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To solve these
problems we need the
pipe components,
which are called
PIPE FITTINGS
We need some
branch
connections
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TERMINAL CONNECTIONS.
STRAINER
JOINT
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Should not hinder any normal passage way. Also should not encroach any
equipment maintenance space.
Not Preferable
Preferable
While carrying out pipe routing we also need to consider the following
For Pipeline which shall carry liquid, we have to make sure that all air is
allowed to vent out of the line when the line is filled with liquid.
To achieve this a VENT connection with Valve is provided at the top most point
of the pipeline.
Let us look
into typical
Vent and
Drain
arrangement
in a pipeline
PIPELINE DRAINS
AND VENTS
This is a 3D model
of Feed water line
along with pumps
and other
accessories
INSULATION - When hot fluid flows through pipe then generally pipe is insulated.
There are two primary reasons for insulating the pipe carrying hot fluid.
Containing the heat inside the pipe. Insulation preserves the heat of the fluid. It is
called Hot Insulation
Personnel safety, so that people do not get burn injury by touching hot surface of
pipe. It is called Personnel Protection Insulation
Cold pipes are also insulated
INSULATION
Cold or chilled fluid carrying pipes are insulated to prevent heating of cold fluid
from outside. It is called Cold Insulation.
When gas flows through pipes at high velocity, it creates noise. In such cases
pipes are insulated to reduce noise. It is called Acoustic Insulation.
Some times pipe and its content are heated from outside, by heat tracing
element. In that case pipe along with heat tracing element are insulated to
conserve the heat of the tracer. It is called Heat Tracing Insulation.
Pipe Material Selection - to select appropriate pipe material based on flowing fluid property.
Find out type
of Fluid
flowing
Find out
Fluid Temp.
& Pressure
Check Pipe
life
Expectancy
Select suitable
Material per
practice (Note-1)
Pipe
Material
OK
NO
See Note1
Pipe Sizing Calculation - to select required pipe diameter based on velocity and pressure drop.
Find out
Flow volume
per second
Check Velocity
Allowable per
second
Calc. Press.
Drop for that
Pipe size
Piping Calculations
Check Press.
Drop meets
Press. Budget
YES
Pipe
Size
OK
NO
Increase
Pipe Size
Pipe Thickness Selection - to select appropriate pipe thickness based on flowing fluid property.
Select Mat.
& Diameter
as above
Find out
Fluid Temp.
& Pressure
Decide on
Corrosion
allowance
Calc. Pipe
Thickness per
Code
In Power plant there are some piping which carries steam at high pressure and
temperature. And also there are piping which carries water at High pressure.
These pipes carries the main cycle steam and water of the steam power plant.
First the pipe material selection for such piping is very important as it has to
withstand the high pressure and may be also high temperature.
As these pipes carry the main system fluid of the power plant, they are given
the right of way, and routed at beginning of the overall plant layout.
Steam pipes run at very high temperature and the hot pipes expand. We have to
built in flexibility in the high temperature pipe routing so that the expansion
CRITICAL PIPING
Also there should be enough flexibility in these pipe routing so that high loads
are not transferred to the nozzles of Turbine or Pumps
There are many recognized international codes which lay down guide lines and
mandatory requirements for design of such piping.
The most important codes used by power plant piping engineers are
ASME ANSI B31.1- Power Piping Code & IBR - the Indian Boiler Regulation
We have already seen that some of the pipes are subjected to high pressure
and high temperature. Also pipes carry the load of the flowing fluid.
We need to check and confirm the pipe is not going to fail with these loading.
This process of checking the stress developed in the piping due to various
loading is called Pipe Stress Analysis/Flexibility analysis.
In the process of Analysis we apply various postulated loading on the pipe and
find out the stress resulted from these loading.
We also check out the terminal point loading generated from pipe to the
equipment connected to the pipe. This loading are to be within acceptable
limits of the equipment suggested by the vendors.
We also find out the pipe growth due to change in temperature and need to
keep the movement of pipe within acceptable limits.
Pipe Stress Analysis is an Interactive and Iterative process. Each step is
checked
If a check fails we have to go back, modify the layout and restart the analysis.
Tools we use
Outputs
Variable Spring
R
i
g
R
i
g
i
i
d
d
H
S
a
u
n
p
Dynamic
Support,
g
p
Snubber
e
o
r
r
t
Rigid Support
Minimum pipe size to be routed under ground shall be not less than1 inch.
Keep in mind if pipe leaks U/G, it will be difficult to detect, so avoid U/G routing of pipe
carrying hazardous fluid.
Pipe to be laid below Frost Zone at areas where ambient temperature goes below freezing.
In the areas where the ambient temperature goes below freezing there is a possibility that
the liquid content of pipe may freeze while the plant is under shut down.
For similar case pipes are wrapped with heat tracing elements to maintain the content
temperature above freezing (around 4 deg. C) even when the ambient temp. is below
freezing.
Electric Heat tracing is done by wrapping electric coil around pipe, which turns on as the
ambient temperature goes down. Pipes are insulated over the heat tracing coils.
Heat tracing can also be done by winding Steam tubes around main pipes.
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