3 Pressuredistribu 00 Port

Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive
Theses and Dissertations
Thesis and Dissertation Collection
1961
Pressure distributions, added-mass, and damping

coefficients for cylinders oscillating in a free surface.
Porter, W. R.
University of California, Berkeley
http://hdl.handle.net/10945/12879
N PS ARCHIVE
1961
PORTER, W.
PRESSURE DISTRIBUTIONS, ADDED-MASS, AND

DAMPING COEFFICIENTS FOR CYLINDERS
OSCILLATING IN A FREE SURFACE.
William Robert Porter
Library
U. S. Naval Postgraduate
School
Monterey, CaHfomia
Pressure Distributions, Added-Mass, and Damping Coefficients

for Cylinders Oscillating in a Free Surface
By
William Robert Porter

Po]
;
B.S. (United States Naval Academy) 19*f6

B.S. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) 19^8
M.S. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) 195^
Nav. E. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) 1955
DISSERTATION
Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
in
Engineering Science
in the
GRADUATE DIVISION
of the
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
Approved:
J. V.
J.
^
Wehausen
R. Paulling
E. Pinney
Committee in Charge
Deposited in the University Library
Date
Librarian
w.
Library
U.
S.
Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey, California
ABSTRACT
Pressure Distributions, Added-Mass, and Damping Coefficients

for Cylinders Oscillating in a Free Surface
A linearized theory is developed for the pressure distributions, added-mass and damping coefficients for horizontal cylinders
oscillating vertically with small amplitude while semi-immersed in

the free surface of a fluid of uniform depth.
The results of sam-
ple calculations made by digital computer are presented.
The cal-
culations of the pressure distribution and the total vertical

force for the case of a circular cylinder in fluid of infinite
depth are compared with values measured in an experiment*

The problem is formulated as a linearized boundary-value
problem in the theory of infinitesimal surface waves*

potential is synthesized from appropriate functions.
A velocity
The boundary
conditions on the free surface and on the bottom and that the surface takes the form of outgoing waves far from the body are satis-
fied exactly.
The boundary condition on the surface of the cylin-
der is satisfied at the rest position of the cylinder by an expan-
sion in non-orthogonal functions.
Convergence in the general case
is assumed.
The expansion coefficients for the case of a circular cylinder in fluid of infinite depth were calculated by two different nu-
merical procedures.
One of these methods was chosen for further
development to provide sample calculations for elliptic and more

general cylinders of approximately ship-like cross-section.
The pressure fluctuation at several locations on the surface
of a circular cylinder and the total vertical force required to sustain vertical oscillations were measured.
were simulated.
Two-dimensional conditions
The measured values and values based on the sample
calculations show similar distinctive behavior.

The results of a general study of instrumentation for the
measurement of pressure fluctuations in similar experiments are presented.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
PART A.
I.
II.
III.
Theoretical Development.
Introduction.
Formulation of the Problem.
2.1
Description,,
2.2
The Cylinders.
2.3
Infinitesimal Surface Wave Theory.
2,k
The Boundary Value Problem in Potential Theory.
Problem Solution.
3.1
Description
3.2
Notation of the Geometry.
10
3.3
The Component Potential Functions.
10
3.31
The Multipole Potential
3.32
The Combined Multipole and Standing-
ip_
11
Wave Potentials,,
Ik
3.33
The Source Potential,
17
3.3^
The Combined Source and Standing-
Wave Potentials,
19
~b.k
The Potential Solution.
21
3.5
Evaluating the Expansion Coef ficients.
23
3.6
The Ratio of Waveheight to Oscillation
Amplitude
25
3*7
The Pressure on the Cylinder Surface.
26
3.8
The Vertical Force Required to Sustain
3*9
Oscillations,
28
The Added-Mass and Damping Coefficients.
30
3*91
The Added Mass and the Added-Mass
Coefficient.
30
Page
3.92
The Radiated Energy and the Damping

Coefficient,,
IV.
31
The Special Case of Infinite Fluid-Depth.

4.1
Special Definition of the Multipole

Potential
4.2
cp_
33
The Source Potential and the Complete
Potential Solution,,
J>k
43
Evaluating the Expansion Coef ficients e
35
k,k
Asymptotic Value for the Added Mass and

Definition of the Free -Surface Correction,,
PART B.
V.
36
Numerical Analysis and Results of Sample Calculations.

The Circular Cylinder in Infinite-Depth Fluid.
5.1
5*2-
Calculation of the Expansion Coef ficients Q
5o3
5.4
39
39
5.11
Choice of Method,,
39
5.12
Form of the Equations for Calculation,,
42
The Principal Dependent Variables.
5.21
The Results for A(6), B(G)o
5c 22
The Quantities M(6G), N(5 0), and
4-3
4-3
fl
VI.
33
'!
) o
44
Hydrodynamic Pressure Distribution on the
Cylinder Surface.
48
The Added-Mass and Damping Coefficients,
50
Elliptic and More General Cylinders in Infinitely

Deep Fluid.
6.1
57
Description of the Method,,

6.11
Numerical Procedures.
6c 12
The Selection of Mapping Parameters

2n+l
57
57
58
Page
6.2
Results for Examples from the One-Parameter

(Elliptic) Family of Cylinders.
6.3
Results for Examples from the Two-Parameter

(Lewis Form) Family of Cylinders.
6.k
67
Results for Examples from a Three-Parameter

(Landweber-Macagno) Family of Cylinders.
PART C.
60
7^
The Experiment, Results, and General Study of
Pressure Fluctuation Measurements.

VII.
Experiment and Results.

7.1
Purpose and Direction.
7.2
Results of Measurements of the Pressure

Fluctuation.
7.3
7.^
82
83
Results of Measurements of the Vertical

Force Acting on the Cylinder.
8k
The Cylinder and the Experiment Arrangement.
88
7.^+1
The Cylinder and the Motion Generator.
88
7.^2
The Simulation of Two-Dimensional
7.^3
VIII.
82
Conditions.
92
Electrical Instrumentation.
95
General Study of Instrumentation for Measurement

of Pressure Fluctuations.
8.1
8.2
96
General Characteristics of the Pressure

Measurement.
96
Piezoelectric Transducers.
98
8.21
Open Circuit Operation; the Piezoelectric Crystal Wafer.
8.22
Low Frequency Response of Piezoelectric Transducer and Amplifier.
8.23
98
99
Extending Low Frequency Response by

Capacitive Loading.
103
Page
8, 24
Extending Low Frequency Response
by-
Feedback Amplifier Technique.

8.3
104
The Pressure Sensitivity of Diaphragm-Type
Transducers,
8.31
Definition of Sensitivity,
8.32
Small Deflections of Clamped-Edge

Flat Circular Plates^ Kirchhoff Theory,
8.33
106
106
109
Pressure Sensitivity of Flate Circular
Plates with Deflection not Infinitesimal.
8.34
110
The Large Deflections of a Thin Dia-
phragm with Zero Initial Tension}
Solution of Heneky,
8,33
The Small Deflection of a Thin Membrane with Initial Tension,
8.36
118
The Large Deflection of a Thin Dia-
phragm with Initial Tension,

8.37
115
120
Composite Approximate Solution for

the Finite Deflection of a Clamped
8 4
Edge Diaphragm under Uniform Load,
123
Dynamic Response cf Flat Circular Diaphragms,
124
8.41
Error Due to Dynamic Response Characteristics of the Diaphragm,
8.42
The Lowest Natural Mode Frequency of
Circular Diaphragms,
8,5
124
125
Pressure Gauges Mounted Internally,
128
8.51
Advantages and Disadvantages,
128
8.52
The Effect of Acceleration of the En-
closed Fluid on the Indicated Pressure.

8.53
128
The Dynamic Response of the Internally
Mounted Gauge,
130
Page
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
136
REFERENCES
137
APPENDICES
Mathematical Notes Referenced in the Text.
Appendix A.
A-l
Asymptotic Behavior of
<p"
(x,y 9 h) for
jx
-*ao 9
142
y = Oo
A-2
Asymptotic Behavior of <p(K,h) for
-* od,
|x|
1^5
y = 0.
A-3
Expanded Forms Useful in Numerical Calculation of
Certain Definite Integrals,,
1^6
The Coefficients of p (6), q (6) in Ex2

2
pansion Equations for the Method of Inte-
A-3.1
gration,
146
A~3o?
Two Special Forms
1^7
A--3o3
Exp:
p.,
A-3o4
A]
A~3<>5
E
q
it-Hand Side of the
in th
r..s
Ion Equation
(&) E-
ate For.ms for
iighi-Hanc
&
-'.'"
Initial
Governing Dif fere
B-3
Series Assumed for
B-*f
Evaluation of Coefi
and Definition
Graph:
152
15^
155
Lon
of b
156
,
,
of b
oi
and Definition of the
B-7
1^-9
153
B-2
Evaluatio
Side of the
Introductio
B-6
148
Circular Plates with
B-l
Evaluation
'
148
(6,), y 3.,.(6,).
ex
<?
The Finil
Appendix. B.
B-5
1^1
Condi Lon
1
>n.
158
Cp.
160
l6l
Page
B-8
Special Cases.
a.
Appendix C.
163
Zero Initial Strain,, (The Solution of

Hencky).
163
b.
Lightly Loaded Plates,
163
c.
Comparison with the Membrane Solution.
165
The Attenuation of Oscillatory Pressure Fluc-
tuations Travelling in a Viscous Fluid Through

a Connecting Tube to an Instrument Cavity with
Resilient Walls.
166
C-l
Description,,
167
C-2
The Navier-Stokes (Momentum) Equations.
168
C-3
The Equation of Continuity.
171
C-^
The Equation of State and Effect on Tube Wall
Elasticity.
C-3
171
Boundary Conditions and the Effect of Diaphragm

Elasticity,,
173
C-6
The Solution of the Governing Equation.
175
C-7
The Short Tube Approximations.
176
C-8
Approximation Valid for Small Values of w
C-9
Approximation Valid for Moderate Damping Values.
2
a/-*/
C-10 Approximation Valid for Small Damping Values.
177
1?8
l8l
XX
ILLUSTRATIONS
Page
Figure
1.
The Functions A(6) and B(6).
45
Figure
2.
The Function tan"
46
Figure
Calculation Error Index vs Frequency,
Figure
4.
p (6,0)
(B(6)/A(6)).
for the Circular Cylinder.
49
51
St
Figure
5.
The Trend of p /6 for Large

Si
Figure
6.
p (6,Q) for the Circular Cylinder.
6,
52
53
Table I-A.
p (6,)
a
for the Circular Cylinder
55 A
Table I-B,
p (6,9)
for the Circular Cylinder.
53 B
Figure
The Added-Mass and Damping Coefficients for the

Circular Cylinder,
55
56
7.
Figure
8,
The Amplitude Ratio A for the Circular Cylinder.
Figure
9.
p (6,0)
for the Ellipse H = 3/2.
62
SL
Figure 10.
p (6,0)
for the Ellipse H = 1/5,
63
Figure 11.
p (6,0)
64
Figure 12.
p (6,0)
64
Figure 13.
k^ for the Elliptic Cylinders H = 1/5, 3/2.
65
Figure l4 #
A for Three Elliptic Cylinders,
,.,
Figure 15.
p (6,0)
for the Full Section, H = 1.
69
Figure 16.
p (6,0)
for the Cusped Section, H = 1.
70
Figure 1?,
p (6,0)
for the Full Section, H = 1.
71
Figure 18,
p (6,0)
for the Cusped Section, H = 1.
71
Figure 19.
k,
Figure 20.
The Damping Coefficient -=
for Three Cylinders, H = 1.
72
^r- for Three

+ B
Cylinders, H = 1*
73
Figure 21.
Three Cylinders, H = 1/5.
75
Figure 22,
p (6,0) for the Full Form, H = 1/5.
76
Page
.
p (6,0)
for the Full Form, H = 1/5.
Figure 2k.
p (6,0)
for the Bulbous Section, H = 1/5.
78
Figure 25.
The Trend of p /6 for Large

a
H = 1/5.
Figure 23
Bulbous Section,
6,
79
for the Bulbous Section H = 1/5.
Figure 26.
p (6,0)
Figure 27.
k.
Figure 28.
The Calculated and Measured Amplitude of Total

Pressure Fluctuation.
85
Figure 29.
Calculated and Measured Total Vertical Force.
87
Figure 30.
The Model
89
Figure 31.
The Vertical Motion Dynamometer.
90
Figure 32.
Top View of Arrangements.
9^
Figure 33*
Fractional Amplitude Response of a Piezoelectric

Transducer and D.C. Amplifier as a Function of
Frequency e
102
Fractional Response as a Function of

(Added/Internal) Capacitance,
107
Non-dimensional Deflection of Flat Circular

Diaphragms with Clamped Edges and No Initial
Tension.
Ill
Non-dimensional Pressure Sensitiyity of a Flat

Circular Plate.
112
Deflection Coefficient K as a Function of

Initial Strain and Load.
122
Graphical Solution for the Fundamental Natural

Frequency of a Clamped, Circular, Flat Diaphragm.
127
Figure 39.
An Instrument Cavity in an Oscillating Wall.
129
Figure
Fractional Response and Phase Lag of Indicated

Pressure, Viscous Regime.
132
Fractional Response and Phase Lag of Indicated

Pressure, Moderate Damping.
13^
The Functions f
162
Figure
J>k.
Figure 35.
Figure 36.
Figure 37
Figure 38.
^+0.
Figure kl.
Figure k2 c
and A for Three Cylinders, H
1?
(b
and K(b
).
1/5.
80
8l
Introducti o
The study of the hydrodynamics of cylinders oscillating in a

free surface is of interest, for several reasons and has therefore
received attention for some years.,
Ursell [19^93
formulated the
problem of the horizontal circular cylinder, semi-submerged and
undergoing forced periodic heaving oscillations, as a boundary-value

problem in the theory of infinitesimal graTfity waves.
He completed
the rigorous solution in principle and presented the results of a
numerical calculation that leads to added-mass and damping coefficients.
One might say the modern history of the problem begins with
this solution by Ursell.
Grim [19533 follows a somewhat different procedure in synthesizing a potential solution but with a restricted number of coefficients so that the results are approximate
He compares his circular-
cylinder results with Ursell* s calculation.
Grim extended his method
to present approximate results for certain elliptic cylinders and for
certain cylinders of somewhat ship-like cross-section called "Lewis
Forms" in the field of aaâl architecture.
Tasai [19593 returned to the method of Ursell, using in principle an unlimited number of expansion coefficients, and, by a mapping
procedure, extended the results of Ursell to include elliptic and
Lewis-form cylinders e
He presents the results of numerical calcula-
tions for the added-mass coefficient and waveheight ratio (equivalent

to damping factor) for certain elliptic and Lewis-form cylinders.
Tasai compares his results for an elliptic cylinder (horizontal-to-
vertical-axes ratio of 1,5) to the results of Grim.
Grim's approximate
* References identified in zhe text by author and date are collected

at the end.
results are markedly low for the added-mass coefficients
There is
closer agreement for waveheight ratio.

The work of Ursell, Grim, and Tasai cited above is restricted
to water of infinite depth*
Yu [i960] added the condition of uniform
finite-depth to the problem as formulated by Ursell.
The potential
functions used by Yu are those appropriate to infinitesimal gravitywaves in water of finite depth.
Yu completes the solution in princi-
ple following the method of Ursell for a circular cylinder,,
He pre-
sents the results of a numerical calculation for the added-mass coefficient and for the waveheight ratio.
His result recovers the solution
of Ursell as the water depth approaches infinity; practically speak-
ing, the numerical results are essentially the same when the water
depth is equal to ten radius-lengths.

Yu also reported an experiment with a semi-submerged cylinder
in simulated two-dimensional conditions.
He measured the waveheight
ratio and shows substantial agreement with his calculated results.

The few other reported experiments simulating two-dimensional condi-
tions are not readily eomparedo
Holstein [1936] used a prismatic
cylinder of somewhat sh5_p-like cross-section, nearly rectangular.

Schulea* [1936] used a similar form but in free oscillation, a very
different hydrodynamic problem.
Dimpker [193^] used several pris-
matic forms, including a cixcular cylinder, but again reports mea-
surements for free oscillations
There exists work on the similar problem in three dimensions,

on approximate methods for solving the three-dimensional problem by
drawing on two-dimensional results, and experimental work with models
not simulating two-dimensional conditions.
Including the third dimen-
sion is a sufficient departure from the objective of this work that
pursuit of that worthy problem is not undertaken here.

The present paper considers the case of the more general cylin-
ders in a fluid that may be of uniform finite depth.
The problem is
formulated as a boundary-value problem in the theory of infinitesimal
Within this framework the problem is linear and the
gravity waves.
solution is obtained by superposition of appropriate velocity potentials.
Following Ursell, the solution is obtained in principle employ-
ing an unlimited number of expansion coefficients.
For the special
case of the circular cylinder, one recovers the solution of Yu.
For
the special case of infinite water depth, a solution is obtained which
includes that of Tasai and is also explicit for more general cylinders
than he treated (for example, the three-parameter cross-section family
of Landweber and Mexagno [19593 )o
Finally, for the special case of
infinite depth and a circular cylinder, the parent solution of Ursell

is recovered.
The hydrodynamic pressure distribution for the cases of the
previous solutions can be derived from the work of the authors citedo
However, none state this result or present sample calculations for
their cases.
The pressure distribution is considered here in order
to provide possible insight into similar problems of naval architectur-
al interest and to provide calculations for comparison with experiment-
al measurements.
The results of numerical calculations for the case of a circular
cylinder in fluid of infinite depth are presented.
The numerical
procedure differs from that of Ursell for the same case.

and waveheight ratio results are in agreement
The force
The pressure distribu-
<>
tion was not previously reported,

In order to compare the theoretical results with experimental
values, measurements were made on a circular cylinder in simulated
two-dimensional conditions,,
Total vertical force and water pressure
fluctuation on the model surface; were measured,

compare favorably with the predicted values.
The measured values
Over a small part of the
frequency range used, a distinct departure from two-dimensional conditions was observed and was due to the particular experimental arrangement o
In this small range, measured values consistently deviate from
predicted two-dimensional values.

The results of numerical calculations for elliptic cylinders
and certain cylinders of ship-like cross-section in fluid of infinite
depth are presented.
Certain added-mass and waveheight ratios of this
group can be compared with those of Tasai, who used a different numerical proceduz'e.
The pressure distributions and the results for certain
cross-sections have not been previously reportedc
Numerical calculations following this procedure for circular,

elliptic and more general cylinders in fluid of finite depth are to be
done at the Computer Center, University of California.
reported here were done at this facility.
The calculations
lie
2,1
Formulation of the Problem
Description.
We consider cylinders of a certain class to be defined more
precisely in the next section.
The cylinder is immersed in a pre-
viously-undisturbed fluid which may be of uniform finite or infinite

The axis of the cylinder is in the plane of the still free
depth.
surface.
Consider now that the cylinder is forced in vertical sim-
ple harmonic motion and that steady-state conditions are attainedo
We assume two-dimensional conditions, and that the amplitude of
oscillation is small compared with the cylinder beam.
In the steady
state, the forced vertical motion generates a surface disturbance
that at a distance from the cylinder takes the form of uniform pro-
gressive gravity waves whose amplitude is proportional to the oscil-
lation amplitude*
We require the pressure distribution on the surface of the
cylinder, the vertical force required to sustain the oscillations,
and the ratio of the waveheight far from the body to the oscillation
amplitude.
The total vertical force in the steady-state is periodic and
includes two components of particular interest.
Because of steady-
state periodic conditions it is possible to resolve the vertical

force into components in phase with the motion acceleration and
velocity.
These components do not depend on the previous history
of motion, given steady-state.
It is possible therefore to define
added-mass and damping coefficients as ratios of the appropriate

force component to the mass of the displaced fluid that are functions
of body geometry and oscillation frequency only.
Expressions for
the added-mass and damping coefficients are required,.
The Cylinders.
2 2
The cylinders admitted are those mapped by conformal trans-
formation of circles by
N
-(2n+l)
U* 1
ra
where *
- i/i.
-i
z = x +
iy = ire
-i
The elementary case
The case
yields elliptic cylinders
=t
=0
ap
provides a circular cylinder.

N
-?
2n+l
n=0
Lewis
[19293 introduced the use of this transform
with
N = 1
for a two-parameter family with
a,
selected to
provide cylinders of more or less ship-like cross-section.
The
solution of Tasai [19593 employs this two-parameter family. Landweber

and Macagno [19593 use this transform with
a,-
and select
a..
a_,
to provide a more general selection of ship-like cross-sections
Prohaska
[19^+73
ing
a,_
and
treated sections derived by transformations employa
and
In this work we leave
problem,* and select various

*
N = 2
a_.
unspecified in the solution of the
N
a_
..
2n+l
numerical calculations.
for sample
r
The 11- and y-axes are chosen positive down from the free surface
and the angular coordinates 9
are measured from the vertical
to facilitate reference to related work cited.
t
Infinitesimal Surface Wave Theory.
2.3
The problem is solved within the framework of infinitesimal
surface wave theory.
We may apply this theory if we assume that
the fluid is incompressible, that the flow is irrotational, and
that the motion amplitudes and velocities are all sufficiently small
to reject all but linear terms.
In this problem we also neglect sur-
face tension.
The process of linearisation is specifically employed three

times;
First, in linearization cf the free-surface boundary condi-
tion; second, in satisfying the boundary condition on the surface of

the cylinder at the rest-position^ third, in the approximation of
the hydrodynamic pressure by using the linearized form of Bernoulli's
equation.
These are well-established elements of the general theory
within which we work.
For a more complete discussion see Wehausen
[I960] or Stoker [195?].
The Boundary-Yalue Problem in Potential Theory,
2.4
Given the assumptions above,

problem in potential theory.
ive
can state the boundary-value
We seek a velocity potential
is a solution of the Laplace equation
V 9 =
cp
in the fluid domain
and which satisfies the following boundary conditions,,

(i)
The linearized free-surface condition:
Kq>
on the surface
K =
2
co
/g.
y =
which
outside the body of the cylinder.
Here
(ii)
The normal velocity at the lower boundary of the fluid
vanishes:
|*.
on the bottom
(iii)
y = h.
The radiation condition:
The disturbed surface takes
the form of regular progressive outgoing gravity waves at large
distance from the cylinder.

(iv)
The normal velocity of the fluid at the surface of
the cylinder is equal to the component of the cylinder's forced
velocity in that direction.
III.
3.1
Solution of the Problem
Description.
The problem has been stated in Chapter II .
The solution is
described in this section and outlined in this chapter.

plete velocity potential
<p
The com-
(and the corresponding stream function
y) describing the fluid motion will be synthesized as the sum of
appropriate potential functions.
Each component function individu-
ally satisfies the Laplace equation and the boundary conditions on

the free surface and on the bottom.
The asymptotic behavior of the
component functions for large distance from the cylinder correctly
contributes to a potential appropriate to outgoing surface waves,

and thus the radiation condition is satisfied.
In order to satisfy
the last boundary condition, concerning the normal velocity of the
fluid at the cylinder boundary, an expansion in nonorthogonal
functions is required
It is shown that an unlimited number of
coefficients can, in principle, be determined.
Convergence of the
expansion, proved for the circular cylinder by Ursell [19^9 195.3],

is assumed for the general case.
Thus the complete potential and
stream function are known and the problem is solved.
Having the
potential, we determine the pressure distribution and, by integration, the vertical force required to sustain the oscillation.
The
vertical force is resolved into components in phase with the ac-
celeration and velocity to give added-mass and damping coefficients.

