2: The auteur theory ‘The pg ds ants—the ater theory, Andrew Satis calls lt-was developed bythe lonely Kit group of rcs wha wrote for Caio da Gini and made the ead fim maga he orld, Ieprng from th vac thatthe Ametian cose Wat ‘worth mang indepth tha masterpetes wee made oo only by smal upper cust of etc the clare ptm he cmap ‘ingerbread, but by « whole range of autos, whose work bad ‘reiouly Ben dni and consigned to livin, Thre wee ‘special conitons in Pars which made this eoviion pose ‘ary there ws the fit that American fils were tonal rn Franc under the Vicky government andthe Geman Occupation Consequently, when they reappased fice the Liberation they ‘me math a frce—and anemia inpact—which was eter faoly missing inthe Anglo-Saxon cotrieythemsees An Secon hee was a trning cine-lob movers, dae prt {eco ceanections thee had always Reena France betwee the sinc an the iets wits the ample of Jean Coteas oe Andé Malraux. Connesed wth hit cine-cub movement at ‘he mapafcent Paris Cindnuhiqc the work of Henri Lani, ‘grat enter, as Jean-Loe Gedard dese hm. The poly of ‘We Cinnothiue was to show the maximum sumer of Sey, to plough back the production f the pt in order to. predoce the culture in which the cnems of the fice could’ tv, [pave French cn sa unmatcl perception othe isteredersioos of Holyrood andthe creer of indivi decors. ‘The eno theory grew ap rather bapa eas neve Saboraed in programmatic fers, in a manta or sleeve ‘Sateen. As ares i could be iterpreted and applied om rather ‘road ies, diferent ics deveoped. somewhat diferent rcthods within a lose framework of common attudes, This Foose and sens of de theory bas allowed fagant ms ‘derstanding to take re, particularly amcor a Bain ‘nd the Unit States, Ignorance fa bon compounded by 4 ri ‘of hnliyw foregn ies and a uate for tery and caricare, ‘oweves, be faites of the eau spon has been such ht this mide beady even on te moet wtayourae teri, or instance rece straw pll of Bets ely, cnt i ‘Sunjucton with Don Sigel Retrospective athe Naval Fis, ‘Theatr, revealed tha among Ameren dictrs most ade, ‘ovp cnstng of Bud Betchr, Same Fuller an Howse ‘Haws an ramet behind Fd, Hichenck nd Well, who ‘opped the pol, but abead of Billy Wilder, Jot Von Steers, and Preston Strges Of cause, some individual dro bave alvays been eg ‘sed a eutsanding: Charles Chapin, Jon Fon, Orson Wel ‘The aac theory does ntl welt aaa the dee {8 the ruin author ffm, I pc a operation of depen: ‘enti eval authors where ane had ben sen tfors or = Yea the model ofan author inthe close es that the usopesn Greco, with open artic eprtons ta fall ocd ‘over Bis fms. This model sil ages on it les bend the ‘Gistenial distnedon. between art ltt tad popu la Dizecios who but their reputations in Europe were dna ter they crossed the Aan, reduced to enemys. Ameen Hitchcock was cna untsonrbly with Engh Hitchack, | Aspcrican Reno with French Reo, Areican Fite Lang wih (Geran Fritz Lang. The ar thenty bas led ote erfeation FE the second, Hollywood caret of thee and her European © cir; without masterpieces such at Sere Sie or Verte ould never have Ben peeved. Contry, the ata theoryas sn sepicl when offered an Amen ier wh salva~ tin as ben exe to Eorope Tis dict now co arg hat rate ove tis eves bee excel by Jes Dns rat Josep Loveys ‘eset wor ie matted superior ts), The Per, Tn tines awing tthe dren ofthe egal theory, evo main schools of entarctcs gree op those who insite on ‘eveling a core of meanings, af thematic