height Above Base - Displays the elevation above the tower base (non-editable).
Antenna Types
n
n
Mount Types - This list displays the available mount types for platform antennas.
Description - You may select the platform mount by catalog description from the dropdown menu in this field..
Size, Weight, and Antenna No. - These are non-editable fields which display information associated with the selected Antenna Platform Mount Type.
Delete a Platform
1. Select the platform you wish to delete from either the Model >Physical Model >
Objects >Components >Platforms section of the Tower Model Navigator or from the
View window using the platform selection cursor.
2.
(Delete) button.
Libraries
User defined bracing patterns will appear here.
In order to create or edit User Defined Bracing patters, use the Custom Bracing Wizard
tool.
133 STAAD(X) Tower
Supports
A list of all support types which have been added to the structure is displayed in the
Model >Physical Model >Supports section of the Tower Model Explorer Window.
> Add a Support Type
1. Select the Model >Physical Model >Supports section of the Tower Model Explorer Window.
2. From the pop-up menu, select either Add Pinned Support, Add Fixed Support, or Add
Fixed-But Support.
To assign any support, following the steps mentioned below.
Method 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
From the Model ribbon tab, click the Node Selection cursor.
Select the desired support type in the navigation explorer
Select the target node/ nodes
Move the mouse over the selected support in the navigation explorer
Assign pop-up menu will appear near the selected support item
Select Assign pop-up menu item
Method 2
1. Chose the Node Selection cursor
2. Select the target node/ nodes
3.
In the node(s) property list, select the desired kind of support from the list.
User Manual 134
Method 3
1. Open the Nodes Table in the output pane.
2. Select the row that contains the target node information.
3. Change the cell value under the support column.
> Edit a Support Type
Both Fixed and Pinned supports are pre-defined and their properties cannot be edited.
To edit a Fixed-But Support:
1. Select the support type in the Model >Physical Model >Supports section of the Tower
2. The parameters are displayed in the Properties window.
3. Select the correspond options to release either force or moment in the indicated direction.
4. Spring constants can be defined instead of releases in the second panel.
> Delete a Support Type
1. Select the support type in the Model >Physical Model >Supports section of the Tower
2.
From the Model ribbon tab, click the
(Delete) button.
Loads
Individual loads will be grouped in this section of the Tower Model Navigator.
Load Generation Parameters
STAAD(X) Tower includes tools for rapidly adding code defined wind and seismic loads
to your tower model.
You can also use the Automatic Load Generation wizard if you wish to quickly add
loads per TIA-222-G.
135 STAAD(X) Tower
Add Wind/Ice Parameters

1. Select the Model >Objects > Loads > Load Generation Parameters section of the Tower
Model Navigator.
2. From the pop-up menu, select Add Wind/Ice Parameters.
3. Select which definition type you wish to provide from the sub-menu:
n TIA/EIA[222F] Definition
n TIA/EiA[222G] Definition
4. The wind/ice definition type you selected is added to the Load Generation Parameters
list.
Edit Wind/Ice Parameters

The parameters which you must provide vary slightly depending on which load definition type you are editing.
TIA-222-F Wind/Ice Definition

Wind Type
n
n
Reference Number A value automatically generated by the application (non editable).

Description You may provide a brief description here for identifying the parameter
set. Any alpha-numeric string is allowed.
Zone Identification
n
n
State Select the target USState name from the all exhaustive list.
County Select the target county name pertaining to the selected state.
Wind/Ice
Basic Wind Speed For the specified geographic location (state/ county combination);
retrieved from the TIA database.
Wind Azimuths By default 0 deg, 45 deg, 90 deg for a square structure, and 0 deg,
60 deg, and 90 deg for a triangular structure (non editable).
User Manual 136
Ice
n
n
n
Ice load Select this option if ice load is required for this tower model load definition.
Type of Ice Select either solid or rime as per requirement.
Ice Density This value is determined based on type of ice selected above (normally
56 lb/ft3 for solid ice and 30 lb/ft3 for rime ice).
Ice Thickness This value is retrieved from the TIAdatabase based on geographic location but you may edit if necessary.
Wind Speed (Ice) This is the concurrent wind speed with ice load. This will default
to 75% of the basic wind speed without ice, but you may edit it if necessary.
Load Cases
Select which load type and direction you wish to be generated as a primary load case.
Any or all of the following six different sets of load cases can be added based on this definition:
n
n
n
n
n
n
wind without ice from 0 degree

wind without ice from 45 / 60 degree
concurrent wind with ice from 0 degree
concurrent wind with ice from 45 / 60 degree
Note: Any of these load cases, when applied, will create corresponding reference load case that can be assigned by the user on the entire model.
TIA-222-G Wind/Ice Definition

Wind Type
n
Reference Number A value automatically generated by the application (non editable).

Description You may provide a brief description here for identifying the parameter
set. Any alpha-numeric string is allowed.
Zone Identification
n
n
State Select the target USState name from the all exhaustive list.
County Select the target county name pertaining to the selected state.
Wind
n
n
n
No Ice The basic wind speed without ice for the specified state/ county combination
retrieved from the TIA database
Ice for the specified state/ county combination retrieved from the TIA database
Service for the specified state/ county combination retrieved from the TIA database
Wind Azimuths By default 0 deg, 45 deg, 90 deg for a square structure, and 0 deg,
60 deg, and 90 deg for a triangular structure (non editable).
137 STAAD(X) Tower
Ice
n
Thickness The ice thickness value is retrieved from the TIAdatabase based on geographic location but you may edit if necessary
Density Normally an ice density of 56 lb/ft3 is used.
Structure
n
n
Classification Class I / Class II / Class III as per requirement, based on usage of the
structure.
Type Tower structures are considered latticed structures.
Exposure Category Select wind exposure category B / C / D as dictated by surrounding site conditions.
Topographic Details
Category You must select the appropriate topographic category description as per
code requirement.
Height of Crest [H] For topographic categories 2, 3, and 4, you must also specify the
height of the escarpment, hill, or ridge on which the structure is located.
Topographic Factor [Kzt] For topographic category 5, you must specify a site specify topographic factor.
Load Cases
Select which load type and direction you wish to be generated as a primary load case.
Any or all of the following nine different sets of load cases can be added based on this definition:
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n

wind without ice from 45 / 60 degree
concurrent wind with ice from 45 / 60 degree
wind (service) from 0 degree
wind (service) from 45 / 60 degree
wind (service) from 90 degree
Note: Any of these, when applied, will create corresponding reference load case
that can be assigned by the user on the entire model.
Hint: Once you have selected a load case to be added to the model, un-selecting
the case will not remove it. Selecting the same load case again will add a duplicate
to the model. Refer to deleting a load case.
User Manual 138
Add Wind Definition

A wind definition per ASCE-7 may be added in tabular format.
1. Select the Model >Objects > Loads > Load Generation Parameters section of the
Tower Model Navigator.
2. From the pop-up menu, select Add Wind/Ice Parameters.
3. Select Wind Definition from the sub-menu.
4. The Wind Definition definition is added to the Load Generation Parameters list.
Edit Wind Definition

1. Select the Wind Definition you wish to edit from the Model >Objects > Loads > Load
Generation Parameters section of the Tower Model Navigator.
2. The wind intensity table is displayed in the Properties Window.
Wind Intensity Table
Enter in the Intensity and Height above base data points to describe the wind intensity
curve. Refer to ASCE-7 on calculating wind intensity for open structures.
Add Seismic Parameters