The ratio of waveheignt to oscillation amplitude is available from
the asymptotic behavior (progressive surface waves) of the potential
and from the damping coefficient
10
3.2
Notation of the Geometry.

The s- or physical-plane geometry is conformally mapped from
the reference
-plane by the transform
where
from
and
2m- i ^
%.
n=0
are real so that the z-plane coordinates mapped
a_
= ioe"
are
z =
[N
=18x + iy = xre
.
ôsinG
(-l)
ap
-,
|n+l
n=0
sin ( 2n+1 ) e
N
a
n+1
cos(2n+l)ol
y = afocose + X(=l)
J
2n+1
Lr
n=0
yo
~4^
Special notation will be convenient for coordinate values on the

cylinder surface mapped from the reference circle
x(body)
x(body,
y(body)
The product
the free surface
3.3
aG
= aX
0=
= aY
X = X(.p Qi Q)
u/2) = aG
G = X(p
Y = Y(yO
is the half-beam,
b,
u/2)
9)
of the cylinder at
The fluid depth is uniform at
y = h.
The Component Potential Functions.

In the following sections we shall develop the complete veloci-
ty potential
cp
and stream function
3-
n the form
11
<P
sin
(it
cut
msl
Ys
/ T 2m
P2
2m
^
.
sin
^2 m
V Y 2m
"
/2m
m
cos Wt +
tot
<=*
\ Y 2m
sin wt^ +
Y 2m
w
2m
w cos
Y 2m
ust
Components are named as fellows

source potential
(p
standing-wave potential;

'
cos
Yc
cos wt
,
Y 2m
sin wt +
(D
J
sin
out)
and the combined
cat \
C0S Wt
/
2m
appropriate to cutgoing surface waves.
display asymptotic behavior
The multipole
*2m
^
Y 2ir
in turn
consists of two parts, each with several terms.
The Multipole Potential
3.31
<p_
The multipole potential is written in two parts
T
+ ^p
~~ - vi,(jPff)
T 2m
T 2m %i9
w,Cx 9 y 9 h)
'2m
The part
ip*
(r 9
p.)
m~l,2 9 3 9<
satisfies the free-surface condition and
the bottom condition for infinite depth but does not satisfy the
bottom condition for
be depth.
The part
<p"
(x 9 y,h)
is added
12
to make the total satisfy the finite-depth boundary condition,
The function
ing Thorne [1953].
The index
symbols
ujiftr
r
B>
P'
h -*-ao
(x,y,h)
<pp
will be understood when it is dropped from the
2m
and
Part
(a)
(p^
(x,y,h) independently satisfies
ip"
the free-surface condition and for
follow-
'^
(r,p):
p^
2m
_
,_
_
N
(2m+2n+2)
ONo
n
cos(2m+2n+2)p
cos 2mP
2
+ y",'l^
a
1}
2_^
2n+l
2m
2m+2n+2
n=0
r
r
_.
.r
a
K
2mi-l
-.
cvx
2m
To show that
cos(2m-l)P
2m-l
,
N
^_
^-^
n=0
tp'(r,p)
n
;
_
.
_2m+2n+2
2m+2n+2
/
,
n N
a
cos(m+2n+l)
2n+l
2m+2n+l
2m+2n+l
a
a-
satisfies the free-surface condition,
it is convenient to express that boundary condition in another form:
*a m
The part
Kvp'
TT"
+
K<p
dcp'/dy
'
37
+ K*" +
If
" e
*/2
'
independently zero, is written
When the substitution is made and evaluated at
= ti/2
the remain-
ing terms are

[cos mn + sin(2m-l)u/2]/r
(-1) a ?
..a
[cossit +
n=0
+
We have introduced
cos
mit
(-1)
and
sin(2s-l)u/2]/r
is identically zero; therefore,
condition.
Now, using the identities
2s = 2m+2n+2.
sin(2m-l)u/2
=
cp*
(-1)
(r,(3)
it is clear this sum
satisfies the free-surface
(3
13
The function
satisfies the bottom condition only
(r,(3)
cp'
in the case of infinite depth.
The total
tp_.
dm
cp'
dm
will be
(p"
dm
adjusted to satisfy the bottom condition at finite depth in (c)

below.
(b)
Part
cp
(x,y,h)
cp2
(x 9 y,h);
OD
=-
/ [c-,(k)sinh ky
where c,(k),
(k)cosh k(h-y)]cos kx dk
c.
are found below and assure convergence c
c iS^)
Carrying out the operation
(K + d/dy)cp
leads to the
definition
%(k)
= " c
to assure that
at
y =
(k)
3
Kcosh kh - ksinh kh
cp"(x,y,h)
satisfies the free-surface condition
The Finite-Depth Boundary Condition for the Multipole.
(c)
The coefficient
in the integral term
c,(k)
cp"(x,y,h)
is determined by using the bottom condition,
dtp-
dm
9y
,i
tt
dcp
d 0)
[Whittaker and Watson, A Course of Modern Analysis, Cambridge 1927*

para. 12.2 Ex e 2],
y > o
With this expansion, one may write for
cp',when
Ik
CD
cp*
/ L(k)e
dk
cosk.T.
E^^C^l
2sL-2 2iL fv ..
L(k) .
where
(-1)
2s-2 2s,
kUl'a^CKtkl
The bottom condition is satisfied when

00,
2m
u
y=h
-kh
-kLs
+ c,(k)
3
o
c
determined,
(k)
The definition
vanishes.
With
-I
/cosh kh
= Le
(k)
k cosh kh coskx dk
assures this.
is written as a Cauchy
<p"(x,y,h)
Principal Value integral (/).
cp
(x,y,h) = * TLe
.
/.
3*32
*-_
K+k)k
a
w , 'v-"."~
- k cosh ky
K sinh ky
,*
coskx dk +
K cosh kh - k cosh ich
'
vn
(,-1)
od
a_
>
2n+l
(2m-l)l
N
^-
FT
s"
= &
-kh K sin h ky - k cosh kv

COskx dk
osh kh - k sinh kh
2s-2 2s
sinh ky - k cosh ky
a
,,
-- K
v
- k cosh kh
y cos kx dk.
(2s-1}i
K cosh kh
kh,
Nl
(K+k)k
.
Tjr
>
The Combined Multipole and Associated Standing-Wave Potentials.

The radiation condition [2 4{iii)] requires that the asymptotic
behavior of the potential for large

outwardly progressing surface waves.
m<>
does not tend to zero for

w
wave potential
cp_
and
The part
However, the part

|xj
be appropriate to
y =
p'
of the multipole

od
as
- ao
and
cp"(x,o,h)
*
sinK
E_
2m
where
T
K
E_ (K a,K h) =
2m
2K h
Z (-D
sinh 2K h
= K
For finite
|
-> od
(2m-l)
2s
_
K
2s
2n+l o a
(2s-l)J
is defined as the positive real root of
K (K t h)
as
a.
n=0
and
2m 2m
2.TI
tanh K h
o
the asymptotic behavior of
h >
cp"(x t o,h)
with an appropriate harmonic function of time, is
identified as typical of a standing wave in a fluid of depth
h.
We add a standing-wave potential consisting of the function
v 2m = C 2m cosh K o (h-y) cos K o x
m=l,
multiplied by a harmonic function of time.
3f
The coefficients
2m
are chosen in the following so that the combined potential repre-
sents progressive waves and the radiation condition is satisfied.

To determine
<P-
cos
cot
ip_
sin
cot]
./.
consider
c_
2m'
<p"
(x.o.h)cos
cot
ip"
(x.o.h)sin
out
as
y=0
The right-hand side is asymptotically equal to
-
E- sin K |x|cosa)t+ c~ cosh K h cos K x sin

o
o
2m
2m
o
1
'
cot
as
Ixl
'
'
->-aD,
Ixl
-*od,
16
By defining
~ E^
2m
2nr
/cosh K h
the asymptotic behavior of the combined functions is
- E~
2m
sin (K
jxl
ut)
<=
'
'
which displays the required behavior,,

We also form the sum with conjugate harmonic time functions,
cp
0-r>
'2m
which for
|x|
>cd,
-
sin
'
o)t
cp
w
_ cos
2m
(tit
tends asymptotically to
y ~ 0,
E. cos (K
o
2m
Ixl
*
cot)
A linear combination of multipole potentials, adjusted as
above to be progressive=wave producing, is

CD
Z
m=l
CD
^ 2m
*2m
cs
<^ +
The coefficients
92 m sina,t) +
p_ (Ka)
and
I
m-1
q 2m (
il=
g
CD
rj^dt
g
7 p, E cos (K x-a>t)
2m
o
m -,
CD
7
g
q-a
2m
E sin (K xU)t)
o
In complex notation, if we reserve the operator
geometric variables and introduce the operator

of time
t this sum is
for
for functions
17
GO
fflsl
We will later make use of the corresponding stream functions
and
Yp
2m
y~
which may be found from
(z) =
+ Y
*2m
2m
, >m 2m -2m
= (-1) a
z
+
/
2.
~
n-0
N
7 (-l)
1;
z
S^
n=0
2s-l
2s
Le [iK sin kz + k coskz

K ccshkh- k sinh kh
and
(~1)
1;
2n+3>
t \
/
t \
z
C-l)a_
,(-1)
^n+X
-2 s
(2s 1)
,
N
-(-1)
iK
2m -(2m-l)
,
-=-a
z
2m-l
,,
o
-W , v
w
w
f_ (z) = ip
Y 2m + 1 y2m
2m
.
= c_
cosh K
(h+i z)
With these definitions, the complete wave-producing multipole is
00
J
3.33
m=l
The Source Potential,,

The potential function that represents a source at the origin
and that satisfies the free-surface boundary condition is

qo
-ky
T,
'*****
dk .
co
ne-êinKx- /
o
-ax,
(m
_
g *7 - K sin m P dm
m + K
.
It is easily seen from the form on the right that this satisfies
18
the free-surface condition,,
The bottom condition, however, is not
satisfied in the case of fluid of finite deptho
To satisfy the
finite-depth bottom condition, we add a term in the manner of

Thorne [1953],
GD
[c.
(k)sinh ky + Cp(k)cosh k(h-y)] cos kx dk
The coefficients
are determined below and assure
c.(k), c_(k)
convergence.
This integral term satisfies the free-surface condition

given that
c
(k)
C;L (k)
= -
K coshkh
The coefficient
c,(k)
X
k sinh kh
'
is determined so that the combined
term
"k
>
/
*
^
g
K-k
S **
dk +
c n (k)
^^l
C0S *
cos kx dk
[sinh ky
J - g
K ccsh kh-k sinh kh
satisfies the finite-depth boundary condition.

condition,
dy/dy = 0, y = h,
This boundary
leads to
-kh
!
c,(k)
1
K=k coshkh
With this coefficient, the source potential is
^h
When
given firsto
"
h -cd,
sosh k(h-y) cos kx

K coshkh- k sinh kh
.,
this simplifies to the source potential
19
The Combined Source and Standing-Wave Potentials,,
3o3^
The radiation condition is satisfied by adding a standingwave potential to the source potential, with the necessary harmonic
functions of time, to form the term
(p
cos
cut
-C-

'
sin
cot
The standing-wave potential function is
s a
q>
with
cosh K (hy) qqb K x
defined as given below
Appendix A~2 shows that the asymptotic behavior of the sourcefunction
for

Jy-Q
=> cd
jxj
cosh K h cos K
o
may be written
Ixj E a cos [K
'nil
cut)
cos
sin
sin K he
o'
'
cut
cut
20
The source potential and its associated standing-wave potential

?
cosh k(h-y) cos kx
dk sxn wt
rrr
/ =
u kh
T.
K cosh kh - k sinh
.
'
N
cosh TK ,,
(h-y)
cos K x cos
J
,
r,
cosh K h
cot
therefore satisfy the free-surface, finite-depth, and radiation boundary conditions.

In the special case
Tie
-Ky
J
Kx sxn
this may be written
od
(m cos %-*
my - K sin my
^-dm
^
h -^
+ K
sin
cot
ne
-Ky
J
cos Kx cos
-*
which is the form used by Ursell [1949] and Tasai [1959].

The form of the free surface for large
x >
for either
case is
,
ti
0)E
sin
tt
g at
K x -
For the special case
cot
- oo
-> n
<,
The stream function corresponding to this potential may be

found from
Re. (f (z) + jf (z))e~

j
3<ut
where
f
(z) =
q>
^c
+1Y c
'
2-re
2K h
(z)
cosh K h
+
sinh 2K h
cosh K (h+iz)
o
= Vs + y
s
ao
cosh K (h+iz)
2
jf
*
o
coshkh- k sinh kh
elk;
cot
21
The Potential Solution
3.^
The potential solution written as a function of the complex
variable
z = x +
is
iy
gh
GO
m=l
The coefficients
are determined later by use of
p~ (Ka), q~ (Ka)
the normal-velocity boundary condition.
been normalized by the coefficient

surface waveheight
The function
pie,
The right-hand side has
J(K h)
in order to display the
at large distance from the cylinder.
may be determined as follows, for exam-
J(K h)
from the asymptotic development of the potential for large
x > 0,
cp(xo
Y
t h)
'
y = 0.
gh
7"
itcoJ
,-
so
E cos (K x-0)t) + *-,

7 p~2mE-2m sin (K o x-tot)
o
L s
m=l
GO
^,
-,
q 2mE 2 m aos(
V"
Wt
The corresponding asymptotic surface waveheight as
(X
r-
L
I
(E
sin
*-,
m=l
2>2mE 2m
This may be written

w
( is
1 d
g at
~ ~T
rcJ
(Kx-cot+t)
o
E,
q,
H
2m dm )
COS
sin (K x-u>t) +
ô^l
22
when we define
2
2
* J(K h)
tan
[E (K h)
t =
q_
2m
m-1
P 5mE
/(E
h -âo
m=l
we recall that
*-,
"..
ill:
m=l
For
(Ka)E- (K h)]
'ii
(Ka)E- (K h)]
p,
2m
2m o
WW
E~
r.m
it
so that
->
All quantities in the potential and stream function
<P
gh
<P
LY
8
sin
at
00
ip.
<P-a
"cos
*
8
t)
T 2m
00
m=l
2m
<p
sin
tot
2m
w
2m
*L
cos
cot
y]
2m
except the expansion coefficients for a given cylinder, waterdepth, and heaving oscillation have been determined,.
When the
expansion coefficients are determined in the next section it will

be convenient to have the following notation,,
The subscript
designates evaluation on the cylinder boundary.
_w
vl
(M sin
ctt
4 N
cosat)
TWttJ
body
GD
M(Ra 9) =
9
tp
>
p_
tp-
cn.>
m=l
(p
.
m=i
q,
2m
cp
'
2ma
m=
CD
'X
N(Ka,Q) =
2m
2ma
J_ p 2m
m=l
2ma
23
gh
- -~~r (D sin
yj
cot
cos
+ C
out)
body
C
D(Ka,9)
= y
+
'
sa
CO
7 p_
*- *2m
33=1
Yo
2ma
m=l
co
C(Ka,)
= y
+
'
ca
7
*-
m=
<-_
'
q,
4
Y-,
T
2m
2ma
co
p,
*2m T'25
ma
y
'2ma
J q^
**2m
m=l
In addition we designate the evaluation of
for
y]
(3
= Tt/2
body
gh
YJ
body 9 7i/2
r (B sin
cot
+ A cos cot)
CO
B(Ka) a D(Ka,u/2)
= y
9
; ,+
*sa. n/2
CD
7 p, y*
^-,^2m
2ma
J
m=l
,_
ti/2
m=l
Yr 2ma
^
/^
u/2
CO
<X
A(Ka) = C(Ka,Tr/2) = Y
/o +
'caTC/2
J q_
^-. H 2m
P-5
Yo
Z
/n <-*2.m
'2ma tc/2
m=l
/-,
T lo
^2m Y^
2ma7i/2
*-_
'
m=l
The apparent redundancy of notation has the purpose of facilitating
reference to related solutions previously mentioned.
3<5
Evaluating the Expansion Coefficients.

The vertical velocity component that is perpendicular to
the cylinder surface must equal the normal velocity of the fluid
at that point.
This boundary condition is to be satisfied at the
rest position of the cylinder by suitable choice of expansion co-
efficients
p_ (Ka)
q_
(Ka).
The vertical motion is

the substitutions
y = h
cos
(cot +
e)
After using
by-
24
dx
dy
dn
ds
3n
cos a
es
body
the boundary condition is

3_X _ dy_ dx J
ds " dt ds
body
After integrating and setting the integration constant equal to zero,
&.x]
dt
= -
'
body
We evaluate this expression at the special location
p =
= n/2,,
using the notation of the preceding section:
w
gh
- (A cos
now
y]
.
/-,
body ,71/2
0)t
B sin
cot) =
dv
?
aG
dt
Then we may use

gh
dy_
=
dt
(A cos
nojaGJ
'
cot
B sin
out)
to evaluate the same expression in general locations on the cylinder:
y]
body
gb
w
(C
coswt
dv
+ D sinojt) = - t*- x]
Clt
TlOJJ
gb
nojaGJ
(A cos
cot
Equating the coefficients of
B sina)t)aX.
sin
C(Ka,9) -
^1
A (Ka) =
D(Ka,9)
12!
B (Ka) =
body
ojt
and of
cosout,
we obtain
Z5
Substitution of the definitions of
A,
B,
and
C,
and introduc-
tion, for convenience, of the notation
2m
(Ka 0) "
G Y 2mau/2 " Y 2ma
'
S 2 m (Ka ' e) = G Y 2mau/2 " Y 2ma
'
m=l,2,3
'
m=l,2,3
leads to the two equations

OD
GO
m=l
p 2m f 2m ~
2-. q 2m s 2m
m=l
od
od
= Y
ca " G Y ca7i/2
'
2 P 2m S 2m
m=l
Wsm
m=l
= Y
sa ~ G Y sau/2
These two equations display the roles of

as expansion coefficients.
and
p ? (ka)
q_
(Ka)
In a given example the coefficients
In practical calculations some
can in principle be evaluated,,
sufficient finite number of coefficients can be found by the ap-
proximation methods employed for expansions in non-orthogonal

functions, as in the sample calculations given later,,
In the special case of fluid of infinite depth,
g ? (Ka,)
is identically zero.
3.6
The Ratio of Waveheight to Oscillation Amplitude.

We return to the expression for the normal velocity condi-
tion evaluated at
given above.
= = ti/2
|3
Sn
(A cos
cot
B sin
cut) =
rccoJ
coh
-rr-
dt
(aG)
b sin
cot
26
The trigonometric expansion for
A =
B =
2V h
b
o
n J sxn e
g h
u JT cos e
co
g
2V
b
co
sin
(cot +
e)
leads to
These give, respectively, by division and addition after squaring,

1 A
= tan "
B
-
Kb
""
"FT
7?
B*
The first result defines the previously-unspecified phase angle

e
of the motion
The second gives the ratio of the height at
infinity of the generated progressive waves to the oscillation

amplitude
3<>7
Pressure on the Cylinder Surface

Gauge pressure at a point on the cylinder surface with
reference to the constant pressure
(P - Pq )
p SJ
on the free surface is
from the linearized form of Bernoulli's equation,,
The first term
on the right contributes a hydrostatic pressure due to the loca-
tion of the point at rest,
and a fluctuation of the hydrostatic pressure due to vertical motion
ogh
cos
(cot +
e)
27
The hydrodynamic pressure is
p(Ka 9 ,t) = -/>

f
M cos at + N sin
L-
where we have used the notation for the potential

in Section
J> a
k and
M(Ks.,9)
N(Ka,)
cot]
tp
introduced
are to be evaluated at the
point on the cylinder of interest
The acceleration of the given motion
y = h
os
cot
z)
(B coso.it- A sin
VA
is
oot)
K
y P = -psssg- (A
2
2
VA + B
The hydrodynamic pressure
sir. cot -
B cos
oot)
is resolved into components in phase
with the acceleration and with the vertical velocity;

frr
* 4.s =
p(Ka
9 G>,:,;
^ gh
w MB
-~+ NA
,
,.
(a sin
..
- B cos cat) +
cot
A~ + B
gh
^ w MA - NB
17
+ -~- =-
2
*F
A^ + B
A
(--A
cos
After substituting for the wav&height

.
MB
ob -5
p = r
2
A
-o-
NA
MA
y + ob -*
2
"
w
-
'
NB
coy
A* + B*
or in units of the hydrostatic fluctuation
this may be written
5-
.v
tt
B
sinwc)
cot
yogh
28
Kb
/ sh o
where
'
MB
A
-i-
NA
B
MA NB Jr_
(A o
'
O
2
/i.-.Vi
ar? evaluated for the location of interest.
M(Ka,Q), N(Ka 9 }
The total change in fluid pressure must include the fluctuation in
hydrostatic pressure due to vertical motion
normallized form
y/h
This may be added in
to the above expression to give the total
Examples for specific cylinders are given latere
The Vertical Force Required to Sustain Oscillations,,
3o8
One part of the vertical force is that opposing the resultant of the hydrodynamic pressure,,
This is called the hydrodynamic
The hydrodynamic force per unit cylinder length is found
force o
by integrating the vertical component of the hydrodynamic pressure
acting on an element of area,
dF = p(Ka,0,t)
After substituting
cosads
cos a = dx/ds
t ds
ds
= dx = a
cos +
2^-1)
n-0
and also
(2n+l)a^
p-
cos (2n+l)
d9
aW()d
in the form
dx = b
where
becomes
b - aG
2^-
is the half-beam at the free surface, the force
29
'
F = 2b /
p(Ka,9,t)
~ ~^(
d9
Recalling the notation for the pressure introduced in the last
sec-
tion, one may express this in the form
2gh b
p-
- __._
(jj
71
sin
a)t
- M
cos
ait)
where
M(Ka 9 0) - d0
M (Ka) = /
o
'
N (Ka) - /
N(Ka,)
^Si
dO
The hydrodynamic force is resolved following the procedure

of the preceding section,
M B+N A
igh b
~i
li
2
2
F(Ka-t) = .-1--J1**
M A-N B
2pg.h b
It is conver
"
- B
siawt)
M A
- N B
T~" "T ^
o
""
^P
.ize the
irma
ict
one finds
M B + N A r
~2~~~~~2 y
c
'
cos
+ B^
Substituting for "he waveheight
<.ob
(^
~~_~~
+ =_.
T
F -
coswt)
(A sin cut- B
+ B
hydrodynamic force in units
of the change of hydrostatic force (naval architectural "tonsJ
per-inch immersion"
)o
MB+NA
2icgbh
o
f &
,2
"
_2
+ B
M A - N B
2.
01
AA
_2
+ B
'
ojh
30
The total force fluctuation is found by adding the normalized
buoyancy change,
y/h
and of course account must be taken of
the inertia of the mass of the body and net buoyancy at the rest
position.
3<>9
The Added-Mass and Camping Coefficients.