met, ad thve who ‘troved spe and meen oe, These an important dsaction ‘pry wbich I sal eur to ne, The wes of the eae bas 3 ‘opetie dimension, i ie oe porely formal the work of the eter on ng, onthe other had, dacs ot go beyond the len ‘tiprfamance of anspasig inf the special eompex of cinematic ‘odes abd lana a poe exiting tex scenario a ono ay, ‘Ae we hile the meaning ofthe ls of an ee i onstrated <2 putror te meaingsemani ther an sso expres: ‘Sheol the las of amateur ne exis fo in cote Bs ec yc a thet sfioretio Peoria cir ns mame aces poe ee ee Mieire not wtar can wire Seer anos a scecs ser cpecane oe see! ae ere teases PSone see crooner ene || per aoa pu tn oe ah Bi etcpr rt ols a escecatn See ies cies aoa? i called “aethetic els of personality’ tepan to be formed izes were claimed before they hd in ay teal ese, ented und deine Fecitrewaeids Bears Fh atin ay - xraropnnt whichis nerd. hs ure Bsns ios indapenle.Gotioy Nowell Soh ha sed op the ‘stg heya tis arma pets a pales felch Lorena feta hal a [sthe dconery tha Siig character 9 abe ‘eokare ao nec thon michael apa “The por hich tus becomes fo ce ead hs ‘erica contrasts of subject and cant ahd eso tate and fen resaodne mh ‘Ue pater forse by ‘hoe moths wht gies nash mk pret ‘trocar, bth ening nly and Sigs one ‘ou fre rm nee te ts sence ot Novel Sah cal wh Inline forthe ce “The test ne hea hry provide by he work of ora Hos. Wy Ha tor ay sy rat Breage fo by placing and steating the india within sce and Tasty specially within American Nieoy. Ford fas deat ales nthe hore vation ef Amerca a to bring cston to a satage land che guden to the et. A the same time, Ford also secs these vals thet ‘problemas he begins wo qusdun the snoement of pean history ise Boeticher, on the ootray, nat co 2radia individuation, ‘a no incest in making ls about faa feings am fr the individual He lok fox values ithe Coeouner with death if the underlying metaphor i {aro the bll-Sghter a the are. The hero enters group of ‘companion, but there f m0 powiblly of group _ Docticher hero aby desing group nd nd into th constacat india, that be pevon fceafce the Sse develop ia Andrew Sates wor {ho loting poker games, where every character takes tums ‘luting about tis Had woul he Gal shondown’. avi une Bortiche, ask transcendent values beyond the individ, sella nit thes. Bat ule For, be dos to gies ese $y hitral deni, any destiny ia time. or Hawes the highest human emotions the camaraderie of the ‘xtuleseleaicen all-male group. Haws roe ar ca= ncn, nal fohermen, racing, pls, big-me hone, abit o danger and ling apart fom society actly et ff fGom it phy by deme forest, sey, anow or desert, Thee ‘rodrone ae fg-bound; the radio bas cracked op the ext tuulrcuch oc pacctbout docs not lene fora week: The dite rop scl preserve exc Is nessa to pass st ality and Sourage to win detance, The groups. ital fetsoge cme wen ene member ts theaters Gown (the desk ‘Eur in a Bro the pony pt Only Angels Hae We) ‘iol must ecm hislf by sone act of exceptnal bravery, ce ‘Sccaiomlly when to mock ndash Greatest Cropt the lowe ki cle (he ary Sewen dies in Ral Lin 7000 the fighter plot smong the bomber crew in lr Fare). The ‘groups secu the fet commandment "You get a tun team [acrobatic in the ait one of hem i no god ten theyre “tie wouble Ifsonesn ues hk nerve catching animal thea the ‘ble bunch canbe fa onble? The group members are bound ‘peter by ane (Har blod is exchanged by ansinoa) {itreapres themes nivcally fa commana