HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AND ANATOMY: 2nd Quiz and Practical: Tissues

Trisha Arciga 2H-PH

1. Epithelial Tissue
-

Lining, covering and glandular tissue

Perform:
Protection
Absorption
Filtration
Secretion
MEMBRANE
Apical Surface (apex)
- Some may be smooth
- Some have modifications:
o Cilia respiratory tract
o Stereocilia male
Finger-like
reproductive organs
projections
o Microvilli digestive tract
(intestines)
CLASSIFICATIONS
TYPE OF CELL PRESENT
- Squamous
- Cuboidal
- Columnar
- Transitional
NUMBER OF CELL LAYERS
- Simple
- Stratified

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

- Rounded, centrally located
- Single layers resting on a basement
membrane.
- Found in the walls of kidney tubules,
glands and their ducts, surface of the
ovaries.

Simple Columnar Epithelium

- Nucleus are elongated. Arranged pantaypantay
- Taller than wide
- Lines the entire length of the digestive
tract from the stomach to anus
- GOBLET CELLS secrete mucus for
lubrication

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar

Epithelium
- It looks like multilayered pero hindi hence
the pseudo name
- Found in the respiratory tract where the
cilia propel debris and dust-laden mucus
upward and away from lungs.

Extra Notes:
-

Doesnt have blood vessels (avascular)

Via capillaries (acquire nutrients)
Through diffusion (lower conc to higher
conc)

SIMPLE EPITHELIAL TISSUE only one layer attached

to the basement membrane.

Simple Squamous Epithelium

- One layer of squamous cells
- Floor tiles
- Found in the air sacs of the lungs
endothelium
- Serous membrane or serosae line a body
cavity and cover organs in that cavity

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AND ANATOMY: 2nd Quiz and Practical: Tissues

Trisha Arciga 2H-PH
o
STRATIFIED EPITHELIAL TISSUE

Stratified squamous epithelium

most common.
Basement membrane cuboidal / columnar
Apical layer squamous
Found in areas subjected to friction and
abuse.
Non-keratinized stratified squamous
epithelium lines the mouth, esophagus and
vagina
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
found in the epidermis of the skin

2. Connective Tissue
-

stratified cuboidal
o Found only in ducts of large
glands.
o has two cell layers: apical layers
are cuboidal in shape.
o rare
stratified columnar
o Found only in ducts of large
glands.
o Consists of basal cells the vary in
shapes and size
o Apical cells columnar
o Rare
Transitional epithelium
o cells change in shape depending
whether the organ is distended or
contracted.
o Forms the lining of the urinary
bladder, ureters and part of the
urethra.
o Basal layer cells: cuboidal or
columnar
o Free surface: vary in shape
o NOT STRETCHED ORGAN: cell
surface is umbrella-shaped /
dome-like

DISTENDED (stretched):
epithelium thins and cells on
surface becomes large squamous.

Most abundant
Functions:
Connecting and binding body parts together
Protecting organs
Providing a framework for movement of
muscles
Serves as insulators
Acts as liquid medium for transporting
substances throughout the body
Mature Connective Tissue
o Loose connective tissue
o Dense connective tissue
o Cartilage
o Bone
o Blood
FIBROBLASTS
form the
extracellular
matrix of loose
connective
tissues.

CHONDRO
BLASTS
forms the
extacellular
atrix of
cartilage;

OSTEOBL
ASTS
Forms the
extracelluar
matrix of
bones

maintained
by
chondrocytes

Maintained
by
osteocytes

Extracellular matrix allows connective tissue

to form packing materials around
organs
Bear weight
Withstand abrasion and other abuses
Absorb large amounts of water
Be a reservoir
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
A. Aerolar Connective Tissue
- Most abundant
- Universal packing material that binds
organs together and keeps them in proper
position.

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AND ANATOMY: 2nd Quiz and Practical: Tissues

Trisha Arciga 2H-PH
-

Composed of fibroblasts, collagenous,

elastic and reticular fibers found in a semifluid ground substance.
aerola small open space
o Because when ni-view mo sa
microscope most of the matrix
appears to be composed of small
empty spaces.

DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

A. Dense REGULAR connective tissue
- Compact protein fibers
- Extracellular matrix is packed with
collagenous fibers that are arranged in
orderly manner.
o Fibroblasts cells squeezed in
between collagenous bundles.
- Forms STRONG ROPE-LIKE
STRUCTURES
o Tendons muscle to bones
o Ligaments bone to bone
B. Dense IRREGULAR connective tissue
- Compact protein fibers
- Extracellular matrix is packed with
collagenous fibers that are arranged in
IIRREGULAR manner.
o Fibroblasts cells squeezed in
between collagenous bundles.
- Found in areas where PULLING FORCES
ARE EXERTED IN DIFFERENT
DIRECTIONS
o Dermis
o Perichondrium of cartilage
(membrane that lines cartilage)
o Periosteum of bones
CONNECTIVE TISSUES WITH SPECIAL
PROPERTIES
A. Reticular Connective Tissue
- Forms the stroma of the lymphoid organs.
o Supporting network

Lymphoid organs: primary- spleen,

secondary lymph nodes
Composed of RETICULAR FIBERS
synthesized by RETICULAR CELLS.
Reticular cells fibroblasts

B. Adipose connective tissue

- forms the HYPODERMIS
- serves as an insulator protecting body
from extreme heat
- contains fibroblasts, ground substance
and adipose cells.
- Signet ring appearance presence of fat
that occupies most of the cytoplasm and
pushes the nucleus to one side of the cell
- ADIPOCYTES found in groups called
ADIPOSE LOBULES that are separated by
TRABECULAE.
o Trabeculae composed of
collagenous and elastic fibers

CARTILAGE
- Dense, firm but pliable
- Avascular
- Extracellular matrix collagenous and
elastic fibers
o Collagenous fibers tensile
strength and the gelatinous ground
- CHONDROBLASTS secrete fibers &
ground substance they become trapped in
LACUNAE become CHONDROCYTES
nourished through diffusion

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AND ANATOMY: 2nd Quiz and Practical: Tissues

Trisha Arciga 2H-PH
A. Hyaline Cartilage
- Predominant
- Most abundant: collagen fibers (major
protein)
- Most abundant kind of cartilage
- Glassy and homogenous appearance
- Not visible in stained prepartions because
the fibers and matrix have the same
refractive index
- CHONDROCYTES may appear singly or
in isogenous groups CELL NESTS
- Surrounded by a perichondrium
- weakest

BONE OR OSSEOUS TISSUE

- Hardest of the connective tissues
- Composed of bone cells osteocytes lodged
in cavities called lacunae and surrounded by
a layer of very hard matrix that contains
CALCIUM
SALTS
and
COLLAGENOUS FIBERS.
- Unit of structure: haversian system / osteon
- TYPES:
1) COMPACT BONE has osteon

B. Elastic Cartilage
- Thread-like network of elastic fibers
- Surrounded by a perichondrium
- Provides strength and elasticity
- Maintains shape (i.e. external ear)

2) SPONGY BONE no osteon. May

trabeculae little beams of
arranged extracellular matrix

C. Fibrocartilage
- No perichondrium
- Collagenous bundles are densely packed and
arranged in a herringbone (fish)
- Few and smaller chondrocytes along
collagenous bundles
- Strength and RIGIDITY
- Strongest !!!! type of cartilage
- Found in the pubic symphysis
- Forms cushion-like disk between vertebrae

BLOOD OR VASCULAR TISSUE

- Blood cells, fibers and matrix
- Red blood cells
o Erythrocytes

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AND ANATOMY: 2nd Quiz and Practical: Tissues

Trisha Arciga 2H-PH
o

contain hemoglobin with oxygen to

form oxyhemoglobin
- White blood cells
o leukocytes
o Contain
agranulocytes

Involved in
lymphocytes and monocytes
phagocytosis,
immunity and
o Granulocytes

neutrophils,
allergic reaction.
eosinophils, basophils
- Platelets
o Thrombocytes. Fragments of giant
cells called megakaryocytes
o Blood clotting mechanism
- PLASMA
o Liquid matrix that bathes the cell
o Liquid portion of UNCLOTTED
BLOOD
- SERUM
o Liquid portion of CLOTTED
BLOOD
Extra notes:
- Basophils
o Pag nasa tissue: mast cells
o diapedesis squeezing out of the
cell outside the blood vessel going
to the tissues
- ENDOTHELIUM
o Lining of the blood vessels
- Eosinophils
o Allergic rxn
o Helminthic infection
- Lymphocytes
o Viral infections
- MONOCYTES
o Phagocytosis
o To the attached part lang idestroy
nya
- NEUTROPHILS
o Phagocytosis
o Self-destruct to kill em
- CABAMINOHEMOGLOBIN
o Transport of CO2

3. Muscular Tissue
-

Specialized for contraction

Extensibility, elasticity, contractility
Highly vascularized and innervated
FIBERS

units
of
histological
organization; cells that have elongated
Muscle fibers ability to contract or
shorten producing moment

TYPES:
A. Skeletal Muscle Tissues
- Striated and voluntary
o Striated yung white part
- Form
long
cylindrical
units
with
multinucleated appearance
- Nuclei are found along the periphery of the
long cylindrical units.

B. Cardiac Muscle Tissues

- Striated and involuntary
- Smaller, branching cells mononucleated or
binucleated
- Intercalated disks dark bands where
cardiac muscles connect end to end;
promotes adhesion of cells
o made up of gap junctions
facilitating passage of ions from
cell to cell rapid conduction of
electrical impulse across the heart.

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AND ANATOMY: 2nd Quiz and Practical: Tissues

Trisha Arciga 2H-PH
C. Smooth Muscle Tissues
- non striated and involuntary
- made up of spindle / fusiform-shaped cells
with a centrally located nucleus
- found in the walls of internal structures (
blood vessels, airways to the lungs,
visceral organs)
- contracts more slowly than other muscle
types

BIPOLAR NEURON two nerve

processes, one axon and one dendrite

MULTIPOLAR NEURON

one axon

two or more dendrites

4. Nervous Tissues
- found in the brain, spinal cord and nerves.
- 2 cell types: neurons, neuroglia
- NEURONS react to certain stimuli
o Stimuli nerve impulse
conducted to other neurons

Exhibit property of irritability react to

stimuli

Conductivity conduct impulse

NEURONS

NEUROGLIA
- Do not conduct impulses

nerve cells

Serve us supporting tissues

Receive and send info

Insulate, support and protect different

neurons

MONOPOLAR NEURON one nerve

process (axon only)

May have one or more nerve processes :

o Axon unbranched nerve process
that transmits impulses away from
the nerve cell body or a dendrite
o Dendrite nerve cell body.
Branched nerve process that
transmits impulse towards the cell
body