Since the fluid motion, and thus the pressure on the cylin-
der surface and the vertical force, is periodic, it is meaningful

to define added-mass and damping coefficients and they will not
be functions of time, i
391
of the past history of the motion.
The Added Mass and Added-Mass Coefficiento

The added mass is the ratio of the hydrodynamic force in
phase with the acceleration to the acceleration
m =
Tt
^r b
2 "
M B + N A
*f
it
AA
o
2
n
The asymptotic value of the added mass for large
Kb
in the spe-
cial case of infinitely deep fluid is given in Section k B k a

It is convenient in this problem to define an added-mass
coefficient as the ratio of the added mass
to the mass of the
fluid displaced by a circular cylinder of equal beam.
n.2
2^ P
ft
it
M B + N A
o
o
.
_2
+ B
To normalize the added mass with units of the actual displaced
fluid mass, one may use the volume of the cylinder per unit length,
31
N
1
V =
(2n+l)
n=0
(a~
2r,-i-l
_.
)"n
C2n+1)
pQ
so that the ratio of the added mass to the mass of the displaced
fluid is
.*f
^ ^
M 3
-:-
+ B
The coefficient defined in this manner is inconvenient for the

case of a flat plate oriented perpendicular to the motion,.
this case
In
however, the added mass is still defined and
V = 0$
finite.
3<>92
The Radiated Energy and the Damping Co efficient
An energy balance must exist between the average rate of

work done in one cycle of vertical motion and the average energy
flux radiated by the outward-going surface waves
rate of work done over one period
cisoih
where
The average
is
/T
is the factor of proportionality for the component of
hydrodynamic force in phase with the velocity,
= cCdy/dt)
The average energy flux per unit width of periodic outgoing waves
on two sides is
1.2
h
2
0)
PS K
32
Therefore,
2
c
=
^V
or
Gr)
o
TCb2
/>
~r^z
A + B
When this is compared with the results in Section 3o8,
M A - N B =
o
2 2
J /2
7t
This is useful for checking numerical calculations and simplifies

the expression for the component of vertical force in phase with
the motion velocity,
2 v
b
v = />
2 2
(n J /2)
fl
>
,2
+ B
The ratio
F
2tiJ
jb o
+,
leads to the convenient use of
2tiJ
2
2
If the added-mass coefficient is re-
as a damping-force coefficient.
ferred to the actual mass of fluid displaced by the volume
corresponding definition of the damping-force coefficient is

v
?$
2
yOV-Ojy
p t
2uJ
V,
the
33
The Special Case of Infinite Fluid-Depth
IV.
The case of a fluid of infinite depth deserves special mention.
An important reason is that the expansion to satisfy the
normal-velocity boundary condition on the cylinder can be done with

different functions.
A second purpose is to summarize the simpli-
Finally, with respect to the added-mass coeffi-
fied definitions.
cient, a correction factor accounting for free surface effects if
For practical calculations, this case is simpler
readily defined,,
and is of interest since the infinite-depth results are approached
rapidly with increasing depth ratio,
Special Definition of the Multipole Potential
*Kl
<p_
The multipole potential which may be used in case

is designated by
^m
cos 2mQ
2m

Ixj
-*
od
co
and defined by
. cos (2m+2n+l)Q -i
N
/
, x^
(2n+l)a_
2n+l
cos(2m-jL)Q
j , ,)^n
^__
+
*(2m+2n+l)
71 77 (2m-l)"
r~
To
7^
r
I
J'
J
n=0
(2m+2n+l) yo
.(2m-l)o
and since
(r,p)
be no counterpart to
for
h =
cp"
(x,y,h)b
cp~
"*
as
there need
h ->od,
It is evident that
<P
vanishes
2m
and thus has no role in satisfying the radiation bound-
ary condition.
It is consistent that
shown below that
<p_
cp~
=0
for this case.
It is
satisfies the free-surface condition.
The free-surface condition
Kcp
can be written
+ | =
fly
= +
ti/2
> b
3^
K(p
by noting that
TayTeoT
dx/d0 - C
when
With
= + ti/2.
alp sin +
eo
Z
J
(-l)
n+1
(2n+l)a
,_,,
2n+l
n=0
sin (2n+l)0
>]
= +
(2n+l)a
n=0
2n+l ]
2n+l
= + u /2
the free-surface condition is
Ka[> -
2n-j-l~i
Z (2*1)
n=0
2n+ l
V +
f|=
+. it/2
|x|
>
Simple substitution paralleling Section 3<>31(a) demonstrates that

<p
5
'2m
m,
like
cp'
2m
satisfies the free-surface condition for all
(r t P),
n.
The corresponding stream function is
Y-a
*2m
sin
2m0
2m
^
+ Ka
sin
71
2ffl.l)Q
-,
v.2m-i)p
;p
(2m-l)
^
n=0
n=o
..
%n
a
(2n+1)a
2n+l sin (2m+2n+l)9"

~(2m+2n+l)
(2m+2n+l)
The stream function evaluated on the cylinder is used in satisfy-
ing the normal velocity condition,.
The part
y~>
body
_
Yp
as before, and at
Y 2ma,,/2 '
^fo2
is designated
= te/2
- m-1
(2m-l) p
c
2m-
(2n+l)a
2n+l
n=0 (2m+2n+l)
(2m+2n+l)
The Source Potential and the Complete Fotential Solution.

The definition of the combined source and standing wave
35
potential
((p
cos
tot
sin
tp
tot)
remains as in Sections 3. 33*
3.3^+
where it was written for the special case as
tte
~Ky
J
oo
sin Kx
=mx,
my
im cos my ~ K sin
"""'^
~~2
~2
-Ky
-Ky
J
T,
cosKx+ /
sin
'
sin
Tie*"
tot
tot
+ y
cos
(m sin my + K cos
my) ,1
e""
tot
cos Kx cos
Tie
The conjugate stream function
-ne
+ K
y sin Kx cos
" dmj
]
is
tot
sin
cot
tot
For this case the potential and stream functions equivalent to

those given in Section
Tito
3<>*f
I p 2m-
m=1
are
coswt+
The expansion coefficients
+
(
Vy s
p ? (Ka)
m=1
*2m
q (Ka)
below following the procedure of Section
sinwt
J
are to be evaluated
3<>5
Evaluating the Expansion Coef ficients<>
43
The normal-velocity boundary condition on the cylinder

surface is used to evaluate the expansion coefficients.
y(r>
)=
- (dy/dt)x(yo
the two equations
C(Ka,Q) - 2l A (Ka) =
X(0)
D(Ka 9 ) - ^?"- B(Ka) =
G
Since
36
are found as before, but now with
A(Ka) = Y
+
cau/2
B(Ka)
"W2
m=
P 2m T 2
- C(Ka,u/2)
/2
Z,2. Y 2man/2 - D(Ka,n/2)
OCKa.6) = Tca
2,P 2m ~2ffia
D(Ka,9) --y
CD
q 2n Y 2ma
mX.
With these definitions, the expansion equations are
where
X(Q)
? p
2m
^
m=l
^n
fa
A. q 2m
.vT sa
f~
2m
Y ca
Y can/2
'
.î
Y
T san/2
G
'
is now given by
72n < Ka
'
e>
1
^f 72mam/2
72ma CK*.e)
This is the set of expansion functions which may be used in the
infinite-depth case to replace the equivalent unbarred set e
Completion of the problem and the results are identical

in form with the corresponding steps in the general case,
kok
Asymptotic Value for the Added Mass and Definition of the
Free-Surface Correction*,
The added mass is the same as in Section 3<>91?
%
'2
H-
M B + N A
O
+ B
37
The asymptotic value of the added mass for large
Kb
(in
this case of infinitely deep fluid) is
itb
2 "* 1 )^-.-.)
"
2 G
which may he found in a manner following Landweber and Macagno [19573

We recall that the origin of the result called
work of Lewis [1929]
ao
here is in the
The ratio of the asymptotic value
m
CD
to the
mass of the fluid displaced by a circular cylinder of equal beam,

Tib
yo/2,
is the inertia-coef ficient
mass coefficient
of Lewis [1929] or the added-
of Landweber and Macagno [1957c 1959]
The ratio of the added mass
to its asymptotic value
CD
defines a free-surface correction factor that is a function of the
non-dimensional frequency
_ 3__
%
The value of
" m
only e
Kb
*2 /0>
l7tb~}o/2,:>
m
cd
M B + N A
o
.2
nb p/2 9
from the
CD
Therefore, in the special case of elliptic cylin-
ders (including the circular cylinder)

k,
_.2
for an elliptic cylinder is
definition above
factor
2.
the free-surface correction
is numerically equal to the added-mass coefficient de-
fined as the ratio of the added mass to the mass of the fluid dis-
placed by a circular cylinder of equal beam
Examples of the free-surface correction factor
k^
were
calculated for various cylinders and are presented in Part B of this

work,,
38
The approach used to define
could be used to define a
k.
correction factor for the free=surface effect on the added mass of

cylinders in fluid of finite depth but the asymptotic value
for the case of finite depth is not yet simply expressed,,

A first-order approximation of the added mass
tic cylinders valid for
Kb
*#>
for ellip-
is given by Ursell [19^93 for the
infinite-depth cases
Here
x($ =
d
n/2.)
pb
%
IT
is the draft,
,
= log
[= log
" Kb
" (1 +
y(P = 0),
and
r-)
+ 0.23]
remains the half-beam,
It appears from various calculations that this is a
useful approximation for other than elliptic cylinders, but this

is not established as a theorem.,
39
Numerical Analysis and Results of Sample Calculations*
PART Bo
V.
The Circular Cylinder in Infinitely Deep Fluid
The principle objective of the first sample calculations was

to provide the calculated pressure distribution on the surface of a
circular cylinder in fluid of infinite depth.
In addition, the
added-mass and damping coefficients were calculated.
These coeffi-
cients were calculated by Ursell and the present calculation confirms his results and extends the range of the frequency variable.
Our method of calculating the expansion coefficients
p-
(Ka), q ? (Ka)
and of finding the added mass coefficients is notably different,,
The calculations were done on the IBM 70^ digital computer

at the Computer Center, University of California, Berkeley?
Calculation of the Expansion Coef ficientso
5ol
5oll
Choice of Method.
The definitions of most of the functions required in the cal-
culation of this case are simplified .

a_
2n+l
po
are zero,* and
- 1
The mapping is trivial
all
is convenient in that the unit circle
in the reference plane corresponds to a cylinder of radius
angular coordinates are equal,
8=9.
ae
The specially defined
of Chapter IV is identical with the general case
We will use
q>
2m
The
tp-
of Chapter III.
for the frequency parameter (here Ka) in all
numerical calculations.
The expansion equation? of Section 4.3 become in this case
1*0
CD
m=l
P 2 m (6)
q 2m (6)
2m
(6 ' @)
(6 ' @)
= Y
(6 ' 9)
sa
*ca
" sin
(6 ' e)
Y ca (
>
n /2)
CO
m=l
2m
"
sinO y
(6,ic/2)
where
X(0) = sin,
XU/2)
= G = 1
sin (6
(6,) = ne
sm)
C(y+
L loge
6+7^, njn cos n) sin (6 sin )

;
n=l
co
(9 +
2m
>-
o
rjT sin n ) cos
n=l
f~ (6,) = ~ sin
.n
co
= e~
Y(6,)
sa
cos,
Y() =
(2m-l)s
[sin (2m-l) - (-l)"
y SSL (6,9)
method must be chosen to find
p_ (6), q~ (6)
m=l,2,39o,,
practice at some finite

m
o . ,
,m)
j*=0,l,2,
, , .
<_
< u/2o
and
sin k d
terminating at
equations (each for
p?
k,
q?
cos r,
calculations.
cos j d
(j - 1)
and
Each expansion equation

with
so that
and
k=l,2,3t
m = k +
The
values
Vpm* ^2m
^Y the Gauss
Yu [i960] used the method of integration
r=l<,2,3
<>
were integrated over the interval
equations were solved for
but with
This will be called the "method of integration."
elimination procedure,
from the expansion
p~ (m=l,2,...m)
by proceeding as follows.
was multiplied by
sin]
The first method chosen was to generate
simultaneous linear equations each for
q~ (m=l, 2,
their computation being terminated in
"1
from Appendix A-3^
We have substituted a form of
equations for
(6 sin )]
'
,m
as the only multiplier in his
The
*tl
The second method used for sample calculations was to generate
simultaneous linear equations from each expansion equation
by evaluating each at more-or-less arbitrarily chosen angles

the range
< 0. < ti/2
with
i=l 9 2 3,
Tasai [i960] chose to take values

that
values of
p_
2m , q^2m
,m
m~l,2<,3o
Ursell [19^9] and
<,
in
0.
with
could be found from
m < m
so
simultaneous
equations by the method of least squares to satisfy the truncated
expansion equations at
9 ~
in the least-squares sense.
sample calculations reported here the
In the
equations were solved di-
rectly by the Gauss elimination process for
expansion coeffi-
This will be called the "discrete-angle" method.
cientso
In all cases the calculated expansion coefficients were tested

by substituting them in the left-hand side of the basic expansion
equations (Section 5.11) and comparing this result with the calculated
right-hand side at various values of
= 0.
This calculation was
printed from the computer with five significant figures.
In the case
0=0.
of the calculations by the discrete-angle method, test values
that equal the discrete-angles
0.
lead to exact agreement and gave
proof the matrix was properly inverted,,
For interstitial
0.
the
difference in right- and left-hand sides is an accuracy index not
generally zero.
< 0. <
This index would not, in general, be zero for any
in the case of expansion coefficients calculated by the
n/2
method of integration from integrated equations and substituted into

the basic expansion equationso
An example of this index for various calculations at

and
^ = 20, 80
t
followso
In these calculations by the discrete-
'
angle method the nearest
.^
differed from
by at least five degrees.
42
The tabular entry is
^S
"
LHS
x 100%
Method:
Discrete-angle.,
Integration,
m:
20
1.52%
0.045
0,49
0.24
80
0.75
0.51
O.83
O.89
20
4.37%
0.13
1.38
0.60
80
1.6
1.1
1.79
0.42
for
p 2n (l)s
=
for
Q
(1);
Another index used to test the calculations is reported

in Section 522
5ol2
Form of the Equations for Calculation.
The expansion equations used in the method of integration are as follows?
for
P2m
m=l
sin k
n/2
cos j
cos j
sin k
7i/2
sin k
tt/2
Y tfa
(o,*/2)sin
cos j
K J.
9 - 9 ,y 9
9*^
j=0,l f 2,...,(J-l)
m=k +
^3
for
q 2m?
Z
m=l
sin k0
re/2
6)
'
o
2m
sin k
-n/2
*e =
(6 ' e)
cos j
Y sa (6,ti/2)
cos j
sin k
rc/2
as-
v sa (6,e)
sin
d
.
cos j
k=l ,,.?,.., It
j=0,l2,,..,(J-l)
m=k
All integrations in these equations were reduced to the form

of rapidly converging series or to algebraic results, before doing
The forms used are given in Appendix A-3; the
machine calculations.
integrals on the right-hand side are not widely published.

The expansion equations used in the discrete-angle method are
given in Section 5oll, above.
5o2
The Principal Dependent Variables,,
The Results for A(6), B(6).
5.21
The dependent variables
A(6)
I
m=l
P 2m (6)Y 2ma (6,x/2)
A(6)
n
m=l
and
B(6)
are calculated from:
Y oa C&,*/2>
\ffi=l
^T-P m
2
(6) +
neab
m
B(6)
Zq 2m (&)
m=l
s6 J
'
Uvm-=l
m=i
Yî^n/2)
""
Y 2ma C<W2) +
2m-l
(6) - Ct + Si(6)] cos (6) + Ci(6) sin (6)

q
H
2m
2
The substitution for
CO
/
o
where
Si(6)
employs the identity

**
-x
^
6
y^SSL
Q (b 9 n/2)
-j dx = [| - Si(6)] cos (6)+ Ci(6) sin (6)
+ x
and
Gi(6)
are the sine and cosine integrals and are
available in tabulated or series form

The quantities
and
A(6)
in the form
B(6)
are use-
+ B
ful for interpolation of the added-mass and damping coefficients, as
pointed cut by Ursell [1957]

e
1
= tan " B(6)/A(6)
The phase angle of the motion
is smoothly varying and nearly linear in
results of this calculation and that of Ursell [19^93 for

are given graphically in
5,22
Figures 1 and
The Quantities
M(5 9 9)
M(69)
B(6)
2<>
N(6 9 )
A(6)
The
6,
and
and M (6), N (6).
N(6 9 0)
are required for
the calculation of the hydrodynamic pressure distribution.
They may
be calculated from their definitions in Section 3^ which in this
case becomes
MC&,9)
m=l
q 2m (6)
<P
6 -e )
2ma C=) + ^ ea C
m
=
v.?
coe2a
m=l
cose
[(0+ I
n=l
2m-l
COS
2m 1 ^ e ^ +
sinn) sin(6 sinO)
T "" eoe
j
n) cos
sin )
(^ + log e 6
*5
-20
-30
FIGURE
I.
THE
FUNCTIONS
A(8)
and
B(8)
^6
2U
2
ir
Urs< ill
+
This
[1949]
work
CO
CO
t
o
*C. 2 +b
TT
3
S
FIGURE
2.
THE FUNCTION
tarr'(B(8)/A(8))
^7
NC6.0)
m=l
P 2n (6) V 2ma (6,e) +
cp
ca
m
=
Z
m=l
P 2m [cos 2m@ +
cos (2m-l)0] +
2~i
Here we have substituted the definitions of
cp
Ccl
tie"
C0S
cos
and
(6 f )
cp
S3.
sin o)
(6,0)
from Section k,2 and a form suitable for numerical calculation of

cp
sa
dex
from Appendix A-3**
(6,)
n
in
The open-ended summations over the in-
were automatically run to "convergence" on the dig-
M(6,0)
ital computer, where "convergence" means the least significant digit in

the floating-point calculation,,
The
and
M(6,0)
were calculated for each
N(6,)
vals on the cylinder surface never larger than
The values of
and
M(6,)
were used to calculate
3<>8
tc/2
M (6) =
= 0(10)90
by a numerical quadrature.
N (6)
The defining equations are, from Section
at inter-
(10 )90
available at
N(6 9 )
and
M (6)
G f
M(6,0) W()d
tc/2
N (6) - ?/
G
N(6,) W()d
In this case
G=l
W() = cos.
and
It is possible in the case
of.
the circular cylinder in infinitely deep fluid, as shown by Ursell [19^9]*

to substitute the defining equations for
before calculating
values of
o*
M(6,), N(6,)
calculated values of
M (6), N (6)
M(6,), N(6,)
and to simplify
Here, however, we are concerned with the
which other calculators bypassed.
M(6,), N(6,)
Using the
in a numerical calculation of
gives an important check since (Section 3.92)
2
M A - N B = % /2
o
The procedure employed was to perform a Lagrangian interpolation
based on the calculated values of
M(6,9), N(6,9)
at
9 = 0(10)90
and then to use Simpson's Rule for approximate integration of

and
M(6,9) W(0)
N(6,0) W(9)
with a convenient interval of
The calculations were tested at each

M (6)A(6) - N (6) B(6)
o
Go
by computing
and observing the percentage deviation of
the calculated value from
n /2
Curves plotted through error index
points are shown in Figure 3 as a function of the frequency parameter

for sample calculations with six and nine expansion coefficients (each)
p_ (6), q^ (6)
At higher values of
6,
seventeen expansion coeffi-
cients were calculated by the discrete-angle method,,

53
Hydrodynamic Pressure Distribution on the Cylinder Surface

The hydrodynamic pressure at the location
on the cylinder
surface in units of the hydrostatic fluctuation is (Section
i^9l
/ gh
u 6
3<>7)
M(6,0)B(6) + H(6 O)A(6) (unt accelera tion) +

2
2
A(6) + B(6)
f
M(6 t 0)A(6) - W(6 t O)B(6)
k(br
(unt velocity)
+ B(6)
This is a simple, but repetitive, algebraic calculation using the
principal dependent variables,,
The pressure fluctuation in phase
with acceleration,
pa =
MB
NA
IF
72
A + B
and the pressure fluctuation in phase with the velocity,
*v =
MA - NB
~2
T2
A + B
<*9
.0%
0.5%
5
FIGURE
3.
CALCULATION ERROR INDEX

Index
(MAo
2
N B) - * /2
o
vs
FREQUENCY.
x 100#
, /a
(X)
(2)
(3)
Six expansion coefficients. Method of integration.