1. Select the Model >Objects > Loads > Load Generation Parameters section of the
2. From the pop-up menu, select Add Seismic Parameters.
139 STAAD(X) Tower
3. Select which definition type you wish to provide:

n TIA/EiA[222G] Definition
4. The seismic definition type you select is added to the Load Generation Parameters list.
Edit Seismic Parameters

Seismic parameters can be defined following the TIA222G specifications. For TIA
222G standard, once added, the corresponding property list appears in the Properties
pane where the parameters required to be specified.
In the property list shown above the user has to specify the following parameters.
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
Reference number automatically generated by the application (non editable)

Description brief description (editable)
Analysis procedure only Method 1 as described in the code is supported
Classification of structure Class I / Class II / Class III as per requirement
Importance factor to be specified as per requirement
Ss spectral response acceleration at short period, to be specified as per requirement
S1 maximum considered earthquake spectral response acceleration at 1 second, to be
specified as per requirement
Site class definition A to F, to be specified as per requirement
Reference load cases can be generated and can be assigned on the entire model on the
basis of such definition from either X or Z direction.
Automatic Load Generation Wizard
STAAD(X) Tower includes a feature to assist in generating loads for your structure per
ANSI/TIA-222-G.
Launch the Automatic Load Generation Wizard

1. Select the Model >Physical Model > Loads >Load Generation Parameters entry of the
2. Select Automatic Load Generation from the pop-up menu. The Automatic Load
Generation wizard opens.
User Manual 140
Using the Automatic Load Generation Wizard

1.
From the Welcome dialog, click Next >.
2.
Now, you will enter in Primary Load Case data.
141 STAAD(X) Tower
Select the load combinations you wish to include in the combinations list (a list of
load case abbreviations is included below). If you have not created any load parameters or cases, the necessary entries will be created for you.
If you wish to specify previously created load parameters or cases, these will be available in the drop-down lists for each relevant type.
3.
Enter in the Wind and Ice load parameter data. Wind and Ice load parameters are
included based on U.S. counties. Additional structure and topography data is added
below. Click Next > when finished to proceed.
User Manual 142
4.
Enter in the Seismic load parameters. Click Next > when finished to proceed.
5.
The final dialog displays a list of the loads which will be added to your tower model.
Click OK to close the wizard and add these loads.
143 STAAD(X) Tower
Load Groups
The Load Groups item in the navigation explorer contains the collection of user defined
reference load cases.
Add a Load Group

You can add reference load cases (by default referred as Load Group followed by an
unique identification number) under the Load Groups item in the navigation explorer.
1. Select the Model >Physical Model >Loads >Load Groups entry in the Tower Model
Explorer.
2. From the pop-up menu, select Add Load Group.
3. A new Load Group entry appears in the list below this entry.
Hint: If reference load cases for wind and / or ice are created from the Load Generation Parameters following the TIA222F and TIA222G codes, then
those reference load cases get added in the collection automatically.
User Manual 144
For seismic loads as per TIA222G standards, if the corresponding Load Generation
Parameter is defined properly, user can the seismic load in any available reference load
case.
Under such reference load cases (or load groups), you can add other types of loads as
well using the pop-up menu. The other types of reference loads that can be added are:
n
n
Joint Load
Member Load like uniform force load, concentrated force load, uniform moment load,
concentrated moment load, trapezoidal load, and linearly varying load.
Note: The add loads pop-up menu is only available to user-created load groups.
Generated load groups may only be assigned and cannot have additional loads
added.
Edit a Load Group

A Load Group only has an inherent class (i.g. - dead, live, wind, seismic, etc.) and no
other parameters. On the other hand, each load has its unique property list where the
user can specify the typical parameters for that load. See the following information
about different load types for additional parameter information.
1. Select the load group you wish to edit from the Model >Physical Model >Loads >
Load Groups entry in the Tower Model Explorer.
2. The current load class in the Properties Window. This may be editing by selecting a different class from the drop-down menu.
Assign Generated Wind, Ice, and

Seismic Loads
Except the selfweight load, all other reference loads need to be assigned. Since wind, ice
and seismic loads are assigned on the entire structure, no selection is necessary for
assignment.
1. Select the load group you wish to assign from the Model >Physical Model >Loads >
2. From the pop-up menu, select Assign.
145 STAAD(X) Tower
For joint load or member load assignment, you must select the target joint(s) or
member(s), respectively, prior to the assignment. This is done by individual load, rather
than by load group. Refer to load types.
Delete a Load Group

1. Select the load group you wish to delete from the Model >Physical Model >Loads >
2.
(Delete) button.
Selfweight
If the selfweight load was applied from the Setup Wizard, then that selfweight load gets
added in the collection as a reference load case automatically. If this option was not
selected during the Setup Wizard, then you may add a new load group and add a selfweight load to it.
ADD SELFWEIGHT LOAD

1. Select the load group where you wish to add selfweight from the Model >Physical
Model >Loads >Load Groups entry in the Tower Model Explorer.
2. From the pop-up menu, select Selfweight Load >Add Selfweight Load.
3. An entry for the selfweight load is added below.
Note: The selfweight load does not need to be assigned. It will automatically be
assigned to all members and components based on their properties.
EDIT SELFWEIGHT LOAD
User Manual 146
1. Select the selfweight load you wish to edit in the Model >Physical Model >Loads >
2. The selfweight load parameters are displayed in the Properties Window.
Selfweight Load Properties

n
n
Direction Select which Global direction the selfweight load will act along.
Factor Specify a ratio factor for the selfweight load. This factor will be a direct multiplier to the weight as determined by the material and geometry properties of the
members and components. The default value is 1 (i.e. - 100%).
DELETE SELFWEIGHT
A selfweight load cannot be deleted from the model file.
Joint Load
Joint loads, both forces and moments, may be applied to any free joint of a structure.
These loads act in the global coordinate system of the structure. Positive forces act in
the positive coordinate directions. Any number of loads may be applied on a single
joint, in which case the loads will be additive on that joint.
ADD A JOINT LOAD

1. Expand the Model >Physical Model >Loads >Load Groups section of the Tower
2. Select the load group where you wish to add a joint load.
3. From the load group's pop-up menu, select Joint Load > Add Joint Load.
4. A new joint load appears in the load group with the default properties.
ASSIGN A JOINT LOAD

1. Use the Node Selection tool to select the node(s) in the View Window to which you
wish to apply the joint load.
2. From the joint load's pop-up menu (Expand the Model >Physical Model >Loads >
Load Groups section of the Tower Model Explorer Window if you cannot see it),
select Assign.
3. The load will appear on the structure in the View Window when selected in the Tower
EDIT A JOINT LOAD

A single joint load may have a force parallel to and a moment about each global axis.
147 STAAD(X) Tower
There are no other parameters to be set for a joint load.

