Computer Notest Merit Mock Ibps Exam1123

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Complete Computer
Guide for IBPS
Bank and Other
Govt. Exams
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Shared by : Nitika Maheshwari
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Complete Computer Guide for Bank exams
For more study material visit us at www.meritmock.com
DEFINE COMPUTER
Computer is an electronic device that manipulates data, accepts and stores the
input data for further use, processes the data and produces the output data in
required format.
HISTORY
Charles Babbage is called as Father of Computer.
Atanasoff Berry Computer (ABC) was the worlds first unprogrammable electronic digital
computer
Alan Turing is regarded as the father of modern computer science .Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC) is considered to be the first purpose electronic digital
computer.
Speed, Reliability and Storage are the parameters on which the power of the
computer is judged.
COMPUTER GENERATIONS
First Generation (1946-1959)
Vacuum tubes were used.
Batch processing operating system was used.
Machine and Assembly languages were used.
Used for scientific; later simple business system.
Some computers of this generation were: ENIAC ; EDVAC; UNIVAC; IBM-701 ; IBM-650
Second Generation (1959-1965)
Transistors were used.
Multi-Bag remaining, Time sharing operating system were used.
Magnetic cores were used as primary memory and magnetic

tape and magnetic disks as
secondary storage devices. Main memory was 100KB.
Assembly
language and high-level programming language like FORTRAN, COBOL, Algol were
used.
Used for extensive business applications, engineering design optimization scientific research.
Some computers
of this generation were: IBM 1620; IBM 7094 ; CDC 1604 ; CDC 3600 ;
UNIVAC 1108
Third Generation (1965-1971)
Integrated circuits were used in place of transistors.
Remote
processing, Time-sharing, Real-time, Multi-programming Operating System were
used.
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High-level
languages FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68, etc were
used.
Used for Database management system and online systems.
Some computers of this generation were: IBM-360

series; Honeywell-6000 series; PDP
(Personal Data Processor); IBM-370/168; TDC-316.
Fourth Generation (1971-1980)
Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits were used.
Semiconductor memory and Winchester disk were used as the memory devices.
Time sharing networks were used
Fortan 77, Pascal, Cobol high level languages were used.
Concept of internet was introduced, computers became easily available.
Some computers of this generation were:

DEC 10; STAR 1000; PDP 11; CRAY-1 (Super
Computer); CRAY-X-MP (Super Computer)
Fifth Generation (1980-till date)
VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology
Introduced AI(Artificial Intelligence) concept which is an emerging branch of Computer

Science
that interprets means and methods of making computers think like human beings.
C, C++, Java, .Net -higher level languages are used.
Some computers
types of this generation are: Desktop ; Laptop ; NoteBook ; UltraBook ;
ChromeBook
TYPES OF COMPUTER
1. PC (Personal Computer) or Micro Computer: A PC can be defined as a small, relatively

inexpensive computer designed for personal use. Personal computer is referred to as a
micro computer, a computer that uses a microprocessor for its processing. PCs are used in
Businesses for word processing, a desktop publishing, and for running spreadsheet and
database management applications. The most popular use for personal computers at home
is for playing games and surfing the Internet. Market for personal computer is extending
very fastly.
2. Mini Computer: The use of mini computers has become less popular. It was designed to
perform specific tasks. It is a midsize computer. Personal computers have replaced mini
computers.
3. Mainframe: Main Frame computers are expensive and large sized. Mainframe computers
has time sharing and Multi tasking Techniques due to which it is capable of supporting
hundreds, or even thousands, of users simultaneously. A specific type of environment is
required for the working of the computer.
4. Super Computer: They are very powerful, expensive as well as the fastest computers.
Supercomputers are used for the applications that require large amounts of mathematical
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calculations. For example, weather forecasting, scientific simulations, (animated) graphics,
fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, electronic design, and analysis of
geological data.
BASIC COMPUTER OPERATIONS
1. Input- The process of entering the data into the system. Data are the raw facts entered into the
computer. Input can be in the form of Programs, Commands and Users Response.
*Programs-Set of Instructions.
*Commands-Special codes or keywords entered by the user to perform a specific task.

*Users Response- Users response to the computer in the form of yes or no.
2. Storage-The process of saving the data and instructions permanently.
*Instructions-It is the type of action taken on the input data.
3. Processing- The process of performing arithmetic, logical operations on the data in order
to convert it into useful information.
* Information- It is the meaningful data or the final result which has been processed.
4. Output- The process of displaying the useful information to the user.
FUNCTIONAL UNITS
1. Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU): ALU performs arithmetic and logic operations like Addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division, logic and comparison. It is a part of execution unit.
2. Control Unit (CU): Control unit controls the operations for all parts of computer. It does not
perform any data processing operations. It gives command to transfer data from the input
device into memory and from memory to ALU. It performs various functions
Fetch-It gets an instructions from the main memory

Decode-Translates instructions into computer commands
Execute-It processes the commands
Store- It stores the result into the main memory
Functions of this unit are:
Controls and transfers the data and instructions to the other parts of a computer.
It manages and coordinates all the units of the computer.
It obtains the
instructions from the memory, interprets them and directs the operation of the
computer.
It communicates with Input/output devices for transfer of data or results from storage.
It does not process or store data.
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3. Central Processing Unit: CPU processes whatever input is entered into the computer. It is the part of
the computer where the entire work is performed. It is also known as the brain of the computer. The
ALU and the CU of a computer system are jointly known as the Central Processing Unit.
Machine cycle
Fetch-In a machine cycle, instructions is fetched from the main memory.

Decode-The fetched instruction is translated into computer commands.
Execute-The command is actually processed.
Store-In this cycle, the result is written into the main memory.
Processor Speed-
Processor speed is measured in megahertz (Mhz) or in gigahertz. Processor speed is affected

by system clock rate. The rate of an electronic pulse is used to synchronize processing.
Components of Computer
INPUT Devices: The data into computer is entered through the Input devices. It translates the data
into computer understandable form. Below are the examples of the Input devices1. Keyboard-The keyboard is the most common and popular input device.
Usually Keyboards are of two sizes 84 keys or 101/102 keys, but now 104 keys or 108 keys
keyboard is also available for Windows and Internet.
Computer Keys
-Typing Keys: Includes letter A-Z and digits 0-9.

-Numeric Keypad: It is used to enter numeric data or cursor movement. Generally, it consists of a set
of 17 keys.
-Function Keys: Arranged in a row along the top of the keyboard. Each function key has unique
meaning and is used for some specific purpose.
-Control keys: Provide cursor and screen control. Includes Home, End, Insert, Delete, Page Up, Page
Down, Control (Ctrl), Alternate (Alt), Escape (Esc).
-Special Purpose Keys: These are Enter, Shift, Caps Lock, Num Lock, Space bar, Tab, and Print Screen.
2. Mouse- Mouse is the most popular pointing device. It has two buttons called left and right button
scroll bar is present at the mid. Mouse can be used to control the position of cursor on screen, but it
cannot be used to enter text into the computer.
*Pointing Device-Any human interface device which allows a user to input spatial data into a
computer.
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3. Track Ball: It can be used as an alternative to the mouse. In trackball, ball is half inserted and by
moving fingers on ball, pointer can be moved. The user just rolls the track ball only.
4. Joystick Joystick is a pointing device which is used to move the cursor on the monitor. It is
used in Computer Aided Designs (CAD) and Playing games.
5. Scanner- It is uses to capture a page and converts it into digital form.
6. Digital Camera
7. Microphone-It is used as a sound input to input sound. It can be used to enter text to any word
processing application with the voice recognition software in the computer.
8. Touch Screen-Input is given by touching the screen. Touch screen is used in many mobile phones.
They are used in cash machines and shopping centres.
9. Magnetic Ink Card Reader - MICR input device is majorly used in bank to process a large number
of cheques. The bank's code number and cheque number printed on the cheques with a special
ink consisting of particles of magnetic material which are machine readable. MICR is fast and less
error prone.
10. Optical Character Reader (OCR) - It is used to read a printed text. OCR scans text optically
character by character and converts them into a machine readable code.
11. Bar Code Reader- It is used for reading bar coded data (light and dark lines) Bar. Bar Code Reader
scans a bar code and converts it into an alphanumeric value.
Output Devices-Output devices translate the computer's output which has been processed into
useful information.
1. Visual Display Unit (VDU) Or Monitor-It is the main output device of the computer. The output
displayed on screen is called soft copy. There are two kinds of viewing screen used for monitors:
-Cathode-Ray Tube
-Flat-Panel Display
2. Printers - Most common Input device which is used to print information on paper. The output
printed on paper is known as a hard copy.
There are two types of Printer:
-Impact Printer
-Non-impact Printer
Impact Printers - The printers that print the characters by striking against the ribbon and onto
the paper are called impact printers.
Characteristics of Impact Printers are the following:
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Low consumable costs

Very noisy
Useful for bulk printing due to low cost
There is physical contact with the paper to produce an image
Types of Impact Printers
Dot Matrix Printer
Daisy Printer
Line Printer
Drum Printer
Chain Printer
Non-Impact Printer - These printer prints the characters without striking against the ribbon and
onto the paper is called Non-impact Printers. These printers print a complete page at a time. They
are also called as Page Printers.
Characteristics of Non-impact Printers:
Faster than impact printers.