Six expansion coefficients. Discrete angle method.
Nine expansion coefficients. Discrete angle method.
50
were calculated for
giên
and
(10 )90<,
Curves through calculated points of

shown for example and Table
and
p (60)
p (6 9 9) are
lists calculated values.
These computed values are used for a prediction of the total

pressure fluctuation on the cylinder used in the experimental work reported in Part C
It can be shown by deriving the velocity potential appropriate
to the case of large
that the angular dependence of the hydrody-
namic pressure approaches
(6 0)
y sh o
=6
cos,
that is, for large
cos
(unit acceleration).
Therefore
Pa
MB
+ NA
-r =
r-
cos 9
as
00
The sample calculations illustrate this since it is seen from Figure 6

p
tends to zero and from Figure 5 that
large values of
P a /&
tends to cos
for
The same result holds for any cylinder of the el-
liptic family<>
5<,k
The Added-Mass and Damping Coef ficients

The ratio of the added mass to the mass of fluid displaced by
the cylinder (Section 391)
^
,
m
2
ita
,_
p/2
M B + N A
o
A
2
-y
o
2
and the dampingf orce coefficient (Section 3 92)
51
e=oy
9=40/
e=60
^^
yT
e=70
f ^=
r
::::
r~
fer
.1
^^^
6
""*
9 = 80
^9=90
-I
FIGURE 4.
(6,9)
p
a
FOR THE CIRCULAR CYLINDER,
52
^^P\>^
v.
^>
0.8
0.6
0.4
6 *
3 >
6
c
a
4
6
=
=
6 = 13
p
CC o ~
/6
0.2
-0.1
0.2
30
FIGURE
5.
THE
60
TREND OF
p^/6
FOR LARGE 8.
90
53
1.0
FIGURES,
p (6,9)
v
53-A
o./oo
Q.tZ.
^~
dZ-
&ZS3.
_L
o. 4oq
0-5QQ
>.yso.
0.
/CO
_A2_
TABLE
I-A
p (6,6)
a
fo
3o
a/2.
0/?
4-0
5o
Go
Q./Q
Q,Q <?6>
^~
JL.
45-
.20
.20
-dA.
JLLL
JA43-
_u&3_
,28-
_u2^_
i24.
4-
+32-
2L
+22-
^SJ-
+42-
J4l.
JCL
Q-/Z
30.
12.
Jg-
iSS-
32.
+9o.
^82.
J3&21/2
/2Q
4+12-
t.iz
/.e>4
JJ5_
429-
/36
2.00
i.te
/.60
4^3ISO
J33-
.J3L
>JZ.
42.
+42
+24.
>#-
U2.
24-
-JSl
ul.
+33-
.24-
35-
do
7o
<?-Qd9
0.0 a
JUL
So
s Q.Q34
095
.077
ô$2P?
+ML + 073 4 .otf
0.087 + o49 ^222-
.0.53
-t
024
-.091
-./6
-,2 /
- <?64
t
-./
+22_
43-
4 ,030
+42.
J&.
+ .0Z3
JS-
JSS.
.29-
&2-
+%-
32-
+ 064
-.24
-.33
-.*7
M_
-hO.il
-,2C
->SS
A2_
52-
J/o
.Q3&,
,
-.28
2 25
1-88
/8 5
M12-
4&L
1.29
,L
&L.
.52.
+ Jb>
^n-
-.&
2SO
2/4
239
21+L
2./Q
J^_
14&-
U2_
JQ-
+ .2Z
n-
-.68
224
ZZI
13kL98
t-28
^2_
29
~.2i>
ûL
2&Q
Z4$
2.20
/tit,
444.
.94.
+ .37
-24
^S-
2.<?Q
2.65
2.>9
242
Z.o(?
.45
-,22
-.82
3./
3./Q
2.64
Z2>
4L9_
,53
-19
-.81,
3J5-
2JL
325
293
3J&
J2L
+ .62
-./6
4-OQ
3J&.
447
?.4>o
34o
226
209
2.4<*
jAl
-mJ&L
2.&S
2./0
/4s
JQ-
4./Q
2S2
J3^2_
2 04
2.43
JJ-L
.,68
436>
^2-^7-
2Zk-
JM-
JQ5
A33-
4 4/
4 84
3.43
3-82
2.23
1^23- +
AZL
5.42
4-od
2.49
2J5
200
222
22Q
20
S.00
4(>7
5-20
3J2-
4.59
2-Q9
6.00
5,66
2 59
2.3/
joo
l.t>9
6.56
jL22_
A2o
/aoo
S.2o
2.o&
9.JQ
925
/3.QO J&J-.
Z2
JJJSJQ_
JLLl.
uq-
7 Q3
23_
JU5-
833
2L
_5Ja
/Q.9
z
0L
/.o>
f-
-./3
-.052
+.Q5Q
~.S9
.-+92-
^&.
-
J.00
-<2>
1.03
/.42
>*L-
MQ2-
i-oo
J2-
j2.
.05
3M~
+^L
JJCL
6.03
4-53
23/
2.84
-2-
~/./2
1?-
J>.5-
2jS
AS/
-1.
/.08
12
53-B
TABLE I-B
/o
Zo
O./OO
0/3
0/3
0/75
0.2SO
./9
./<?
.23
0.400
(6,9)
FOR THE CIRCULAR CYLINDER.
50
0./3
3o
0./3
0./4
,/Q
.20
,20
23
.23
.24
.25
.26
.27
21
,23
.30
.32
OS00
,21
.28
>2fl
.30
.32
0.750
.26,
21
.2 a
.30
33
4o
.52
.31
35
.42.
.3Z
.4n
.SO
.a
.3/
.29
.36,
.48
.63
.84
.44.
.62
.86
,sv
.86
.56.
.85
.53
.84
2?
.24
'?
0.0QS
.080
.0*2
2.75
.067
3O0
3-2S
3SO
St?
.32
.57
,20
0.04&
.30
.4i
.24
SO
.29
.4*
./8
2.zs
.27
,42
.2/
./I
.24
.26,
.34
-'7
./2
,21
.42
.20
./4
O./S
.22
37
./7
//
o./s
.2/
0.
.35
.Zo
/?S
.2/1
.25
.33
,/3
,/4
>'7
.22
,29
,//
./S
.51
,4/
.27
./%
,/5
.A?
.26
WW
./o
./2
,/6
,22
.06Q
.o-74
0.035
./O
./4
.ZO
.10
.OS7
,e>S8
o63
.0-72
/
.044
.,153
.06/
.04/
.o4Q
.o42
.o4s
.03t>
.035
4.00
.03O
4SO
.00
2.
.62
.66
-7
.49
.32
0.039
,/Z
>1
,27
,44
.80
,076
./o
./s
,24
.43
.78
.052
.065
a.087
./3
.22
,4o
.76
.o4o
,047
.052
.076)
./2
.014
.025
.039
.04S
,066
./O
,023
03/
.024
.029
.036
,05O
.0/8
.0/8
.020
.02Z
,023
.033
,0/5
,0/3
,022
.0/7
,0/t
5.50
,o/4
,o/4
6.00
.0//
.a//
7.00
0.6
0./3
/4
.2/
,45
/SO
ZOO
fa
At
/.25
,27
JO
.33
.23
.25
70
.3S
J.00
.24-
a./4
60
0,0074 0.0076
,o/4
a 008! 0.009/
.0/2
.37
.14
,/8
,35
.72
O.078
,/4
.30
:68
.06/
,/z
.26
.a
,030
,048
0.095
23
.60
,023
.o?8
.077
,2o
.37
.0/5
,025
,052
JT
,s/
.0/4
.030
SSO
.oo43
.0044
.oo47
.O053
/a 00
0027
.0030
.0O33
.0029
,OOS/
/S.00
.O0/3
.002s
.00/3
.oo/4
.00/5
,00/3
.0023
0.O065 J2>0$4
.A3
0,0080
,o/#
,oo34 0.0074
./o
,44
0,0-70
.39
.025
.3/
5^
were previously reported by Ursell [19^9] for certain
<_ 6
<
J>n/2.<,
His values are confirmed and the range of frequency parameter is extended.
The values of
the values of
M (6), N (6)
o
o
M(6,9), N(6 9 0)
used in the hydrodynamic pressure cal-
culation as discussed in Section

ically in Figure
used here were calculated from
2Z
^> o
The results are shown graph-
7<>
The results for the damping coefficient can be converted to
amplitude ratio by
/_W\ _
^h
Tt
"
2TC
\2
A
^2
+ B
Ursell [1953*195^3 derived the asymptotic result

h
i,
r-
as
o -> op
He pointed out in [19573 that although this asymptotic form is correct,
it may be hazardous to interpolate with this result since earlier theo-
ries predicted distinct minima

could help settle the matter e
He suggested extended calculations
The present calculations for the ampli-
tude ratio tend distinctly to the asymptotic value as given by Ursell
and shown in Figure 80
55
1*0
Ursell
+ This
H
Z
09493
data
UJ
o
C
COEFF
>
n
V.J
FIGURE
7,
THE ADDED-MASS
COEFFICIENTS FOR
CYLINDER.
ND DAMPING
E
CIRCULAR
56
0.8
\.
0.6
^"
[\^
QUrsell [1949
~^ ^=^
+ Thls data
0.4
1
II
0.2
FIGURE
8.
THE AMPLITUDE
CYLINDER.
RATIO
FOR THE CIRCULAR
57
VI o
Elliptic and More General Cylinders in

Infinitely Deep Fluid
6*1
Description of the Methodo

Sample calculations were made for the hydrodynamic pressure
distribution, added-mass and damping coefficients of elliptic and

more general cylinders in infinitely deep fluid*,
An important ob-
jective of the sample calculations, in addition to that of obtaining the hydrodynamic quantities of interest, was to test the flex-
ibility of the program written for control of the automatic digital

computer,,
The program was successfully tested over a wide range of
cylindrical shapes generally encompassing those of naval architectural interest c

here
Some of these sample calculations are reported
It is intended that a more comprehensive atlas will be sepa-
rately reported later,,
The calculations were done on the IBM
digital computer at
70**
the Computer Center, University of California, Berkeley,,
Numerical Procedures,,
6 oil
The expansion coefficients
p_
(6),
1p m (b) were calcu-
lated by the discrete-angle method described in Section
expansion equations are given in Section k

Y sa (6,0)
and
y sa (6,tc/2)
given in Appendix
Aôô
the discrete angles
J>o
5.H
The
The forms of
suitable to numerical calculation are

The number of expansion equations
were varied.
The least number
and
in the
calculations reported here was nine so that the hydrodynamic pressure could be calculated at ten degree intervals with expansion
58
coefficients known to satisfy the truncated expansion equations

exactly at ten degree intervals,.
In every case the expansion coefficients were
m = 17
tions
More often in these calcula-
tested at arbitrary
9 = 9
jL
to provide the accuracy index
0.
described in Section 5ollo

The principal dependent variables
A(6), B(6), M(6,0),
were calculated in the same manner as for the case of the
N(6,0)
circular cylinder but with appropriate definitions of

and
<p_
M (6)
as given in Section k l
(6,0)
N (6)
M(6,0), N(6,0)
M A
N B
The Selection of Mapping Parameters

The number
.,
(6,tt:/2)
as described in Section 5o22
and the result was tested by comparing
6<>12
y?
were calculated by numerical quadrature from the cal-
culated values of
a_
and
n=0,l,2,
o o o
N + 1
2
n /2
with
a?
..
of mapping parameters
,N (Sections 2 D 2, 3<>2) has been left unspecified
in the problem solution,.
cylinders by the number
It is convenient here to classify the
N + 1Q
The naval architect is more ac-
customed to classifying ship sections by other parameters so some

of this nomenclature is introduced,
The ratio of the half-breadth of the cylinder at the free
surface to the depth of the cylinder at the centerline is designated

H:
H = x(n/2) / y(0) = b/d
The ratio of the cross-sectional area of the cylinder to the area
59
2xU/2)y(0)
it
S =
is designated
2bd,
(2n*l)(a
/<
n=0
21
2n+1 )
(2n+l)2
/ 2 bd,
and called the "area coefficient."
The one-parameter cylinders generated by assigning
suitable values to
The special case
a..
a,
are members of the elliptic family.
^.
is the circular cylinder.
is uniquely determined.
H = (1 + a^) / (1 - a,)
N =
cient for any elliptic cylinder is constant j
The ratio
The area coeffi-
S = n/k.
Thus in
naval architectural terms the one-parameter family of cylinders

offers a choice of beam-draft ratio but constant area-coefficients.
The two-parameter cylinders generated by assigning

and suitable values to
^ 0, a, ^ 0,
a,
N = 1
to provide more-or-less
ship-like cross-sections are commonly called Lewis forms, the ratio

H and the area coefficient
H =
q
S
are determined by
1 + a,
a.,
1 - a,
a..
n
=
S,
a..
~-
3a
l I
3
^""""2
(1 + a,)
a,
- a
and conversely for ship-like forms.
Thus
the two-parameter family of Lewis forms permits some selection of
area coefficient at fixed beam-draft ratio.
Still greater flexibility in selecting a geometric form with

given beam-draft ratio and area coefficient is possible in the
60
three-parameter family.
assigned
a,_o
Here
L.
N = 2
and appropriate values are
Landweber and M. Macagno C1959J intro-
duced a systematic treatment of these forms and present a convenient method for finding the asymptotic value of the added mass
(Section k.k).
The introduction of the third parameter specif-
OD
ically permits
variation in the vertical distribution of the cross-
section area at given beam-draft ratio and area-coefficient.
This,
in naval-architectural terms, is a two-dimensional interpretation of

the vertical prismatic coefficient,,
Ship-like forms with higher area
coefficient are also possible,,
Prohaska [19^73 considered two special cases from the four

parameter family,
and for
not zero
a.,,
&.
N = 3
He selected non-zero values for
The examples be illustrates of the case
are cusped, while several in the group
a,
a.. ,
a,,
a
a_
a not zero
may be called ship-like.

The program for the control of the automatic computations
permits the selection of any foreseeable number of coefficients.
Coefficients are stated consecutively up to the highest non-zero

value and the summations over
sample
terminate at that number.
Many
calculations have been done with various combinations of
coefficients through
a7
The results of sample calculations of
examples from the one-, two-, and three-parameter families are presented here.
6.2
Results for Examples from the One-Parameter (Elliptic)
Family of Cylinders.
The sample calculations for the circular cylinder given in
61
Chapter
special case of the one-parameter family of ellip-
5 are a
The results of calculations for elliptic cylinders
tic cylinders.
with
and
H = 1/5
are presented in the following figures.
H = 3/2
The hydrodynamic pressure fluctuation in phase with the ac-
celeration,
and that in phase with the velocity,
tion 53) are shown for typical values of

erence plane as a function
For large
->
!&
go
(Sec-
measured in the ref-
= Kx(u/2) = Kb.
M(6.Q)A(6) - N(6.Q)B(6)
A(6)
B(6)
for all cylinders of this family (Section 53)
trated by observing the slope of the
p (5,9)
cqs Q
This fact is illuslines and is particu-
larly evident in Figure 10.
As pointed out in Section 44 the free-surface correction

k,
= m/m
is numerically equal to the ratio of the added mass
to
the mass of the fluid displaced by a circular cylinder of the same
beam in the case of elliptic cylinders.
Therefore curves of
k^(6)
show the frequency-dependence of the inertia-coefficient of Lewis

[1929] or the added-mass coefficient of Landweber and Macagno [1957]*
Curves of the ratio of waveheight far from the cylinder to the

amplitude of vertical oscillation,
A = h /h
are shown in Figure
1A-,
The damping coefficient may be calculated
from the amplitude ratio (Section 5**0
62
T"
-|
"H
7
-
b^
6
-
=oy
so*/
'40.9
40
/5I.5
60>^
^68.9
/%:
^^76.4
1
i
80
83.3
9=90 _
J=90
1
^^
^^^
mjmm
3
6
FIGURE 9.
(5,0)
p
a
FOR THE ELLIPSE
H=3/2.
6.5
"T"
"r
Ux
,-
'1
e=o*/
77
l
1
"
30*^
-
60
^^
e= 90
^ = 90*
_L J
FIGURE
10.
J-
p (6,9)
a
i-
FOR THE ELLIPSE
1/5.
FIGURE
II.
(8,9)
FOR THE ELLIPSE H=3/2.
fmmmuiail
,
0.15
i
1
\e=9o
\j* = 90
"h"h
\80 o
II
//
89.7
H= /5 ELLIPSE
I
0.1
.05
\
y\\ 6079JO
y\\ \
\\^\-30.6
9=0
1
\\\
1
^T^!
~i
"~
FIGURE
I2
(8,9)
FOR THE ELLIPSE
H=
1/5.
65
t-^
-
CVJ
in
ro
C
6
to
ii
c/>
tr
UJ
ro
Q
Z
>-
CVS
o
o
IOl
L ro
ii
X
\
x
UJ
CM
Id
X
H
<r
\
1
\
\\
ro
II
\\
UJ
cr
\\
si
^^^
^0"""
CD
c\s
S8-
66
12
FIGURE 14.
A FOR
THREE
ELLIPTIC CYLINDERS.
67
Tasai [19593 has previously reported calculations for the freesurface correction factor
and the amplitude ratio A for the two
k.
ellipses reported here over a limited range of the frequency parameter.
His method of calculating six expansion coefficients satisfy-
ing eight expansion equations in the least-squares sense was reported
in Section 5.11.
was not reported.
His procedure for evaluating the several integrals

The trends of all his calculations are confirmed
and differences within his range of calculated values (determined
graphically from his figures) are almost certainly due to differences

in numerical procedures, plus the graphical dispersion.
These curves give insight into the frequency dependence of the

various hydrodynamic quantities for forms of various beam-draft ratio
and constant area-coefficient.
The vertical distribution of area as
measured by the fractional depth of the section centroid or the fractional depth of the radius of gyration about the free-surface (x-axis)
is also constant.
6.3
Results for Examples From the Two-Parameter (Lewis Form)
The Lewis forms have ? for given beam-draft ratio, a range of
values of area-coefficient.
The vertical distribution of area of the
forms of fixed beam-draft ratio also changes
family of the next section).
cf . the three-parameter
This one added mapping parameter fortui-
tously provides sections that are more full than the ellipse and generally accepted as ship-like.
is somewhat arbitrary.
The upper limit of fullness obtainable
Lewis [19293 preferred to judge the forms by
the practiced eye of a skilled naval architect} Landweber and
68
Macagno [19573 formalized this decision,,
The lower limit of fullness
is probably also arbitrary since the forms tend to be not aestheti-
cally ship-like and if fine enough, are cusped at

and at
for
= it/2
for
<_ 1
H > 1
The sample calculations made to date suggest that the behavior

of the various hydrodynamic quantities does not change abruptly as
the values of
a,
encompass the reasonably expected range.
The results of two of the calculations for this family are

shown graphically.
Both forms have
H = 1,
One form is full and ship-like.
cylinder.
the same as the circular
The other is the section
of minimum area and is cusped.
Figures 15 and 16 show curves through calculated points of

The asymptotic behavior of
p a (6,).
p a/6
for large
for this
family is
(l+a n
cos
cos 3
- a,
5
as
7-t
(1+a, + a_)N
This behavior, more complex than simply
cos
oo
as in the one-parameter
family, is shown by the slopes of the curves in the two figures.
Figure 19 shows curves of the free-surface correction factor,

k,
= m/m
It is recalled that for the more general cylinders the
OD
M-
free-surface correction factor
k^
is no longer numerically equal
to the added-mass or inertia-coefficient.
C1959] for
0.4 <
k,
The calculation of Tasai
of the full-form is shown over his range
< 2.6.
The damping coefficients for the full form and the cusped form
are shown in Figure 20.
69
9=0
30>
//-o'
'
34.7*
60^ ^55.3
e= 90
12
FIGURE
15.
p (6,9)
a
FOR THE FULL
SECTION, H=
I.
j3 =90*
70
mTm
"T
XjT
e=40"/
6*30.67
//
// 2.6*
60
79.1//
-~^* /
/
(
^yj
//20
opf
ov
8Z2y
/ ^y
89.7^>^
80
y9 -90 9
mJmm
i
1
FIGURE
16.
p (6,6)
a
FOR THE CUSPED SECTION,
H=l.
71
FIGURE
0.5
17.
(6,0)
FOR THE FULL SECTION,
s
I
J/\*-
12
FIGURE
18.
p (6,9)
v
FOR THE CUSPED SECTION,
H*l.
72
0.5
FIGURE
19.
FOR THREE CYLINDERS, Hl.
73
^H"
^^
"^
m^m
|\
-
z
LJ
O
1.0
u_
Ll
UJ
O
o
i\
"
DAMPING
u^y
W\\
CUSPED SECTION
"full \
SECTION
CIRCULAR CYLINDEf
^r-
FIGURE 20.
THE DAMPING COEFFICIENT
2tt
2
A *B2
FOR THREE CYLINDERS, Hl.
7k
6.4
Results for Examples From a Three-Parameter (Landweber-Macagno)
The use of three parameters
in the mapping func-
tion permits some independent variation of the vertical distribution

of area for the ship-like section of given beam-draft ratio and area
coefficient.
L.
Landweber and Mo Macagno [1959] chose to measure the
vertical distribution of area in terms of the parameter
t\
defined
as the moment of inertia of the actual section about x-axis made non-
dimensional by the product
x(u/2) y(0)
= bd
Another useful char-
acteristic of the three-parameter family is that it provides shiplike sections of larger area-coefficient than is possible in the two-
parameter family.
Examples are shown which illustrate the behavior of the hydrodynamic quantities for a bulb-like section and a section of maximum
fullness.
The sections are shown in Figure 21.
The full section is
an example of sections possible in the three-parameter family that

are ship-like and have area coefficients larger than is possible in
Lewis forms.
The area coefficient for the full section is
S = 1.012.
This section was selected from Figure k of the Landweber and Macagno
reference cited above.
The bulb-like section has an area-coefficient
of about 0.6 and it is a member of the special group
not zero
a,
=0;
a,-
from which Prohaska [19^7] selected examples.
The amplitude of the pressure fluctuation in phase with the ac-
celeration at locations near the vertical centerline of the full section increases much more rapidly with increased
more rounded elliptic or bulbous forms.
= Kb
than for the
75
FIGURE
21.
THREE CYLINDERS,, H=l/5.

BULBOUS
e
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
p.
6.0
5.6
6.2
10.6
23.6
51.0
2,0
4.2
6.6
9.5
13,4
19.1
28.8
48.6
90.
90.
90.
0.59
-
FULL
0
5.2
9.3
12.0
13.7
15.5
18.7
25.7
43.5
0
3.5
5.6
ELLSPT1C
.7^+30
n/4
- 2/3
1.012
-.62332
- .10206
.07633
.02469
76
2.0
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.3
FIGURE
22.
p (6,0)
a
p (5,9).
AND
(6,G)
v
FIGURE
23.
FOR THE FULL FORM,
'
(6,6).
H=
1/5
77
The asymptotic form of
p /6
for large
for the bulbous
form is shown in Figure 2k,

In Figure
27,
showing the free surface correction factor
k.
and the amplitude ratio A, data on the elliptic form with the same
beam-draft ratio, previously given in Section 6.2, are reproduced

for reference.
a
The amplitude ratio for the bulbous shape indicates
relatively high damping coefficient; the full section (larger
vertical prismatic coefficient) is relatively less damped in heaving

oscillation.
7S
-i
T"
'
"f"
T t
3.
eôy
60^
^^30
I.
:Z
80
9 Q
FIGURE 24.
(5,9)
-j-
-L
-j-
FOR THE BULBOUS SECTION, H=
1/5.
79
0.8
0+a
0.6
^^
I>
cos 6-
cos 3e*o_cos5e
3.0-^
2.2-^
0.4
0.8^
0.2
O 2c
V-'
30
FIGURE 25.
THE TREND OF
60'
/6
FOR LARGE 6,
BULBOUS SECTION,
1/5.
8o
TJ
"
" r
'p
"r
T t
0.3
j/
0.2
0.1
""^""^
\^80
\o
90'
r\
L^T^"
FIGURE 26.
p (6,9)
v
60 c
r
'
T~
1
1
FOR THE BULBOUS SECTION, H=
1/5.
81
""
k4
1
>
FULL FORM
v/
ELLJPSE
BUI ,BOUS
FORM
0.5
/
BULBOUS
\/^P
J
^^FULL
^__^
ELLIPSE
FIGURE
27.
4 AND A
FOR THREE CYLINDERS, H=l/5
82
VII.
7.1
Experiment and Results
Purpose and Direction,,

Fo Ursell,
who obtained the first rigorous solution for the
circular cylinder in fluid of infinite depth [19A9] also said clearly
"experiments are needed" and has reiterated this even in recent times:
"It would be highly desirable to compare these calculations
1
with suitable experiments,," [1957].