1. Select the joint load you wish to edit.
2. The load parameters are specified in the Properties Window.
3. Edit any force or moment value and press the Return key.
DELETE A JOINT LOAD

From the Model Explorer Window
1. Select a joint load in the Tower Model Explorer Window.
2.
(Delete) button.
Member Loads
STAAD(X) Tower provides you with three types of member loads may be applied directly
to a member of a structure. These loads are uniformly distributed loads, concentrated
loads, and linearly varying loads (including trapezoidal). Uniform loads act on the full
or partial length of a member. Concentrated loads act at any intermediate, specified
point. Linearly varying loads act over the full length of a member. Trapezoidal linearly
varying loads act over the full or partial length of a member. During analysis, trapezoidal loads are converted into a uniform load and several concentrated loads.
You may specify any number of loads to act upon a member in any independent loading
condition. Member loads can be specified in the member coordinate system or the global
coordinate system. Uniformly distributed member loads provided in the global coordinate system may be specified to act along the full or projected member length. Refer to
the figure below to find the relation of the member to the global coordinate systems for
specifying member loads. Positive forces act in the positive coordinate directions, local or
global, as the case may be.
DEFINING MEMBER LOAD TYPES

Three types of member load are available to you, with multiple options covering most all
member load conditions:
1. Uniformly Distributed Loads - A uniform member load can be specified as either
Force or Moment.
n The uniformly distributed load or moment is specified in the UDL or
URM variable, respectively.
n The variables d and d specify the distance from the start of the
1
2
member to the start and end of the uniform load, respectively.
User Manual 148
The distance d3 specifies the distance from the centerline of the

member (local y-axis) to the load. All distances (dn ) are taken along
the local axis.
n The Direction field allows you select which direction to apply the force,
with axis in local or global coordinate systems in the menu.
2. Concentrated Loads - A Force or Moment applied to a single point along the length
of a member.
n The concentrated load or moment is specified by the P variable.
n The variable d specifies the distance from the start of the member to
1
the location of the concentrated load.
n The distance d specifies the distance from the centerline of the
3
member (local y-axis) to the load. All distances (dn ) are taken along
the local axis.
3. Linearly Varying Loads - A load that varies linearly along the member's length. A
Linearly Varying Load is applied over the full length of the member whereas a Trapezoidal Load may act over the full or partial length of the member. Both Linearly Varying Loads and Trapezoidal loads act through the centroid of the member.
n Load variables w and w specify the magnitude of the load closest to
1
2
the start and end of the member, respectively. Selecting this option
and specifying these values is used for either a Linear or Trapezoidal
load.
n Load variable w specifies the magnitude of the load at mid-span of a
3
triangular loading. You must select an option for specifying w1 and w2
(for a linear or trapezoidal member loads) or w3 (for triangular member
loads).
n The variables d and d specify the distance from the start of the
1
2
member to the start and end of the uniform load, respectively.
n
149 STAAD(X) Tower
Member load configuration. Variables d and w are input via the load Properties.
Note: If any load start or end values result in the load extending beyond the
length of the member, the load is truncated to the member start or end, respectively.
ADD A MEMBER LOAD

1. Expand the Model >Physical Model >Loads section of the Tower Model Explorer Window.
2. Select the load group you wish to add a new member load to.
3. From the load group pop-up menu, select the Member Load >menu and then select the
type of member load you wish to add (refer to list of descriptions above).
4. A new member load is added to the load group with default load properties.
5. The pointer changes to a member selection cursor in the View Window. Clicking on a
member will assign the new load.
ASSIGN A MEMBER LOAD

1. Use the Physical Member Selection tool to select the member(s) in the View Window to
which you wish to apply the member load.
2. From the member load's pop-up menu (Expand the Model >Physical Model >Loads >
Load Groups section of the Tower Model Explorer Window if you cannot see it), select
Assign.
User Manual 150
3. The load will appear on the structure in the View Window when selected in the Tower
EDIT A MEMBER LOAD

1. Select the member load you wish to edit using either the Select Load tool or by selecting the entry in the Tower Model Explorer Window.
2. The load properties are specified in the Properties Window. See the above section for
defining member load types for a description of member load properties.
DELETE A MEMBER LOAD

1. Select a member load in the Model Explorer Window.
2. From the pop-up menu, select Delete.
Wind/ Ice Loads

There are multiple wind or wind/ ice load combination loads that you may add to your
tower model.
Hint: In order to use wind/ice loads, you must first create a set of associated
Wind/Ice Load Parameters or Wind Intensity (for Wind on Open Structures).
ADD A WIND/ ICE LOAD

1. Expand the Model >Physical Model >Loads >Load Groups section of the Tower
2. Select the load group where you wish to add a wind/ ice load.
3. From the load group's pop-up menu, select Wind/ Ice Load and then the specific
wind/ ice load you wish to add.
4. A new load appears in the load group with the default properties.
ASSIGN A WIND/ I CE LOAD

See "Assign Generated Wind, Ice, and Seismic Loads" on page 145
EDIT A WIND/ ICE LOAD

The following properties are displayed for a wind/ice load:
151 STAAD(X) Tower
Wind/Ice 222G Load Properties

n
n
Ref. No. A value automatically generated by the application (non editable).

Wind Speed Wind speed as provided in the associated wind parameters (non editable).
Apply Load Case Select the applied load case used from the drop-down list. This
accounts for azimuth, inclusion of ice, and load level.
Ice Density This value is determined based on type of ice selected above (normally 56
lb/ft3 for solid ice and 30 lb/ft3 for rime ice).
Ice Thickness This value is retrieved from the TIAdatabase based on geographic location (non editable).
Wind/Ice 222F Load Properties

n
n
n
n
Ref. No. A value automatically generated by the application (non editable).

Wind Type Specifies if the wind includes ice per the referenced wind load parameters
(non editable).
Wind Speed Wind speed as provided in the associated wind parameters (non editable).
Wind Azimuth Angle of wind on the structure from the GX axis in the XZ plane.
Ice Density This value is determined based on type of ice selected above (normally 56
lb/ft3 for solid ice and 30 lb/ft3 for rime ice). Disabled if a wind-only load.
Ice Thickness This value is retrieved from the TIAdatabase based on geographic location(non editable). Disabled if a wind-only load.
Wind Load on Open Structure Properties

n
n
n
Load Definition Used to select the number corresponding to the wind load definition
you wish to associate this load with.
Type Describes the type of load applied (non-editable).
Overall Factor A scale factor for the total wind load. Can be used to provide a base
magnitude.
Direction Vector Provide the relative direction vector magnitudes to describe the
angle of the wind load in the global X, Y, and Z directions.
DELETE A WIND/ ICE LOAD

A wind/ice load cannot be deleted from the model file.
Seismic Loads
You may add seismic loads per TIA/EIA 222G to your tower model.
User Manual 152
Hint: In order to use seismic loads, you must first create a set
of associated Seismic Load Parameters.
ADD A SEISMIC LOAD

1. Expand the Model >Physical Model >Loads >Load Groups section of
the Tower Model Explorer Window.
2. Select the load group where you wish to add a seismic load.
3. From the load group's pop-up menu, select Seismic Load and then
the specific seismic load you wish to add, based on governing specifications.
4. A new load appears in the load group with the default properties.
ASSIGN A SEISMIC LOAD

See "Assign Generated Wind, Ice, and Seismic Loads" on page 145
EDIT A SEISMIC LOAD

Individual seismic load parameters are displayed in the Properties Window:
1. Select the seismic load you wish to edit in the Model >Physical Model
>Loads >Load Groups entry in the Tower Model Explorer.
2. The seismic load parameters are displayed in the Properties Window.
Seismic Load Properties

n
Direction Select which Global (GX or GZ) direction the selfweight

load will act along.
DELETE A SEISMIC LOAD

A seismic load cannot be deleted from the model file.
Analysis
The Analysis branch of the Tower Model Navigation window contains all the information for analytical model entities such as member segments, nodes, and primary
load cases.
Whole Model
The Whole Model is the default analysis model. As the name suggests, this is an analysis of a mathematical model which is decomposed from the entire physical model.
Perform Analysis
You can run an analysis of the tower model from the Tower Model Explorer Window by
153 STAAD(X) Tower
selecting Perform Analysis from the Whole Model's pop-up menu.