They are not noisy.
High quality.
Support many fonts and different character size.
Types of Non- Impact Printers
Laser Printer
Ink-jet Printers
3.Data Projectors- It projects the image onto a wall screen. Watching a movie in a theatre is
an example of projector.
4. Speaker- It gives you the same output from your computer.
5. Headphones- They are similar to speakers, they are worn on to ears.

6. Floppy disk- Floppy disk is used to record information. The information recorded can be used
later.
COMPUTER MEMORY-
Computers internal storage area which holds the data and instruction during processing is called the
Computer Memory. Both programs and data are stored in the binary form. The memory is divided
into large number of small parts called cell. Each location or cell has a unique address, which varies
from zero to memory size minus one. The memory of computer is measured in Byte, Kilobyte,
Megabytes and Gigabytes.
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Types of Memory
1. Primary Memory
When the data is entered into a computer, it gets stored in the Primary memory. Primary Memory
holds the data and instruction on which computer is currently working and the intermediate
results. When power is switched off it lost all data this happens due to its limited capacity.
-It is also known as main memory. It is also known as the temporary memory.
-It is volatile memory as the data is lost when the computer is switched off.
-It is faster than Secondary memory.
The two basic kind of Primary Memory are:

1. RAM (RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY)
All the active data and programs are stored in RAM so that they are easily available and accessible
by the CPU.
It is volatile which means it lost its data when the power is switched off.
RAM can hold only small amount of data.
It is also known as read and write memory.

RAM is of two types
Static RAM: The static RAM retains its memory contents as long as power is applied.
Dynamic RAM: D-RAM continually needs to be refreshed in order for it to maintain the data.
2. ROM (READ ONLY MEMORY)
ROM is a non-volatile memory; it retains its contents even without a power source. The data
written on ROM is permanent. The data stored in ROM cannot be changed.
Bootstrap is an operation that is required to start computer, during this process instructions are
loaded from the ROM.ROM is more reliable and cheaper than RAM.
Following are the various types of ROM:
MROM (Masked ROM) -The first ROMs were hard-wired devices which contained a preprogrammed
set of instructions. They were known as masked ROMs. They were inexpensive
ROM.
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PROM (PROGRAMMABLE ROM) - PROM is read-only memory which can be modified only
once by a user. The data
is entered by user in the blank PROM using a PROM programmer.
PROM is not erasable.
EPROM (ERASABLE AND PROGRAMMABLE ROM)-The

EPROM can be erased by exposing it to
ultra-violet light for duration of up to 40 minutes.
EEPROM (ELECTRALLY ERASABLE AND PROGRAMMABLE ROM)-The EEPROM is programmed
and
erased electrically. It can be erased and reprogrammed about ten thousand times.
Both RAM and ROM make up the primary memory of the computer.
2. Secondary Memory or Auxiliary Memory
Secondary Memory is a non volatile which means data is stored permanently even if the power is
switched off. It is used for storage of the data in computer.
The Information in the secondary memory is not directly accessible to CPU, as it is moved from the
secondary memory to the primary memory first and then to the CPU. It is also known as the
permanent memory.
Common Examples of secondary Memory are:
Magnetic Tape: Long plastic tape coated with magnetic material. The speed of data access
can be slow, when
the tape is long. This is used for mainly major backups of large
amounts of data.
Floppy Disk: It is plastic disk

coated with magnetic material on which the information stored
and is directly accessible.
Hard Disk: A hard disk can store data from 10 megabytes to several gigabytes.
Cache Memory- Cache memory acts as a buffer between memory and CPU. A cache is a
temporary storage area where regularly accessed data is stored for speedy access. It is faster
than the main memory and
consumes less access time. The space in cache memory is limited
and it is very expensive.
Optical disk
In an optical disk, data are arranged in a spiral groove on starting from the centre of
the disk.
The different types of optical disk use different materials and methods to absorb and
reflect the light.
Digital data is in the form of 0 and 1.
Disk Format
Tracks- A track is a circular ring on one side of the disk and each track has a number.
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Sectors- A disk sector is a wedge shaped piece of the disk. A track sector is the area
of intersection of a track and sector.
Clusters- A cluster is a set of track ranging from 2 to 32. 1 cluster is the minimum space used
by any read or write.
Cylinders- A cylinder is a set of matched tracks.
Flash memory-
They are solid state devices that read and write data electrically, instead of magnetically.
The devices like digital cameras, digital camcorders and cell phones use compact flash,
smart media or another flash memory card.
USB drive-
They are known as flash drive, flash pen, thumb drive, key drive and mini- USB drive.
They are small in size and can plug into a USB port on the computer.
They have storage capacities from 8GB to 1GB.
Removable Hard drives-
They are special drives that compress data.
They are regular external hard drive that can be used for backup.
Optical cards-
A chip on this type of card holds information like health records and other auto repair
records.
They can hold more data than the smart cards as they dont need to do any processing.
MEMORY UNITS
The data is stored in the storage unit. The storage capacity is expressed in terms
of Bytes.
Following are the main memory storage units:

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1. Bit
One binary digit
A binary digit is logical 0 & 1 representing a passive or an active state of a

component in an electric circuit.
2. Nibble
4 bits
A group of 4 bits is called nibble
3. Byte
8 bits
A group of 8 bits is called byte. A byte is the smallest unit, which can represent a
data item or a character.
4. Word
16 to 64 bits
The length of a computer word is called word-size or word length and it may be as
small as 8 bits or may be as long as 96 bits .A computer stores the information in
the form of the computer words.
5. Kilobyte(KB)
6. Megabyte(MB)
7. Gigabyte(GB)
8. Terabyte(TB)
9. Petabyte(PB)
1024Bytes
1024 KB
1024 MB
1024 GB
1024 TB
Physical Components:- Many physical components are involved in processing. They

are:-
1. Microprocessors
2. Memory Devices
3. Motherboard
Microprocessor- The CPU, ALU and memory is contained in a single silicon chip known as the
Microprocessor. It is located on a large circuit board, known as the motherboard.
The microprocessor is very small in size.
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Memory Devices- Memory devices include Vaccum tubes, core and Semi Conductor.
MOTHERBOARD
The motherboard has a number of ports to connect all of the parts of a computer
together. A motherboard connects CPU, memory, hard drives, optical drives, video card,
sound card and other ports and expansion cards directly or via cables. It can be considered
as the backbone of a computer.
Motherboard contains ports to connect all of the internal components.
Port-A computer port is a physical docking point using which an external device can be connected to
the computer.
Following are the various types of important ports
Serial Port-It is used for external modems and older computer mouse.
Parallel Port-It is used for scanners and printers. It is also known as the printer port.
PS/2 Port-It is used for old computer keyboard and mouse. It is also called a mouse port.
Universal Serial Bus (or USB) Port-It connects all kinds of external USB devices such as external
hard disk, printer, scanner, mouse, keyboard, etc.
VGA Port-Connects monitor to a computer's video card.
Firewire Port-Transfer large amounts of data at very fast speed.Connects camcorders and
video equipments to the computer
Modem-Connects a PC's modem to the telephone network.
Ethernet Port-Connects to a network and high speed Internet.Connects network cable to

a computer.
Game Port-Game port connects a PC to a joystick. It is now replaced by USB.
Digital Video Interface, DVI port connects a Flat panel LCD monitor to the computer's high-end
video graphic cards. Very popular among video card manufacturers.
Sockets-Connect microphone, speakers to sound card of the computer
Connectors-Connectors is used to connect hard drives, floppy drives and CD-
ROM Memory Slot- There are four short slots for the semi conductor memory.
Power connection-This is the slot where power supply connects to the motherboard.
Processor Socket- This is the slot where the processor plugs into the motherboard.
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SOFTWARE
Software is a set of instructions that guides computer to process its job. Computer software
cannot be touched. The functions like controlling the hardware, performing computations,
human interactions etc, are performed by computer software.
Types of software: A. System Software
B. Application software
C. Utilities Software
SYSTEM SOFTWARE:
System software is a collection of programs designed to operate, control and extend the processing
capabilities of the computer itself. Operating System, Compiler, and Interpreter etc are the examples
of system software.
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
Application software is a setoff programs designed for a particular application.

Examples of Application software are: Microsoft word, Microsoft Excel, Railway reservation
software.
UTILITIES SOFTWARE
This software is requested by other application programs. Example of utility software- Antivirus etc.
Hardware
Hardware is the part of computer that can be seen and felt by touching. The other computer
equipments are called peripherals. Printer, Modems, scanners etc are the examples of hardware.
OPERATING SYSTEM
An operating system is a set of programs which performs various types of functions to manage and
organize files.
Operating system acts as a link between the software and the computer hardware.
It is specialised software that controls and monitors the execution of all other
programs that reside in the computer, including application programs and
other system software.
Common Operating System: MS DOS, Windows XP, Windows 7, UNIX, LINUX.
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Operating system can be categorised as
Multi-user- Allows two or more programs to run at the same time.

