Nationalism involves a strong identification of a group of individuals with a political entity

defined in national terms, i.e. a nation. It is usually the belief that a nation has a right to
statehood, however nationalism can be expressed in a non political way such as ethnic
nationalism or cultural nationalism. [1] Although there are various definitions for what constitutes
a nation, which leads to several different strands of nationalism. It can be a belief that citizenship
in a state should be limited to one ethnic, cultural or identity group, or that multinationality in a
single state should necessarily comprise the right to express and exercise national identity even
by minorities.[2]
It can also include the belief that the state is of primary importance, or the belief that one state is
naturally superior to all other states. [3][4] It is also used to describe a movement to establish or
protect a homeland (usually an autonomous state) for an ethnic group. In some cases the
identification of a national culture is combined with a negative view of other races or cultures. [5]
Conversely, nationalism might also be portrayed as collective identities towards imagined
communities which are not naturally expressed in language, race or religion but rather socially
constructed by the very individuals that belong to a given nation.[6] Nationalism is sometimes
reactionary, calling for a return to a national past, and sometimes for the expulsion of foreigners.
Other forms of nationalism are revolutionary, calling for the establishment of an independent
state as a homeland for an ethnic underclass.
Nationalism emphasizes collective identity - a 'people' must be autonomous, united, and express
a single national culture.[7] Integral nationalism is a belief that a nation is an organic unit, with a
social hierarchy, co-operation between the different social classes and common political goals.
However, liberal nationalists stress individualism as an important part of their own national
identity.[8]
National flags, national anthems, and other symbols of national identity are often considered
sacred, as if they were religious rather than political symbols. Deep emotions are
aroused.[9][10][11][12] Gellner and Breuilly, in Nations and Nationalism, contrast nationalism and
patriotism. "If the nobler word 'patriotism' then replaced 'civic/Western nationalism', nationalism
as a phenomenon had ceased to exist."[13][14][15]

Contents
[hide]

1 History
2 Varieties
o 2.1 Civic nationalism
o 2.2 Ethnocentrism
o 2.3 National purity
o 2.4 Expansionist nationalism
o 2.5 Left-wing nationalism
o 2.6 Territorial nationalism
o 2.7 Ultranationalism

o 2.8 Anti-colonial Nationalism

3 Criticism
4 See also
5 Notes
6 Further reading
o 6.1 General
o 6.2 Reference works
7 External links

[edit] History
In Europe, before the development of nationalism, people were generally loyal to a city or to a
particular leader rather than to their nation. Encyclopaedia Britannica identifies the movement's
genesis with the late-18th century American Revolution and French Revolution; other historians
point specifically to the ultra-nationalist party in France during the French Revolution.[16][17][18]
The term nationalism was coined by Johann Gottfried Herder (nationalismus) during the late
1770s.[19] Precisely where and when nationalism emerged is difficult to determine, but its
development is closely related to that of the modern state and the push for popular sovereignty
that surfaced with the French Revolution and the American Revolution in the late 18th century
and culminated with the ethnic/national revolutions of Europe, for instance the Greek War of
Independence.[16] Since that time, nationalism has become one of the most significant political
and social forces in history, perhaps most notably as a major influence or postulate of World War
I and especially World War II. Fascism is a form of authoritarian civic nationalism which
stresses absolute loyalty and obedience to the state, whose purpose is to serve the interests of its
nation alone.[20][21][22][23]