Also refer to the Run Analysis command.
Load Cases
Analytical model load cases are composed from the individual load groups applied to
the physical model. These are the only loads which are passed onto the analysis engine
for a given Analytical model (i.e. - results will not be available for load groups applied to
the physical model).
Primary Load Cases

Primary Load Cases are direct combinations of individual load types which were are
listed in the Model section of the Model Explorer Window. Here you will add loads of the
same type together to form load cases which are passed to the analysis engine, including
factored load combinations.
Add Primary Load Case
1. Select the Analysis Model >Whole Model >Load Cases >Primary section of the Model
Explorer Window.
2. Select Add Primary Load Case from the pop-up menu.
Edit Primary Load Case
After creating and naming the Primary Load Case, the aggregate load types must be
selected in the Properties Panel. Each load type may be individually added to the Primary Load Case by double-clicking in the upper portion of the Properties Panel. After
choosing, you must click on Add or Add All to generate and assign the primary load to
the model. Each load type may have a load factor applied once selected.
Delete Primary Load Case
1. Select the load case you wish to delete from the Model Explorer Window.
2. Select Delete from the pop-up menu.
Analytical Objects
The physical model is decomposed into analytical objects for the purpose of analysis.
These objects are included here for review.
Display the Analytical Model
To view the Analytical model, simply select the Model >Analysis >Whole Model >
Analytical Objects section of the Tower Model Explorer Window. The model is then displayed in the View window.
See Also: View Modes
User Manual 154
Nodes
A list of all analytical nodes is displayed under this entry of the Tower Model Explorer
Window. These entities are not directly editable. You must edit the physical model elements.
Members
A list of all analytical members is displayed under this entry of the Tower Model
Explorer Window. These entities are not directly editable. You must edit the physical
model elements.
Results
Upon performing an analysis on the model, tables and graphs of the results of that analysis will be available in this section of the Tower Model Navigator.
Displacements Results
Results on the geometric displacement of the tower structure elements under applied
loads are found here.
Node Displacements
This section provides you with a table for the displacements and rotations at each analytical node in the model for every primary load case. The table includes displacements
parallel to the global coordinate system, as well as the resultant displacement distance,
and the rotation of the node about each of the global axis.
155 STAAD(X) Tower
VIEW THE JOINT DISPLACEMENT TABLE

To display a table of joint displacements:
1. Select the Model >Analysis>Whole Model >Results >Displacement Results > Node
Displacements section of the Tower Model Navigator.
2. From the pop-up menu, select Show Joint Displacements Table.
3. The table is displayed on the Joint Displacements Table tab in the Output window.
Deflected Profile
STAAD(X) Tower provides you with standard deflected shape profiles for the analyzed
tower structure. These diagrams show the horizontal deflection, tilt, and twist of the
tower along its height. Along with each deflection graph, you will also see a table with
the deflection values at each panel level.
VIEW HORIZONTAL DEFLECTION PROFILE CHART

1. Select the Model >Analysis >Whole Model >Results > Displacement Results >
Deflected Profile > Horizontal Deflection section of the Tower Model Navigator.
2. The corresponding deflection diagram and table appears in the property pane.
User Manual 156
VIEW TILT PROFILE CHART

Deflected Profile > Tilt section of the Tower Model Navigator.
2. The corresponding tilt diagram and table appears in the property pane.
157 STAAD(X) Tower
User Manual 158
VIEW TWIST PROFILE CHART
Deflected Profile > Twist section of the Tower Model Navigator.
2. The corresponding twist diagram and table appears in the property pane.
Force Results
Results on the internal forces and stresses of the tower structure elements under applied
loads are found here.
159 STAAD(X) Tower
Linear Members
DISPLAY MEMBER END FORCES
This table presents you with the forces and moments in all degrees of freedom at the
either end of each analytical member segment. The table is initially ordered by
To display a table of member end forces:
1. Select the Model >Analysis>Whole Model >Results >Force Results > Linear Members
>Member End Forces section of the Tower Model Navigator.
2. From the pop-up menu, select Show Member End Forces Table.
3. The table is displayed on the Member End Forces Table in the Output window.
FORCE/ DISPLACEMENTS
This feature is not yet implemented.
MEMBER FORCE GRAPHS

MEMBER STRESSES
View Leg Compression Curves

For each leg of the tower structure, STAAD(X) Tower generates envelope diagrams of the
axial compression along that leg's height. To view a specific leg's compression curve:
1. Under the Model >Analysis>Whole Model >Results >Force Results > Leg Compression Curves section of the Tower Model Navigator, select the entry for the leg you
wish to inspect.
2. The compression curve with the envelop of analyzed loads for the selected leg is then
displayed in the Properties window.
User Manual 160
Reaction Results
Results on the tower structure boundary conditions under applied loads are found here.
Display the Reactions Table

To display a table of reactions:
1. Select the Model >Analysis>Whole Model >Results >Reaction Results > Reactions
section of the Tower Model Navigator.
2. From the pop-up menu, select Show Support Reactions Table.
3. The table is displayed on the Support Reactions Table in the Output window.
161 STAAD(X) Tower
Design
The Design branch of the Tower Model Navigation displays results of your member code
check for designing tower structures.
Note: Design results are not available until a successful analysis and code check
are performed.
DISPLAY DESIGN RESULTS

You can view a summary table of the design as well as have the members which have
failed a code check graphically highlighted.
User Manual 162
1.
In the Tower Model Navigator window, select the Design entry.

or
On the Results ribbon tab, click the Show All Results button in the Design Results
group.
The Design Results table opens in the Output Window and the View Window highlights any members which have not passed a code check.
See also: Show Selective Results button.
4.1 Foundation Tab

The foundation tab of the Tower Model Explorer is the mode to create and design the
foundations for tower structures and guys.
163 STAAD(X) Tower
Note: Foundations are not available for Monopole structures. This tab will not be
present in the interface when a monopole tower model is open.
Isolated Footing
Isolated footings are concrete foundations that support the structure by soil bearing. Isolated footings are added on the Foundations tab of the Tower Model Navigator window.
ADD A ISOLATED FOOTING

1. On the Foundation entry of the Tower Model Explorer, right click to display the pop-up
menu.
2. Select Add Isolated Footing from the list.
3. A new isolated footing entry is added below.
ASSIGN A ISOLATED FOOTING

1.
2.
3.
4.
Select the supports you wish to assign a isolated footing to.