ingongs. There ia famous example of tus in Rio Brave. In Dez Patra the amaraderi of the plots stctchoseve aross te ena fie: a Us jst a cal, acepance of fact In Only Angle Have Wings, afer Joe dies, Cary Grant says: He just asa good sinveeBoeticher’s sims: death, 2s we have sey for Hass spy 8 ‘ig memes es rer a Te Tal PCy soa that wells ging to be chock a-blosk) ot Te Rise an {Legs Diamon For Ha ‘rains pies iro ee ‘taparess Hom the odiary, every, sil Word Ate ste tine, Hawks ses the edary wold tig cy” arch more fundamental ses becuse doi fay meaning rales. mean ray rxesoae“I Son think theyre cary, tsk eT nermal—but soning to ad bis nev len nto they sed ‘ary? Which isthe norma, which the abnormal? Ta rex ‘nits inchoate, tat o mat pple heros fa ra ey ing rate : seb to watch the show the tack in The Crd Be the eros transcends in.1h Rad Fa Ly Domne at age ‘chess im Air Fone Bs on’ to Blow up the Japanese ft. In ‘Rio Brazo the gn of he baden “es ery fy Le at ‘hse moments thatthe die rns aint the world tie sod ‘als te opportanity tbe bral and dost Besides the covert presre of he cowl oud, theres ao 30 ‘over force which threatens: wom. Mant woman's "prey ‘Women are admited tothe mule group ely alee mich dagust slong ital corp phased round the lrg ihng and ‘change iaretes, during whe they prove themes wey ‘fear, Often they pf mior fats of talaur Even ts ‘hough they are never ally ulmembers. A yp akg sat ‘up tee potion: Woman: You low hs, do’ you? ‘Max (embarrased: Yes. Tg. Womans How ex I love hin eyo? ‘Man: Jost sick around 6[Women mi i i Hat op) Cents et dy ‘The undercurrent of homoseruly in Hawk’, fas & never cxssalied though in Tie Big Sy, fo extn thst vary ce {2 the nite And be himself dette Gil Boon Por “realy ove story between two men’. Fox Haws men ace ea, thin the sroup at ast wheres there eer denser ‘between women and the anal wri most explt is Briton Up Bay, Genlonce Prefer Blonder Hatt Man ous {e mainin his mastery. Ie ho worth notng fat fe Haste ‘adveoute dramas and een in many of hs crcl, teres ‘atid if Often the heroes were maid ora let ately, enmined, 19 worn at sine dine the dian pst bar hae ‘sured an upc eum, withthe re that they hive Rese suspicious of women ever sine. The attule 9 "Once ca, {twice shy. This in atast to then of Ford, which snr Sevmeddagicat‘Sow Cas ee ringing up the children, costing, sering ridgey and subordination. She pid fr ‘ments Roeticher, onthe othe hd, women tal they are patos fi male modes of eon, th ‘mses, inberlf ti woman ar ot the sghttanpenaaee Hawks ses the all-male community ata utewate: oly is ery retrograde. His Sparta hero arn fc erly toa Horns woul! bes loser director ihe was unaffcied yh it ie of series, ts by being set 19 bri plac for who provoke actin are retcas have no authene signee mtsaton, ‘Has ft sacral tention bosave Be wo roarded ey masta sor, tate thom comet wicheps ok alate ge dnl ere if « danger, as Lévi-Strauss has pBinted out, soapy rb al et wc se, waie bene ch besos o fmt: slongide every dramatic hero NS ee avare of 4 phantom, sipped of mastery, humid, {averted With oer ico the stem of eppantons asoch ‘more compen instead of there being to be ste oft ‘here area whole eis of sling vtintcos In the eae ten the pins and the pose icon ‘reduced 1 two atomic pairs: ane navel, ale voses feel sand the ache calturl, high versa low, We fan proced wah Te Same kindof operation inthe study of lie hush ste coo ec, we sal them sore complex than fay te Tis insu fr