A simple rule to help you remember the difference between another and other is:

another + singular noun

other + plural noun
others (a pronoun to replace other + plural noun)
I need another cup. (cup is singular so we use another)
I need other cups. (cup is plural so we use other)
I need others. (refers to other cups)

When to use ANOTHER

Another means:
one more, an additional, an extra
a different one; an alternative one
Another is a determiner (and a qualifier) that goes before a singular countable noun
or a pronoun.

Another + Singular Countable noun

Another can be followed by a singular countable noun.
He has bought another motorbike.
Would you like another cup of coffee?
Dont worry about the rain. We can go another day.
I think you should paint it another color.
We are having another baby.

Another + One
Another can be placed before one when the meaning is clear from the text before
it.
I have already eaten two sandwiches though now I want another one. (= an
additional sandwich)
A: You can borrow more of these books if you like. B: Ok, Ill
take another one. (= another book, one more book)

Another as a pronoun
Sometimes another is used as a pronoun.
That piece of cake was tasty. I think Ill have another. (another = one more
piece of cake)
I dont like this room. Lets ask for another. (another = another room)
Note: you can also say: I think Ill have another one. and Lets ask for another
one.

Another + number + plural noun

Another can be used before a plural noun when there is a number before that noun
or before phrases such as a couple of, a few etc.
In another 20 years my laptop is going to be obsolete.
I like this city so much that Im going to spend another three days here.
We need another three teachers before classes begin.
He was given another couple of months to finish the sculpture.
Remember another is ONE word not two words (an other is incorrect)

When to use OTHER

Other is a determiner that goes before plural countable nouns, uncountable nouns or
a pronoun.

Other + Plural Countable Noun

Other can be followed by a plural countable noun.
We have other styles if you are interested.
Have you got any other dresses, or are these the only ones?
Some days are sunny though other days can be very rainy.
I have invited some other people.
I cant help you because Im busy with other things.

Other + Ones
Other can be placed before the pronoun ones when the meaning is clear from the
text before it.
We dont need those books, we need other ones. (= different books)
A: You can borrow my books if you like. B: Thanks, but I need other ones. (=
other books)
Note: you can say other one when it refers to wanting the alternative.
I don't want this one, I want the other one.

Others as a pronoun
Others replaces other ones or "other + plural noun".
Only others can be used as a pronoun and not other.
I dont like these postcards. Lets ask for others. (others = other postcards)
Some of the presidents arrived on Monday. Others arrived the following day.

Others - the others

Often (the) others refers to (the) other people.
He has no interest in helping others. (= in helping other people)
What are the others doing tonight?

What is the difference between other and others?

Other is followed by a noun or a pronoun
Others is a pronoun and is NOT followed by a noun.

These shoes are too small. Do you have any other shoes?
These shoes are too small. Do you have any others? (no noun after others)

Other
Other means additional or extra, or alternative, or different types of.

Other as a determiner
We can use other with singular uncountable nouns and with plural nouns:
The embassy website has general information about visas. Other travel information
can be obtained by calling the freephone number. (additional or extra information)
Some music calms people; other music has the opposite effect. (different types of
music)
What other books by Charles Dickens have you read, apart from Oliver
Twist? (additional or extra books)
This ones too big. Do you have it in other sizes? (alternative sizes)
If we use other before a singular countable noun, we must use another determiner
before it:
I dont like the red one. I prefer the other colour.
Not: I prefer other colour.
Jeremy is at university; our other son is still at school.
He got 100% in the final examination. No other student has ever achieved that.
Theres one other thing we need to discuss before we finish.
Warning:
Other as a determiner does not have a plural form:
Mandy and Charlotte stayed behind. The other girls went home.
Not: The others girls
See also:

Determiners (the, my, some, this)

Other as a pronoun
We can use other as a pronoun. As a pronoun, other has a plural form,others:
We have to solve this problem, more than any other, today.
Ill attach two photos to this email and Ill send others tomorrow.

The other
The other as a determiner
The other with a singular noun means the second of two things or people, or the
opposite of a set of two:
This computer here is new. The other computer is about five years old.
A:
Dyou know the Indian restaurant in Palmer Street?
B:
Yes.
A:
Well, the gift shop is on the other side of the street, directly opposite. (the opposite
side)
The other with a plural noun means the remaining people or things in a group or set:
Joel and Karen are here, but where are the other kids? (the remaining people in a
group)
Where are the other two dinner plates? I can only find four. (the remaining things in
a set here six plates)

The other as a pronoun

We can use the other as a pronoun, especially to refer back to something which has
been mentioned already in the sentence:

He had his hat in one hand and a bunch of flowers in the other.
She has two kittens, one is black and the other is all white.

Another
When we use the indefinite article an before other, we write it as one
word: another. Another means one more or an additional or extra, or an alternative
or different.

Another as a determiner
We use another with singular nouns:
Would you like another cup of coffee?
Youve met Linda, but I have another sister who you havent met, called Margaret.
I dont like this place. Is there another caf around here we could go to?(alternative
or different)

Another as a pronoun
We can use another as a pronoun:
The applications are examined by one committee, then passed on toanother.

Other, others, the other or another: typical errors

When other is a determiner, it does not have a plural form:

These boxes are for books. The other boxes are for clothes.
Not: The others boxes

When other as a pronoun refers to more than one person or thing, it takes the
plural form, others:
Some scientists think we should reduce the number of flights to prevent global
warming; others disagree.
Not: other disagree.

Other must have a determiner before it when it comes in front of a singular

countable noun. If the noun is indefinite (e.g. a book, a woman, an idea), we
use another:
Ive posted the first package. What shall I do with that other package?
Not: What shall I do with other package?
After a month in Bolivia, I was ready to move to another country.
Not: to move to other country.

We write another as one word:

There is another car park a little further down the same street.
Not: There is an other car park

Another is singular. We dont use it with plural nouns:

Other interesting places to visit include the old harbour and the castle.
Not: Another interesting places to visit