Select the isolated footing entity you wish to use from the Tower Model Explorer.
Right click to display the pop-up menu.
Select Assign.
EDIT A ISOLATED FOOTING

1.
Select the isolated footing entity you wish to use from the Tower Model Explorer.
The parameters are displayed in the Properties window.
Isolated Footing Parameters
The parameters for Isolated footings are separated into different pages. These pages are
selected by the menu list found in the Property Window when a isolated footing entity is
selected. The following pages are available:
User Manual 164
Geometry
n
Footing Details
n
Dimensions method STAAD(X) Tower can calculate the required isolated footing size for you or perform checks on a specified set of foundation dimensions you provide. To have the program perform a
foundation design for you, select the Calculate-Check option. To specify a fixed set of foundation dimensions, select the Set option.
L/B ratio Specify the ration of length to base width for the footing in
plan. A square footing will have a L/B ration of 1 (default).
Set Minimum / Maximum Dimensions Specify the limits for Thickness (parallel to the global Y axis), Length X, and Width Z for the
block footing if you are using the Calculate-Check method.
Set Increment for Design Iteration - Specify the Thickness and Plan
Dimension step increments which will be used for footing design.
Plan Dimensions length and width will use the same increment setting.
Note: Maximum Dimensions and Set Increment for Design
Iteration will not be available. If you wish to specify a fixed
set of dimensions, then the Set Minimum Dimension parameters will remain available for editing.
Sliding &Overturning Check

n Coefficient of Friction The coefficient of friction for the soil and concrete contact surface. Enter in decimal form.
n Factor of Safety (Sliding)
n Factor of Safety (Overturning)
n Offset X & Z If the supported joint is not centered on the spread footing, then specify the offset distance along the plan
Column
n Consider Pedestal Select this option if the isolated footing has a pedestal between the spread footing and the supported joint of the tower
structure.
n Height, Depth, and Width Specify dimensions for the pedestal.
165 STAAD(X) Tower
Cover Soil
n
n
n
n
n
Footing Clear Cover

Unit Weight of Soil Density of the soil used. Use one density for soil above and below
the footing.
Soil Bearing Capacity Use the allowable soil bearing capacity.
Depth of Soil Above Footing Depth of the soil above the top surface of the footing.
Surcharge Loading Additional surface loading above the foundation.
Concrete Rebar
n
n
n
n
n
Unit Weight of Concrete Strength of Concrete Yield Strength of Steel Minimum/ Maximum Bar Size Minimum/ Maximum Bar Spacing Rename a Isolated Footing entity
1.
2.
3.
4.
Select the isolated footing entity you wish to rename from the Tower Model Explorer.
Right click to display the pop-up menu.
Select Rename.
Enter a new name and press Return.
DESIGN A ISOLATED FOOTING

STAAD(X) Tower will analyze the foundation and, depending on the options you have
set in the Properties window (see Dimension method), it will resize the footing to satisfy
the applied loads.
1. Select the isolated footing entity you want to design from the Tower Model Explorer.
3.
Select Design.
The Output window will display the progress and results. The View Window will
dynamically update to reflect any changes in geometry.
User Manual 166
DELETE A ISOLATED FOOTING

1. Select the isolated footing entity you wish to delete from the Tower Model Explorer.
3. Select Delete.
Related:
n
n
n
Refer to "Designing Isolated footings"

See "Supports" on page 134
See "Reaction Results" on page 161
167 STAAD(X) Tower
Chapter 5
Procedures and
How-Tos
5.1 STAAD(X) Tower Interopability Manager
169
169
172
175
5.5 Report Building
178
User Manual 168
5.1 STAAD(X) Tower Interopability

Manager
Since STAAD(X) Tower is part of the STAAD(X) family of products, you can also use
STAAD(X) to edit models and perform analysis. This might be used for specialized
tower structures.
You can bring an edited tower model back into STAAD(X) Tower as well. Once you
select open a externally modified tower model, the Interoperability Manager will open to
guide you through the process of accepting externally made changes. Both the previous
model created in STAAD(X) Tower as well as the model with changes made will be
shown.
The manager will walk you through a series of steps to review nodes, members, sections, specifications, supports, and loads. Grouped lists of all changes, additions, and
deletions will be displayed below in each step. You can accept the changes individually
by checking the box for each line item. Alternatively, you may accept all changes by
checking the Accept All Changes box in the lower, left-hand corner. You can select any
line item in the changes list and the corresponding element will be highlighted in the
previous and changed view windows above.
Note: If some changes have been made that STAAD(X) Tower can not tolerate,
you will be notified. This is to preserve some of the inherent properties of a
tower structure. These changes cannot be accepted in the manager.
Once you have reviewed and accepted the changes you wish to preserve, click the Next
button in the lower, right-hand corner of the manager window. Continue through all of
the types of model elements. Once you have stepped through all of the model changes,
click the Finish button. The structure with accepted changes is loaded into the
STAAD(X) Tower program.

1. Launch STAAD(X) Tower
2. Select Create a New Model link in the Start Pages Project Task panel
3. In the Setup Wizards welcome page select Self Supporting type of tower
169 STAAD(X) Tower
4. Provide the following set of mandatory input in the Setup Wizard

A. Base Tower Properties
n Number of Legs: 4 leg
n Base Face Width (ft): 10
n Top Face Width (ft): 2
n Elevation At Base (ft): 0
n Base Tower Height (ft): 40
n Number of Panels: 5
n Horizontals: Yes
n Default Bracing Type: X Brace RD1
A. Member Properties
B. Maximum Permissible Length (ft): 0 [No restrictions]
n Leg Members- Type of Section: Angle, Section Name:
L6x6x1, Steel Grade: A36, Type of Angle: Single Angle
n Horizontal Members - Type of Section: Angle, Section
Name: L4x4x3/4, Steel Grade: A36, Type of Angle: Single Angle
n Diagonal (Bracing) Members - Type of Section: Angle,
Section Name: L2x2x3/8, Steel Grade: A36, Type of
Angle: Single Angle
C. Specification - Consider all diagonal members as Truss: Yes
D. Support: Fixed
E. Load (Apply Selfweight load): Yes
5. In the Navigation window, select Physical Model > Tower Information. In the Property
List, change the Base Width from 10 ft to 12 ft
6. In the Navigation window, select Physical Model > Objects > Panels > Panel 1. In the
Property List, change the Face A > Bracing Pattern from XBraceRD1 to K2BraceDown
Property List, change the Face A > Bracing Pattern from XBraceRD1 to XBraceRD2
Property List, change the Panel Width from 6 ft to 4 ft and press enter to make it constant
Hint: At any point of time you can switch to the View page to explore the different viewing utilities (like physical/analytical model, member filters such as only
legs/horizontals/bracing members, face wise views, etc.)
9. Switch to the Components page
A. Select Add Components > Antenna
n Select any of the top panels top most node to place the
antenna
n In the Property List, you can change the Leg Id option
to relocate the antenna at same level
B. Select Add Components > Appurtenance
n Select any of the physical leg member (the point where
you clicked will be aligned with the bottom most duct
of the appurtenance)
n In the Property List, change the Offset Distance to 12
in, you can also select any other Description to change
the shape of the appurtenance
User Manual 170
10. Load Generation

