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B1
B2
A
A2
A2B1
A1B1
A1B2 A2B2
MA1
A3
A3B
1
A3B
2
MA2
MB1
MB2
MA3
SS
df
A (columns)
SSA
J-1
B (rows)
SSB
K-1
AxB (interaction)
SSAxB (J-1)(K-1)
SSerr
Total
SST
N-JK
MS
SSA/J-1
SSB/K-1
F
MSA/MSerr
MSB/MSerr
SSAxB
(J - 1)(K - 1) MS
AxB/MSerr
SSerr/(N-JK)
N-1
Compare with oneway ANOVA. We have now divided the SS into more
pieces.
Question: Where did the new pieces come from?
Answer: By controlling for the main effects of another variable and the
interaction effects, we have reduced error variance. Since error variance is
the "standard" against which we compare between group differences, we are
better able to discern differences we care about, i.e., we have increased
precision.
Recognizing an Interaction
F-test from ANOVA table
Profile plot from SPSS (lines not parallel)
Examine cell means (see Meyers, et al. handout)
Interpreting an Interaction
1.
2.
3.
4.
Where:
Where:
The interpretation of these partial eta2 values is similar to what we did above
for eta2 in that we need to move the decimal point two places to the right in
each case, and interpret the results as percentages of variance. However,
this time the results indicate the percentage of variance in each of the
effects (or interaction) and its associated error that is accounted for by that
effect (or interaction).
From Green and Salkind: Partial 2 ranges from 0 to 1. A partial 2 is
interpreted as the proportion of variance of the dependent variable that is
related to a particular main or interaction source, excluding the other main
and interaction sources. It is unclear what are small, medium and large
values for partial 2. What is a small versus a large 2 is dependent of the