Multi-tasking-Allows one or more program to run simultaneously
Multi processing- Allows a program on more than one CPU.
Multi threading-Allows different part of a single program to run simultaneously
Real time processing-It responds to the input instantly. Real time processing is use to control
machinery, scientific instruments and industrial systems.
Functions of Operating system:-Processing commands
-Controlling and execution of programs
-Managing devices (storage and retrieval of files)
The functions involved in the management of resources are as follows
Process Management
Memory Management
Input/Output Management
Information management
User interface
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MICROSOFT WORD FEATURES

MICROSOFT WORD
Microsoft word is an excellent word processor that allows the user to create letter,
resume, report and announcements. File Extension for MS Word : .doc or .docx . A
word processor is similar to a conventional type writer with some additional features.
It provides a general set of tools entering, editing and formatting text.
MICROSOFT WORD FEATURES

Header and Footer: Header and footer is text or graphics that appear on the top
and bottom of a page. Header and footer contains the page number, the date of a
company logo that is usually printed at the top or bottom of each page in a
document.
Title Bar: The Title bar shows the name of the file on which you are working. In
this there are three buttons on the right hand side: Minimize (reduces the window
down), Maximize (to make the window full size) and Close (to close the window).
Menu Bar: The Menu Bar is placed below the Title bar and it consists of
various options.
File Menu: From File menu user can perform the functions such as Create a new
document, open existing file, save files and print.
Home Tab: It provides options that can change the font, size, colour, alignment,
bullets and numbering, organization and style of the text.
Insert Tab: It provides the options to insert Tables, links picture, clipart and symbols.
Page Layout Tab: It includes Themes, page setup, Page Background.
Ruler: It shows the width of the document which can be increased or decreased.
Workspace: It is the area where the text can be entered.
Thesaurus: It is used to find the synonym for a word in the document.
Spell check: It is used to check the spelling and grammar mistakes and also
provide the possible alternative for incorrectly spelt word.
List of Commonly used key that have special functions in MS Word :
1. Backspace key: This deletes letters backward.
2. Delete key: This deletes letter forward.
3. Shift key: This when press with another key will perform a secondary function.
4. Spacebar key: This enters the space between the words or letters.
5. Tab: This will indent what user type, or move the text to right. The default
indent distance is usually Inch.
6. Caps Lock : This key when pressed , will capitalized every letter
7. Control (Ctrl): This when pressed WITH another key, performs a shortcut.
8. Enter: This either gives a new line, or executes a command.
9. Arrow Keys: Used to navigate through a document or page.
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MICROSOFT WORD SHORTCUTS
Function Keys
NAME OF
THE KEY Function key
Ctrl +Function
key
Shift+ Function key
Alt+ Function key
F1
Open the help

Window
Display the reveal

formatting pane
Go to next field
F2
Move text or
graphics
Switch to print
preview view
Copy text
F3
Cut to the spike
Change the case of

letters
Creating a new building block
F4
Repeat the last

action
Repeat a find or go to
Close the window action
Exit word
F5
Display the Go
To dialog box
Move to the last

change
Restore the Word Window size
F6
Go to the next
pane or frame
Go to the next
window
Go to the previous
pane or frame
Move form an open dialog box back to the

document ,for dialog boxes as such as find and
replace that support this behaviour
F7
Show the
spelling dialog
box
Show the thesaurus

task pane
Find the text or grammatical error
F8
Extend a
selection
Shrink a selection
Run a Macro
Update the
selected fields
Insert an empty
field
Switch between a
field codes and its
result
Switch between all field codes and their results
Show the key
Maximize the
Display a shortcut
menu
Maximize the world window
F9
F10
F11
tips on the
ribbon
Go to the next
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document
window
Lock a field
Go to the previous
Display the Microsoft Visual Basic code window

field
F12
Field
Show the save

as dialog box
Show the open

dialog box
Basic Shortcut keys Keys
Save the changes to

the document
Name of the Key
Description
Ctrl +N
Starts a new Blank Document
Ctrl +O
Display the open Dialog Box
Ctrl +W
Close the Active Document
Ctrl +S
Save a document
Ctrl +P
Display the print Dialog Box
Alt +Ctrl +I
Switch to and from Print Preview view
Alt +Ctrl +P
Switch to Print Layout View
Ctrl +F
Display the find dialog box
Ctrl +H
Display the Replace dialog box
Ctrl +G
Display the Go To dialog box
Ctrl +Z
Undoes the last action
Ctrl +C
Copy selected text and graphics to the office clipboard
Ctrl +X
Cut selected text and graphics to the office clipboard
Ctrl +V
Paste the post recent addition to the office Clipboard
Ctrl +F9
Insert a Blank field
Shift +Enter
Start a new line in paragraph
Ctrl + Enter
Insert a page break
Ctrl + A
Selects the entire document
Ctrl + D
Opens the font dialog box to change the formatting of characters
Shift + F3
Changes the case of letters
Ctrl + B
Applies or removes bold formatting
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Ctrl + U
Applies or removes underlining
Ctrl + I
Applies or removes italics formatting
Ctrl + 1(One)
Sets a single line spacing
Ctrl + 2
Sets a double line spacing
Ctrl + 5
Sets 1.5 line spacing
Ctrl + 0(zero)
Adds or removes one line space preceding a paragraph
Ctrl + E
Switches a paragraph between centred and left alignment
Ctrl + J
Switches a paragraph between justified and left alignment
Ctrl + R
Switches a paragraph between Right and left alignment
Ctrl + L
Applies left alignment
Ctrl + M
Indents the paragraph from the left
Ctrl + T
Creates hanging Indent
Ctrl + Q
Removes a paragraph formatting
Ctrl + Del
Deletes word to the right of the cursor
Ctrl + Backspace
Deletes word to the left of the cursor
Ctrl + End
Moves cursor to the end of the document
Ctrl + Home
Moves cursor at the beginning of the document
Ctrl + Alt + 1
Changes text to heading 1
Ctrl + Alt + 2
Ctrl + Alt + 3
Alt + Ctrl + F2
Open new document
Shift + Insert
Paste
Ctrl + Shift + F6
Opens another Microsoft Word document
Alt + Shift + D
Insert the current date
Alt + Shift + T
Insert the current time
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Ctrl + K
Inserts link
Ctrl + Shift + F
Change the font
Ctrl + Shift + *
View or hide non printing characters
MICROSOFT EXCEL
It is a part of MS Office. Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet application. It features Calculation,

graphic tools, Pivot tables and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for
Application (VBA).
MICROSOFT EXCEL FEATURES
Worksheet : It is a grid of cells made up of horizontal rows and vertical columns .

It contains 65536 rows and 256 columns.
Row Number : Each row is given a number .

Column Letter : Each column is given a letter starting from A, ,Z ,AA,..ZZ and
so on.
Cell : It is basic unit of worksheet where numbers ,text ,formulae etc ., can be place.
Cell Pointer : It is a cell boundary that specifies which cell is active at that moment.
Current Cell : It is a cell which is active.
Range of Cell : It is a group of contiguous cells that forms a rectangular area
in shape.
Work Book : A worksheet is a grid of cells made up of rows and columns .
Data in Worksheet : Three types of data can be entered numbers/characters
,text and formulae.
Formula : It is a sequence of values , cell address ,names functions or operators
in cell that produces a new value form existing values.
Cell Referencing : Each cell in worksheet has a unique address ,when cell address
is referred in formulas it is called Cell Referencing .
Relative Referencing: Cell Referencing in which the cells are refereed by
their relative position in which worksheet relative to a particular cell.
Absolute Referencing : Cell referencing in which the cells are referred by their
fixed position in the worksheet.
Mixed Referencing : Combination of relative and absolute referencing .
Functions : Functions are predefined formulae, that perform calculations by
using specific values called arguments.
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Structure: The structure of a function begins with the function name, followed by an
opening parenthesis argument for the function separated by commas and a closing
parenthesis.
Charts: Charts are the pictorial representation of worksheet data.
Area chart: An area chart emphasises the magnitude of change over time.
Column chart: A column chart shows data changes over a period of time.
Bar chart: It illustrates comparisons among individual items.
Line chart: It shows trends in data at equal intervals.
MICROSOFT EXCEL SHORTCUTS

Shortcut Keys
Shortcut keys
Description
F2
Edit the select cell
F5
Go to the specific cell
F7
Spell check selected text and /or document
F11
Create a chart
Ctrl +Shift+;
Enter the current time
Ctrl+;
Enter the current date
Alt+Shift +F1
Insert a new worksheet
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Shift+F3
Open the excel formula window
Shift+F5
Bring up search box
Ctrl+A
Select all the contents of the worksheet
Ctrl+B
Bold highlighted section
Ctrl+I
Italic highlighted section
Ctrl +K
Insert Link
Ctrl +U
Underline highlighted section
Ctrl +5
Strike through highlighted section
Ctrl+P
Bring up the control dialog box to begin printing
Ctrl +Z
Undo last section
Ctrl + F9
Minimize current window
Ctrl+ F10
Minimize currently selected window
Ctrl +F6
Switched between work books/ windows
Ctrl+Page Down/Ctrl+Page
Up
Move to the next / previous worksheet in current workbook.t
Ctrl + Tab
Move between two or more open Excel files
Alt+ =
Create a formula to sum all of the above cells
Ctrl +
Insert the value of the above cell into cell currently selected
Ctrl + Shift + !
Apply the Number format with two decimal places, thousands separator, and minus sign (-)
for negative values.
Ctrl+Shift+$
Apply the Currency format with two decimal places.
Ctrl+Shift+#
Apply the Date format with the day, month, and year
Ctrl+Shift+%
Apply the Percentage format with no decimal places
Ctrl+Shift+@
Apply the Time format with the hour and minute, and indicate A.M. or P.M.
Ctrl+y
Redo last action (multiple levels)
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Microsoft PowerPoint
The application software that can create professional slides is called Presentation Graphics software.
Operation-
PowerPoint presentation consists of a number of individual pages or slides.