A. In the Navigation window, select Load > Load Generation Parameters
B. Select Add Wind/Ice Parameters and then select TIA/EIA[222G] Definition
C. In the property window change the classification option to Class II
and make the Exposure category to option D
D. Explore the option Load Cases and check the wind (no ice) load case
option for 0 degree, 45 degree and 90 degree
E. Simultaneously Load Groups are generated in the navigation window.
Explore the load groups and right click on the individual load groups
and click the Assign option to assign Load Groups to the model
F. In the Navigation window, select Load > Load Generation Parameters
G. Select Add Seismic Parameters and then select TIA/EIA[222G] Definition
H. In the property pane change the Classification to Class II and Site
Class to C
I. Right Click the option Load Groups and add a new load group
J. Select the Seismic Load option and click the Assign option to assign
Seismic Load to the model
11. Analysis
A. In the Navigation window, select Analysis > Whole Model > Load
Cases > Primary
B. From the pop-up menu of Primary tree node create a new primary load
case, i.e., Primary Load Case1
C. Select the option Primary Load Case1 and then select Load group 1
and 2 and click add
D. From the pop-up menu of Primary tree node create a new primary load
E. Select the option Primary Load Case2 and then select Load group 1
and 3 and click add
F. From the pop-up menu of Primary tree node create a new primary load
G. Select the option Primary Load Case3 and then select Load group 1
and 4 and click add
H. From the pop-up menu of Primary tree node create a new primary load
I. Select the option Primary Load Case4 and then select Load group 1
and 5 and click add
J. To analyze the model go to Run Analysis menu item in the tool bar
and click it. You will be asked to save the tower file prior to analysis
12. Post Analysis Table
A. In the Navigation window, select Results > Displacement Results >
Node Displacements. Thus you can view the Joint Displacement Table
in the output pane
B. Select Results > Force Results > Linear Members > Member End
Forces. This will bring up the Member End Forces Table in the output
pane
C. Select Results > Reaction Results > Reaction to see the Support Reaction Table in a similar way
D. From the Model page go to the Results page
171 STAAD(X) Tower
E. Select the buttons named Axial Force, Shear Y Force, Shear Z Force, Torsion, Bending Moment Y, Bending Moment Z, Displacement, Beam
Stress, and Support Reaction all available in the tool bar one by one to
see the corresponding diagrams respectively
F. Chose physical member selection cursor, if not selected earlier
G. Select the Show Result Box button in the tool bar and then select any
physical member. A popup window will appear which will show the
changing values with the change in length
H. Toggle off the Show Result Box Button
I. Select the Show Force Graph button in the tool bar and then select any
physical member. The graph will appear in the output pane. Now move
the slider at different distances to see different member forces.
J. Toggle off the Show Force Graph button
K. Select Show Member Stress button in the tool bar and then select any
physical member. The corresponding UI will appear in the property
pane. By varying the slider measure the Corner stresses.
L. Toggle off the Show Member Stress button
M. Select Results > Displacement Results > Deflected Profile > Horizontal
Deflection in the navigation pane. The deflection diagram will appear in
the property pane
N. Select Results > Displacement Results > Deflected Profile > Tilt in the
navigation pane. The tilt diagram will appear in the property pane
O. Select Results > Displacement Results > Deflected Profile > Twist in the
navigation pane. The twist diagram will appear in the property pane
P. Select Results > Force Results > Leg Compression Curves > Leg A in the
navigation pane. The corresponding leg compression graph will be displayed in the property pane. Repeat the same for other legs
Q. To perform Member Design go back to the Model page and select the
menu item named Check Code
R. Once the code checking is performed successfully, switch back to the
Results page.
S. Select Show All Results button in the tool bar. This will generate a table
comprising of critical information for all members along with graphical
representation of the failed and passed members
T. Toggle off the Show All Results button
U. Select the Show Selective Result button in the tool bar and select any
physical member. This will display a table comprising of detail design
results for the selected physical member

1. Launch STAAD(X) Tower
2. Select Create a New Model link in the Start Pages Project Task panel
3. In the Setup Wizards welcome page select Guyed type of tower
User Manual 172
4. Provide the following set of mandatory input in the Setup Wizard

n Number of Legs: 4 leg
n Base Face Width (ft):5
n Tapered At Base: Yes
n Horizontals: Yes
n Number of Panels: 10
n Number of Tapered Panels: 3
n Default Bracing Type: None
B. Guy Level Information
n Guy Level 1: Yes - Elevation: 30, Standard: ASTM,
Size: Cable2, Anchor Radius: 60
C. Member Properties
n Maximum Permissible Length (ft): 0 [No restrictions]
n Leg Members - Type of Section: Angle, Section Name:
L2x2x1/8, Steel Grade: A36
n Horizontal Members - Type of Section: Angle 83, Section Name: L2x2x1/8, Steel Grade: A36,
n Diagonal (Bracing) Members - Type of Section: Angle,
Section Name: L2x2x1/8, Steel Grade: A36
n Guy Pull Of Member
n Type of Section: Angle, Section Name: L2x2x1/8, Steel
Grade: A36
n Guy Diagonal Member - Type of Section: Angle, Section
Name: L2x2x1/8, Steel Grade: A36
D. Specification - Consider all diagonal members as Truss: Yes
E. Support At Base Node: Fixed
F. Support At Anchor Node: Pinned
G. Load (Apply Selfweight load): Yes
Hint: At any point of time you can switch to the View page to explore the different viewing utilities (like physical/analytical model, member filters such as
only legs/horizontals/bracing members, face wise views, etc.)
5. Load Generation
C. In the property window change the classification option to Class II
and make the Exposure category to option D
option for 0 degree and wind (ice) 0 degree
173 STAAD(X) Tower
6. Analysis
A. In the Navigation window, select Analysis > Whole Model > Load Cases
> Primary
C. Select the option Primary Load Case1 and then select Load group 1 and
2 and click add
E. Select the option Primary Load Case2 and then select Load group 1 and
3 and click add
case, i.e., Primary Load
G. To analyze the model go to Run Analysis menu item in the tool bar and
click it. You will be asked to save the tower file prior to analysis
7. Post Analysis Table
in the output pane
B. Select Results > Force Results > Linear Members > Member End Forces.
This will bring up the Member End Forces Table in the output pane
E. Select the buttons named Axial Force, Shear Y Force, Shear Z Force, Torsion, Bending Moment Y, Bending Moment Z, Displacement, Beam
I. Select Show Member Stress button in the tool bar and then select any
physical member. A property pane will appear which will show the
Corner stresses by varying the slider
J. Select the Show Force Graph button in the tool bar and then select any
physical member. The graph will appear in the output pane. Now move
the slider at different distances to see different member forces
K. Toggle off the Show Force Graph button
L. Select Show Member Stress button in the tool bar and then select any
M. Toggle off the Show Member Stress button
N. Select Results > Displacement Results > Deflected Profile > Horizontal
Deflection in the navigation pane. The deflection diagram will appear in
the property pane
O. Select Results > Displacement Results > Deflected Profile > Tilt in the
P. Select Results > Displacement Results > Deflected Profile > Twist in the
navigation pane. The twist diagram will appear in the property pane
User Manual 174
Q. Select Results > Force Results > Leg Compression Curves > Leg A in
the navigation pane. The corresponding leg compression graph will be
displayed in the property pane. Repeat the same for other legs
R. To perform Member Design go back to the Model page and select the
menu item named Check Code
S. Once the code checking is performed successfully, switch back to the
Results page.
T. Select Show All Results button in the tool bar. This will generate a
table comprising of critical information for all members along with
graphical representation of the failed and passed members
U. Toggle off the Show All Results button
V. Select the Show Selective Result button in the tool bar and select any
8. Report Generation
A. Select Report Button in the toolbar. Explore the tree node named
Reports and drag the elements which you want to view in the Report
Entity Pane
B. The reports will be generated and click the option Export To in the toolbar and select the desired file format you want and save the file