[edit] Varieties
[edit] Civic nationalism
Civic nationalism (also known as liberal nationalism) defines the nation as an association of
people who identify themselves as belonging to the nation, who have equal and shared political
rights, and allegiance to similar political procedures.[24] According to the principles of civic
nationalism, the nation is not based on common ethnic ancestry, but is a political entity whose
core identity is not ethnicity. This civic concept of nationalism is exemplified by Ernest Renan in
his lecture in 1882 "What is a Nation?", where he defined the nation as a "daily referendum"
(frequently translated 'daily plebiscite") dependent on the will of its people to continue living
together".[24]
Civic Nationalism is a kind of non-xenophobic nationalism compatible with liberal values of
freedom, tolerance, equality, and individual rights.[25] Ernest Renan[26] and John Stuart Mill[27]
are often thought to be early liberal nationalists. Liberal nationalists often defend the value of
national identity by saying that individuals need a national identity in order to lead meaningful,

autonomous lives[28] and that liberal democratic polities need national identity in order to
function properly.[29]
Civic nationalism lies within the traditions of rationalism and liberalism, but as a form of
nationalism it is contrasted with ethnic nationalism. Membership of the civic nation is considered
voluntary, as in Ernest Renan's "daily referendum" formulation in What is a Nation?. Civicnational ideals influenced the development of representative democracy in countries such as the
United States and France (see the United States Declaration of Independence of 1776, and the
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789).

[edit] Ethnocentrism
See also: ethnic nationalism
Whereas nationalism does not necessarily imply a belief in the superiority of one ethnicity over
others, some nationalists support ethnocentric protectionism or ethnocentric supremacy. Studies
have yielded evidence that such behaviour may be derived from innate preferences in humans
from infancy.[30]
The term ethnocentrism is a more accurate and meaningful term. [31]

[edit] National purity

Liberty Leading the People (Eugne Delacroix, 1830) is a famous example of nationalist art
Some nationalists exclude certain groups. Some nationalists, defining the national community in
ethnic, linguistic, cultural, historic, or religious terms (or a combination of these), may then seek
to deem certain minorities as not truly being a part of the 'national community' as they define it.
Sometimes a mythic homeland is more important for the national identity than the actual territory
occupied by the nation.[32]

[edit] Expansionist nationalism

Expansionist nationalism promotes expansion into new territories, usually with the claim that the
existing territory is too small or is not able to physically or economically sustain the nation's
population.

[edit] Left-wing nationalism

Left-wing nationalism (occasionally known as socialist nationalism, not to be confused with
national socialism)[33] refers to any political movement that combines left-wing politics with
nationalism. Many nationalist movements are dedicated to national liberation, in the view that
their nations are being persecuted by other nations and thus need to exercise self-determination
by liberating themselves from the accused persecutors. Anti-revisionist Marxist-Leninism is
closely tied with this ideology, and practical examples include Stalin's early work Marxism and
the National Question and his Socialism in One Country edict, which declares that nationalism
can be used in an internationalist context, fighting for national liberation without racial or
religious divisions. Other examples of left-wing nationalism include Fidel Castro's 26th of July
Movement that launched the Cuban Revolution ousting the American-backed Fulgencio Batista
in 1959, Ireland's Sinn Fin, Wales's Plaid Cymru, Scotland's SNP, the Awami League in
Bangladesh and the African National Congress in South Africa.

[edit] Territorial nationalism

Main article: Territorial nationalism

Nationalist slogan "Brazil, love it or leave it", often used during the Brazilian military
dictatorship.
Territorial nationalist assume that all inhabitants of a particular nation owe allegiance to their
country of birth or adoption.[34] A sacred quality is sought in the nation and in the popular
memories it evokes.[35] Citizenship is idealised by territorial nationalist [35] A criterion of a
territorial nationalism is the establishment of a mass, public culture based on common values and
traditions of the population.[35]

[edit] Ultranationalism
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accordingly. (November 2010)

Ultranationalism is a form of nationalism that expresses intense support for one's nation, and is
often characterized by authoritarianism. It can lead to reduction or stoppage of immigration,
expulsion, oppression, demagoguery, emotional aspects, talk of presumed real or imagined
enemies, threat to survival, crack-down, limit of trade through tariffs, tight control over
businesses and production, militarism, populism and propaganda. Ultranationalism has the
potential to lead to conflict within a state, as well as between states, and in its extreme form leads
to war, secession or, in the case of enthnocentrist ultranationalism, genocide.[36][37]
Fascism is a form of palingenetic ultranationalism[38] that promotes "class collaboration" (as
opposed to class war), a totalitarian state, and irredentism or expansionism to unify and allow the
growth of a nation. Fascists sometimes promote ethnic or cultural nationalism. Fascism stresses
the subservience of the individual to the state, and the need to absolute and unquestioned loyalty
to a strong ruler.[39]