Slides may contain text, graphics, movies or other objects.
Powerpoint facilitates the use of consistent style using templates.

Presentation can be printed or displayed live on a computer and navigated through at the command
of presenter.
Components of slides-
Title- A descriptive heading to identify a slide.
Subtitle- A brief message or description of the slide.
Drawing Objects-Drawing objecys include Autoshape, curves, lines, word art etc.
Clipart and pictures- Pictures and graphics are available in MS office suite. SlideIt shows slide and its contents.
Slide sorter- It displays the entire set of slides on screen, so that you can check the order
and completeness of the presentation
Slide show- It displays the presentation of slide at a time in sequence
Animations and Transitions- Transitions are the special effect that introduce a slide in a slide show.
Animations are special sound or visual effects that can be added to the text
Microsoft PowerPoint Shortcut keys

Shortcut keys
Ctrl + A
Select all items on the page
Ctrl + P
Opens print dialog Box
Ctrl + C
Ctrl + S
Ctrl + V
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Description
Copy
Save
Paste

Ctrl + X
Cut
F5
View slide show
Ctrl + Z
Shift + Ctrl + Home

Shift + Ctrl + End
Spacebar or Mouse Click

S
Esc
Ctrl + A
Ctrl + B
Ctrl + D
Ctrl + F
Ctrl + G
Ctrl + H
Ctrl + I
Ctrl + M
Ctrl + N
Ctrl + O
Ctrl + T
Ctrl + U
Ctrl + V
Ctrl + W
Ctrl + Y
Home
End
Ctrl + Home
Ctrl + End
Page Up
F7
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Undo last change

Select all text from the cursor to the start of the active text box
Selects all text from the cursor to the end of the active text box
Move to next slide
Stop the sho. Press S again to restart

Ends the slide show
Select al items on the page
Applies the Bold to the selected text

Duplicates the selected object
Opens the Find dialog box
Opens the Grids and Guides dialog box

Opens the Replace dialog box
Applies Italics to the selected text

Inserts a new slide
Opens a blank new presentation

Opens the open dialog box
Opens font dialog box
Applies Underlining to the selected text

Paste
Closes the presentation
Repeats the last command entered
Moves cursor to the beginning of current line of text

Moves cursor to the end of current line of text
Moves cursor to the beginning of presentation

Moves cursor to the end of the presentation
Moves to previous slide
Spell check
DBMS-
DBMS stands for Data Base Management System.
A database is a collection of data of a particular type.
A DBMS is well organized collection of data, instead of unsorted collection of files.

Data in the database is stored in tables.
An table is a row and column arrangement of information.
A DBMS is a collection of interrelated data and a set of programs to retrieve data from
the database.
RDBMS-
RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management systems.
A RDBMS is a multi table database where the tables in the database have to be related
for storing or retrieving data.
A RDBMS is used to create and maintain relational databases.
Components of Table-
Each table in a database has a unique name that identifies it from other contents.
A table is also called a relation.
The data in a table is organized under various categories.
Each category which is arranged vertically is called a column.

A column is referred to as a field.
Data organized horizontally is labelled as a row.
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Computer Virus
A computer virus is a malware program which when executed, replicates itself into computer
programs, data files, or the boot sector of the hard drive. The affected areas by a virus are said to
be "infected".
A Virus harms the computer by using hard disk space or CPU time. Viruses also access the private
information of the user, corrupts data, spamming their contacts, or logging their keystrokes.
Not all viruses attempt to hide themselves.
In simple words, viruses are self-replicating computer programs which install themselves without the
user's knowledge.
Types of Virus-
1. Macro Virus- Macro virus harms the documents which use macros such as word processing and
excel spreadsheet documents. A macro virus is written in macro language.
2. Companion Virus- A virus that creates a new file with same existing filename.
3. Virus hoax- A computer virus hoax is a message, can be a false e-mail warning the recipients
to forward it to everyone they know.
4. Computer prank- It is a prank related to either the software or the hardware of computers.
5. WORM- A computer worm is a computer program that replicates itself in order to spread to
other computers. It mostly uses a computer network to spread itself. Unlike a computer virus, it
does not need to attach itself to an existing program.
6. Trojan horse- A Trojan horse is a generally non-self-replicating type of code which when
executed, causes loss or theft of data, and possible system harm.
Some of the famous computer virus1.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Creeper-1971
Elk cloner-1982
The Morris Internet worm-1988
Melissa-1990
I Love You-2000
Code red-2001
Nimade-2001
SQL slammer-2003
Blaster-2003
Sasser-2004
Anti-Virus Software- Antivirus software is a computer software used to prevent, detect and remove
malicious software from computer. It is also known as Antivirus and anti-malware.
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Antivirus software detects and removes computer viruses from the system. Antivirus software also
provides protection from other computer threats as there is rapid increase of other kinds of
malwares. Now days, an antivirus protects computer from malicious Browser Helper Objects
(BHOs), browser hijackers, ransomware, keyloggers, backdoors, rootkits, trojan horses, worms,
malicious LSPs, dialers, fraudtools, adware and spyware.
Antivirus software uses two techniques to accomplish its task
Scanning files to find known viruses matching definitions.
Identifying any doubtful behaviour from any computer program that might infect the
computer.
Other Security Threats
Phishing- Phishing is an attempt to acquire sensitive information such as usernames,

passwords, and credit card details by masquerading as a trustworthy entity in an electronic
communication.
Spam- Spamming is sending unsolicited messages, especially advertising, as well as sending

bulk messages on the same site or through an e-mail.
Malware- Malware disrupts computer operation, gather sensitive information, or gain

access to private computer systems without the users knowledge.
Adware-It is a software package which automatically starts advertisement.
Spyware- Spyware is software that gathers information about a person or organization
without their knowledge and may send such information to another entity without
the users knowledge.
Firewall- A firewall is a network security system which controls the incoming and outgoing
network traffic based on a set of rules. A firewall establishes an obstacle between a trusted,
secure internal network and another network. Firewalls exist both as a software solution
and as a hardware appliance.
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Networking and Internet-
A network is a group of two or more computer systems connected together. The communication
between two or more computer systems connected together is called computer networking.
There are many types of computer networks, including: local-area networks (LANs) , MANs, WANs.
1. LAN(Local Area Network)-
The local area network is designed to operate over a small area such as an office, building
or groups of building.
A LAN connects network devices over a short distance.
LANs are easy to design and troubleshoot.
In LAN, all terminals are connected to a main computer called server.
LAN network is owned and managed by a single person or an organization.
LAN machines are connected by a single cable.
Types of LAN
Star LAN
In star LAN, all the stations are connected to a single computer.
The information after passing through its central station proceeds to its final destination.
If one node fails, the system connectivity is not affected.
Ring LAN
Point-to-point link is used to connect the cables.
There is no central station, so the data passes through its adjacent nodes to reach its
final destination.
If there is failure in a single node, the whole connectivity suffers as data passes through each
node to reach its destination.
Bus LAN
There is a single communication line.
There is no repeater.
Fault diagnosis is difficult.
2. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
MAN is bigger version of LAN , it is designed for a city or town.

It connects an area larger than LAN but smaller than WAN.
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A MAN is owned and operated by a private company or it may be wholly operated by

a private company.
We can share hardware and software resources over MAN.
A cable network is an example of MAN.
WAN is used to connect widely separated areas.
WAN is not owned by any one organization but it owned by collective or distributed
ownership and management.
3.WAN(WIDE AREA NETWORK):
The communication between different users of WAN is established by a telephone lines

or satellite links.
Types of WAN
Public Networks
The Networks owned and runned by telecommunication authorities and are made available
to individual user or organization.
Example-PSTN,PSDN,VAN,ISDN
It is designed for telephone network which requires modem for telecommunication.

It is used for FAX machine also.
Public Switched Telephone network (PSTN)
Low speed transmission, Analog transmission, easy access, it covers almost every place
are features of PSTN.
Public Service digital network(PSDN)
PSDN connects public and private mail system to have electronic mail services with other
firms.
High reliability, high quality communication, cost effective usage is the features of PSDN.
It provides electronic data interchange facility

The network is rent out to subscribers.
Exchange of information like sale purchase, invoices is done.
ISDN is used for voice, video and data services.

It uses digital transmission.
It combines both packet and circuit switching.
Private network provides services at various locations using private circuits.
Value Added network(VAN)
Integrated Service digital network(ISDN)
Private Network-
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It uses modems and multiplexes.

Large volume of data is carried at very high speed transmission.
Network Toplogies-
Topology refers to the layout of connected devices. There are two possible ways to connect the
devices1. Point to point connection
2. Multipoint connection
The meaning of topology indicated that the way in which a network is laid out. Two or more
devices connected to a link, two or more links form a topology.
Network topologies are categorized into the following basic types:
Bus Topology
Ring Topology
Star Topology
Tree Topology
Mesh Topology
More complex networks can be built as hybrids of two or more of the above basic topologies.
Bus Topology
The bus topology is usually used when a network is small, simple.