1.
2.
3.
4.
Launch STAAD(X) Tower

Select Create a New Model link in the Start Pages Project Task panel
In the Setup Wizards welcome page select Monopole type of tower
Provide the following set of mandatory input in the Setup Wizard
n Stepped: Yes
n Number Of Section: 4
B. Member Properties
n Maximum Permissible Length (ft): 0 [No restrictions]
n Default Section - PIPE10SCH60
n Default Support - Fixed
n Self weight Load - Applied
Hint: At any point of time you can switch to the View page to explore the different viewing utilities (like physical/analytical model, member filters such as
only legs/horizontals/bracing members, face wise views, etc.)
5. Changing Parameters
A. In the Navigation window, select Physical Model > Objects > Panels
B. Select Pole Section 1 and change the Length value to 30 ft
175 STAAD(X) Tower
C. In the Navigation window, select Physical Model > Profile >Add Pipe
Section
D. A Section Explorer window will open up
E. Click Search Button and select the Section Named PIPE8XXS,
PIPE6XXS, PIPE5XXS and Click the Add To Model button one by one
F. Select the Physical Member Cursor and select the Physical Member corresponding to Pole Section 2
G. In the properties pane change the Section from PIPE10SCH60 to
PIPE8XXS in the sections combo box
H. Next select the Physical Member corresponding to Pole Section 3
I. In the properties pane change the Section from PIPE10SCH60 to
J. Next select the Physical Member corresponding to Pole Section 4
K. In the properties pane change the Section from PIPE10SCH60 to
L. Select Component tab and then select Platform option and then click on
the Tower Model at a desired position
M. Repeat the above step for two times and thus three platforms are
mounted on the model
N. Visit Physical Model > Components > Platforms to see those platforms
6. Load Generation
C. In the property window change the classification option to Class II and
make the Exposure category to option D
option for 0 degree, with ice 45 degree
F. In the Navigation window, select Load > Load Generation Parameters
G. Select Add Seismic Parameters and then select TIA/EIA[222G] Definition
H. In the property pane change the Classification to Class II and Site Class
to C
I. Right Click the option Load Groups and add a new load group
J. Select the Seismic Load option, change the Direction to GZ in the property pane and click the Assign option to assign Seismic Load to the
model
7. Analysis
A. In the Navigation window, select Analysis > Whole Model > Load Cases
> Primary
C. Select the option Primary Load Case1 and then select Load group 1 and
2 and click add
E. Select the option Primary Load Case2 and then select Load group 1 and
3 and click add
User Manual 176
G. Select the option Primary Load Case3 and then select Load group 1
and 4 and click add
H. From the pop-up menu of Primary tree node create a new primary load
I. Select the option Primary Load Case4 and then select Load group 1
and 5 and click add
J. To analyze the model go to Run Analysis menu item in the tool bar
and click it. You will be asked to save the tower file prior to analysis
8. Post Analysis Results
in the output pane
B. Select Results > Force Results > Linear Members > Member End
Forces. This will bring up the Member End Forces Table in the output
pane
E. Select the buttons named Axial Force, Shear Y Force, Shear Z Force,
Torsion, Bending Moment Y, Bending Moment Z, Displacement, Beam
I. Select Show Member Stress button in the tool bar and then select any
physical member. A property pane will appear which will show the
Corner stresses by varying the slider
J. Select the Show Force Graph button in the tool bar and then select any
physical member. The graph will appear in the output pane. Now
move the slider at different distances to see different member forces
K. Toggle off the Show Force Graph button
L. Select Show Member Stress button in the tool bar and then select any
M. Toggle off the Show Member Stress button
N. Select Results > Displacement Results > Deflected Profile > Horizontal
Deflection in the navigation pane. The deflection diagram will appear
in the property pane
O. Select Results > Displacement Results > Deflected Profile > Tilt in the
P. Select Results > Displacement Results > Deflected Profile > Twist in
the navigation pane. The twist diagram will appear in the property
pane
Q. To perform Member Design go back to the Model page and select the
menu item named TIA222G and then Check Code
177 STAAD(X) Tower
R. Once the code checking is performed successfully, switch back to the

Results page.
S. Select Show All Results button in the tool bar. This will generate a table
comprising of critical information for all members along with graphical
representation of the failed and passed members
T. Toggle off the Show All Results button
U. Select the Show Selective Result button in the tool bar and select any
9. Report Generation
A. Select Report Button in the toolbar. Explore the tree node named
Reports and drag the elements which you want to view in the Report
Entity Pane
B. The reports will be generated and click the option Export To in the toolbar and select the desired file format you want and save the file
5.5 Report Building

Reports are created from the Reports ribbon tab. Once this tab has been selected, the
Tower Model Explorer, Properties, and Output windows are cleared. The Report Document Map and Selected item lists open on the left hand side and report document view
fills the remainder of the program window.
The following procedure outlines the steps involved with report generation:
1. Expand the tree items in the Report Document Map.
2. Click and drag individual report entities from the Report Document map to the Selected
Item List.
3. Click the Generate Report button to see a preview of the report in the document window.
4. You can use some of the following tools to customize the look of your report:
n Customize the display of text, tables, and graphics
n Add a color or watermark with page background
n Change the print format of your report
5. Export your report to one of many file formats or print a hard-copy
User Manual 178
179 STAAD(X) Tower
Chapter 6
Customization
6.1 Configurations
180
181
185
186
6.1 Configurations
This dialog allows you to customize the news your receive via the in-program RSSfeed
reader integrated into the Start Page. You can filter the types of notifications that your
receive as well as the geographic regions some of these items pertain to.
User Manual 180
Hint: It is recommended that you not alter the News Channel information so
that the appropriate product related news will included in the RSSfeed.
The Configurations dialog is launched from the Start Page > Project Tasks section.

You may change many of the rendering and labeling options for the View window to
better suite your needs when working with a tower model in STAAD(X) Tower. The Preferences heads up display allows you to make these changes. To launch the Preferences
heads up display:
1. Right click anywhere in the View window.
2. Select Preferences from the pop-up menu.
181 STAAD(X) Tower
The options on each tab are displayed below. Any changes made are updated in realtime in the View window. Once you have set the options as desired, simply click anywhere outside of the Preferences head up display to dismiss the it.
Physical Model tab
Color options- You can set rendering colors for Leg, Horizontal, Bracing, and cable
members individually using standard Microsoft Windows color palettes(available on different tabs in the drop-down menus of each item). The Selection option allows you to set
the highlight color for selected physical members, regardless of member type.
Render options - You can specify how you want physical members to be rendered.
Wireframe draws an outline around the limits of the physical shape. Solid fills in the
physical shape with the selected rendering color. Outlined combines both wireframe and
solid views. You can also set the Transparency of the solid rendering using the slider,
which can aid in viewing complex models.
Label - Select the Display box to toggle on labels for physical members. You can set the
font properties using the included options.
User Manual 182
Support tab
See the Physical Members tab for description on preference options for supports.
Antenna tab
183 STAAD(X) Tower
See the Physical Members tab for description on preference options for antennas.
Appurtenance tab
See the Physical Members tab for description on preference options for appurtenances.
User Manual 184
Load tab
Load Diagram - You can select the colors for loads. You can also set the line width
and end arrow type to your preference.
Label - Select the Display box to toggle on labels for load symbols. You can set the font
properties using the included options. You can also set the alignment of the label with
respect to load symbol.

Refer to Component Catalogs for additional information.
ADD CUSTOM COMPONENTS

You can also add custom components to the catalog for reuse:
185 STAAD(X) Tower
1. From the Components ribbon tab, click the catalog icon for the classification of component you wish to add: Antenna, Appurtenance, Platform, or Steel Cable.
2. When the catalog window launches, click the New button to create a new catalog
entry.
3. Select the Type of for the component entity you are adding. This list varies based on the
component class catalog.
4. Add a description and the required dimensions and weights.
5. Once you have completed all fields, click the Save button. The new custom entry will
be added to the catalog by the description you provided.
Warning: If you attempt to enter invalid values for dimensions or weights, a
will be displayed before the value field. If the magnitude seems correct, be sure to
check the units you are attempting to specify.