[edit] Anti-colonial Nationalism

This form of nationalism came about during the decolonialisation of the post war period. It was a
reaction mainly in Africa and Asia against being subdued by foreign powers. This form of
nationalism took many guises, including the peaceful passive resistance movement led by
Ghandi in the Indian subcontinent
[http://moodle.collyers.ac.uk/file.php/465/Politics_Review_articles/nationalism_expansionistanddesrtuctive.pdf 1]

[edit] Criticism
Main article: Anti-nationalism

Separatist murals of Pasos Catalans in Belfast.

Critics of nationalism have argued that it is often unclear what constitutes a "nation", or why a
nation should be the only legitimate unit of political rule. A nation is a cultural entity, and not
necessarily a political association, nor is it necessarily linked to a particular territorial area although nationalists argue that the boundaries of a nation and a state should, as far as possible,
coincide.[40] Philosopher A.C. Grayling describes nations as artificial constructs, "their
boundaries drawn in the blood of past wars". He argues that "there is no country on earth which

is not home to more than one different but usually coexisting culture. Cultural heritage is not the
same thing as national identity".[41]
Nationalism is inherently divisive because it highlights perceived differences between peoples,
emphasizing an individual's identification with their own nation. The idea is also potentially
oppressive because it submerges individual identity within a national whole, and gives elites or
political leaders potential opportunities to manipulate or control the masses.[42] Much of the early
opposition to nationalism was related to its geopolitical ideal of a separate state for every nation.
The classic nationalist movements of the 19th century rejected the very existence of the multiethnic empires in Europe. Even in that early stage, however, there was an ideological critique of
nationalism. That has developed into several forms of anti-nationalism in the western world. The
Islamic revival of the 20th century also produced an Islamic critique of the nation-state.
At the end of the 19th century, Marxists and other socialists (such as Rosa Luxemburg) produced
political analysis that were critical of the nationalist movements then active in central and eastern
Europe (though a variety of other contemporary socialists and communists, from Lenin (a
communist) to Jzef Pisudski (a socialist), were more sympathetic to national selfdetermination).[43] Most sociological theories of nationalism date from after the Second World
War.
In the liberal political tradition there is widespread criticism of nationalism as a dangerous
force and a cause of conflict and war between nation-states. Nationalism has often been
exploited to encourage citizens to partake in the nations' conflicts. Such examples include The
Two World Wars, where nationalism was a key component of propaganda material. Liberals do
not generally dispute the existence of the nation-states. The liberal critique also emphasizes
individual freedom as opposed to national identity, which is by definition collective (see
collectivism).
The pacifist critique of nationalism also concentrates on the violence of nationalist movements,
the associated militarism, and on conflicts between nations inspired by jingoism or chauvinism.
National symbols and patriotic assertiveness are in some countries discredited by their historical
link with past wars, especially in Germany. Famous pacifist Bertrand Russell criticizes
nationalism of diminishing individual's capacity to judge his or her fatherland's foreign policy. [44]
William Blum has said this in other words: "If love is blind, patriotism has lost all five
senses."[45][page needed] Albert Einstein stated that "Nationalism is an infantile disease... It is the
measles of mankind." [46]
The anti-racist critique of nationalism concentrates on the attitudes to other nations, and
especially on the doctrine that the nation-state exists for one national group to the exclusion of
others. This view emphasizes the chauvinism and xenophobia that have often resulted from
nationalist sentiment. Norman Naimark relates the rise of nationalism to ethnic cleansing and
genocide, including the Armenian Genocide, the Nazi Holocaust, the deportation of Chechens
and Crimean Tartars under Stalin, the expulsion of Germans from Poland and Czechoslovakia at
the end of the Second World War, and the ethnic cleansing during the Yugoslav Wars in the
1990s.[47]