In a bus topology, there is a single cable with no active electronics to amplify the signal. In bus
topology, when one computer sends the signal, all the computers in the network receives the
information.
The speed of bus topology is slow as only one computer can send the message at one time. A
computer must wait until the bus is free. The bus topology requires proper termination at both the
ends.
Ring Topology
In a ring topology, each computer is connected to the next computer, with the last one connected
to the first one. The messages flow around the ring in one direction. There is no termination
because there is no end to the ring. Some ring networks do token passing. A short message token is
passed around the ring until the computer wishes to send the information to another computer.
Every device in a ring topology has exactly two neighbors for communication purposes. All messages
travel through a ring in the same direction (which can either be "clockwise" or "counterclockwise").
A failure in any cable or device breaks the loop and can take down the entire network.
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Star Topology
In star topology, there is one central computer to which all the other computers in the network are
connected. All the cables run from the computers to a central location where they are connected to
a device called hub.
Each computer on a star network communicates with a central hub that resends the message either
to all the computers or only to the destination computer. An active hub generates the signal aand
sends it to all computers connected to it. This type of Hub is called multiport repeater.
The network in our homes uses the star topology. A star network connects with a central
connection point called a "hub node" that may be a network hub , switch or router . Devices
typically connect to the hub with Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Ethernet.
A star network generally requires more cable as compared to the bus topology. But if there is a
failure in any star network cable will only take down one computer's network access and not the
entire LAN.
Tree Topology
A tree topology is the variation of a star. As in stars, nodes in a tree are linked to a central hub that
controls the traffic to the network.
Not every computer plugs into the central hub. But most of them are connected to a secondary hub
which in turn is connected to a central hub. The central hub is an active hub which contains
repeater. The repeater amplifies the signal and increases the distance a signal can travel
Only hub devices connect directly to the tree bus, and each hub functions as the root of a tree of
devices. This bus/star hybrid can be approached for future expandability of the network much better
than a bus or a star alone.
Mesh Topology
In mesh topology, every device has a dedicated point-to-point link to every other device. The
dedicated link carries traffic only between two devices.
The messages sent on a mesh network can follow any of several possible paths from source to
destination. Some WANs , most notably the Internet, employ mesh routing.
A mesh network in which every device connects to every other is called a full mesh.
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Internet
The Network of interconnected network which enable users to share information is called internet.
A computer that has an access to an Internet can collect information from a vast array of servers
available.
Most of the information on the internet is inter-linked with the hyper text documents and other
resources from which a user can access it.
With the help of web browser a user typically sends and receives information. Other interfaces
like e-mail, online chat, file transfer and file sharing can also be used to share information.
The movement of information on the internet is managed by interconnected computer
networks that share information by a standard TCP/IP protocol.
Internet is network of networks connected together to share information all over the world.
Internet consists of millions of private ,public, academic, business and government networks that
are connected by copper wires, fibre optic cables, wireless connections.
Internet is a way in which computers communicates and shares information.
It is worldwide collection of networks.
Internet Services
E-mail-Electronic mail is the most popular network services. The internet enables user to
exchange data and communicate with the help of electronic mail. Simple mail transfer
protocol (SMTP) protocol is a protocol used for sending an email and for receiving it is Post
office Protocol (POP3).
Chat
Chat is a form of exchanging messages by typing. Online chat refers to any kind of
communication over the Internet that allows a real-time transmission of text messages
from sender to receiver. Chat messages are generally short in order to enable other
participants to respond quickly.
Video Conferencing
Video conferencing allows users to exchange video information over the internet. It includes
an audio teleconference facility. Videoconferencing (VC) is the conduct of a videoconference
by a set of telecommunication technologies which allow two or more users to communicate
with each other by simultaneous two-way video and audio transmissions.
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TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol) - TCP/IP is the computer networking

model and set of communications protocols used on the Internet and other computer
networks. TCP/IP is most important protocols.
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), were the first
networking protocols defined in this standard. TCP/IP provides end-to-end connectivity
specifying how data should be packetized, addressed, transmitted, routed and received
at the destination.
PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) - PPP is a data link protocol which is used to establish a
connection between two nodes. It can provide connection authentication,

transmission encryption, and compression.
PPP is used over many types of physical networks which include serial cable, phone line,
trunk line, cellular telephone, specialized radio links, and fiber optic. PPP is also used over
Internet access connections. Internet service providers (ISPs) have used PPP for customer
dial-up access to the Internet, since IP packets cannot be transmitted over a modem line
on their own, without some data link protocol.
WWW- The World Wide Web (WWW, W3) is a system of interlinked hypertext documents
which are accessed with the help of Internet. It is commonly known as the Web. The pages on
the internet are called web pages which are accessed with the help of a software application
known as web browser. Web pages may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia
components, as well as web navigation features consisting of hyperlinks.
Gopher- The Gopher protocol is a TCP/IP application layer protocol for distributing,
searching, and retrieving documents over the Internet. The Gopher protocol was
strongly designed as an alternative to the World Wide Web in its early stages. But then
HTTP took over as a dominant protocol.
Wais- Wide Area Information Servers or WAIS is a clientserver text searching system
that uses Information Retrieval Service Definition and Protocol Specifications for Library
Applications to search index databases on remote computers.
Mosaic- Mosaic is the first graphical web browser. Mosaic is a web browser due to which
the World Wide Web became popular. It was a client for earlier protocols such as FTP,
NNTP, and gopher. Mosaic was named for its support of multiple internet protocols. Mosaic
was the first browser to display images with text instead of displaying images in a separate
window.
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Archie-
Archie is a tool for indexing FTP archives which allows people to find specific files.
It is considered to be the first Internet search engine. It searches its database and then gives
information about the files.
Hypertext- Hypertext is text with references (hyperlinks) to other text which the user
can immediately access. The hypertext pages are interconnected by hyperlinks. Hypertext
is the underlying concept defining the structure of the World Wide Web, with pages often
written in the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). It enables an easy-to-use and flexible
connection and sharing of information over the Internet.
Wireless LAN- A wireless local area network (WLAN) is a wireless computer network
which connects two or more devices using a wireless distribution method within a limited
area such as a home, school, computer laboratory, or office building. The users have the
ability to roam around, still be connected to the network.
ISP(Internet Service Provider) An ISP is an organization that offers users to access

to the internet and related service. Mostly ISPs are telephone companies. They provide
services such as hosting, domain name registration, dial-up.
FTP (File transfer Protocol)- FTP is used to exchange files over the internet which
supports TCP/IP protocol. In FTP transfer, there are two computers involved-one server and
other one client.
Internet Protocol Suite- IPS is the set of protocols that helps internet and
commercial networks to run.It is also called TCP/IP protocol suite.TCP/IP are the most
important protocols for transmitting data over the Internet. They are the two most
important protocols- Transmission control protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP)
NSP(Network Sevice Provider)- A NSP is an organizatiomthat sells bandwidth or

network by providing direct access to the internet. They are reffered to as Internet
providers.
Network service providers consists of telecommunications companies, data carriers,

wireless communications providers, Internet service providers and other operators
offering high speed internet.
Web Server- A web server is a program that uses client/server model and Hypertext
transfer protocol. Every website on the internet contains a website which must have a
web server program. Apache and Microsofts Internet Information Server (IIS) are the
examples of two leading web server.
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Client Server- Client server separates client from the server. The client software
send requests to a server.eg if you are visiting a website then your computer and web
browser will be considered a client and the server that hold that website would be
considered as server.
Proxy Server- A proxy server is a computer that allows a computer network to allow
an indirect network connections to other network services. A proxy server can also serve
as a firewall. A user connects to proxy server than requests a connection file which is
available on another server. The proxy server provides the resource by connecting to the
specific server.
Website- A website is a collection of web pages on the worldwide web.
Static website- A static website is one that has content which does not change frequently
and is manually updated by some person.
Dynamic website- A dynamic website is the website on which the content changes
frequently. When the server receives request, the page is automatically generated by
software in response to the request.
Web Page- A webpage is usually written in HTML/XHTML format with hyperlinks
enabling navigation from one page to another page. The extensions of webpage can vary
such as .htm, .html, .php etc. A web page is displayed with the help of web browser like
Opera, Mozilla Firefox, and Chrome. The webpage can contain-
Text
Graphics- GIF, JPEG, PNG formats
Audio-MIDI or WAV formats
Hyperlinks
Macromedia Flash
Dynamic Webpage- Dynamic web pages contain dynamic content like images,
text etc. This can change/ move without web page being uploaded.
Home Page- Home page is the first page of the website. It is also called the main page of
the website.
Uniform Resource Locator-A uniform resource locator is another name for website
address. A uniform resource locator is used with HTTP, is a specific character string that
constitutes a reference to a resource. Most web browsers display the URL of a web page
above the page in an address bar. E.g. The URL of Google search engine is www.google.com
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WAP- Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) is a technical standard for accessing
information over a mobile wireless network. A WAP browser is a web browser for mobile
devices such as mobile phones that uses the protocol.
Web Addresses- A Web address, or domain name, is an address where a website
can be found. It's how you'll express yourself through email or your website and it's what
customers think of when trying to find you.
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Applications of ComputerBusiness
A computer can perform high speed calculation, is more accurate, reliable, or versatile which made
it an important part in all business organisations.
Computer is used in business organisations for:
Payroll calculations
Budgeting
Sales analysis
Financial forecasting
Managing employees database
Maintenance of stocks etc.
Banking
Banking is totally dependent on computer.