You can customize the style of report notes and tables.
CUSTOMIZE ITEM APPEARANCE

When you have added one or more items to a Report Entity in the Selected Items List
field, you have the option to customize those items.
1. Select the items you wish to customize in the Selected Items List.
2.
Click the
button (Add Custom Info) above the Report Entity list.
or
Right-click on the entry in the Selected Items List and select Add Customization
3. Depending on the type of entity selected for customizing, a different dialog will appear
with available options. See Note Customization or Table Customization below.
4. Once you have made all changes, click OK to accept (or Cancel to discard).
5. Customized report items will have a check mark to signify changes have been made.
6. (Optional) If you did not select to Refresh View Immediately, then regenerate the report
to update the Report View to reflect customized items.
REMOVE CUSTOMIZED APPEARANCE

1. Select the items you wish to customize in the Selected Items List.
2. Click the
button (Remove Custom Info) above the Report Entity list.
User Manual 186
Note Customization
You can customize the style for note items using this dialog.
Table Customization
Table Sytle Tab
You can customize the style for table items using this tab.
187 STAAD(X) Tower
Data SQL Operation Tab

You can use SQL database queries for custom table content generation. Statements can
be entered in the SQL Statement field directly. If you would like some assistance in building a custom table, see Using the SQLStatement Wizard below.
User Manual 188
Diagram Customization
You can customize the style and appearance of a picture using this feature.
189 STAAD(X) Tower
Using the SQLStatement Wizard

From the Data SQLOperation tab, you can create a new SQLStatement by using the
included Wizard. This powerful tool allows you to generate custom output elements from
the database of analysis results.
User Manual 190
This product feature is not yet documented.
191 STAAD(X) Tower
Chapter 7
Output and Tables

192
7.2 Tables
193
This section documents the Output and Tables window, which is docked in the lower portion of the screen by default.

Program messages are displayed here when STAAD(X) Tower performs operations such
as analysis and design.
User Manual 192
Hint: Pay close attention to Warning and Error messages displayed here. They
will help you isolate any issues with your tower model.
7.2 Tables
STAAD(X) Tower can display model data in tabular format for easy review and editing.
You may display tables for items via their pop-up menu found in the Tower Model
Navigation Window.
Hint: Some of the most commonly used tables are also accessible from the
Model ribbon tab.
193 STAAD(X) Tower
platform
65, 132
cost summary
55
cross-section
51
D
degree of freedom
109
design
40, 162
displacement
155
E
explorer
11
F
Chapter 8
Index
forces
159
foundation
163
block
164
G
guy levels
guyed
A
American code
40
analysis
39, 153
analytical model
153
analytical objects
154
antenna
See components, antenna
guy cables
26
See members, guy cables
guy level
121
guy mount
123
I
Indian code
40
IS 800
40
See components, appurtenances
IS 806
40
application menu
appurtenance
See guyed, guy level
C
code check
41
components
127
IS 800
See Indian code, IS 800
IS 806
See Indian code, IS 806

L
antenna
61, 127
libraries
133
appurtenances
63, 130
load cases
154
dish antenna
61, 127
primary
154
load generation parameters
135
STAAD(X) Tower Manual 194
Index: load groups vew
load groups
144
restrained
109
loads
135
results
155
joint
147
displacement
155
member
148
force
159
seismic
152
reaction
161
selfweight
146
wind and ice
151
M
material
51, 104
material take-off
55
members
ribbon
10
S
Schifflerized Angle
54
section
51
selection
37
making a
38
diagonal
118
self-supporting
23
guy cables
120
shapes
51
horizontals
117
slenderness
40
legs
116
STAAD(X) button
model tab
96
monopole
19
O
offsets
structure builder template

model from a
60
new
59
112
structure propety catalog
insertion point
114
member end
112
P
37
template
59
40
105
TIA/EIA
partial release
109
torque arm
See components, platform
primary load cases
51
tables
panel
platform
59
126
Tower Model explorer
11
U
See load cases, primary
profile
51
unit cost
55
properties panel
13
units
16
R
release
V
109
195 STAAD(X) Tower Manual
vew
37
view
48
direction
48
modes
41
rotate
48
tools
48
zoom
49
view pane
12
W
wizard
guyed
26
load generation
140
monopole
19
self-supporting
23
Z
zoom
49
STAAD(X) Tower Manual 196
Index: view zoom
Table 3-4: Table: Rotate view

commands
Table 3-5: Table: Zoom
group commands
Table 3-6: List of Standard,
Hot-Rolled Steel Calalog
54
Shapes in STAAD(X) Tower
Table 3-7: Table: View
Results commands
Table 3-8: Table: Report Tem75
plate commands
Chapter 8
List of
Tables
Table 3-9: Table: Report

Printing commands
77

page setup commands
screen navigation commands
80

view zoom commands
82
page watermark commands
Table 1-1: Some typography

conventions used in this document.
Table 2-1: Table: Help Menu
14
navigation tools.
Table 2-2: Available units of
Length and Force in
STAAD(X) Tower
Table 3-1: Table: File level
tools found in the Start Tab
> File Group
Table 3-2: Table: Default contents of the Quick Access
36
Toolbar, with their functions.
Table 3-3: Table: Cursors for
38
model entity selections.
197 STAAD(X) Tower Manual
Table 4-1: Table: Insertion

points for W-Shapes, M114
Shapes, S-Shapes, and HP
Shapes
Table 4-2: Table: Insertion
points for C Shapes and MC 115
Shapes.

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Chapter 1 Getting Started

1.1 What is STAAD(X) Tower V8i?

1.2 What is New in STAAD(X) Tower V8i SELECTseries 1?

1.3 Help and Documentation

HTML and PDF Documentation and Help Files

Printing Help and Documentation Files

1.4 Document Conventions

1.5 Procedure Conventions

1.6 Technical Support

2.1 A Tour of the STAAD(X) Tower Environment

2.2 Units in STAAD(X) Tower

Coordinates in STAAD(X) Tower

2.3 New Model Wizards

Chapter 3 Command Reference: The Ribbon

3.1 Start Ribbon

3.2 The Model Tab

3.3 The View Tab

The Tools Tab

3.4 Components Ribbon Tab

The Results Tab

3.5 The Report Tab

Chapter 4 Command Reference: The Navigation Tree

5.1 STAAD(X) Tower Interopability Manager

5.2 Tutorial for Self-Supporting Tower

5.3 Tutorial for Guyed Tower

5.4 Tutorial for Monopole Tower

5.5 Report Building

6.2 Display Preferences

6.3 User Defined Components

6.4 Report Item Customization

Chapter 7 Output and Tables

7.1 The Output Window

Chapter 8 List of Tables

1.2 What is New in STAAD(X) Tower V8i SELECTseries 1?

1.3 Help and Documentation

HTML and PDF Documentation and Help Files

Printing Help and Documentation Files

1.4 Document Conventions

1.5 Procedure Conventions

1.6 Technical Support

1.1 What is STAAD(X) Tower V8i?

1.2 What is New in STAAD(X) Tower V8i

V8i SELECTseries 1 (Release 08.02.01)

V8i (Release 08.01.02)

1.3 Help and Documentation

HTML and PDF Documentation and Help

Adobe Acrobat Reader: http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/

Printing Help and Documentation Files

Select File >Print.

1.4 Document Conventions

1.5 Procedure Conventions

1.6 Technical Support

Service Ticket Manager - http://www.bentley.com/serviceticketmanager - Create

2.2 Units in STAAD(X) Tower

Coordinates in STAAD(X) Tower

2.3 New Model Wizards

2.1 A Tour of the STAAD(X) Tower

The Application Menu Button

The Tower Model Explorer window

(plus sign) next to any item expands that item to display