Political movements of the left have often been suspicious of nationalism, again without
necessarily seeking the disappearance of the existing nation-states. Marxism has been ambiguous
towards the nation-state, and in the late 19th century some Marxist theorists rejected it
completely. For some Marxists the world revolution implied a global state (or global absence of
state); for others it meant that each nation-state had its own revolution. A significant event in this
context was the failure of the social-democratic and socialist movements in Europe to mobilize a
cross-border workers' opposition to World War I. At present most, but certainly not all, left-wing
groups accept the nation-state, and see it as the political arena for their activities.
Anarchism has developed a critique of nationalism that focuses on its role in justifying and
consolidating state power and domination. Through its unifying goal it strives for centralization
both in specific territories and in a ruling elite of individuals while it prepares a population for
capitalist exploitation. Within anarchism this subject has been treated extensively by Rudolf
Rocker in Nationalism and Culture and by the works of Fredy Perlman such as Against HisStory, Against Leviathan and "The Continuing Appeal of Nationalism".
In the Western world, the most comprehensive current ideological alternative to nationalism is
cosmopolitanism. Ethical cosmopolitanism rejects one of the basic ethical principles of
nationalism: that humans owe more duties to a fellow member of the nation, than to a nonmember. It rejects such important nationalist values as national identity and national loyalty.
However, there is also a political cosmopolitanism, which has a geopolitical program to match
that of nationalism: it seeks some form of world state, with a world government. Very few
people openly and explicitly support the establishment of a global state, but political
cosmopolitanism has influenced the development of international criminal law, and the erosion
of the status of national sovereignty. In turn, nationalists are deeply suspicious of cosmopolitan
attitudes, which they equate with eradication of diverse national cultures.
While internationalism in the cosmopolitan context by definition implies cooperation among
nations and states, and therefore the existence of nations, proletarian internationalism is different,
in that it calls for the international working class to follow its brethren in other countries
irrespective of the activities or pressures of the national government of a particular sector of that
class. Meanwhile, most (but not all) anarchists reject nation-states on the basis of selfdetermination of the majority social class, and thus reject nationalism. Instead of nations,
anarchists usually advocate the creation of cooperative societies based on free association and
mutual aid without regard to ethnicity or race.

[edit] See also

History portal
Philosophy portal
Politics portal
Psychology portal

Sociology portal
United Nations portal

Anti-nationalism
Nation state
Historiography and nationalism
Nationalism and sport
Patriotism
Jingoism
Statism
Neo-nationalism
What is a Nation?

Lists:

List of active autonomist and secessionist movements

List of historical autonomist and secessionist movements
List of nationalist conflicts
List of nationalist organizations
List of prominent figures in nationalism

[edit] Notes
1. ^ Smith, Anthony D. (1993). National Identity. Reno: University of Nevada Press.
ISBN 0874172047. http://books.google.com/?id=bEAJbHBlXR8C.
2. ^ Kymlicka, Will. (1995). Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority
Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 16. ISBN 0198290918.
http://books.google.com/?id=eiRqsXrJo1UC.
3. ^ Smith, Anthony D. (1993). National Identity. Reno: University of Nevada Press. p. 72.
ISBN 0874172047. http://books.google.com/?id=bEAJbHBlXR8C.
4. ^ Ernest Gellner and John Breuilly, Nations and Nationalism, "In brief, nationalism is a
theory of political legitimacy, which requires that ethnic boundaries should not cut across
political ones.", p. 1, Cornell University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0801475009
5. ^ Thomas Blank and Peter Schmidt, National Identity in a United Germany: Nationalism
or Patriotism? An Empirical Test with Representative Data, in Political Psychology, Vol.
24, No. 2, (2003)
6. ^ Anderson, Benedict (1991). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and
Spread of Nationalism. New York: Verso. pp. 3746. ISBN 978-0860915461.
http://books.google.com/?id=4mmoZFtCpuoC&lpg=PP1&dq=imagined%20communities
&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q.
7. ^ Hutchinson, John and Smith, Anthony D., ed (1994). Nationalism. Oxford Readers.
Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 45.
8. ^ Anthony D. Smith, Nationalism, p. 17-20, Polity, 2002, ISBN 978-0745626598.