Banks provide following facilities:
Almost all the banks today provides Internet Banking

Insurance
Insurance companies keep the records up-to-date with the help of computers. Computer is widely
used by the insurance companies, finance houses and stock broking firms.Insurance companies are
maintaining a database of all clients with information showing
Education
The computer provides a lot of facilities in the education system.
The computer provides a tool in the education system known as CBE (Computer Based Education).
CBE includes control, delivery, and evaluation of learning.
The graph of number of computer students studying computers has rapidly increased.
Marketing
In marketing, uses of computer are following:

Advertising -
At Home Shopping
Health Care
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Computers have become important part in hospitals, labs, and dispensaries. The computers are
being used in hospitals to keep the record of patients and medicines. It is also used in scanning
and diagnosing different diseases. ECG, EEG, Ultrasounds and CT Scans etc., are also done by
computerised machines.
Some major fields of health care in which computers are used are:
Diagnostic System
Lab-diagnostic System
Patient Monitoring System
Pharma Information
Surgery
Computers are widely used in Engineering purpose.

One of major areas is CAD (Computer aided design)
Structural Engineering
Industrial Engineering
Architectural
Engineering Design
Military
Computers are majorly used in defence. Modern tanks, missiles, weapons etc. Military is employing
computerised control systems. Some military areas where a computer has been used are:
Missile Control
Military Communication
Military Operation and Planning
Smart Weapons
Communication
Communication means sending a message which can be in the form of text, video or an image.
Some main areas in this category are:
E-mail
Chatting
Usenet
FTP
Telnet
Video-conferencing
Government
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Computers play an important role in government offices. Almost every government office is
equipped with a computer. It can be used in the following areas
Budgets
Income tax department
Computerization of voters lists
Computerization of driving licensing system
Computerization of PAN card
Weather forecasting
Computer Terminologies-
Active Server Pages (ASP): A standard for scripting server side web pages.
Active Cell: The cell in MS Excel with dark boundary is called the active cell.
Analog: Describing a system particularly an electronic device that uses a continuous physical
quantity to represent information.
API (Application Programming Interface): It is a set of tools for building software applications. A
good API makes it easier to develop a program by providing all the building blocks .A
programmes then put the building blocks together
Back-up File: A copy of all the files created as a safety precaution in case any harm occurs to the
original.
BASIC (Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code): An easy to use High Level language
which is now replaced by improved version of Microsoft Visual Basic.
Blind Carbon Copy (BCC): In e-mail, a copy of message that is sent to one or more persons
without the knowledge of other recipients.
Bit: Basic unit of computer which has two values 0 and 1.
Byte: One byte is a collection of 8 bits.
Basic Input /Output System (BIOS): It handles the start up operations and low-level control
for hardware .Also known as ROM BIOS.
Boot Loader: It reads the main portion of the operating system form secondary memory.
Boot: An initiating automatic routine that is read into RAM when a computer is first turned on.
This provides the necessary environment for subsequent loading of all or part of the operating
system, software application etc. It prepares the computer for use. The process of starting a
computer is called boot and restarting is called warm boot.
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Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP): It a computer networking protocol that which is used by a client to
obtain an IP address form a server. It is used to establish a connection during a computers initial
boot up during the Bootstrap process.
Bandwidth: It tells about the data transmission rate of a network or internet connection. Bandwidth is
used to calculate the amount of time that is required to send a data over a specific connection.
Bus: A bus is a communication system that allows the data to be passed back and forth inside a
computer or between the computers.
Bug: An error in a software program is called a bug.
Cache: A cache is a temporary storage area where frequently accessed data can be stored for
rapid access. It acts as a buffer between CPU and memory.
Clock speed: A rate at which a processor can complete a processing cycle is called clock speed.
.Com: .Com (Commercial) is a top level domain name used by businesses, although
individual register.
CGI (Common Gateway Interface): A standard method used to generate dynamic content on web
pages and web applications.
Cookie: Cookie is user data that is stored in a users browser to notify the application server of the
users previous activity regarding that application
Copyright: It means the material and information are the personal property of the owner
or producer.
Counter feiting: It is the process of making and distributing illegal copies of software packages.
DBMS: It stands for Data Base Management System. It is a software package to manage database.
Data processing: It is process to get meaningful information from data.
DHTML (Dynamic Hyper Text Markup Language): It is used to create dynamic content on web
pages.
Digital Signature: It is a cryptographic scheme to preserve the originality of digital documents
Dots per inch (dpi): It measures the resolution that states the number of dots that the device can
print, scan or display in a linear inch.
DNS (Domain Name System): Is a system that distributes unique name to internet resources
that identifies those resources across internet network
ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning): It is management software used in enterprises to collect,
store and manage their resources
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Ethernet: It is the most popular type of LAN, in which communication through radio frequency
signals is carried by a co-axial cable.
Ethernet Card: A network adapter that enables a computer to connect to an Ethernet.
Ethics: Ethics are rules and belief.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol): A client/ server protocol for exchanging files with a host computer.
FAX: Facsimile- used to send printed pages between two locations using the telephone line.
Firewall: They provide some protection form online intrusion but they dont protect against some
unpatched vulnerabilities in the application packages.
File: A file is a collection of related records.
.GOV: It is a government domain name denoting government office or agency.
.GIF (Graphic Interchange Format): It is a file extension which is used on the internet to encode
and Exchange graphics.
GUI (Graphical User Interface): A computer program that enables a person to communicate with
a computer through the use of symbols, visual metaphors and pointing devices.
Gateway: Gateway is server that routes between different networks
Google: Google is a search engine.
Hyperlink: A highlighted word in a text or picture in a document or web page which can be used to
go to another page by clicking it with a mouse.
Hard Disk: A hard disk is a secondary memory which can store anywhere from 10MBs to several GBs.
Hub: Hub connects multiple ethernet devices together into a single network
Hacker: A hacker is a person who breaks into a computer system to get access the information
stored there.
HTML: HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) is a markup language used to create web pages.
HTTP: Hyper text transfer protocol is used often to transfer information form WWW servers to
browsers.
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): Protocol to send error messages.
IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol): Protocol for email access and management.
IP (Internet Protocol): It is a standard that describes that how an internet connected computer
break down data into packets for transmission across the network and how these packets should be
addressed so that they arrive at their destination.
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IP Address: It is a 32- bit binary number that uniquely identifies the location of a particular user on
the internet.
Internet Service Provider (ISP): An organization that provides the services of Internet to the
Subscriber based customers.
Intranet: It is a private network that is contained with an enterprise.
JPEG: Joint Photographic Experts Group is a graphics format that is ideal for complex pictures
/graphics.
Kb: Kilobit
LAN: A LAN (Local Area Network) connects network devices over a relatively short distance.
LCD: Liquid Crystal Display. It Used in Laptop computers small battery power electronic devices.
LED: LED stands for Light Emitting Diode. A small electronic device made from semiconductor
materials.
LINUX: It is a UNIX like Operating System with graphical user interface
Mainframe: Mainframe is a very large in size and an expensive computer capable of supporting
hundreds, or even thousands, of users simultaneously. Mainframe executes many programs
concurrently. Mainframes support many simultaneous programs execution
MIME: Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension. It specifies that how the multimedia files can be
transferred through the E-mail programs and web browsers.
MIPS: Million Instructions Per Second. It is a method of measuring the rate at which the
computer executes microprocessor instructions.
MODEM: A modem is the device needed to translate between the analog phone line and the digital
computer. Its function is modulated /demodulates the digital signal.
MIDI: Musical Instrument Digital Interface. It is a standard communication protocol for the exchange
of information between computers and musical synthesisers.
Malware: Malware is software which is designed specifically to damage a computer system.
Morphing: It is used in computer animation in which an image change smoothly from one image to
another.
M-Commerce: It is used for the commercial transactions that are done by Mobile Phones.
Mozilla: Mozilla is a web browser
Multitasking: Multitasking is the method with multiple tasks processes sharing common processing
resources such as CPU
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MAC OS: It is an Operating System used in Macintosh Computer developed by Apple.
NIBBLE: A group of 4-bits.
Network: A group of two or more computers that are linked together.
NIC (Network Interface Card): It is a computer component which is used to connect a computer to
a computer network.
ODBC: Open Database Connectivity. It is a standard that enables applications to communicate
with variety of database applications.
OOP: Object Oriented Programming
OS: Operating system provides an interface between the human user and the computer hardware
PDF: Portable Document Format. It is file extension created by Adobe systems.
POP3: Post Office Protocol. An internet e-mail standard that specifies how an internet connected
communicates as mail handling agent.
POST: Power on Self-Test. It is internal testing which is performed when the computer is started or
reset.
Piracy: It is the legal reproduction and distribution of software application
Primary Key: It is a field with unique value for each record
Primary Memory: It temporarily/permanently holds the data received form input/output device. It
holds the data being processed and intermediate results being generated.
Port: a physical docking point using which an external device can be connected to the computer.
PPP: Point to Point Protocol.
Protocol: It is set of riled or standards designed so that computers can exchange information with a
minimum error
Peripherals: A device that connects to and works with the computer eg Mouse, Keyboard.
Password: A sequence of characters which is used to check the authenticity of the user.
Query: It is used to extract information from a database.
RAM: A RAM constitutes the internal memory of the CPU for storing data, program and
program result. It is read/write memory. It is called random access memory (RAM).
RDBMS: Relational Database Management System. A database management system that is based
on the relational model.
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Record: It is the collection of the related fields.
ROM (Read only memory): The data store in this cannot be changes and its a non-volatile memory.
Secondary Memory: used to store data and information permanently .Data is stored permanently
even if power is switched off.
Software: It is set of programs that guides the hardware through its job
System Software: System software refers to all the programs, which make the computer work and is
based on controlling the internal computer operations.
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): An internet Protocol that governs the transmission of email over computer networks.
Scanner: Scanner is an input device, which works more like a photocopy machine. It is used when
some information is available on a paper and it is to be transferred to the hard disc of the computer
for further manipulation.
Spoof: It is to deceive or to fake, especially with the intension of gaining unauthorised access to
computer resources.
Spam: An irrelevant and unsolicited message sent over the internet.
SPOOL: Simultaneous peripheral Operations on Line
Search Engine: It is program which is used to search a document with a specific keyword when
use will enter its keyword it returns a list of matching documents.
Sorting: It is arranging of data in order
Trash: A folder in the e-mail which kept all the deleted mails.
Tag: It is a part of HTML .It determines the way, the browser display text in web page.
Topology: A network topology is the physical layout of the networks in which all the devices are
connected among themselves.
Telnet: Telnet is network protocol with the help of which a user one computer can log into another
computer that is the part of the same network.
Trojan horse: A programme that appears to perform a valid function but has some hidden
instructions in its code that can cause server damage to the system on which the programme runs.
UPS: Uninterruptable Power Supply. A battery system that can supply continuous power to a
computer in the event of a power failure for some times.
URL: Uniform Resource Locator. It is the unique address for a file that is accessible over the internet.
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USB: Universal Serial Bus enables the communication between the computer and the peripheral
devices
UNIX: It is a powerful multiuser operating system. It uses command text in Web Page.
VAN (Value Added Network): A public data network that provides value added services for
corporate customers including end-to-end dedicated lines with guaranteed security.
Virus: A virus is a computer program that can copy itself and infect a computer. A virus can spread
from one computer to another computer when its host is taken to the target computer.
W3 (WORLD WIDE WEB): It is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accused via internet.
WAN (Wide area Network): A WAN is a geographically dispersed collection of LANs.
WORM (Write Once Read many): It is a storage device to store data in which once the information is
written it cannot be erased or modified.
Web Browser: It is a software application for retrieving, presenting and traversing information
resources on the World Wide Web
Wi-Fi: It stands for Wireless- fidelity. It is used by the most personal computer operating systems,
many video game consoles, laptops, printers and other peripherals.
XML: Extensible Markup Language.
.ZIP: Compressed File (File name Extension.)
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COMPUTER ABBREVIATIONS
A
ALU : Arithmetic Logic Language
ARP: Address Resolution Protocol
AI: Artificial Intelligence
ALGOL: Algorithmic Language
ASCII: American Standard Code for Information and Interchange
ATDML : Asynchronous Time Division Multiplexing
B
BASIC: Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
BIOS: Basic Input Output System
BCC: Blind Carbon Copy
BINAC: Binary Automatic Computer
Bin: Binary
Bit: Binary Digit
CAD: Computer Aided Design
CAM: Computer Aided Manufacturing