The response has not been overwhelming,,
reported in Chapter
The earlier experiments
are not strictly comparable, and in later
years, three-dimensional experiments (Golovato [1957], Gerritsma [1957])
have received more attention,,
Apparently, the only modern experiment
simulating two~dimeneionaI behavior is that of Yu [i960], who measured waveheight ratio and found satisfactory agreement while the present experimental apparatus was under construction,
Yu reported instru-
mentation difficulty in measuring the vertical force acting on the

cylinder.
Pressure fluctuation measurement was selected as the primary

objective of the experiment to be discussed,,
The total pressure
fluctuation signalled by a suitable transducer is a distinctive function of the location
on the cylinder, as well as the frequency
according to the preceding theory
6,
It is considered unlikely that
reasonable agreement could be expected between experimental results

and the distinctive prediction unless the analytic model accurately
represents the essentials of physical reality.
Vertical force acting
on the cylinder was selected as a secondary objective because,
first,
83
this is an integrated result of a predictable primary physical quantity,,
Second, it appears not feasible to avoid encumbering the mea-
surement of force by ordinary body inertia reaction, which is far

from negligible, yet not of concern to this theory
An additional reason for placing emphasis on the pressure

distribution measurement is the expectation that such investigation
will help to provide insight into similar problems of naval archi-
tectural interest,,
The following measurements were obtained with a cylinder of
10-inch radius in forced vertical harmonic motion of small amplitude.
Details of the experimental arrangement and simulation of two-
dimensional conditions are recorded in later sections,.

tain range of oscillation frequency,
Over a cer-
2 < f < 0<,6 cycles per second,
the particular arrangement used simulated two-dimensional conditions
less successfully and this caused consistent small deviations from
theory in this range
The experiments were conducted at the Ship
Model Towing Tank, Richmond Field Station, University of California.
7.2
Results of Measurements of the Pressure Fluctuation,,

The total pressure fluctuation at a point on the surface of
a horizontal circular cylinder given forced vertical oscillations in
an ideal fluid of infinite depth is predicted with the aid of the
calculations reported in Section 53'
The total pressure fluctuation,
in units of the hydrostatic fluctuation for a forced motion

is
P îOtft) a
i
[ ltap
(6,0)] sincot* p (6,9) coscot
y = h
sin
cot,
84
Here
and
p (6,9)
are the acceleratioii- and velocity"
p (6,9)
V
Q.
phase components of the hydrodynamic pressure given for this case

in Section
The amplitude of the total pressure fluctuation is
5o3<>
p(6,0) =
La â
+ P
V
1/2
The predicted results are shown by solid lines through cal-
culated points in Figure 28
for
9 =
40
and
6o"*
Experi-
<,
mental points for measurements at the same locations are shown on
These points are (amplitude of the recorded
the same figure
pressure fluctuation)/( amplitude of the recorded pressure fluctuation for hydrostatic displacement)
each
Q,
fluent o
The distinctive trends, for
of the predicted and measured results are generally con=
An observed departure from two-dimensional conditions in
the experiment is the principal cause for consistent small devia-
tions from predicted results in the range
2 <
f <
The trend toward higher-thaz^predicted results at
higher frequencies observed
;say
cycles/second,
/-
= bO
at the
be caused by viscous effects in the
locations of higher tangential velocity,,
7<>3
Results of Measurements of the Vertical Force
Acting on the Cylinder

The total vertical force per unit length required to sustain
steady-state motion
y = h
sin
cot;
of the test cylinder is the sum of
the hydrodynamic force (Section 3o8),
M B
o
+ N A
+ B
/z
+
85
UJ
or
3
CO
(/>
UJ
or
0.
in
_j
<
o
hiu.
<n
Ql
O
>
o
z
UJ
uj
<E
U.
e
o
H
<
_l
_l
U
o
(ft
o
UJ
Q
3
h_J
Q_
2
<
Q
UJ
or
3
GO
<
Ul
2
Q
Z
<
Q
UJ
j-
IT)
< z
_l o
3 hO <
_|
3
<
o 0O
UJ 3
I -I
H U.
CO
CVJ
Ul
or
3
O
86
and the hydrostatic force
mass of the cylinder.
2aogy
and the inertia reaction of the
The mass of the cylinder in this experiment
was made equal to that of the displaced fluid for neutral buoyancy
The total force in units of the change in hydrostatic
at rest.
force is
2-^~
Ci+k)6nA] cosut-
Ci -
-p-^t
+ B
<
6 *A)
sin
M B
K
N A
+ B
The amplitude of the total force fluctuation is the square-root of
Cl -
(l+k)6wA]
I jH-u (6Â)]
A" + B
The added mass coefficient

2ti/(A
+ B
2
)
<
and the damping force coefficient
for this case are reported in Section 5^
The predicted result is shown by the solid line through cal-
culated points in Figure 29
Points for measured values are shown.
These points are (amplitude of the recorded total force signal)
divided by (amplitude of the recorded signal for hydrostatic displacement).
The general agreement is satisfactory.
observed departure
froATi
Again, the
two-dimensional conditions is the principal
cause for small differences from predicted results in the range

0.2 < f < 0.6 cycles/second.
Measured results are generally higher than predicted in the

neighborhood of the force minimum around
region
f -
9 cps.
In this
87
3.0
Ul
/o
cr
'
/(
>
22.0
Id
>
-J
<
Z
/o
<r
o
.0
/
/
^ô
i
0.5
OSCILLATOR
FIGURE 29.
fi
1.0
FREQUENCY, CPS.
CALCULATED AND MEASURED TOTAL

VERTICAL FORCE.
1.5
88
1 -
(l+k)6nA
and the total force is nearly that in phase with the velocity,,
Any
additional energy dissipation (due to viscous effects, end-effects,
etc) would contribute additional force increments in phase with

velocity and not predicted by the theory,,
the
The measured values there-
fore may well be expected to be higher than predicted and more dis-
tinctly so when the much larger component in time-quadrature vanishes.
79 k
7o^l
The Cylinder and The Experiment Arrangemento

The Cylinder and The Motion Generator,,
The cylinder was fabricated from a one-quarter inch thick
plate of aluminum rolled to a circular submerged cross-section with
10-inch outside radius and 12-inch vertical sides above water.
cylinder is ^1 inches
long,,
The
The ends are closed by end-plates of
three-quarter inch aluminum plate.
Two heavy steel athwart ship
frames, machined to semi-circular shape, together with the end frames,
assure semi-circular shape, contribute rigidity, and anchor parts of

two force dynamometers.
The model plus the parts of the dynamometer
in the model was weighted to neutral buoyancy at the desired waterline.
The high vertical walls anchor dynamometer parts, contribute
torsional rigidity and may be used in other experiments with deeper

submergence.
These high weights cause static instability but the
overturning moment is small and of little consequence since the model

is secured by means of vertical-motion dynamometers to the rigid
motion generator.
The vertical-motion force dynamometers consist of an inter-
changeable set of beam "springs" each 7-1/2 inches long, 2-inches

wide and 5/3 2 or 3/l6-inches thick for choice of spring-constant.
89
FIGURE
30.
THE
MODEL
90
w.,^
FIGURE
31.
THE VERTICAL MOTION DYNAMOMETER
91
An array ef six
srack
springs connects each $ two motion-generator re-
ciprocating rods to its atael-fr&ine and end-plate in the cylinder ia

am array strongly preferential to 'Vertical relative m@tioa
tive displacement between the model and the reciprocating rod
The relaa mea-
sure of the vertical force a@ting 9 was sensed by a Statham Instruments
Corporatloa Model
Q<=10=>3
unbonded strain~gauge displacement transducer
Relative vertical motions of about
002 inch were permitted and this
ia considered a negligible uncertainty in the strke of the motion
generator
The amplitude of the stroke fas varied froia ae<=>half to
one inch and had no observable effect on the recorded Measurements
Almost all of the pressure measurements were made with one-half inch
stroke
The motion generator is an elaborate machine designed and

build for the Ship Model Towing Tanteo
3/**-= &orsepowesp
,
constant-
apeed motor,, through a eontlnuously^variable apeed reducer, drives

a pair of mechanisms patterned after the M seof*ch<=yke 90 which trans-
late eostaafc<=>sped rotation to uniform siBiple<=hs.r!aaie reciprocal
tion of two steel rods
tion
The s<sotch=>yke 9 at the expense of elabora-
has the advantage of providing almost exact sinusoidal motion
The motion
wa:
continuously moniterad by mechanically =driven poten-
tiometers on the mechanism providing electrical signals which 9 because of orientation 9 were sine and cosine signals
The pressure gauges were installed in the shell of the cylinder at varioua angular locations at mid~length<>
The gauges were un-
bonded strain-gauge types with sensitive diaphrams about 3/^-ineh

diameter.
The diaphragms therefore subtend (Oo75)/1Q * 0.075 radian.
92
about
k,J>
degrees and it is understood results measured "at kO degrees"
admit the diaphragm extended about
+_
2 degrees,.
The Statham Instru-
ments Corporation Type PM~233~TC pressure transducers have calibration factors close to 23 millivolts/psi with strain-gauge bridge exci-
tation of 5 volts.
The full-scale range is
+_
0.5 psi differential.
The differential feature was used to provide rear-side pressurization

(by air and static manometer) to balance the hydrostatic pressure pre-
load on the sensitive diaphragm.
This contributes to maximum initial
sensitivity and linearity^ the response of diaphragm-type transducers

was studied extensively and is reported in the next chapter.
The dy-
namic response of these gauges is uniform from hydrostatic up through
frequencies well above those reported here
7.^2
The Simulation of Two-Dimensional Conditions.

The experiments were conducted in the Ship Model Towing Tank,
Richmond Field Station, University of California.

feet long, 8 feet wide and 6 feet deep
The tank is 200
The cylinder and motion
generator were installed mid-length and transversely between false

walls installed in the tank to narrow the width at the model to k2
inches.
The model is kl inches long so there was 1/2 inch clearance
at the ends.
At the frequencies observed, surface action and dis-
turbances at the ends was not violent but was increasing with frequency.
At frequencies above those reported here the surface wave
action was not two-dimensional.

The false walls at the model were 8 feet long, extended above
the surface, and were solid to the bottom,,
The walls were 5-pound
steel plate rigidly stiffened on the outside by welded flatbar
93
stiffeners,
The parallel., false walls at the model were joined to the
regular tank walls by fur

Thus the model was in the
'ions at each end about 8 feet long
k2.
inch space between false walls which were
parallel for 8 feet and flared cut on each side to 96 inch spacingo
It is agreed that for the experiment reported here alone , a model 8
feet long without special walls would be preferred.!, but other work
Nevertheless, with the exception discussed below,
was also in mind c
it appeared that two-dimensional conditions generally prevailed and
regular progressive surface waves were generate
Since the motion-
generator was over-powered and positively driven, steady-state conditions were approached in the neighborhood of the cylinder very rapidly,.
Under certain conditions, described below, a distinct departure

from two-dimensional conditions was observed,,
The influence of this
effect as reflected for example in the total force measurement was
strongly dependent on the transition conditions at the ends of the
Three transition conditions are shown in Figure 32,
parallel walls
Arrangement (a) is the least abrupt transition from kZ inch

spacing at the model to the 96 inch tank width
This is the arrange-
ment used for the data recorded in the preceding sections,.
The con-
sistent lower-than-theoretieal experimental values in the range about

2 <
f <
06 cycles/second are believed to be caused principally by
this transition,.
transitions,,
The effect is much mere intense with more abrupt
Two other arrangements were tried and are illustrated
in the figure together with sketches showing the trend of total, force
measurements in the
al fi
y range
The consistent pattern
leads to the belief that parallel walls with a fitted model would
9k
Trend of data
ARRANGEMENT
(a)
-h-f-t-H^
i-
'
This side
same as (a)
UJ
o
O
2
Trend of data
+ + ++
ARRANGEMENT
(b)
r \\
v-~^
>^->J
\
r*x
UJ
a
o
~-^\
\J
Trend of data
**
i
ARRANGEMENT
FIGURE 52.
(c)
TOP VIEW
accentuate
cond
it
ions.
OF
departure
(c)
ARRANGEMENTS,
from
two
(b)
and
dimensional
95
eliminate this cause of deviation of measured from predicted values.

In all arrangements the surface wave-action, even in this critical
range 4 appeared to be normal and two-dimensional in the near neigh-
borhood of the model except for minor disturbances in the corners at

the ends,
7.^+3
Electrical Instrumentation,,
The unbonded strain-gauge displacement transducers in the
force dynamometer and pressure transducers in the shell of the model
(Section
7>
*l)
were connected to Brush Instruments Division, Clevite
Corporation, Model RD-5612-00 carrier and recording amplifiers,.
The
carrier frequency is nominally 2 kcps, the bridge excitation voltage
normally available is less than maximum usable by the transducers

but signal strength was sufficient and reliable.
The electrical signals monitoring the motion (Section 7*^1)

were connected to the direct-current recording amplifier sections
of other Brush RD-5612-00 units.
All electrical signals were recorded on an 8-channel Brush

Instruments Model RD-268^-50 linear chart recorder.
Data were re-
duced from the records manually; recorded amplitudes measured in the
range 0.6 to
*f
centimeters.
The frequency of oscillation was computed from the recorded
motion sinusoids and known chart-speeds and also compared with revolutions counted by a Berkeley Instruments Corporation "events-per-
unit-time" counter.
This instrument was given electrical pulses
from cam-operated microswitches and the number of counts in a known

time interval confirmed the oscillation frequency.
96
VIII. General Study of Instrumentation for Measurement of

Pressure Fluctuations.
8.1
General Characteristics of the Pressure Measurement.

This chapter presents an analysis of pressure transducers
and their use in measuring the hydrostatic and hydrodynamic pressure distribution on a body oscillating in a free surface.
The
material is part of a general study of instrumentation pertinent

to the experimental investigation reported in the preceding chap-
ter and is of interest in similar investigations.
The predicted values for the experimental case may be used

to fix ideas on the pressure fluctuation magnitudes and frequency
The fluctuation is periodic at the model-motion frequency.
range.
Its amplitude is
p(&,e) =
where
p(6,9)
p SI (6,9), p v (6,9)
C(l-P a )
1/2
2
+
p/]
are the acceleration- and velocity-phase
components calculated for the example in Section 5.3.
showing this result are given for various

At low frequencies,
location
6 <
0.2,
Curves
in Figure 28.
p(6,9) = 1
independent of
That is, the pressure fluctuation is approximately
the hydrostatic change due to slow heaving.
The surface is barely
distorted, and the pressure change is nearly independent of location.
This is rigorously correct as
0.
Since the displacement
is assumed to be small with respect to body dimensions, this refer-
ence pressure change is small.
97
The amplitude of the pressure fluctuation goes through a
minimum at a characteristic frequency depending on the location Q.

For example, the minimum is about 20% of the hydrostatic change at
locations in the bottom sixty-degree sector and occurs at 1.5 <
<
Twenty percent of the expected hydrostatic pressure fluctuation is

a useful
index for the minimum expected pressure fluctuation.
For
the 20-inch-diameter cylinder used in the experimental part of this

work, 20 percent of the one-half inch motion in water corresponds
to about 0.00^ psi.
At higher frequencies, the magnitude of the pressure fluc-
tuation increases.
Ultimately, cavitation at the bottom center-
line or viscous effects or short surface wavelength violate the
assumptions preceding these predictions.

The frequency range of interest in the experiments with a
cylinder of 20 inch diameter was 0-2 cycles per second, that is,
about
<
6 < 3
The low frequencies and preference to record hydrostatic
pressure suggest a diaphragm-type transducer.
Piezoelectric-type
hydrophones are contra-indicated by this requirement because of

their limited low frequency response.
The low pressures and pressure fluctuations dictate high

sensitivity.
For ship-like cylinders of about 1-foot beam the
minimum detectable pressure change should be about 0.001 psig (about

l/^HD
inch water or +110 DB ref 0.0002 dynes/cm
2
)
This requirement
is easily met by a piezoelectric transducer but the high sensitivity
conflicts with the requirement for small diameter in the case of
diaphragm types.
3,
98
For experimental convenience, cylinder dimensions must be

manageable and for maximum utility the transducers should be compatible with the ship models ordinarily usedo
8.2
Piezoelectric Transducers,,
8.21
Open Circuit Operation? the Piezoelectric Wafer.
The piezoelectric transducer gives promise for this application because of its sensitivity,.
Its disadvantages are limited low-
frequency response and sensitivity to local vibrations of its mount.

To illustrate the operation of a piezoelectric transducer
and its major disadvantage, consider the response of a disc to nor-
mally incident pressure signals.

to
The disc area is A, its thickness
Assuming a material similar to barium titanate, the disc is po-
larized across the thickness direction, a.
The rear face is blocked
by a relatively large mass.
This wafer of piezoelectric crystal, compressed in the direction of its thickness

p = F/A,
with a pressure
to a stress level
generates a proportional electric field in the direction
of polarization:
_
_&
E = kpa
E = V/t = kp
The potential difference across the wafer is

V = (kt)p = <rp
<T
pressure sensitivity, volts/microbar.
99
in units of volts/cm thickness/microbar pressure
The constant
is typically
1.^+1 x 10
for ceramic
"B"
Barium Titanate and
for common piezoelectric materials called PZT-^ and
24l x 10
PZT-5.
_5
(1 microbar = 1 dyne/cm
2
)
The open circuit sensitivity of a piezoelectric transducer

is therefore independent of diameter and is easily of the order of
-110 db referred to 1 volt per microbar.
Thus piezoelectric trans-
ducers easily meet the required characteristics of high-sensitivity

and small diameter.
The required low frequency response requires closer examination due to the loading effect on the crystal of the external circuitry.
To examine this, one uses the equivalent circuit of the
crystal element.
This consists of a voltage generator of zero in-
ternal impedance in series with an impedance equal to the internal
impedance of the crystal,.
The voltage output of the conceptual
generator is equivalent to the crystal pressure sensitivity.
The
internal impedance of the crystal is considered constant and equal

to that of the capacitor formed by the crystal of dielectric mate-
rial between equal-potential conducting surfaces.
e(t)
e(t) = o-p(t)
8.22
Low Frequency Response of a Piezoelectric Transducer

and Amplifier.
The input impedance of an amplifier connected to a piezoelectric transducer degrades the low-frequency response relative
100
to the open-circuit performance,,
amplifier input signal
e.
This is seen by considering the
Jl~~
R
e(t)
In the usual circuit-analysis technique we use
s =
j(D
E.(s) = transform of
e.(t)
E(s) = transform of
=
tf
e(t)
P(s)
=
E (s) = E(s)
s + 1/t
d P(s)
s +
1/t
t = Re
Consider a step-change in pressure:
p(t)
[A
<
t>0
The amplifier input signal is
e. (t)
cf
Ae
t/t
(t > 0)
The open-circuit (unloaded) response of the crystal transducer
would have been
& A
The penalty imposed by the external ampli-
fier (load) is the exponential decay of the hydrostatic response
with a time constant
<>
101
Time constant
t
= Re
Response to a hydrostatic change in pressure.
The steady-state response to a sinusoidal time-varying pressure decreases in amplitude and is increasing in phase error below
the cutoff frequency.
to
The cutoff frequency is
= 1/t = 1/Rc
-10
/^~
90
A<^
\
\
-20
\\
Relative
Response,
db
-30
-k5
w.
.loo
lOOJ
CO
Amplitude Response and Phase Error relative

to Open-Circuit Response of a Piezoelectric
Crystal for Sinusoidal Presstire Fluctuation

of Frequency
to
Phase error,
degrees lag
102
1.0
0.9
0.6
07
0.6
0.5
03<x)c
71
Fractional
of
d.c
icOc
100)C
Amplitude
piezoelectric
amplifier as a
FREQUENCY
NEAR
FIGURE
Response
transducer amd
function of
CUTOFF
J")
20
0) c
30o)c
103
These results show that the lew frequency response of the
piezoelectric transducer plus amplifier is limited by the amplifier

input impedance
and the crystal equivalent capacitance
c.
The
amplifier input impedance is bounded by practical considerations of

the associated thermal noise and by susceptibility to extraneous re-
sponse due to the high impedance level
pacitance
The crystal equivalent ca-
can be increased by increasing the wafer diameter,
which conflicts with small size 5 or by decreasing wafer thickness,

which decreases sensitivityj or by stacking thin wafers, which in-
creases complexity of the transducers
Therefore it can be expected the use of piezoelectric transducers will be met with increasing difficulty as the desired low
frequency response is extended.

Some techniques are suggested to partly alleviate this limitation.
8<,23
Extending Low Frequency Response by Capacitive Loading,
The low frequency response of piezoelectric transducer plus
amplfier may be extended at the expense of sensitivity.

fier input resistance
is shunted with a capacitance
C
C
c
T = R(C +
c)
p(s)
rv '
s +
The ampliC
1/t
10**
Comparing this result with that of the amplifier alone,

(i)
The apparent sensitivity is reduced by a factor

c/(C+c)
(ii)
<_
ioO
The hydrostatic time-decay factor is increased by

a factor (C+c)/c.
This is equivalent to reducing
the low-frequency cutoff frequency by the factor
c/(C+c)
<_
1.0
With this technique the relative response is kept uniform

to a new lower cutoff-frequency at the expense of being at a lower
absolute level.
The degree to which this can be pursued thus de-
pends on the original crystal sensitivity and the magnitude of
pressure fluctuations which are to produce measureable signals within the absolute level capability of the available amplifier..
That
is, the signal to noise ratio at the reduced apparent sensitivity
will limit an attempt to indefinitely extend the low-frequency re-
sponse by this technique.
8.2^
Extending Low-Frequency Response by Feedback

Amplifier Technique.
Manipulations of the low-frequency cutoff and of the apparent sensitivity, interdependent in the preceding technique, can be
largely separated at the expense of increased electronic complexity.

An operational amplifier of standard design is introduced with ca-
pacitive feedback.
The amplifier will have a large gain, -A, with
negative sense meaning phase reversal.
The amplifier is realisti-
cally assumed to have constant gain over frequencies of interest
105
and to have negligible output impedance.

be neglected and as before is
The input impedance cannot
This amplifier is to be considered
as a preamplifier or buffer for operational purposes between the pie-
zoelectric transducer and the usual recording system.
e
e
e(t)
(t)
(t)
By the usual circuit-analysis methods and without further
assumptions,
E (s)
= -
E(s)
1
C
T
c
A
Ac
+
,,
,..
(1 +
lv
s +
t"
P(s)
T" = R[c + C (1+A)]
Comparing this result with those preceding it is seen the sensitivity

and time constant are changed by functions of
feedback element
and
A.
If the
is reduced to zero the relations are simply
those for an amplifier following an amplifier-loaded piezoelectric
transducer.
If
is not zero and the realistic assumption is
io6
made that
|A|
>>
then the relations are simplified.
Compared with the amplifier-
loaded case,
the sensitivity is modified by the factor c/C
(i)
the time constant is increased by the factor
(ii)
C(l+A)/c
CA/c
This is equivalent to reducing the low-frequency

cutoff by a factor
c/CA
It is striking to observe then that if
equal to
c,
(i)
is made approximately
then
the sensitivity is equal to the open circuit
sensitivity.
(ii)
the low-frequency cutoff is reduced by the factor

1/A, where
is a large number.
It appears this should be a useful technique for extending low-
frequency response with nearly independent control of the apparent sensitivity and the extent of cutoff reduction.
Practical
limitation on the extent of this manipulation is not clear,,
8.3
The Pressure Sensitivity of Diaphragm-Type Transducers.

8.31
Definition of Sensitivity,,
The transducers considered consist of two elements.

(i)
the mechanical pressure receiver.
Primarily this
will be a diaphragm but may be a tube, bellows or
107
0.7 5
050
Q25
0.01
o.
10.0
1.0
Fractional response,
OF
(ADDED
as a function
INTERNAL) CAPACITANCE
FIGURE.
54-
100.0
10 8
capsule which deflects under pressure and seals the
device against fluid ingress,

the deflection detection schema.
(ii)
This converts the
pressure-receiver (diaphragm) deflection to a signal

in useful form.
In order to take advantage of elec-
tronic (linear) amplification, electrical schemes

are of most interest in devices of high sensitivity
and resolution.
Examples may be found using various
physical principles; variable resistance, capacitance,

reluctance, light flux ? etc.
Pressure variations on the pressure receivers of several different

types of transducers change the internal energy in the detection
device a negligible amount compared with the change in elastic strain
energy in the pressure receiver*
Limiting consideration to such
stiffness-controlled transducers, it is possible to analyze the two

elements of the transducer separately, and the transducer pressure
sensitivity is the product of the sensitivities of each element:
= 6(p),
the diaphragm deflection at the center;
(6),
the transducer signal output;
de
j* de o_
o _ d6_
dp
dp d6
The effectiveness of the pressure measurement system cannot be
judged on transducer sensitivity
de /dp
will be contaminated by a noise signalo
alone because this signal

Also, a response index will
be required characterizing the least readable amplitude fluctuation
of the indicating needle or chart line c
Before attacking these
109
problems it is fundamental to study the deflection-pressure relation
= 6(p).
This section will consider this relation and the
pressure sensitivity,
do
dp
8o32
Small Deflections of Clamped~Edge Flat Circular

Plates 5 Kirchhoff Theory c
The theoretical maximum pressure sensitivity of a diaphragm

is generally considered to be the initial sensitivity of a flat
circular plate under uniform pressure load on one side producing
infinitesimal inextensional strain

By inextensional strain is meant that the plate neutral
The internal strain energy is greater and
plane is not extended
the plate is stiffer if extensional strains exist 9
Inextensional
conditions are consistent with Kirchhoff plate theory.