9. ^ Billig, Michael (1995). Banal Nationalism. London: Sage. ISBN 0803975252.

http://books.google.com/?id=VV18cdwqVf4C.
10. ^ Gellner, Ernest (2005). Nations and Nationalism (Second ed.). Blackwell.
ISBN 1405134429. http://books.google.com/?id=jl7t2yMfxwIC.
11. ^ Canovan, Margaret (1996). Nationhood and Political Theory. Cheltenham: Edward
Elgar. ISBN 1840640111. http://books.google.com/?id=kIW5GAAACAAJ.
12. ^ Miller, David (1995). On Nationality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
ISBN 0198293569. http://books.google.com/?id=1GuaIAAACAAJ.
13. ^ Ernest Gellner and John Breuilly, Nations and Nationalism, p. xvii, Cornell University
Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0801475009
14. ^ Ashmore, Richard D; Jussim, Lee J; Wilder, David (2001). Social identity, intergroup
conflict, and conflict reduction; Volume 3 of Rutgers series on self and social identity.
Oxford University Press. pp. 74, 75. ISBN 9780195137422.
http://books.google.com/?id=NzO8hZ8pwsUC&pg=PA75&dq=nationalism+pejorative&
q=.
15. ^ Istvan Hont (2005). Jealousy of trade: international competition and the nation-state in
historical perspective. Harvard University Press. p. 144. ISBN 9780674010383.
http://books.google.com/?id=lHu6kBLV4CUC&pg=PA144&dq=nationalism+pejorative
&q=nationalism%20pejorative.
16. ^ a b "Nationalism". Encyclopedia Britannica.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/405644/nationalism. Retrieved 2009-12-06.
17. ^ Smith, Anthony D. (1998). Nationalism and Modernism: A Critical Survey of Recent
Theories of Nations and Nationalism. London: Routledge. ISBN 0415063418.
http://books.google.com/?id=4O0w3ZH57KkC.
18. ^ Iain McLean, Alistair McMillan, Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics, "French
Revolution ... It produced the modern doctrine of nationalism, and spread it directly
throughout Western Europe...", Oxford, 2009, ISBN 9780199205165.
19. ^ T. C. W. Blanning (2003). The Culture of Power and the Power of Culture: Old
Regime Europe 1660-1789. Oxford University Press. pp. 259, 260.
ISBN 9780199265619.
http://books.google.com/?id=3qCIzooCRlwC&pg=PA260&dq=nationalism+pejorative#v
=onepage&q=nationalism%20pejorative.
20. ^ Laqueuer, Walter." Comparative Study of Fascism" by Juan J. Linz. Fascism, A
Reader's Guide: Analyses, interpretations, Bibliography. Berkeley and Los Angeles:
University of California Press, 1976. Pp. 15 "Fascism is above all a nationalist movement
and therefore wherever the nation and the state are strongly identified."
21. ^ Laqueur, Walter. Fascism: Past, Present, Future. Oxford University Press, 1997. Pp.
90. "the common belief in nationalism, hierarchical structures, and the leader principle."
22. ^ "Goebbels on National-Socialism, Bolshevism and Democracy, Documents on
International Affairs, vol. II, 1938, pp. 17-19. Accessed from the Jewish Virtual Library
on February 5, 2009. [1] Joseph Goebbels describes the Nazis as being allied with
countries which had "authoritarian nationalist" ideology and conception of the state "It
enables us to see at once why democracy and Bolshevism, which in the eyes of the world
are irrevocably opposed to one another, meet again and again on common ground in their
joint hatred of and attacks on authoritarian nationalist concepts of State and State