CC: Carbon Copy
CD: Compact Disc
CD-ROM: Compact Disc Read Only Memory
CDRW: Compact Disc Rewritable
CRT: Cathode Ray Tube
CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access
CDR: Compact Disc Recordable
CDR/W: Compact Disk Read/Write
COBOL: Common Business Oriented Language
CPU: Central Processing Unit
D
DBA: Data Base Administrator
DBMS: Data Base Management System
DVDROM: DVD Read Only Memory
DVDRW: DVD Rewritable
DVR: Digital Video Recorder
DNS: Domain Name System
DOS: Disk Operating System
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DOS : Disk Operating System
DMA : Direct Memory Access
DVD: Digital Video Disc/Digital Versatile Disc
DVDR: DVD Recordable
DPI: Dots per Inch
DRAM: Dynamic Random Access Memory
E
EBCDIC: Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
E-Commerce: Electronic Commerce
EDP: Electronic Data Processing
ENIAC: Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
EOF: End Of File
EPROM: Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
EXE: Executable
EEPROM: Electronically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
E-Mail: Electronic Mail
F
FAX: Far Away Xerox/ facsimile
FDC: Floppy Disk Controller
FDD: Floppy Disk Drive
FDMA : Frequency Division Multiplexing Access
FLOPS: Floating Operations per Second
FORTRAN: Formula Translation
FS: File System
FTP: File Transfer Protocol
G
GB: Gigabit
GB: Gigabyte
GIF: Graphics Interchange Format
GSM: Global System for Mobile Communication
GUI : Graphical User Interface
H
HDD: Hard Disk Drive
HDTV : High Definition Television
HTML: Hyper Text Mark-up Language
HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
HLL: High Level Language
I
IC: Integrated Circuit
IM: Instant Message
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IMAP: Internet Message Access Protocol
ISP: Internet Service Provider
INSP : Inter Name Server Protocol
J
JPEG: Joint Photographic Experts Group
K
Kb: Kilobit
KB: Kilobyte
KHz: Kilohertz
Kbps: Kilobit Per Second
L
LAN: Local Area Network
LCD: Liquid Crystal Display
LDU: Liquid Display Unit
LED: Light Emitting Diode
LIS: Large Scale Integration
LISP: List Processing
LPI: Lines per Inch
LLL: Low Level Language
M
MAN: Metropolitan Area Network
MAP : Mobile Application Port
MAPI: Mail Application Programming Interface
Mb: Megabit
MB: Megabyte
Mbps : Mega bits per second
MCB : Memory Control Block
MCR : Magnetic Card Reader
MMS: Multimedia Message Service
MICR: Magnetic Ink Character reader
MIDI : Musical Instrument Digital Interface
MIME : Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension
MIPS: Million Instructions per Second
MOPS: Millions of Operations per Second
MPU: Micro Processor Unit
MPEG: Moving Picture Experts Group
N
NIC: Network Interface Card
NETBIOS : Network Adapter Basic Input Output System
NFAR : Network File Access Routine
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NOS: Network Operating System
NSP : Network Services Protocol
NVRAM: Non- Volatile Random Access Memory
O
OAIS : Open Archival Information System
OLTP : Online Transaction Processing
OMR: Optical Mark Reader
OMAP : Open Multimedia Application Platform
OOP: Object Oriented Programming
OSS: Open Source Software
P
PAP : Password Authentication Protocol
PC: Personal Computer
PCM : Pulse Code Modulation
PDA: Personal Digital Assistant
PDN : Public Data Network
PDP : Packet Data Protocol
PDF: Portable Document Format
PING: Packet Internet Gopher
POS: Point Of Sale
POST: Power on Self Test
PNG: Portable Network Graphics
PPM: Pages per Minute
PPP: Point-to-Point Protocol
PIN : Personal Identification Number
PRISM : Parallel Reduced Instruction Set Multiprocessing
PROM: Programmable Read Only Memory
PSDN : Packet-Switched Data Network
PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network
R
RAM: Random Access Memory
RARP : Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
RDBMS: Relational Data Base Management System
RIP: Routing Information Protocol
RTF: Rich Text Format
RTCP : Real Time Control Protocol
S
SDRAM : Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory
SGML : Standard Generalized Markup Language
SIM: Subscriber Identification Module
SLIP : Serial Line Internet Protocol
SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
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SNA : Sub Network Access Protocol
SNMP: Simple Network Management Protocol
SQL: Structured Query Language
SRAM: Synchronous Random Access Memory
SSML : Security Service Markup Language
STP : Spanning Tree Protocol
SWAP : Superior Wireless Application
T
TB: Tera Bytes
TCP/IP: Transmission Control Protocol /Internet Protocol
TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access
U
UDMA : Ultra Direct Memory Access
UIML : User Interface Markup Language
ULSI: Ultra Large Scale Integration
UNIVAC: Universal Automatic Computer
UPS: Uninterrupted Power Supply
URI: Uniform Resource Identifier
USB: Universal Serial Bus
V
VAR: Variable
VDU: Visual Display Unit
VOIP: Voice Over Internet Protocol
VGA: Video Graphics Array
VLSI: Very Large Scale Integrated
VRAM : Volatile Random Access Memory
VRML : Virtual Reality Modelling Language
VSAM : Virtual Storage Access Method
W
Wi-Fi: Wireless Fidelity
WLAN: Wireless Local Area Network
WPA: Wi-Fi Protected Access
WWW: World Wide Web
WAN: Wide Area Network
WCCP : Web Cache Control Protocol
WORM: Write Once Read Many
WML : Wireless Markup Language
WSDL : Web Services Description Language
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X
XHTML: eXtensible Hyper text Markup Language
XML: eXtensible Markup language
Z
ZB: Zeta Byte
ZIP : Zone Information Protocol
Some Important programming languages-
1. FORTRAN- FORTRAN was derived from Formula Translating System. It is a general-purpose,