The common and useful practice of diaphragm corrugations
invariably introduces locations of extensional strain.
Corrugated
diaphragms realize less sensitivity than the theoretical initial

sensitivity of the equal flat disc in Kirchhoff plate theory.
The Kirchhoff theory, neglecting stretch and shear of the
plate neutral plane, yields the following result for the deflection
at the center of a claiaped-edge flat disc of diameter
uniformly loaded by a pressure
"'"
"3
where
-'
on one side:
110
F = a plate modulus E/(l-ii
),
not Et
/12(l-u
P
)
thickness.
The deflection is linear in pressure; the pressure sensitivity is independent of the deflection.
Non-dimensional expressions for deflection and for pressure are:
_2_
25T
VV
()
(JLj
" 256~
These relations are illustrated graphically in Figure 35

and
36.
These representations are subject to the assumptions of
their theory.
Thus it is clearly not correct that
6/t
increases
linearly indefinitely and it is not possible to indefinitely increase sensitivity
d'F/D
by decreasing
t/D
We will consider several cases illustrating that the pressure sensitivity actually achieved by a thin diaphragm will prob-
ably be less than this theoretical maximum.
8.33
Pressure Sensitivity of Flat Circular Plates with
Deflection not Infinitesimal.

For practical purposes it is not always possible to limit
diaphragm deflections to deflections small in comparison with diaphragm thickness*
Such factors as hydrostatic preload or practical
deflection detection schemes lead to larger deflections and t as we

will see, possibly decreased sensitivity.
The exact solution of the equations of equilibrium of a flat
Ill
(\y
i-5
J3U
a.
8
i.o
t
(2)
0.5
\o
N0MDIME1N5!0NAL
DEFLECTION OF
OF FLAT CIRCULAR DIAPWRAGM5

WITH CLAMPED EDGES AND MO
INITIAL TENStON
(1)
KIRCHHOFF
(2)
WAV
ft)
HLNCKY
FIGURE. 5^,
112
100-10
NON-DIMENSIONAL PRESSURE SENSITTVITY

OF A FLAT CIRCULAR PLATE
F
I6URE 36
113
circular disc uniformly loaded on one side and with clamped edges
and no initial tension is due to S. Way [1934],
This solution is
available in tabular or graphic form but not in algebraic or series

form.
This solution is also illustrated in Figure 35.
Approximate solutions are due to A. Nadai [1925],

S.
Timoshenko [19A-0], and A. Griffith [1927].
Another approximate
solution is reported by E. Waters in the discussion accompanying

the solution by Way [193^3.
pressed in algebraic form.
These approximate solutions are exThe deflection-pressure function is non-
linear and additional definitions of sensitivity are useful.
Pressure sensitivity is
d6/dp
the instantaneous pressure sensitivity*
as before and may be called
Initial sensitivity is de-
fined as the limit of the pressure sensitivity for infinitesimal
deflections:
o.
..
d6
= 11m "5
dp
p-*o
Average sensitivity at a given deflection and pressure is
6(P
Po
The ideal flat-disc case has constant pressure sensitivity
d6/dp
equal to the initial sensitivity
sitivity
6(p )/p
d6/dp]
p=o
and average sen-
The graphical presentation of the large deflection case suggests that the initial sensitivity is equal to that in the ideal case.
The pressure sensitivity decreases for increasing deflection.
The
114
average sensitivity at a given pressure, from algebraic expressions

similar to those of the approximate solutions of Timoshenko, Nadai,
Griffith or Waters is
)F
6(
5F
=>o
3
25
-
(1)^0.^(^(1)
[the constant O 5^3 may vary about
ratio and the approximation.
+_
Timoshenko reports 0<>583 for
and 00^88 in another approximation.,
J>6
025
Cur constant happens to be an
average and agrees with Griffith for

in Figure
10 percent depending on Poisson's
u.
= 0.29].
This is illustrated
for two assumed values of
6(
'o>
D
_1_
1.
50
100
It is seen the average sensitivity may well be markedly lower than the
theoretical maximum<,
The instantaneous pressure sensitivity is always
less than the average sensitivity at finite deflections,.
Corrugated diaphragms such as those of the National Bureau of

Standards series realize average sensitivities somewhere between the
ideal maximum and the value of the average sensitivity for
6(p )D = 1/100,
This limitation of sensitivity to values less than maximum

theoretical applies when deflections are approaching
High sensitivity requires small
t/D
O.^t
or more.
ratio for a given material
Measurable deflections which are a small part of
force larger
D.
Fortunately, sensitivity is proportional to the fourth power of diameter,,
Conversely, attempts to reduce diameter are penalized by this
115
An attempt to achieve high sensitivity at given limited
power.
diaphragm diameter by reducing diaphragm thickness

t/D)
(i.e., small
will ultimately face this limitation when the detectable de-
flection is of the order of
to
Another problem, described in the
next section, is a loss in sensitivity characteristic of thin dia-
phragms
8<,3^
The Large Deflection of a Thin Diaphragm with
Zero Initial Tension; the Solution of Hencky

The following comparisons of thin diaphragms, or membranes,
with circular plates having bending stiffness will use the center
deflection as a basic measure.
It is well to observe that this
may be an incomplete criterion, depending on the means employed to
detect diaphragm distortion.
Center deflection is sufficient if
the detection system depends only on this, or if the deflection
form of the cases compared is similar.
The deflection form of stiff
plates and membranes are not geometrically similar c
Therefore the
volume sensitivity, the volume swept by the deflecting diaphragm

per unit pressure, is different in each case,
A practical case in
which this would be significant is when the change in capacitance

is used to detect deflection,,
A membrane, sweeping out a larger
volume than a stiff plate at the same center deflection, produces
significantly greater unit change in parallel-plate capacity (see

for example Lilly, Legallis, and Cherry [19^7]).
Since the primary
index is center deflection, attention will be given only this item.

One may suspect that a sufficiently thin diaphragm would have
no effective bending stiffness, so that deflections would develop
116
only membrane tension stresses.

of Way do not apply.
Kirchhoff theory and the solution
H. Hencky
[1915] has achieved an exact solu-
tion by power series methods for the equations of equilibrium of a

flat disc uniformly loaded on one side, subject to the assumptions
t
<<
and no initial tension.

A commonly used plate modulus defined as
12
12(1
-f)
is in effect reduced to negligible value by Hencky's assumption.
Hencky's result for deflection at the center of this disc is
Et 16
[The constant 0.662 is given by Hencky for Poisson ratio
other authors have values
+_
u = 0.3
5 percent or less].
This result is essentially predicted by the approximate solutions for the large-deflection case discussed above with the added
assumption
so that from those approximate solutions
tfF
6(P o )
Po
or in equivalent form
<V
2
t
117
Hencky's solution has the elegance of exactness; this coincidence

is given as a suggestion of reasonable continuity between solutions
recorded here,
Hencky's solution is also shown graphically with the preceding solutions in Figure 35.
The instantaneous sensitivity is conveniently found from the
Hencky solution by logarithmic differentiation,
d6
1 dp_
3 P
so that
0o 662t/ E
d6
1- 6
dp " 3 p
"3
V"
E tS.6
,P
The initial sensitivity is indicated to be indefinitely large,
which is apparent from the slope of the deflection curve.
Unfortu-
nately the very high initial sensitivities appear to be not realizable,

A physical interpretation of the infinite initial slope of the deflec-
tion curve may be that the no-load rest position of a thin diaphragm
without initial tension is unstable.
phenomena called "oil-canning."
This is possibly a part of the
Further, if one draws on the analo-
gous result from the approximate solution, the necessary condition
()
<<
0.55
is not fulfilled for practical
(V
(t/D)
F>
at sufficiently low
The assumption for this case implies large
(D/t),
6(p
small
).
118
so that very small pressures are equivalent to values of
t/D,
pD /Et
producing operating points of
tial region.
6,
away from the ini-
A small hydrostatic preload does this for instance.
For finite deflections the instantaneous sensitivity decreases rapidly to values less than the constant value of the ideal disc or the
corresponding values of the large deflection (Way) solution,,
The
theoretical average sensitivity of the Hencky-type diaphragms would

appear to exceed that of the Way-type diaphragm.
This is considered
illusory because the instability of the no-load initial position of

Hencky diaphragms would in practice mean an average sensitivity measured from some initial non-zero deflection.
This section has employed the Hencky solution to show that
exploiting thin diaphragms without initial tension and in the limit

having entirely negligible bending stiffness is not likely to lead
to practical sensitivities equal to the theoretical sensitivity of
the Kirchhoff diaphragm.
A characteristic of this limitation of
sensitivity is the assumption of no initial tension.
We consider
now whether there is benefit in adding initial tension.
8.35
The Small Deflection of a Thin Membrane with Initial
Tension.
An exact solution to the equilibrium equations for small de-
flections of a thin circular disc uniformly loaded on one side and

subject to a large initial tension
is known.
The formulation of
this problem assumes that the bending stiffness of the plate

[F =
Et"Vl2(l-u
)3
is negligible.
It is also assumed that the
initial radial stress (initial tension) is sufficiently large so that
119
the pressure load is brought to equilibrium by opposing tension com-
ponents due to the curvature of the membrane and not by additional

This solution is that of the membrane equation
stress.
V b(r)
E.
= -
which yields for deflection at the center

.2
loT
The deflection is linear in pressure; the pressure sensitivity is
constant.
In order to compare this with previous results, we make sub-
stitutions, with
equal to the initial unit strain,
T = e
r^
o 1 -
so that
li
(1 + u)Ft,'
^ hut ^
- if? <*>
y)e
This is the same form as that for the ideal disc times the bracketed
factor.
That factor, for practical values of
unity for initial strains
of the order
(t/D),
10
reduces to
or less.
The pressure sensitivity of the membrane is constant
J-
iSt
In non-dimensional form,
tf
/=sk
i )C 3(A^rr7
120
If one compares this form with the result from Hencky 's solution,
the factor
3(1 +
jz)e
/l6
and
0*5^5 (6/D)
are seen to have equiv-
alent roles in reducing the non-dimensional pressure sensitivity

cTF/D
The apparent high sensitivities of the Hencky solution at
small
are not realizable ncr are those of the membrane solution
for small initial strain since in either case the assumption inherent
in the appropriate exact solution is not satisfied,,
We will now consider that the Hencky solution may represent

one extreme condition of a diaphragm with no bending stiffness and
the membrane solution another,.
tial strain,,
The Hencky solution is for zero ini-
The membrane solution is for such large initial strain
that radial stress may be considered constant.
The region between
should be considered since both Hencky and Membrane Solutions give

the illusion of initial sensitivities greater than that of an ideal
Kirchhoff diaphragm.
8<>36
The,
Large Deflection of a Thin Diaphragm with
Initial Tension*
The membrane solution is not valid for small initial tension
and Hencky's solution includes no initial tension as a boundary con-
dition.
An exact solution of the equations of equilibrium for a
flat circular disc, assumed sufficiently thin so that
<<
or
in effect so that the bending stiffness is negligible, and subject

to initial tension or initial strain, is reported in Appendix B
This solution bridges the gap between that of Hencky and the membrane solution
As a result of this solution
121
Here
VEt l6
for a given plate is a function of initial strain and the
pressure (that is, the finite deflection) and is shown graphically
For zero initial strain
in Figure 37.
K(0) = 0,662;
that is,T Hencky's solution is reconstituted.
value for increasing
K(e
decreases in
For large initial strain one has the
<>
asymptotic solution
K(e
)~
(l^ll/EpV.
e
Vt
as
so that
p D
6
Es"
p D
=
aS
loT
o**
CD
i6t r-2-
The membrane solution is asymptotically recovered as it should

be for large values of initial tension.
The average sensitivity is
For initial tension zero the term
K_
2
T*0
6623
2
P
K /p
tends asymptotically to
as
p ->0
but this is not useful on the basis of previous remarks because of
122
0.7
III
0.6
0.5
0.4
K
0.3
0.2
0.1
DeIFLEICTION COE-FFICICNT
INITIAL
STRAIN
cD
(per
K AS A FUNCTION OF
AMD LOAD, ^-j^fif
unit)
FIGURE 37.
123
small residual bending stiffness or because of initial tension
essential for stability of very thin plates.

tension
In case of initial
not zero, the constant tends asymptotically to
K3
ED
as
*o
recovering the membrane action.
8.37
Composite Approximate Solution for the Finite
Deflection of a Clamped Edge Diaphragm under

Uniform Loado
It remains to state a composite approximate solution for the
finite deflection of a diaphragm talcing into account bending stiffness, the influence of finite deflections and admitting initial tension.
Griffith [19273 reports carrying out an iterative procedure

starting from the Kirchhoff (exact) solution for infinitesimal deflections in the general equilibrium equations,.
His result in our
algebraic form is
tfF
r^
3
+
,t,
^D
(1+ja) (173 -
"~W>
73m) ,b*
*~ K
,t,
K
5(l + u)
"If
An argument will be made that this form, adjusted, is a correct one

for an empirical correlation of the sensitivity of general diaphragms.
The form reduces to the exact (Kirchhoff) solution in the initial case with the deflection
For initial strain
and initial strain
made zero.
made zero and neglecting the cube of
124
t/D
this form is comparable with the exact solution of Hencky and
can be made coincident by small adjustment of the constant

(1 + ji)
(173 - 73ju)/360.
With only the initial strain term neglected this form is consistent with approximate solutions of the large deflection case
which in turn
are useful algebraic forms representing the exact so-
lution of Way.
The constant
(1 + u)
(173 - 73u)/360
may require
adjustment but not to an extent practically conflicting with the
preceding adjustment.
For large values of initial strain and neglecting the dis-
placement and
terms this form does not reduce to the
(t/D)
exact membrane solution without a ten percent change in the constant
5(1 + Ji)/24
to
45(1
u)/240
= 3(1 +
M)/l6
and becomes exact with
this change.
Neglecting only the term
(t/D)
representing bending stiff-
ness, the sensitivity is controlled by finite displacement (Hencky)

or initial tension (membrane action).
The particular advantage of this empirical form is that it

makes clear that the pressure sensitivity of a flat disc diaphragm
will not be greater than the theoretical maximum of the Kirchhoff
theory and displays that, for very thin diaphragms, the loss of
sensitivity due to practically unavoidable values of
6/D
or
will be considerable.
8.4
Dynamic Response of Flat Circular Diaphragms.

8.4l
Error Due to Dynamic Response Characteristics of

the Diaphragm.
The preceding investigation of the pressure sensitivity of
125
circular diaphragms was limited to static pressure loads and did not
consider dynamic effects,,
The dynamic response of the transducer
should be considered if the pressure fluctuations include components

at frequencies comparable with some fraction of the lowest signifi-
cant frequency in the response of the diaphragm,,

A convenient model for estimating dynamic error is to consider
the pressure receiver to be a one-degree-of-freedom linear mechanical
system with a natural frequency equal to the lowest natural mode frequency of the diaphragm in free vibration,,
With this model the mag-
nitude of dynamic error at pressure fluctuation frequencies

in comparison with the diaphragm lowest-made frequency
portional to
2
(u> /(a)
U)
small
u)
is pro-
and is minimum for a damping constant about
70 percent of critical damping,.
For frequencies encountered in the experimental part of this
work it is not difficult to obtain ratios
_/wn
to
that are small.
For other model sizes or more violent oscillations this may be more
difficult
The high natural frequency of clamped stiff plates or stretched
diaphragms is helpful in reducing this error,,
8.^2
The Lowest Natural Mode Frequency of Circular Diaphragms.
The dynamic response in vacuum of a circular flat diaphragm

with clamped edges is studied in W Mason [19^2],
The solution is
applicable to diaphragms with given values of initial tension.

result is not conveniently expressed algebraically.
The
A convenient
graphical solution for the lowest mode frequency is given by
126
Patterson [1952] in the form
J.
tion of
12e
r (1 -p. )/t
2
.
2r
U)
V3 o(l - u
2
)
Vfg
as func-
This function is shown graphically in
Figure 38
The least value of the lowest mode frequency for a given dia-
phragm occurs for zero initial strain.
For this condition the above
form gives
0)
2r
V3yo(l
Z
-ji
/t fEg = 10.22
This corresponds to the clamped edge stiff plate equation for the
lowest mode frequency found in handbooks as
co
where
r/V = 3.0 t/r
is the speed of sound in the diaphragm material.
[The
constants by various authors may vary less than five percent].
This form will probably be more convenient than the preceding because of the practical difficulty of knowing
e
and, particularly,
A simplified form is also available for the case of large
initial tension, corresponding to the membrane solution,
OJ
r/V = 2.k VT/Et
The assumptions essential to the latter, or the complete
solution first given, show that this value of

of the zero initial tension case.
oj
must exceed that
Sample calculations of the
clamped-edge stiff-plate case show the conveniently high values of

0)
for small gauges if one takes the velocity of sound in thin
127
35
30
is
25
-^
to
^=20
IE
CM
15
25
50
75
l2R
e e(I-p
100
2
125
150
)/ r
GRAPHICAL SOLUTION FOR THE FUNDAMENTAL NATURAL

FREQUENCY OF A CLAMPED, CIRCULAR, FLAT DIAPHRAGM
(FOLLOWING
PATTERSON [1932]).
FIGURE 38.
128
plates
(Eg/yo(l - u
2 1/2
)
to be for example about 17,000 feet per
second in steelo
8,5
Pressure Gauges Mounted Internally.

8o51
Advantage and Disadvantage.
The pressure sensitivity of a diaphragm-type pressure receiver is a strong function of the diameter.
The required pressure
sensitivity is determined by the pressure fluctuation amplitude that

is expected and the minimum deflection that is detectable.
Further,
the required diameter may exceed the maximum physical dimension al-
lowable on the surface of the oscillating model.

The apparent physical diameter on the body surface can be
reduced by mounting the pressure gauge diaphragm internally.
There
is necessarily then an internal instrument cavity and connecting
passage or tube.
These introduce two effects which could require
compensation in the measurement; they are
(i)
the effect of accel-
eration of the enclosed fluid on the indicated pressure;
(ii) at-
tenuation of pressure fluctuations in the tube and cavity,
8,52
The Effect of Acceleration of the Enclosed Fluid

on the Indicated Pressure,
The fluid enclosed in the instrument cavity and tube is forced

to accelerate with the body.
Therefore there is a pressure gradient
in the enclosed fluid due to body acceleration.
The top surface of a
cavity is a suitable location for a horizontal diaphragm.
As an example, consider an instrument cavity in the vertical

flat side of a vertically oscillating wall.
The fluid is assumed
129
llaiing wall
psgjffgyftl
pc
An instrument
/)(g-cL)q+/^yW
cavity
oscillating wall.
FIGURE. 59,
in
an
130
inviscid, incompressible, and at rest.
Because the wall and motion
are vertical the fluid external of the instrument cavity remains un-
The external hydrostatic pressure is instantly communi-
disturbed.
cated to the top of the instrument cavity by an infinitesimal port.

The external hydrostatic gauge pressure at this port is p
where
6y(t)
is the oscillatory motion and
+ yog[6y(t)]
is the hydrostatic
pressure at the initial position.

There is a pressure gradient in the fluid in the instrument
cavity due to body acceleration
2
2
a = d y/dt
The pressure in the
cavity is
P c (n) - yO(g -
where
t\
a)ri
+ p
+ yag C6y(t)]
Q
is the vertical distance down from the cavity top to the
horizontal plane at which the pressure is
p_(n)
For a top port the indicated pressure on the top surface is

a direct measure of the external pressure.
8.53
The Dynamic Response of the Internally-Mounted Gauge.
The question arises: what is the dynamic pressure sensitivity

of
of the pressure receiver to pressure fluctuations at the entrance
the connecting tube?
It is clear that the hydrostatic pressure sen-
sitivity is not affected, but it is also well-known that dynamic effects may appear.
The analytic model considered here will exploit the conclusion

found in Section 8A that the lowest natural frequency of a flat cirof
cular diaphragm will probably be high with respect to frequencies
interest in experiments visualized in this type work.
We will now
131
assume that the lowest natural frequency of the diaphragm is also high
with respect to the acoustic effects of the tube, cavity and resilient
diaphragm.
This assumption enables us to "uncouple" the dynamic re-
sponse of the diaphragm, which accounts for diaphragm mass and elasticity, from the response of tube, cavity, and elastic (mass-less)
diaphragm.
Thus we expect dynamic behavior of the tube, cavity and
elastic diaphragm to be of interest at frequencies low enough to consider the diaphragm to be stiffness-controlled.
The problem is to consider the attenuation of oscillatory pressure fluctuations in a viscous fluid traveling through a connecting
tube to an instrument cavity terminated with an elastic but mass-less
diaphragm.
This analysis is reported in Appendix C.
pressure fluctuations of frequency

of the connecting tube of radius r.
go
Sinusoidal gauge-
are assumed at the entry port
The pressure fluctuation at the
diaphragm is assumed to be equal to the pressure at the cavity-end of

the tube
The diaphragm elasticity and cavity volume provide a condi-
The result is presented as a complex ratio
tion on fluid continuity e
of the indicated- to external-pressure fluctuation
p./p
The magni-
tude of the ratio is the amplitude response normalized with respect to
hydrostatic response, and the argument of the ratio is the phase lag
of diaphragm sinusoidal response
The response
sionless parameter
is characterized by the value of the dimen-
p /p
p
coa
/-J
locity profile in the tube.

H.
This parameter also characterizes the ve(See L Loitsyanskii [1957]
Section 86;
Schlichting [19553, Chap. XI.)

For values of
2
coa
/-0
less than one, viscous forces are predominant
132
\Z
1.0
0.8
OB
0,4
0,2
'
i
0,5
l,o
1.5
2.0
1.0
1.5
2,0
C:
45'
9o
0.5
CO
Fractional, response and

PHASE. LAG OF INDICATED PRESSURE,
VISCOUS RE.GIME-.
FISURE. 4-
133
and inertial forces negligible.
In this case
Pi
1 +
Po
jCOT
where
a/
t = o/u)
2
0)
characteristic frequency constant for a

given fluid, tube, and cavity, and diaphragm
elasticity.
= a
This result is also derived directly with a model assuming uniform
Poiseuille flow throughout the tube and neglecting inertia effects.