systems. For the authoritarian nationalist conception of the State represents something
essentially new. In it the French Revolution is superseded.".
23. ^ Koln, Hans; Calhoun, Craig. The Idea of Nationalism: A Study in its Origins and
Background. Transaction Publishers. Pp 20.
University of California. 1942. Journal of Central European Affairs. Volume 2.
24. ^ a b Nash, Kate (2001). The Blackwell companion to political sociology. WileyBlackwell. p. 391. ISBN 0631210504
25. ^ Tamir, Yael. 1993. Liberal Nationalism. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-69107893-9; Will Kymlicka. 1995. Multicultural Citizenship. Oxford University Press. ISBN
0-19-827949-3; David Miller. 1995. On Nationality. Oxford University Press. ISBN 019-828047-5.
26. ^ Renan, Ernest. 1882. "Qu'est-ce qu'une nation?"
27. ^ Mill, John Stuart. 1861. Considerations on Representative Government.
28. ^ Kymlicka, Will. 1995. Multicultural Citizenship. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19827949-3. For criticism, see: Patten, Alan. 1999. "The Autonomy Argument for Liberal
Nationalism." Nations and Nationalism. 5(1): 1-17.
29. ^ Miller, David. 1995. On Nationality. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-828047-5.
For criticism, see: Abizadeh, Arash. 2002. "Does Liberal Democracy Presuppose a
Cultural Nation? Four Arguments." American Political Science Review 96 (3): 495-509;
Abizadeh, Arash. 2004. "Liberal Nationalist versus Postnational Social Integration."
Nations and Nationalism 10(3): 231-250.
30. ^ Bar-Haim, Yair; Yair Bar-Haim, Talee Ziv, Dominique Lamy, Richard M. Hodes
(2008). "Nature and Nurture in Own-Race Face Processing". Psychological Science 17
(2): 159163. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01679.x. PMID 16466424.
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118597334/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY
=0
31. ^ Timothy G. Reagan (2005). Non-Western Educational Traditions: Indigenous
Approaches to Educational Thought and Practice. Routledge. pp. 45.
ISBN 9780805848571. http://books.google.com/?id=gFK9txcEYHYC
32. ^ Smith, Anthony D. 1986. The Ethnic Origins of Nations London: Basil Blackwell. pp
618. ISBN 0-631-15205-9.
33. ^ Political Science, Volume 35, Issue 2; Class and Nation: Problems of Socialist
Nationalism
34. ^ Middle East and North Africa: Challenge to Western Security by Peter Duignan and
L.H. Gann, Hoover Institution Press, 1981, ISBN 978-0817973926 (page 22)
35. ^ a b c Encyclopaedia of Nationalism by Athena S. Leoussi and Anthony D. Smith,
Transaction Publishers, 2001, ISBN 978-0765800022, (page 62)
36. ^ http://www.maknews.com/html/articles/savich/nationalism.pdf
37. ^ Connor, Walker (1994). Ethnonationalism: The Quest for Understanding. Princeton,
New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 29. ISBN 9780691025636.
http://books.google.com/?id=bmgineq0r3MC&printsec=frontcover.
38. ^ Griffin, Roger (1994). Staging The Nation's Rebirth: The Politics and Aesthetics of
Performance in the Context of Fascist Studies.
http://ah.brookes.ac.uk/resources/griffin/stagingfascism.pdf. Retrieved 2010-09-21.
39. ^ Roger Griffin, Fascism, Oxford University Press, 1995, ISBN 978-0192892492.