important programming language. This language is appropriate for the numeric
computation and scientific computing. This language was originally developed by IBM in the
1950s for scientific and engineering applications.
FORTRAN dominated the area of programming. It has been in continuous use for over half a
century. It is used in numerical weather prediction, finite element analysis, computational
fluid dynamics, computational physics and computational chemistry. It is one of the most
popular languages in the area of high-performance computing .
2. Cobol
COBOL is an acronym for common business-oriented language. It is a compiled English-like

computer programming language designed for business use. COBOL language is imperative,
procedural and, since 2002, object-oriented. COBOL is primarily used in business, finance, and
administrative systems for companies and governments.
COBOL is still widely used in applications of mainframe computers, such as large-scale batch and
transaction processing jobs. In modern time, the language is declining its popularity. Various COBOL
programmers are being migrated to new platforms, rewritten in modern languages or replaced with
software packages. Most programming in COBOL is now purely to maintain existing applications.
3. LISP
Lisp is a family of computer programming languages. Lisp is the second-oldest high-level

programming language which is widely used today. Like Fortran, Lisp has changed a great deal since
its early days, and a number of dialects have existed over its history.
Lisp was originally created as a practical mathematical notation for computer programs, influenced by
the notation of Alonzo Church's lambda calculus. It quickly became the preferred programming
language for artificial intelligence (AI) research. As one of the earliest programming languages, Lisp
evolved as many ideas in computer science, including tree data structures, automatic storage
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management, dynamic typing, conditionals, higher-order functions, recursion, and the self-hosting
compiler.
4. Algol
ALGOL ( ALGOrithmic Language)-is a computer programming languages was originally developed in

the mid-1950s. It was the standard method for algorithm description used by the ACM in textbooks
and academic sources for more than thirty years. It was arguably the most successful of the four
high-level programming languages: Fortran, Lisp, and COBOL.
It was designed to avoid some problems with FORTRAN and eventually gave rise to many other
programming languages, including BCPL, B, Pascal, PL/I, Simula, and C. ALGOL was the first
language implementing nested function definitions with lexical scope. It was the first programming
language which gave serious attention to formal language definition
5. Pascal
Pascal is a procedural programming language which was designed in 19681969 and published in
1970 by Niklaus Wirth as a small and efficient language which was developed to encourage good
programming practices using structured programming and data structuring.
6. C
C is a general-purpose, imperative computer programming language. It supports structured

programming.
C was originally developed by Dennis Ritchie between 1969 and 1973 at AT&T Bell Labs. It was used
to (re-)implement the Unix operating system. It has since become one of the most widely used
programming languages of all time.
7. C++
C++ is a general-purpose programming language. It has object-oriented and generic programming

features.
It is designed with a bias toward system programming (e.g., for use in embedded systems
or operating system kernels), with performance, efficiency and flexibility of use as its design
requirements. C++ has also been found useful in many other contexts, including desktop
applications, servers, performance-critical applications, and entertainment software
8. Java-
Java is a general-purpose computer programming language that is concurrent, class-based, objectoriented. Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual
machine (JVM) and is independent of computer architecture. Java is one of the most popular
programming languages in use, particularly for client-server web applications. Java was originally
developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems (which has since merged into Oracle Corporation)
and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems' Java platform. The language derives
much of its syntax from C and C++.
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9. Perl
Perl is a family of high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming languages.
The languages in this family include Perl 5 and Perl 6.
Perl is also known as Practical Extraction and Reporting Language. Perl was originally developed
by Larry Wall in 1987 as a general-purpose Unix scripting language to make report processing
easier. Since then, it has undergone many changes and revisions.
10. Visual Basic
Visual Basic is a third-generation event-driven programming language and integrated development

environment (IDE) from Microsoft for its COM programming model first released in 1991. Microsoft
intended Visual Basic to be relatively easy to learn and use. Visual Basic was derived from BASIC and
enables the rapid application development (RAD) of graphical user interface (GUI) applications,
access to databases using Data Access Objects, Remote Data Objects, or ActiveX Data Objects, and
creation of ActiveX controls and objects.
A programmer can create an application using the components provided by the Visual Basic program
itself. Programs written in Visual Basic can also use the Windows API, which requires external
function declarations.
Types of programming language-
1. First generation programming language- A first-generation programming language (1GL) is a

machine-level programming language. There was no translator to compile or assemble the
first-generation language. The first-generation programming instructions were entered
through the front panelswitches of the computer system.
A first generation language (1GL) is a group of programming languages that are machine level
languages. The instructions were given through the front panel switches of these computers,
directly to the CPU. There was originally no compiler or assembler to process the instructions in 1GL.
The instructions in 1GL are made of binary numbers which is represented by 1s and 0s. Binary
numbers enables machine to understand but it makes it difficult to interpret and learn by the
human programmer.
The main advantage of programming in 1GL is that the code can run very fast and very efficiently,
precisely because the instructions are executed directly by the CPU. One of the main disadvantages of
programming in a low level language is that when an error occurs, the code is not as easy to fix.
2. Second generation programming language-
Second-generation programming languages have the following properties:-The code can be read and
written by a programmer. To run on a computer it must be converted into a machine readable form,
a process called assembly. Secondly, the language is specific to a particular processor family and
environment.
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Second-generation languages are sometimes used in kernels and device drivers. But more widely,
they are used in extremely intensive processing such as games, video editing, graphic
manipulation/rendering.
3.
Third generation programming language-
A third-generation programming language (3GL) is way to categorize high-level computer

programming languages. Second generation programming languages, like assembly
languages are machine-dependent. Third generation language are machine independent and
more programmer-friendly. 3GLs feature more abstraction that previous generations of
languages. Fortran, ALGOL, and COBOL are early examples 3GL.
C, C++, C#, Java, BASIC and Pascal, are also third-generation languages, although each of these
languages can be further subdivided into other categories Most 3GLs support structured
programming.
4. Fourth generation-
A fourth-generation programming language (4GL) is a computer programming language include

support for database management, report generation, mathematical optimization, GUI
development, or web development. Fourth-generation languages have often been compared to
domain-specific languages (DSLs). Some researchers state that 4GLs are a subset of DSLs.
5. Fifth generation-
A fifth generation programming language (5GL) is a programming language based on solving

problems using constraints given to the program, rather than using an algorithm written by a
programmer. Most constraint is on based and logic programming languages and some declarative
languages are fifth-generation languages.
Fifth-generation languages are designed to make the computer solve a given problem without the
programmer. Fifth-generation languages are used mainly in artificial intelligence research. Prolog,
OPS5, and Mercury are examples of fifth-generation languages.[citation needed]
These types of languages were also built upon Lisp, many originating on the Lisp machine, such as
ICAD. Then, there are many frame languages, such as KL-ONE.
Low level programming language-
A low-level programming language is a programming language that provides little or no abstraction

from a computer's instruction set architecture. A low level programming language refers to machine
code or assembly language.
Low-level languages can be converted to machine code without the help of a compiler or
interpreter. The code runs directly on the processor. A program written in a low-level language can
be made to run very quickly and takes very small memory. Low-level languages are simple, but are
considered difficult to use.
High level programming languagewww.meritmock.com

A high-level programming language is a programming language with strong abstraction from the details
of the computer. It may use natural language elements, be easier to use, or may automate significant
areas of computing systems (e.g. memory management), making the process of developing a program
simpler and more understandable relative to a lower-level language.
High-level programming languages using a compiler were called autocodes. Examples of autocodes
are COBOL and Fortran.
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Complete Computer Guide for Bank exams

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Charles Babbage is called as Father of Computer.

Vacuum tubes were used.

Batch processing operating system was used.

Machine and Assembly languages were used.

Used for scientific; later simple business system.

Second Generation (1959-1965)

Transistors were used.

Multi-Bag remaining, Time sharing operating system were used.

Magnetic cores were used as primary memory and magnetic

secondary storage devices. Main memory was 100KB.

Third Generation (1965-1971)

Integrated circuits were used in place of transistors.

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Used for Database management system and online systems.

Some computers of this generation were: IBM-360

Fourth Generation (1971-1980)

Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits were used.

Time sharing networks were used

Fortan 77, Pascal, Cobol high level languages were used.

Concept of internet was introduced, computers became easily available.

Some computers of this generation were:

Fifth Generation (1980-till date)

VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology

Introduced AI(Artificial Intelligence) concept which is an emerging branch of Computer

C, C++, Java, .Net -higher level languages are used.

1. PC (Personal Computer) or Micro Computer: A PC can be defined as a small, relatively

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BASIC COMPUTER OPERATIONS

*Commands-Special codes or keywords entered by the user to perform a specific task.

Fetch-It gets an instructions from the main memory

Execute-It processes the commands

Store- It stores the result into the main memory

Functions of this unit are:

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Fetch-In a machine cycle, instructions is fetched from the main memory.

Processor speed is measured in megahertz (Mhz) or in gigahertz. Processor speed is affected

-Typing Keys: Includes letter A-Z and digits 0-9.

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Low consumable costs

Useful for bulk printing due to low cost

There is physical contact with the paper to produce an image

Types of Impact Printers

Dot Matrix Printer

Faster than impact printers.

Support many fonts and different character size.

Types of Non- Impact Printers

5. Headphones- They are similar to speakers, they are worn on to ears.

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The two basic kind of Primary Memory are:

It is also known as read and write memory.

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EPROM (ERASABLE AND PROGRAMMABLE ROM)-The