The relative response is down 29 percent at the cutoff frequency
0)
= 1/t
and the phase error is ^5 degrees lag*
The cutoff fre-
quency is decreased with increased diaphragm elasticity (sensitivity).
For values of
nificant.
of about four inertial effects are sig-
coa /-J
A convenient approximation is to present the system re-
sponse in the form
^
P~
Here
_ 2
M
a-u)
ju2
'
is the normalized frequency ratio
U)A)Q
where
0)
is a
characteristic frequency analogous to the resonant frequency of a
moderately damped spring-mass system.
For
pressure lags the driving source 90 degrees.
For large values of

Pi
po
2
0)a
/-0
0)
to
the indicated
The damping ratio is
the response ratio tends to
1
1 - (co/w
This is useful in showing the undamped (non-viscous) nature of the
13^
1.4
1.2
\S S 0.4
1.0
1.0
OS
O.G
o4
OX
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
l-O
1.5
2.0
vS s o.4
45
5i,o
9rf
35
180
05
LI
Fractional response and pwase

lag of indicated pressure,
modefâte damping
FIGURE. 41.
135
acoustic response and also alerts one to the fact that strong acoustic resonance is predicted which might damage a sensitive diaphragm*,
The most general expression is

Pi
p
aL
aL coshaL+ bL sinh aL
aL =
ô
where
bL = -
Vl/(1-J)
2it(L/A)
2
(oo/o)
n)
/(l-J)
J = 2J (ka)/(ka)J (ka)
2
1
(ka)
= jwa
For tube lengths

length in the tube
A,
2
/-J
small with respect to the acoustic wave-
this tends to
pi
P
"
l - (tt-)
and approximations for
1 ' J
1/(1 -J)
give the reductions cited above.
136
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
wish to acknowledge that the Department of the Navy made
possible the period of study during which this work was done and
sponsored the research.

I
and
was introduced to this problem by Professor John V. Wehausen
particularly express my thanks for the opportunity to study and
to work under his direction.

I
wish to express my appreciation to Professors J. Randolph
Paulling, Jr., and Edmund Pinney for their review of this work.
An observation that often a candidate devotedly acknowledges

the encouragement and understanding of his wife is certainly valid
in this case
137
References
Colby, M.Y,
Sound waves and acoustics,,

1939. v + 356 pP o
H.
Holt and Co., New York,
Dimpker, August
Uber schwingende Korper an der Oberflache des Wassers.

Werft, Reederei, Hafen 15 (1934), 15-19.
Foppl, A
Foppl,
L,
Vorlesungen 'uber technische Mechanik, Bd.V.

Leipzig, 1907. xii + 391 pp.
B.G. Teubner,
Drang und Zwang, Bd.I., R. Oldenbourg, Munich, Berlin, 1924,

xi + 359 pp.
Gerritsma, J,
Experimental determination of damping, added mass and added

mass moment of inertia of a ship model.
Intl. Shipbuilding
Prog. 2 (1957), 505-519 = Netherlands' Research Centre T.N.O,
for Shipbuilding and Navigation, Report 25S, (1957) = Delft
Shipbuilding Laboratory, Publication No. 8.
Golovato,
P,
The force and moment on a heaving surface ship. J. Ship

Res. 1 (1) (1957), 19-26, 54-55 = The David W. Taylor Model
Basing Washington, D.C., Rep 1074 (1956) 44 pp.
Griffith, A.
A,
The theory of pressure capsules. Aero. Res. Comm. (Great

Britain), Rep. and Memo. 1136 (1927). 14 pp + 1 pi.
Grim, Otto
Berechnung der durch Schwingungen eines Schif fskorpers

erzeugten hydrodynamischen Krafte. Jbuch schif fbautech,
Ges. 4J7 (1953), 277-296; Ororterung, 296-299.
138
Hencky,
H,
Uber den Spannungszustand in kreisrunden Platten mit

verschwindener Biegungsteifigkeit. Z. Math. Phys. 63
(1915), 311-317.
Holstein, Horst
Untersuchungen an einem Tauchschwingungen ausfuhrenden

Quader. Werft, Reederei, Hafen
2J (1936), 385-389.
Iberall, A. S.
Attenuation of oscillatory pressures in instrument lines.

Research Paper RP2115, J. Res. Natl. Bu. Stds. ^5 (1950),
85-108.
Landweber, L.
and Macagno, Matilde
Added mass of a three-parameter family of two-dimensional

forms oscillating in a free surface. J. Ship Res. 2 (4)
(19^9), 36-48.
Added mass of two-dimensional forms oscillating in a free

surface. J. Ship Res. 1 (3) (1957), 20-30.
Lewis, F. M.
The inertia of the water surrounding a vibrating ship.

Trans. Soc. Naval Arch. Marine Engrs. YL (19 2 9) 1-17*
Discussion 18-20.
Lilly, J.C.;
Legallis, V.; Cherry, R.
A variable capacitor for measurements of pressure and

mechanical displacements; a theoretical analysis and its
experimental evaluation. J. Appl. Phys. 18 (19^7), 613-628.
Loitsyanskii, L. G.
Mekhanika zhidkosti i gaza. [Mechanics of fluids and gases.]

Gos. Izdat. Tekhn.-Teoret. Lit., Moscow, 1957, 784 pp.
Nadai, A.
Die elastische Platten. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1925.
139
Mason, W. P.
Electromechanical transducers and wave filters.

Company, New York, 19^+2.
Patterson, J,
D.
Van Nostrand
L,
A miniature electrical pressure gage utilizing a stretched

flat diaphragm.
NACA Tech. Note 2659 , (1952) 47 pp.
Prohaska, C.W.
Vibrations verticales du navire.

et Aeronautique. (19^7) 171-215.
Bull. L'Assoc. Tech. Maritime
Schlichting, H.
Boundary layer theory, Pergamon Press, New York, 1955, 555 pp.
Schuler, M e
Erzeugung von Oberflachenwellen durch schwingende Korper.

Z.
angewe Math. Mech. 16 (1936), 65-72.
Stoker, J. J.
Water waves. The mathematical theory with applications.

Interscience Publishers, New York, 1957*
Tasai, Fukuzo
On the damping force and added mass of ships heaving and

pitching. (Japanese) J. Zosen Kyokai 105 (1959)
47-56.
Translated in Institute of Engineering Research, University
of California, Berkeley, Report, Series 82, Issue 15 (I960).
Thorne, R. C.
Multipole expansions in the theory of surface waves.

Cambridge Philos. Soc. 4j (1953), 707-716.
Proc.
Timoshenko, S.
Theory of plates and shells.

19^+0.
McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York,
140
Ursell,
F,
On the heaving motion of a circular cylinder on the surface

of a fluid.
Quart. J. Mech. Appl. Math. 2 (19^9)
218-231.
,
Short surface waves due to an oscillating immersed body.

Proc. Roy. Soc. London. Ser. A. 220 (1953), 90-103.
On the rolling motion of cylinders in the surface of a fluid.

Quart. J. Mech. Appl. Math. 2 (19^9)
335-353.
,
On the virtual mass and damping of floating bodies at zero

Proceedings, Symposium on the behaviour of
speed ahead.
ships in a seaway, Wageningen, 1957.
Water waves generated by oscillating bodies.

Appl. Math. 7 (195*+), ^27-^37.
Quart, J. Mech.
Way, S.
Bending of circular plates with large deflection.

Mech. Engrsc Trans. 56 (193*0, 627-636.
Wehausen, J.
Am Soc.
V,
Surface Waves.
Berlin, I960.
Haudbuch der Physik, Vol. IX, Springer Verlag,
Yu, Yun-Sheng
Surface waves generated by an oscillating circular cylinder

in shallow water. Dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, I960, vi + 93 pp.
l*tl
APPENDIX A
Mathematical Notes Referenced in the Text
A-l
|x
A-2
for
->oo, y = 0,
|x|
A-3
(x,y,h)
ip"
od,
cp
(K,h)
for
y = 0.
Expanded Forms Useful in Numerical Calculation

of Certain Definite Integrals.
A-3.1
The Coefficients of
p dm (6),
qYin (6)
in
Expansion Equations for the Method of Integration,

A-3o2
Two Special Forms.
A-3. 3
Expressions in the Right-Hand Side of the

p_ (6)
Expansion Equations.
(6,), y S3. (b,&).
A-3. k-
Alternate Forms for
A-3. 3

q_
dm
(6)
q>
Set
Ik2
APPENDIX A
A-l
<p^
(x,y,h)
for
|x| - co,
y = 0.
The asymptotic behavior of the function

00
(v f y,li;
,r
v,n
<Pp_Ax
,"
^m
for
-> od
$,
y =
Tn^."^
LCk)e
- k cosh ky
K sinh ky
*
., r
K coshkh- k sinh
kh
.
cos kx dk
as required in Section 3.32 may be determined
by considering the complex contour integral
K sinh ky - k cosh ky
jc T /.\
*
rr*r
P L(k) K cosh
kh - k sinh kh
where the variable
integrand of
ikx
- _,, .
,.
ikx ,.
dk = #
dk
" F(k)e
is an even function of
cp"
_>
Re
>_
h > 0.
K =
R > Im k >
R > K
o*
2
0)
/g
and
sinh K
satisfying
h=
the part of the imaginary axis
h > 0,
and the arc
The contour
indented above the
singularity defined by the positive real value of
K coshK h - K
The
so that we may use
It is understood that
of integration consists of
for given
,
'
is considered complex, temporarily.
in the following.
|x|
-kh
Re k > 0,
= Rt
Im k > 0.
Here
this is no restriction since we finally shall let
-^ go.
Integration around this contour yields
/ F(k)e
ikX
dk
/ F(k)e
ilCX
dk
/ F(k)e
ikX
/ F(k)e
ikX
dk =
with symbols indicating segments of the path.

defined,
dk
With the contour as
1*0
X
/ F(k)e
dk
as
Therefore after letting
-> od
and the radius of the indentation
- cd
we have
/ F(k)e
ikx
dk = *iR
ik|x
/ F(k)e
dk
and, after taking the real part,
(p
2m
(x,y,h) = Re %R
f [Re iF(ik)]e"
k X
dk
'
'
where
is now a real variable and
is the residue evaluated
below.
The residue
is
= Lim (k-K )Le-
kh * Sn
S
? ?? " Z ? ? !?
K coshkhk sinh kh
1 * *'
1
The limiting operation is executed after the substitution
K = K
sinh K h/ C osh K h
and manipulation of the terms
(k - K
_
(k-K
o_
k cosh kh - k sinh kh
'
coshK
sinh (k-K )h + (k-K

o
sinh kh cosh K h
With this substitution, the residue simplifies to
so
L(K
(k-K
*
k=K
iK
-K h
)e
|x|
coshK (h-y)
o
sinh (k-K )h+ (k-K o ) sinh kh cosh

o
Kh
o
0,
1M+
after evaluating the limit,
or,
Re niR
= " K L(
o
s
-K h
2 it
2Kb
cosh
sinh 2K h
^ (h-y)
sin K
|x|
We find
2m
-KhKa
_o
v
V^ V
,
v 2m
_
"
by using the definition of

K = K
k = K
vn
~ 1}
(2s-l)J cosh K o h
n=0
in Section 3.31(c) and substituting
L(k)
or
as well as evaluating the expression for
sinh K h/cosh K h
^v
coshKh
o
(2m-l)i
a^.Ka
2n+l
2s 2s
With this expression we may write

cosh K
Re itiB
- E
=-
2m
h)
(K a,K
*
o
(h-y)
sin K
riTZ
cosh
K h
|x
'
where
2m
h)
(K a,K
f
o
2Kh
o
The result for

of
for
(x,y,h)
<p"
(x,0,h) ~
Zm
We note that
E~
2m
'2m
y
y,
n> n
2S 28
lK o a
2n+l
(28-1)1
a,
1J
is identified as the asymptotic behavior
2m 2m
o
_ (2m-l)!
sinh 2 K h
Re niR
cp"
2m
rK
2n
- od
sinK
.as
On the surface
as
!x|
od
- oo
y = 0,
145
A-2
tp
(K.h).
The asymptotic behavior of the function
q>
(K f h) =
08
/ t^^lZ^t
^^kh dk
K cosh kh
k smh
-
for
as required in Section 3.34 is found by following the
-> od
procedure of Appendix A-l.

The contour integral to be considered is
lk|x|
coshk(h -y) e
dk
K coshkh- k sinh kh
The contour is taken to be the same as in Appendix A-l.
After fol-
lowing the procedure outlined there, one finds
cp
Thus the
for
*s
cp
CK ' h)
as
|x|
On the surface
cP
-> od
h^sinh2K
2K
rciR'
/ [Re i F'(ik)] e~
(K,h)
y=0
co.h K h co.h K.U-y) .!.

Q
|x|
- od
~E s (Ko h)
2n
E (K h) =
o
sinK o
(coshK
2K h
as
E (K h)
s
'
dk
|x|
where
We note that
'
that is,
as
y = 0,
k X
gives the first term in the asymptotic expression
Re uiR
(K,h)
(K,h) = Re
h)
sinh2K
h
od
'
146
Expanded Forms Useful in Numerical Calculation of
A-3
Certain Definite Integrals.

The Coefficients of
A-3l
p_ (6),
q~
(6)
in Expansion
Equations for the Method of Integration.

Coefficients
and
a_
2m, k
,
b~
2m,
are defined for use
in solving the expansion equations by the method of integration

(Section 512).
n/2
/ f
sinkOdO
(0)
= a
(2m+k-l)
f
.,
k odd:
2m(-l)
2
,2
4m - k
k = m = 1:
k odd
k = 1
,m
m:
jL
k = 2m-l t
(-IT
tcA
1:
*A
otherwise:
2m-l
(,2m+k-2)
k even: k
= 2m:
uA
2m(2m-2)(-l)
k even:
k -1 (2m-l)-
k ^ 2m:
n/2
f
J
o
2m
(0)
cosjOdO
= b
2m<j
(
j
+1
2
3
odd:
j+
-^
km
2^1
eV n
l-o
- 1}
'i
ôdd:
2
r^r
1+3
i+2m-l
2- eVen:
=<
2^lTJ
2m-l
n+2m-l
,,
Odd:
rr
j + 2m
even:
-s
even:
2m-l
an: l^r) 2 -: 2
(-D
1
.2
l-j
(zero is treated as an even number.)
1
:
2m-l+j
>""<
j+2m
**-=
,,
odd:
4m
^^7
2
X.
147
A-3.2
Two Special Forms.

The following definitions are used for convenience
of notation in later integral expansions.
n/2
I (k t n)
sin kO
sin nO d
o
r
if k or n are zero.
=<
for n = k
r-
for other
=^
k,n:
(n+k) even:
(n+k) odd:
if k even:
(-l)
if k odd;
(-1)
(n+k+5)/2
k/(n
cos nO
sin k d
o
'
for
k =
for other
k,n:
If (n+k) even, and if (n+k)/2 even, then
if
k even:
k odd
l/(k-n)
if (n+k)/2 odd, then

if k even:
k odd
If (n+k) odd:
k
i
-k2
(n+ k+ l)/2 n/{n ^_^

)
rt/2
I^n.k)
2k/(k -n
l/(k+n)
2
)
148
A-3.3

it/2
sinkO
od
cos j
p=0
p I_(k f p)
y
sinkO
Tt/2
Y ca (6,7i/2)
A-3.4
-a
sin
calculation of
I-lCJ,!)
(6,), y SSL (&,).
q>
The form of the quantities

^
;
i 'JP
cosj
Alternate Forms for
^m^ 6
'
Ip(k f l)
d =
S3.
used in the
p_ (6)
y S3. (6,)
and
cp
S3.
(6 t )
expansion equation (Section 5.12) and in the
M(6) (Section 5.22)
respectively, are derived
from the Cauchy Principal Value integral

od
-ky +ikx
K \ g
= e
Here
E,(-iz)
Kv
y
dk =
-K
^- ix
,
El CK(y-ix)]
oo
[cosKx
+ i
sinKx] Cy
+ log
r - i +
n -in
^-~
7
*-_
nn
n=l
designates the exponential integral of a complex
argument [Tables of the Exponential Integral for Complex Arguments,
National Bureau of Standards Applied Mathematics Series 51* May 1958]
Euler's constant 0.57721... is designated
and
= arctan x/y.
The real part of this expression represents a source in the free surface of fluid of infinite depth (Section 3.33) and the imaginary part
represents the conjugate stream function.
Contour integration leads
to the real and imaginary parts given in Section 4.2, but the right-
hand side of the above expression is one suitable to numerical
149
calculations.
tp
Evaluating this,
= e
sa (6,9)
"
CQ(O) cos (6 sinQ) + S() sin (6 sin 0)
Y sa (&) = e"
CQ() sin (6 sin) - S() cos
sin )]
where
,n
od
-2 sinn
S() = +
n|n
n=l
od
6+7
Q() = Y + log
n n
cos n
'
n=l
It is noted that
where
S(it/2)
= u/2 - Si (6)
Q(ti/2)
Si (6)
and
A-3#5
Ci(6)
Ci(6)
are the sine and cosine integrals.
q_ (6)
Expansion Equation.
The following integrals appear in Section 5.12.
tt/2
rc/2
/
o
y a (6,)sind = /
e"
COsy Q()sin
sin k
(6
d-
sin)sin
cos j
n/2
-
C0S W
sin k
S()cos (6 sin)sin
cos j
o
X
^(^loÎJ.^
Pô"
+
I(-i)
p=o
i
p+1
fi
|t
Po
pl
^
i
(k ' p)
%++
I^j.p)
k P)
'
(j,p)
od
Z>D
Z
An
I n n
n=l ;fc
co
'
p =o
p+
(-d P+1
p M*'^
^ L^.p+n)
fi
pJ
150
The quantities not previously defined in this appendix are
IjCjtP) =
CA(|p-j|) + A(|p+j|)]
where
'
A(|x|)
for
(|)
|x|
X/2
for
|x|
even,
-i--^(-D (x+1)/2 for
|x|
odd;
C-l + C-1)
and
IÛiP)
CB(|p+k|) + (signum k-p) B(|p-k|)], k 4
k =
for
where
for
B(|x|) m.\
^(-l) (x+2)/2
for
(.dCx-D/2
for
sink
u/2
|x
y sa
x|
even,
odd#
sink
u/2
d = n cos
(6,Ti/2)sin
|x|
sin
od
/
o
t- -x
6e
2
6 +
sink
u/2
2
cos j
cos j
dx d
sin
cos j
C(w/2 + Si 6)cos
- Ci 6
(k,l)
sin 6]
IiCd.D
151
This form is found directly from the expanded form of
y SSL (6,n/2)
given in Section 5.11, and the identity
-x
oo
-|
dx = [u/2 - Si (6)] cos (6) + Ci (6) sin (6)
+ x
[Lamb, Hydrodynamics, Art 2Vf(37)l
Here
Si (6)
and
Ci(6)
are
the sine and cosine integrals and are available in tabulated or
series form.
Alternately, the same result for
y SSL (6,n/2) may be
found in Appendix A-3^ above where a series form suitable for com-
putation is given.
152
APPENDIX B
The Finite Deflection of Circular Plates with Initial Tension.
B-l
Introduction.
B-2
Governing Differential Equations.
B-3
Series Assumed for Solution.
B-4
Evaluation of Coefficients
b_
2n
and Definition of the Function

B-5
a_
and Definition of the Function

B-6
Evaluation of
B-7
Graphical Solution.
B-8
Special Cases.
in Terms of
c.
<>
in Terms of
c_
by the Boundary Condition.
a.
Zero Initial Strain. (The Solution of Hencky)
b.
Lightly Loaded Plates*
c.
153
APPENDIX B
The Finite Deflection of Circular Plates with Initial Tension.
B-l
Introduction.
Consider a circular plate of homogeneous material obeying

Hooke's law which is initially flat until uniformly pressure-loaded
on one side.
The edge is clamped.
The only widely-published solu-
tion of the simplified equations of equilibrium including a given
initial-tension boundary condition is the membrane solution.
The
membrane solution assumes vanishing bending stiffness, small deflections, and that the initial tension is large compared to de-
veloped material stresses.

In order to maximize pressure sensitivity of a diaphragm-
type pressure gauge, one is led to thin diaphragms of vanishing
bending stiffness and to reduce the initial tension to the minimum.
Application of the membrane solution is not wholly satisfactory

when initial tension is small because material stresses become ap-
preciable at moderate loads, and because deflections may not be infinitesimal and because the solution gives no hint of departure from
linearity.
The exact solution of Hencky assumes zero initial tension
and the infinite deflection derivative at zero load is not physically
appropriate to stable diaphragms of finite pressure sensitivity.

This appendix presents an exact solution to the equations of
equilibrium for this type plate subject to arbitrary initial tension.

For zero tension the solution of Hencky is recovered.
For large ini-
tial tension the membrane solution is approached asymptotically.
For
154
lightly loaded plates the solution always tends to that of the membrane.
The initial deflection derivative is limited by the initial
tension, physically appropriate to the case of a lightly loaded,

thin, stable diaphragm,,
The radial and tangential stresses, as well as deflection,

are given in this solution.
The membrane solution (large initial tension) is valid only

for infinitesimal deflections,,
This solution is not so limited.
The deflection pressure relation of the membrane solution is linear.
This solution reveals the nonlinear solution, tending toward a
Hencky-type solution as the developed stresses increase relative to

initial stresses.
B-2
Governing Differential Equations.

The equations of equilibrium and stress compatibility for an
initially flat circular plate with clamped edges were given by

A. Foppl [1907] and are repeated by H.
Hencky Cl915] and S. Way [193*0
among others.
We repeat the equations expressing horizontal equilibrium,
V>
<
and compatibility,
using
(f
flection.
and
dr
<5
d^ 2
E
2
dr
as radial and tangential stresses and
as de-
155
The equation expressing vertical equilibrium,
"
,1
d7
2 12
d6,v
(r
r"dF
pr
dF )}
tCf
d6
d?
'
r
is simplified in the case
^-
<<
t,
-t
tcr
r dr
This is the case of vanishing bending stiffness.
For extended argu-
II
ment see, for example, Foppl or Hencky
loc cit] or A. Foppl [192^].
We deal here only with the case of vanishing bending stiffness.
B-3
Series Assumed for Solution.

A power series form is assumed for the dimensionless radial
stress ratio
(o'/E).
stress ratio
(o'./E)
The corresponding series for the tangential

is derived with aid of the equation expressing
horizontal equilibrium.
That differential equation is thereby satis-
fied.
2n
oo
o'
=-
= c,
1
7 b_ (
*-_
2n a
n=0
The stress is made non-dimensional by Young* s Modulus E; the

radius r, by the plate radius a.
b_
2n
are to be determined and
The dimensionless
c,
coefficients
is a dimensionless function of
the uniform pressure load found later to be
6T
eT
From horizontal equilibrium, the series form for
<3l/E
is
156
t
:
,_r,
+
;
E
dr
__r
2n
cd
= c
n=0
(2n + 1) b2n
(f-)
a
A series form is assumed for the dimensionless deflection
6=0
compatible with the condition
(6/a)
co
c_
n=0
2n "
c_
^n^n
n=0
The dimensionless coefficients

and
r = a
2n
od
at
a_
2n
are to be determined
is a dimensionless function of the uniform pressure load,
later found to be
2
2
= ^C
The center deflection at
is
r =
co
6(0) = (ac
a-
n=0
B-k
b~
Definition of the Function
in Terms of
dn
b^
and
With aid of the equations of compatibility and vertical equilibrium we are able to express
b_
a suitable choice of definition of
in terms of
c.^
after making
The nonlinear equation of compatibility in the form
/r\
(
-T*
dF
,r
(
T*
1
2
with the equation of vertical equilibrium
,r d6.
E"
157
jr d5
dr
2 Et
takes the form
d7
-f
T*
+
S"
eT
The first term of this expression is rewritten as the product of

two appropriate series, using for one factor
r
dT
T T
+
2n-|
cd
dr
2
= o
2n
cd
2n-2
oo
x (|)
(2n+2)(2n) b^C^)
n=l
so that
00
3
<=x
Zb 2n
P (f)
a
u
<r>
2nn
CD
u n=l
n=0
r,
2n-2-i
*<&>
(2n+2)(2n)b Pn (-)
v
'2n a'
--
It is appropriate to define
_
"
/pav
6T ( ET )
in order to leave a non-dimensional expression which is used below

to generate recursion formulae for
2n-2.
b
Z A 2n r>
L n=0
(
[
-
(2-2)
Can) b^Cf-)
8 =
This series is expanded and coefficients of powers of

to zero individually,
8 b-b
2 o
+8=0
0.
n=l
the first reads conveniently
or
b^b
2 o
+1=0
r/a
are set
158
The succeeding equations for the next higher powers of

2
3b, b
4 o
6b b
6
2
o
2b b
r/a
2
,
'
b
+ b
2 o
2
3
=
etc
'
Solving these in succession, all succeeding coefficients

expressible in terms of
= . i/b
= .
10
are
= - 2/3b 5
dn
The first five are
\
b
B-5
b_
to be determined from boundary condition
are
u/i8b;8
11
= - 17/l8b
(
- - 37/27b
14
.
a_
Definition of the Function
c~,
dn
in Terms of
and
With use of the equation expressing vertical equilibrium we

are able to find all coefficients
a_
a suitable definition of the function
in terms of
c->
after making
The form of the equation of equilibrium
JL &
dr
with the series for
d6
d7
1 . =
2 Et
d /E
after using
od
"
n=0
2n+2)a
<
2n+l
2n
ST
= " 2c 2 a
2n
cd
n
n=0
(n+1) a
2n ( a )
159
is
2n
ao
2c
l 2
2n
cd
/*
2<l>
* 2n f'
(
2"
ft
Substitute the previously selected definition of
"2
p_a_
Et c
'
c,
and define
3/ga.
_1
yEt
in order to leave a dimensionless expression which can be solved
successively for
a_
<dn
ao
2n
ao
2n
nto
2n
n=0
When this series is expanded and the coefficients of powers of

set equal to zero individually, one has a series of equations
- 1
= a b
o o
= 2a_b + a b_
2 o
o 2
=
Substituting for
b?
2a
3a-/,b
'Dp
in terms of
equations yield for the first six
a
a
= +
1/b
= +
l/2b
a^ =
a
a
10
= +
55/72b
= +
105/90b
13
o
a 10= + 205/108b
16
Q
a_
V9b o
b,
etc.
and solving successive
r/a
160
B-6
Evaluation of
by the Boundary Condition.
The unit strain
The edge
of the plate is rigidly clamped.
r = a
in terms of the in-plane stresses is
is not initally strained,
cause of clamp action.
clamped at
r = a
and must remain zero be-
If the plate is initally strained and then
the strain
r = a,
must remain
at
If the plate
at
= e
r = a
and by clamp action
The boundary
condition is
J
r=a
e
initial strain,
=
o
The series form for
d".
and
/E
o"
<r 3
are
r = a
n=0
r=a
8-
at
(2i)b
oji
/E
C I
n=0
r=a
The boundary condition in series form is
(2n+ l - jx)b
n=0
Zn
r^7
/
o Cl
or, expanded,
b
r^
2
1-u
-u "2
and in terms of
(3-fO
o
r^1-u
1-Û
b,
M"f
1-u
1-^1
bA +
o
...
= e /c. (l-ii)
/^
o
1
(17172
-TFTi^y^T--"
n^y
2 (5-/0
1
-
13 (7-#i)
= e /c
o
M
(1
7l)
161
For given material and load this equation can be solved for a
numerical value of
B-7
and the problem is solved.
Graphical Solution.
A convenient procedure for evaluating
from the boundary
OD
condition equation and the deflection coefficient
K =
n=0
is a
ap
eLri
graphical one.
The left-hand side of the boundary condition equation, including terms up to the n-power in
with sufficiently large
W
Values of
 1
(1 -/>>
were assumed in the range
taken as 17.
and
is designated
The numerical values of
<
< 10
and
are plotted in tne
^\n^J
given an
figure to enable graphical solution of the inverse problem:
initial strain
corresponding
the quantity
/c^l
was
is computed and the
- u)
may be determined graphically.
The center deflection is
6(0) = (a.
n=0
where we have introduced
K =
?
7
nto
a_
2n
defined by
115
r~
b
o
T-
2b ^
o
K T/gf
2n
9b
TT
55
72b
77?
10
70
60b n
o
TT
13
205
+
This summation has been computed for the assumed values of b Q

using these six terms, and the numerical value of K
-if.
6
108b/
o
Kb Q <10,
is presented
162
of)
AT
\\
*5
&
fa
0.4
v/
-K
//
rvo
o.e
01
/
-l
0.1
0.6
/
4
08
1254567
bo
The. functions ^7
(b
FIGUPEL 4Z
and
K(U
zn
163
graphically.
As a matter of convenience, the two figures
vs b
oo
5"
a_
nto
2n
vs b
are graphically combined to eliminate
vs
and present
/c (l-yu)
1
With this graph, one enters with known load and initial strain to
find a value for
and with this the center deflection is
Special Cases.
B-8
a.
Zero Initial Strain. (The Solution of Hencky).

If the initial strain is zero, this solution be-
comes that of Hencky.
The series expression
The corresponding value of

f(b
= 0.
is equal to zero.
is evaluated for the root
Our computed value using
one percent from Hencky 's value
f(b
f,(b
K = 0.662
of
differs by less than
and the difference is no
doubt entirely due to numerical procedures.

b.
Lightly Loaded Plates.

This special case is appropriate for considering
the initial pressure sensitivity and for comparison with the zero-
initial tension case which predicts an infinite initial-deflection
derivative suggestive of an unstable initial position.
164
As the pressure load approaches zero,
proaches zero, and

large.
f(b
The function
f(b
f(b )]
Q
= b
large
&
proportional to
),
-~-~
b
...
Z ^2n
n=0
""
the value of
is
2b
ap-
is increasingly-
approaches its asymptote,
For large values of
1/c,
c.
1
" b"
c
~=
f(b V
One may substitute for
terms of the initial strain,
/c.(l-u),
f(b
its equivalent in
but it is more revealing
to make another substitution as follows.
Under the assumed conditions,

therefore all
for
b_
are negligible.
n >
is large and
Therefore, at the
C.TX
edge
r = a,
*t
"^r
o~.
and the edge boundary condition may be written
*fl-(l-f)- >
The initial tension
pression in terms of
r=a
so that one may use for
T = eft,
T:
f(b
center deflection coefficient
= e
is
/c^l-û) = T/c-^tE
c,tE/T
tion reduces to
6(0) =
which is exactly the membrane solution.
f(b
.
an ex-
With this the
and the center deflec-
165
Thus the initial deflection of a lightly loaded plate is controlled by the initial tension.
It is not considered appropriate to
assume zero initial tension for a stable diaphragm of vanishing bend-
ing stiffness; the initial deflection derivative is bounded and equiv2
alent to the membrane result
a /4T
c.
The membrane solution may be recovered here by
observing that a particular solution to the equation expressing horizontal equilibrium is
o"
<f.
<f
= constant = T/t
The equation of compatibility will be satisfied only for in-
finitesimal deflection in this case, so that
(d6/dr)
is negligible.
The vertical equilibrium equation is equivalent to the membrane equation,

2
= - p/T
In terms of our series solution,
result is given in section
are zero for
b~
n >
and the
above.
The complete series solution given here is not limited to in-
finitesimal deflection and shows that as the pressure load (deflection) increases.T
c,
increases,
tends to that of Hencky
[f(b
f(b
= 0]
decreases and the deflection
as the developed stresses be-
come increasingly large compared with the initial stress.
166
APPENDIX C
The Attenuation of Oscillatory Pressure Fluctuations Travelling
in a Viscous Fluid Through a Connecting Tube to an Instrument
Cavity with Resilient Walls,
C-l
Description.
C-2
The Navier-Stokes (Momemtum) Equations.
C-3
C-^f
The Equation of State and Effect on Tube

Wall. Elasticity.
C-5
Boundary Conditions and the Effect of
Diaphragm Elasticity.
C-6
Solution of the Governing Equation.
C-7
The Short Tube Approximations.
C-8
Approximation Valid for Small Values of
C-9
C-10
Approximation Valid for Small Damping Values.
0)
ft/i/.
167
APPENDIX C
The Attenuation of Oscillatory Pressure Fluctuations Travelling
in a Viscous Fluid Through a Connecting Tube to an Instrument
Cavity with Resilient Walls.

C-l
Description.
The required diameter of a diaphragm-type pressure gauge may
be controlled by the sensitivity desired.
This diameter may exceed
the allowable diameter on the surface where pressures are to be mea-
sured.
The apparent diameter can be reduced by communicating the
pressure through a port of allowable diameter to a cavity whose one

wall is the required diaphragm.
The apparent diaphragm diameter is reduced, but there may be

a penalty in degradation of the dynamic response of the system tube-
cavity-diaphragm compared to that of the diaphragm alone.

This appendix reports an analysis of the attenuation of oscililatory pressure fluctuations travelling in a viscous fluid from an
entry port through a connecting tube to an instrument cavity.
The
instrument cavity is expected to have a resilient wall, the diaphragm

of a pressure gauge in our application.
Related work is known in the
literature but is usually concerned with long tube lengths, compressible gases, or does not include the effect of a resilient wall.
The present analysis concentrates on the arrangements expected

in measurements of small pressure fluctuations on the surface of
small bodies oscillating in a fluid.
The slight compressibility of
a fluid and the high flexibility of a sensitive diaphragm contrast
168
with the more usual situation of gas compressibility and relative
cavity rigidity reported in acoustics.

an important role.
Diaphragm elasticity plays
It may in fact be the limiting factor in dynamic
measurements of this type.
C-2
The Momentum (Navier-Stokes) Equation Yields Particle
Displacement and Volume Rate of Flow.

The momentum equation for a fluid element in the tube is the
Navier-Stokes equation for the axial velocity component

sume radial symmetry.
y//
*r
V/,
3
--
We as-
169
dw
rr
dt
+ w
Assume that
dw
~
dz
dw/dz
\dr 2
dz
/>
r dr
'
.2'
dz
is negligible compared to
dw/dt
and
dw/dr.
Assume also that the particle displacement is harmonic in time.

6(r,t)
=-
6(r)e
\dr 2
at
j(1)t
,
r dr
1 d6
aj6
+
r dr
jV
d 6
2
d
..
"
p dz
r
dp_
jouji
dz
A particular solution of this equation, assuming

of
Then
not a function
is
r,
2
6
(f)sA>
/>
A homogeneous solution of this equation, finite at r = 0,

6
= J
(kr)
k* = -
joo/V
Combining these solutions with a constant
p+
= (dp/dz)g/o)
(kr)
c,
The constant is evaluated by the no-slip condition that

r = a
JÔcr)
6
is
2
0) /o
(ka)
6=0
for
170
It is noted that the radial derivative of particle displace-
ment,
d&/dr,
vanishes at the centerline
as it should.
r =
The volume rate of flow through a given section is found
by-
integrating the area-velocity product over the tube radius at that

section.
dV =
2nr dr =
Hox.
2 *^ a P/ az 1
r dr -
yOU)
(kr) r dr
J
-i
(ka)
V = /
dV
ka
j2Ttg(ap/az)
yO(D
2
.jna
kr J (kr) d(kr)
k J (ka)
g(dp/az)
2J (ka) 1
x
1 -
kaJ (ka)
yOU)
For simplicity we use notation

J = 2J (ka)/kaJ (ka)
o
x
V = - p(dp/dz)
(3
= ua g(l-J)/jyO0)
It may be observed that for small

1 - J
(ka)
(ka) /8
Substituting this in the expression for the volume rate of flow,

V = -
ita
g(dp/dz)/8u
the known volume-rate of Poiseuille pipe flow in which inertia forces
are negligible.
That is, for
covers the Poiseuille solution.
oj/x/
vanishingly small this solution
re-
171
C-3
The equation of continuity of fluid in a thin section of a tube

of area
and flowing with radial symmetry is

8pa
eiowA!
at
dz
= Q
We will substitute the previous result
V = wA = - p(3p/dz)
and change variables from the actual local pressure
tional overpressure
cp
The overpressure
ip
to the frac-
or pressure signal, is
normalized with respect to the amplitude
sure assumed to exist at the tube entry.
The forcing pressure
is assumed to be independent of
of the sinusoidal pres.

p
* - (P - P )/P Q
2P- =
dz
C-*t
*.
v
*o dz
The Equation of State and Effect of Tube Wall Elasticity.
Introduce now the equation of state of the fluid in the tube
in the form of a relation
yo(p)
For the small pressure fluctuations
expected in this work the density-pressure relation may be expressed

by means of a constant bulk modulus of compression
=/>o
(1 +
B,
of the liquid:
P - PQ
~^
Analysis from this point concerns nearly incompressible liquids.
For
172
gases, a similar path would be followed but different equations of
state are necessary (A. Iberall [1950]).
The elasticity of the tube walls may not be negligible in com-
parison with the slight compressibility of the liquid.

the cross-section area
In this case
is a function of pressure and might be
written as approximately
p - p
_
A (1 + f
Jd
E = Young's Modulus of wall material,
where
geometric function of wall thickness and nominal
f = a
For a thin-wall circular tube
form.
A
cross-section area
[For a table of
at
= p
p
^
*o
a/t
for ordinary shapes see I. P. Ginsberg, Prikladnaya
Gidrogazodinamika, Leningrad University, 1958, p. 106.]
Combining these results to define an apparent bulk modulus in the

tube, we find
f(p - P )
2Q
P - P
/> A
/>o
(1 +
-5^
(1 +
T-
P - P
i
B
i_
f
+
B
E
1
Whether this apparent modulus
differs from
the effect of tube wall elasticity.
(pA), we obtain
a/>A
/oVo
at
acp
at
B,
is a measure of
Using the above expression for
173
With this result, the equation of continuity is
/O
.2
dz
Here we have required that the product
o(3
be independent of
It is noted this product is independent of density, so that we have
not assumed density independent of
but we have assumed that the
kinematic viscosity is sensibly independent of
Boundary Conditions and the Effect of Diaphragm Elasticity.
C-5
The boundary conditions are these.

(i)
The pressure fluctuation at the tube entry is specified.
tp
cp
z=0
(ii)
The mass rate of discharge from the tube equals the
accession of liquid in the cavity.
This augment to the
contained fluid is accommodated by elasticity of the dia-
phragm and compressibility.

The second boundary condition is expressed analytically as follows.
The fluid mass in the cavity is

ment is
oV
so that the mass aug-
dv
/o
dt
From the previous relation
do
dt "
o
B^^
dp
dt
do_
o dt
<o(cp)
we derive
'
To determine the rate of change of instrument cavity volume we in-
troduce the volume sensitivity, s, of the diaphragm,
17*+
dV
dp
The volume sensitivity is geometrically related to the pressure sen-
sitivity
of the diaphragm, a measure of the change in center de-
a"
flection per unit change in pressure.
For a membrane diaphragm de-
flecting to a paraboloid of revolution,
o"
nr /2
With the volume sensitivity defined as above, we find
dt
dp
" S dt
The mass influx into the cavity is
o/o dp
dt
/o
B.
The expression
V
dp
dt
(V
/o
B,
sB-.
_,
dp
dt
represents an equivalent cavity volume
corrected for the resilient diaphragm.
equal to
g/c
the volume.
2
,
The term
jaXP P
g7/
is equated to the mass flux at the end of the tube,
z=L
z=L
The second boundary condition is
Z=L
is
the squared velocity of acoustic propagation in
With these notations the mass influx
*2 ft =
a /B,
yOPc
z=L
175
where
Vôpc
b = joog
C-6
The Solution of the Governing Equation.

The differential equation from Section 3, after combining the
equations expressing momentum conservation, continuity, and the apparent equation of state, is
A
2
d
tp
az
oô dtp
B dt
'
f*
The solution is
where
(c.e
(p
az
c.e
-azv
jcot
ed
= JaA p / oPB
o o /
The desired form of the result is
[_i
c
The ratio
az
e
- az
tp/ip
+ i]
/ [-i
c
which is
I s evaluated by means of the boundary condition of
c -i/ c 2
continuity at the cavity,
btp
at
'
b)e
a+ u
x
+aL
Finally, evaluating the pressure-signal ratio at
^L
==
(p
The ratio
y TL/<$ o
= L,
(aL)
(aL) cosh (aL) + (bL) sinh (aL)
is the pressure fluctuation in the cavity per unit
This ratio is called
fluctuation at the tube entry.

text.
so that
z = L,
(a-b)e
1
c
cp
The products
aL
and
bL
are as follows.
p./p
in the
176
aL
Here
c^
2
,
the apparent sound velocity in the tube, is
determined by the apparent modulus

ulus alone as in the cavity.
/Bg,
rather than the fluid mod-
The ratio
is the fluctuation
0)/c.
wavelength in the tube, i.e.
aL =
Similarly, for
2n
we have
bL
bL = -
O)
2 VL
2A
The quantity
2
c
1
1 - J
'
A/VL
0)
is the square of a characteristic frequency,
= c A/VL
so that
2
bL .
L
2
1 - J
It should be noted that
real variables, as
'
aL
and
are, in general, not
bL
is the ratio of a complex quantity and Bessel
functions of a complex argument.

The natural frequency
co
is lowered by increasing diaphragm
sensitivity through the effective volume
C-7
The Short Tube Approximation.

If the tube length
is a small part of the pressure fluc-
tuation wavelength in the tube, the product
aL
is small and
177
Pi
aL
p^
(aL) cosh (aL) +
(bL) sinh (aL)
1
1 + bL
2
1 _
JL)
1
i - J
This is the form discussed in the text.
C-8
Approximation Valid for Small Values of
coa
/-J
The value of
J-.Ua)
J = t=-
ka J (ka)
o
for small values of the argument

= - jooa
(ka)
/-J
is approximately
J - 1 +
-g
so that
1
1 - J
2
coa
The response ratio. for this case is
Pi
p
1
1 + jo)t
a
*
2 2
u
'
This result is identical with the one obtained by assuming

uniform Poiseuille flow and constant pressure gradient.
Poiseuille flow mass rate,
If the
178
with constant pressure gradient,

dp_
P i - Pp
az
is equated to the instrument-cavity mass rate
gvfi
dt
'
the governing ordinary differential equation is

dp.
T
"dT
p i = p o (t)
'
Assuming periodic flow yields the result given above.

The time constant
is increased by increasing diaphragm
sensitivity or decreasing the entry port diameter, for
t =
C-9
oVLV/ita c

The identity
" J
1 - J
is,
ka >
(ka)
for moderate values of the argument, approximately

h
3
(a
A0
The corresponding response ratio is

Pi
'o
(1-u
ju 2
179
where we have used the notation
ku
2
1-
v = y[J
-jf-x
Z,
This form is motivated by analogy to that for the response of a
moderately damped spring-mass system.
This system responds with
90 degree phase lag at a dimensionless frequency
amplitude ratio
1/2
u = 1.0
with an
This form is also analogous to the classical Helmholtz
Resonator results, but the present more-detailed analysis predicts

a lower resonant frequency of 90 degree phase lag and generally
greater phase lag at frequencies near resonance.

To clarify the differences in the results, compare the above
with the following.
We recall from section 8 the ordinary differ-
ential equation
IT
= p
+ p
i
o
Multiplying by the tube area makes more evident that this is a

force balance of pressure force and Poiseuille tube-wall friction
considered to be constant along the tube length:
A
At
where
WQ/ua
g)
î
IT
O
T
2Tm
L
*
i2JS_
A,
A(
P
3 =
na g
is recognized as the constant Poiseuille-flow
tube-wall friction per unit area.
inertia term
- Pi 5
Add to this force balance an
i8o
Pi
L d = LV
2
* dt
c
dt
and the force balance may be written
2
d p.
dt
i
2
2
c
dp 4
*i
dt
A
fl
LV
2A
LV
2A
A
P
LV
The steady-state solution, assuming periodic pressure fluc-
tuations of frequency
Pi
0),
is
liA
2
+
j2
JL
n
where
0)
5
2
=
2A
SLA
LV
as before and
This is the result given by Rayleigh and generally observed

to predict resonant frequencies that are higher than measured values
(M. Colby [1939] p. 220; J.
Patterson [1952] p. 9).
The more detailed analysis, admitting longitudinal variation

of pressure gradient and a more general radial velocity profile,
predicts acoustic resonance at a frequency about
l*f
percent lower.
This further lowers the expected range of frequencies free of acoustic effects.
It is observed that in either case the effective in-
strument cavity volume is used in calculating
U)
181
C-10
Approximation Valid for Cases with Small Damping.

The identity
J (ka)
o
J (ka)
2
1 - J
tends to unity for large values of the argument.
The response
ratio is therefore
*L
r
po
U)
2
0)
The value of this approximation lies in the fact that it emphasizes

the tendency toward undamped acoustic resonance.
PfESSbOARO
COVER
No. R129
MANUFACTUftCO Bv

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Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive

Theses and Dissertations

Thesis and Dissertation Collection

Pressure distributions, added-mass, and damping

PRESSURE DISTRIBUTIONS, ADDED-MASS, AND

William Robert Porter

Pressure Distributions, Added-Mass, and Damping Coefficients

William Robert Porter

B.S. (United States Naval Academy) 19*f6

Deposited in the University Library

Naval Postgraduate School

Pressure Distributions, Added-Mass, and Damping Coefficients

oscillating vertically with small amplitude while semi-immersed in

The results of sam-

ple calculations made by digital computer are presented.

culations of the pressure distribution and the total vertical

depth are compared with values measured in an experiment*

problem in the theory of infinitesimal surface waves*

The boundary condition on the surface of the cylin-

der is satisfied at the rest position of the cylinder by an expan-

sion in non-orthogonal functions.

Convergence in the general case

One of these methods was chosen for further

development to provide sample calculations for elliptic and more

The measured values and values based on the sample

calculations show similar distinctive behavior.

Formulation of the Problem.

Infinitesimal Surface Wave Theory.

The Boundary Value Problem in Potential Theory.

Notation of the Geometry.

The Component Potential Functions.

The Multipole Potential

The Combined Multipole and Standing-

The Source Potential,

The Combined Source and Standing-

The Potential Solution.

Evaluating the Expansion Coef ficients.

The Ratio of Waveheight to Oscillation

The Pressure on the Cylinder Surface.

The Vertical Force Required to Sustain

The Added-Mass and Damping Coefficients.

The Added Mass and the Added-Mass

The Radiated Energy and the Damping

The Special Case of Infinite Fluid-Depth.

Special Definition of the Multipole

The Source Potential and the Complete

Evaluating the Expansion Coef ficients e

Asymptotic Value for the Added Mass and

Numerical Analysis and Results of Sample Calculations.

Calculation of the Expansion Coef ficients Q

Form of the Equations for Calculation,,

The Principal Dependent Variables.

The Results for A(6), B(G)o

The Quantities M(6G), N(5 0), and

Hydrodynamic Pressure Distribution on the

The Added-Mass and Damping Coefficients,

Elliptic and More General Cylinders in Infinitely

Description of the Method,,

The Selection of Mapping Parameters

Results for Examples from the One-Parameter

Results for Examples from the Two-Parameter

Results for Examples from a Three-Parameter

The Experiment, Results, and General Study of