40. ^ Heywood, Andrew (1999). Political Theory: An Introduction (Second ed.). London:
Macmillan Press. pp. 9798. ISBN 0333760913.
41. ^ Grayling, A.C. (2001). The Meaning of Things. Applying Philosophy to Life.. London:
Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 7879. ISBN 0297607588.
42. ^ Heywood, Andrew (2000). Key Concepts in Politics. London: Macmillan Press. p. 256.
ISBN 0333770951.
43. ^ Cliff, Tony (1959). "Rosa Luxemburg and the national question". Marxists Internet
Archive. http://www.marxists.org/archive/cliff/works/1959/rosalux/6-natquest.htm.
Retrieved 2008-08-02.
44. ^ Russell Speaks His Mind, 1960. Fletcher and son Ltd., Norwich, United Kingdom
45. ^ Blum in his book Rogue State
46. ^ Einstein http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/a/alberteins107012.html
47. ^ [cadmus.eui.eu/dspace/bitstream/1814/2599/1/HEC04-01.pdf "The Expulsion of
'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the End of the Second World War"]. EUI
Working Paper HEC No. 2004/1. 2004. p. 4.
cadmus.eui.eu/dspace/bitstream/1814/2599/1/HEC04-01.pdf. Retrieved 20 December
2009.

[edit] Further reading

[edit] General

Breuilly, John. 1994. Nationalism and the State. 2nd ed. Chicago: Chicago University
Press. ISBN 0-226-07414-5 .
Brubaker, Rogers. 1996. Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question
in the New Europe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-57224-X .
Greenfeld, Liah. 1992. Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity Cambridge: Harvard
University Press. ISBN 0-674-60319-2
Hobsbawm, Eric J. 1992. Nations and Nationalism Since 1780: Programme, Myth,
Reality. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-43961-2 .
Jusdanis, Gregory. 2001. The Necessary Nation. Princeton University Press.
Malesevic, Sinisa 2006. Identity as Ideology: Understanding Ethnicity and Nationalism.
New York: Palgrave, ISBN 1-4039-8786-6.
Ozkirimli, Umut 2010. Theories of Nationalism: A Critical Introduction. New York:
Palgrave.
Royce, Mathias O. 2010. The Rise and Propagation of Political Right-Wing Extremism:
The Identification and Assessment of Common Sovereign Economic and SocioDemographic Determinants SMC - Swiss Management Center, Working Paper Series,
August 5, 2010, Available at SSRN [2]
Harvard Asia Pacific Review, 2010. "Nations and Nationalism." Available at Issuu [3]
ISSN 1522-1113

[edit] Reference works

Delanty, Gerard; Kumar, Krishan, eds (2006). The Sage Handbook of Nations and
Nationalism. London: Sage Publications. ISBN 9781412901017.

http://www.sagepub.com/refbooksProdDesc.nav?currTree=Subjects&level1=J00&prodId
=Book226687
Leoussi, Athena, ed (2001). Encyclopedia of Nationalism. New Brunswick, NJ:
Transaction Publishers. ISBN 0765800020. http://books.google.com/?id=9_vuJusOJkMC
Motyl, Alexander, ed (2001). Encyclopedia of Nationalism. San Diego: Academic Press.
ISBN 0122272307.
http://books.elsevier.com/us//socsci/us/subindex.asp?maintarget=&isbn=0122272307&co
untry=United+States&srccode=&ref=&subcode=&head=&pdf=&basiccode=&txtSearch
=&SearchField=&operator=&order=&community=socsci
Snyder, Louis (1990). Encyclopedia of Nationalism. New York: Paragon House.
ISBN 1557781672. http://books.google.com/?id=8ogYAAAAIAAJ
Spira, Thomas, ed (1999). Nationalism and Ethnicity Terminologies: An Encyclopedic
Dictionary and Research Guide. Gulf Breeze, FL: Academic International Press.
ISBN 0875692052. http://www.ai-press.com/NET.html

[edit] External links

Look up nationalism in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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Nationalism, its importance and sources

The Nationalism Project
Internet Modern History Sourcebook: Nationalism
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Nationalism
Nations & Nationalism: What is a Nation
The History of a Social Phenomenon