example, t conser thee fils of John Fond and compare thir heroes: Wyatt Lap in fy Doig Glenenine Ethan Eavards nThe Saochen ad Tom Denson in The Stan Who Shot Liberty Voie. They all et wee oe reongnbable For works governed hy «se of oppoons, ek thet bi wih that word are very deren The eens pe of eppois overlap diferent pr are oregrounded in difcrent ‘movin. The most relent are garden vers ildsrnes ploughs share vers sabes, seter versus soma, Eitopem mses Inde, ised. yerus stags, book versus fu maria! venus ue ‘mari East verss West Those atinmis ca ole beckon down forte. The Ea, fr instance, can be dined sie oe Boston or Washington and a The Last Hera Boson ial broken dow ino the ansposes af Ics imunigens er Fe ‘mouth Gib, themselves bunds of such diferestal emer oo Celie vers Anglo-Seon, poor yrs ch, Catole renee Protstane, Deosrat resus Republican, td soon At foe ight scm th th postions ned above oneisp te cee that the Bese practealysynanpiay, butt bye aa ‘he cae, As we sal ve, ptf the development of Feat eae th bes the hit from an ie between vised Yrs nage ‘ad Europes vers Indian t thei seyuraion ad baal vee, Laiepte et"hat hi i mean nothing that he has doomed Ms en rar ofthe pst nian in the word othe ire acter ate combined ia the pean of Sida and abi) fs sure In The Seach ts rer deat ke lice the Sip Kinds fatty sein cprated Lay Daring Clomeine are combined natural in Wyatt Earp witbour any anor eceuary. Ta many af Fons ate The Oat Many uta, Denes Reeth aceat ple on a= il utr. The and of Allakees, in Donona's Rey of abl forthe homeles heros sf The Mon Pho St ey Velo acaly monarchy, though complete withthe on pt wooden church and saloon, made falas by My ling ‘Clementine Ta fut, the charcer of Chibae, Do i's i in My Dering Clon pet to Mis tnd Lelie native prac. Ose presents he ska te other the oae-Ametian in opposition 19 the pecable Bosnians Amsla Sarah Dedham and Cleesting Ta broad sense, his isa par af'agenral movement whic abe decid in Ford's ook to equate the Lay Taian and lysis a tratonal communi sc nthe pat, counter fo the march oar the American tea thas oad in realy, but siting the ales of the American fee wes once dreamed. bias‘The Wh ht re Vt 1 wuld epee so das, ere on Fos et Scag“ tay ah tue ena ec ion, at ped lity of quotation is a severe handicap. My own view is Fs yr meh ber in tof Hist a a fe ya streamate ane oe ing ‘how Gene anno a acs woo ar mes a ae pas ius conleof Nay men wh ave ere ow Seu Sea ‘and now spead. most of th ne raking bell. Sina ‘hyo a copleey neigh oma ln ke Wis of Eagles which sovoles, like The Searcher ound the vageany ers hoe ‘ony, withthe dference tae when the hero de tne ome, 4st ae ou tet poe, oe ‘ett ands complesy parted oo tat he clan ove aly ‘et etn is toes. This the mace reid bara othe ele, ‘eships it would be tu wos Ua ite the lect enters who, ‘canbe defined, as Nowe Smith put bya are of bale moe'ro rai ba‘Coser w te cinema har fee the ofthe theme The inthe mere perspetve of an ch boat) ‘You ase nw more thea certeyne ple es that can pec ato the Mistery (Of many Cou! vat thenl and eve ¢ ‘Mythology there painted on sic dele! ‘Oh, tate Boards to speaks! There a sk Pratog and Carpentry are the Soule f Magus! ‘ertal dinensions of the Weare andthe sovereignty of the Alectoris made «particle pact in Geary and Resse where he was invited to work. In Rabi, we co trace ler ink from Cog through Meyereld w the work of En sen, fot atthe Pletal These, then tthe tern, swrntelitoset