Exp:1- Design & simulate the operation of sample and hold circuit using

Multisim/TINA Pro & verify modulated signal waveform.

Code:
clear all
close all
clf
fb=1000
%baseband signal freqquency in hetz
tb=1/fb
fs=40000
ns=fs/fb
%number of samples in one period of the base band
signal
t=linspace(0,.002,ns)
sq=(1+square(t))/2
asb=5*sin(2*pi*fb*t).*sq
subplot(211)
stem(t,sq)
axis([0 .002 0 1])
xlabel('time in seconds')
ylabel('amplitude in volts')
title('square wave output')
subplot(212)
stem(t,asb)
axis([0 .002 -5 5])
xlabel('time in seconds')
ylabel('amplitude in volts')
title('simulation of samplig process')

Exp:2-WAP to simulate Natural Sampling technique using MATLAB & verify

the received sampled waveform.

CODE:clc;
clear all;
t = 0:0.001:1;
fc = input('Enter the frequency of carrier signal (square) = ');
fm = input('Enter the frequency of message signal (sine) = ');
a = input('Enter the amplitude of message signal = ');
vc = square(2*pi*fc*t);
vm = a.*sin(2*pi*fm*t);
n = length(vc);
for i = 1:n
if (vc(i)<=0)
vc(i) = 0;
else
vc(i) = 1;
end
end
y = vc.*vm;
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,vm);
xlabel('Time ----->');
ylabel('Amplitude ----->');
title('Message Signal');
axis([0 1 -a-2 a+2]);
grid on;
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t,vc);
xlabel('Time ----->');
ylabel('Amplitude ----->');
title('Carrier Signal');
axis([0 1 0 2]);
grid on;
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,y);
xlabel('Time ----->');
ylabel('Amplitude ----->');
title('Natural Sampled Signal');
axis([0 1 -a-2 a+2]);
grid on;

Output:
Enter the frequency of carrier signal (square) = 20
Enter the frequency of message signal (sine) = 2
Enter the amplitude of message signal = 5

Exp:3- Design & simulate the operation of PWM for a frequency less than
1Khz using Multisim/TINA-pro & verify modulated signal waveform.
Circuit diagram:

XSC2
XSC1
Ext T rig
+

V3
15 V

_
B

A
+

Ext Trig
+
_
+

Output:

U1

V1
5 Vrms
15 Hz
0

6
2

R3
1k

V2
5 V 1msec

UA741CD
4

R2
1k

R1
1k

Exp:4- WAP to simulate Pulse code modualation technique using MATLAB

& verify modulated signal waveform.
Code:clc;

clear all;
close all;
% Signal Amplitude and Frequency
a=1;
f=2;
t=0:0.01:1;
x=a*sin(2*pi*f*t)+a;
% Plot message signal
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t,x);
title('Input Signal');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
% Plot Sampled Signal
subplot(2,1,2);
stem(t,x);
title('Sampled Signal');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
% Modulation Process
partition=[0:0.1:2*a];
codebook=[0:0.1:((2*a)+0.1)];
[index,d]=quantiz(x,partition,codebook);
% Plot Quantized PCM Signal
figure;
subplot(2,1,1);
stairs(t,d);
title('Quantized Signal');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
% Plot 1-bit encoder output
pcm=dec2bin(d);
display(pcm);
% Demodulation Process
deco=bin2dec(pcm);
[b,a]=butter(3,0.1,'low');
recovered=filter(b,a,deco);
% Plot the Reconstructed Signal
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t,recovered);
title('Reconstructed Signal');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');

Output:

Exp:5- WAP to simulate DELTA MODULATION technique using MATLAB &

verify modulated signal waveform.
Code:

clc;
clear all;
close all;

% Signal Amplitude and Frequency

a=1;
f=2;
t=0:0.01:1;
y=a*sin(2*pi*f*t)+a;
% Plot message signal
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t,y);
title('Message Signal');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
% Plot Sampled Signal
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t,y);
title('Sampled Signal');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
% Modulation Process
del=0.05; % Step Size
s(1)=0;
for i=1:100
if(y(i+1)>y(i))
s(i+1)=s(i)+del;
p(i)=1;
else
s(i+1)=s(i)-del;
p(i)=0;
end
end
% Plot Quantized DM Signal
figure;
subplot(3,1,1);
stairs(t,s);
title('Quantized Signal');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
% Plot 1-bit encoder output
t1=0.01:0.01:1;
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(t1,p);
title('Delta Modulated Signal');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
% Demodulation Process
r(1)=0;
for i=1:100
if(p(i)==1)
r(i+1)=r(i)+del;
else
r(i+1)=r(i)-del;
end
end
% Plot the Reconstructed Signal
[b,a]=butter(1,0.2,'low');
z=filter(b,a,r);
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,z);
title('Filtered Reconstructed Signal');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');

Output:

Exp:6- WAP to simulate Amplitude shift keying modulation using MATLAB

& verify modulated signal waveform.
Code:
clc;

clear all;
close all;
% Carrier frequency and amplitude
f=7;
a=1;
%6 bits are used
n=[1 0 1 1 0 0];
l=length(n);
if n (1)==1
n(l+1)=1
else
n(l+1)=0
end
l1=length(n)
tn=0:l1-1;
%plot message signal
subplot(4,1,1);
stairs(tn,n);
title('message signal');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
%plot carrier signal
t=0:0.01:6;
y1=a*sin(2*pi*f*t);
subplot(4,1,2);
plot(t,y1);
title('carrier signal');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
% Modulation Process
for i=1:6
for j=(i-1)*100:i*100
if(n(i)==1)
s(j+1)=y1(j+1);
else
s(j+1)=0;
end
end
end
%plot ASK signal
subplot(4,1,3);
plot(t,s);
title('ASK modulated signal');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
% Demodulation process
for i=1:6
for j=(i-1)*100:i*100
if(s(j+1)==y1(j+1))
x(j+1)=1;
else
x(j+1)=0;
end
end
end
%plot demodulated signal
subplot(4,1,4);
plot(t,x);
title('ASK demodulated signal');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');

Output:

Exp:7- WAP to simulate Frequency shift keying modulation using MATLAB

& verify modulated signal waveform.
Code:
clc;

clear all;
close all;
% Carrier frequency and amplitude
f1=8;
f2=2;
a=1;
%6 bits are used
n=[1 0 1 1 0 0];
l=length(n);
if n (1)==1
n(l+1)=1
else
n(l+1)=0
end
l1=length(n)
tn=0:l1-1;
%plot message signal
subplot(5,1,1);
stairs(tn,n);
title('message signal');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
%plot carrier signal
t=0:0.01:6;
y1=a*sin(2*pi*f1*t);
y2=a*sin(2*pi*f2*t);
subplot(5,1,2);
plot(t,y1);
title('carrier signal1');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
subplot(5,1,3);
plot(t,y2);
title('carrier signal2');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
% Modulation Process
for i=1:6
for j=(i-1)*100:i*100
if(n(i)==1)
s(j+1)=y1(j+1);
else
s(j+1)=y2(j+1);
end
end
end
%plot FSK signal
subplot(5,1,4);
plot(t,s);
title('FSK modulated signal');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
% Demodulation process
for i=1:6
for j=(i-1)*100:i*100
if(s(j+1)==y1(j+1))
x(j+1)=1;

else
x(j+1)=0;
end
end
end
%plot demodulated signal
subplot(5,1,5);
plot(t,x);
title('FSK demodulated signal');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');

Output:

Exp:8- WAP to simulate Phase shift keying modulation using MATLAB &
verify modulated signal waveform.
Code:

clc;
clear all;
close all;
% Carrier frequency and amplitude
f=5;
a=1;
%6 bits are used
n=[1 0 1 1 0 0];
l=length(n);
if n (1)==1
n(l+1)=1
else
n(l+1)=0
end
l1=length(n)
t2=0:l1-1;
%plot message signal
subplot(5,1,1);
stairs(t2,n);
title('message signal');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
%plot carrier signal
t=0:0.01:6;
y1=a*sin(2*pi*f*t);
y2=a*sin(2*pi*f*t);
subplot(5,1,2);
plot(t,y1);
title('carrier signal1');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
subplot(5,1,3);
plot(t,y2);
title('carrier signal2');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
% Modulation Process
for i=1:6
for j=(i-1)*100:i*100
if(n(i)==1)
s(j+1)=y1(j+1);
else
s(j+1)=y2(j+1);
end
end
end
%plot PSK signal
subplot(5,1,4);
plot(t,s);
title('PSK modulated signal');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
% Demodulation process
for i=1:6
for j=(i-1)*100:i*100
if(s(j+1)==y1(j+1))
x(j+1)=1;
else
x(j+1)=0;
end
end
end
%plot demodulated signal
subplot(5,1,5);
plot(t,x);
title('PSK demodulated signal');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');

Output:

Exp:9- WAP to study the operation of Companding process usnig MATLAB

using u-Law & verify received signal waveform.
Code:
clear all
close all
clc

M=input('enter the signal') %enter the signal with time like sin(2*pi*[0:0.01:1]
Mmax=max(M)
Mn=M/Mmax
u=input('enter the u value') %default value is 255
Vn=log(1+u*Mn)/(log(1+u))
figure(1)
plot(Mn)
figure(2)
plot(Vn)
figure(3)
plot(Mn,Vn)

Output:

Exp:10- WAP to simulate the Probability of Bit Error rate of ASK, FSK & PSK Digital
modulation techniques.
Code:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
% for the values of SNR in dB for 0 to 10
snr_dB=0:10;
snr=10.^(snr_dB/10);
% probability of error expressions for ASK, FSK and PSK
peask=(1/2)*erfc(sqrt(snr/4));
pefsk=(1/2)*erfc(sqrt(snr/2));
pepsk=(1/2)*erfc(sqrt(snr));
% plotting all the BER curves in semilog graph paper
semilogy(snr_dB,peask,snr_dB,pefsk,snr_dB,pepsk);
legend('ASK','FSK','PSK');
xlabel('SNR in dB');
ylabel('SNR in dB');
title('BER Analysis');
Output:

Exp:11- To study the different line coding techniques.

Exp:12- WAP to study and simulate Power Spectral Density of GMSK

Modulation technique.
Code:

clc;
clear all;
close all;
pi = 3.141592;
sqrpi = pi^2;
GMSK = [];
GBPSK = [];
GQPSK = [];
xaxis = [];
for i=1:1000
f = i/100;
% f is frequency normalized to to 1/(bit duration)
xaxis = [xaxis, f ];
ymsk = 16/sqrpi * (cos(6.2832 * f))^2/ (1- 16 * f^2)^2;
GMSK = [GMSK, 10 * log10(ymsk)];
ybpsk = 2 * (sin(pi*f)/(pi*f))^2;
GBPSK = [GBPSK, 10 * log10(ybpsk)];
yqpsk = 2 * (sin(2*pi* f)/(2*pi*f))^2;
GQPSK = [GQPSK, 10 * log10(yqpsk)];
end
plot(xaxis,GMSK, 'y-',xaxis,GBPSK, 'c.',xaxis,GQPSK, 'c-.');
axis([0 10 -60 10]);
ylabel('Spectral Power Level in dB');
xlabel('Frequency Offset / Bit Rate')

output: