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Normally, electrons cannot enter a conductor unless there is a path for an equal amount of electrons
to exit (remember the marble-in-tube analogy?). This is why conductors must be connected together
in a circular path (a circuit) for continuous current to occur. Oddly enough, however, extra electrons
can be squeezed into a conductor without a path to exit if an electric field is allowed to develop in
space relative to another conductor. The number of extra free electrons added to the conductor (or
free electrons taken away) is directly proportional to the amount of field flux between the two
conductors.
Capacitors are components designed to take advantage of this phenomenon by placing two
conductive plates (usually metal) in close proximity with each other. There are many different
styles of capacitor construction, each one suited for particular ratings and purposes. For very small
capacitors, two circular plates sandwiching an insulating material will suffice. For larger capacitor
values, the plates may be strips of metal foil, sandwiched around a flexible insulating medium
and rolled up for compactness. The highest capacitance values are obtained by using a microscopicthickness layer of insulating oxide separating two conductive surfaces. In any case, though, the
general idea is the same: two conductors, separated by an insulator.
The schematic symbol for a capacitor is quite
simple, being little more than two short,
parallel lines (representing the plates)
separated by a gap. Wires attach to the
respective plates for connection to other
components. An older, obsolete schematic
symbol for capacitors showed interleaved
plates, which is actually a more accurate way
of representing the real construction of most
capacitors:
Just as Isaac Newtons first Law of Motion (an object in motion tends to stay in motion; an object
at rest tends to stay at rest) describes the tendency of a mass to oppose changes in velocity, we can
state a capacitors tendency to oppose changes in voltage as such: A charged capacitor tends to
stay charged; a discharged capacitor tends to stay discharged. Hypothetically, a capacitor left
untouched will indefinitely maintain whatever state of voltage charge that its been left it. Only an
outside source (or drain) of current can alter the voltage charge stored by a perfect capacitor:
Practically speaking, however, capacitors will eventually lose their stored voltage charges due to
internal leakage paths for electrons to flow from one plate to the other. Depending on the specific
type of capacitor, the time it takes for a stored voltage charge to self-dissipate can be a long time
(several years with the capacitor sitting on a shelf!).
When the voltage across a capacitor is
increased, it draws current from the rest of the
circuit, acting as a power load. In this
condition the capacitor is said to be charging,
because there is an increasing amount of
energy being stored in its electric field. Note
the direction of electron current with regard
to the voltage polarity:
Conversely, when the voltage across a
capacitor is decreased, the capacitor supplies
current to the rest of the circuit, acting as a
power source. In this condition the capacitor
is said to be discharging. Its store of
energyheld in the electric fieldis
The choice of insulating material between the plates, as was mentioned before, has a great impact
upon how much field flux (and therefore how much charge) will develop with any given amount of
voltage applied across the plates. Because of the role of this insulating material in affecting field
flux, it has a special name: dielectric. Not all dielectric materials are equal: the extent to which
materials inhibit or encourage the formation of electric field flux is called the permittivity of the
dielectric.
The measure of a capacitors ability to store energy for a given amount of voltage drop is called
capacitance. Not surprisingly, capacitance is also a measure of the intensity of opposition to
changes in voltage (exactly how much current it will produce for a given rate of change in voltage).
Capacitance is symbolically denoted with a capital C, and is measured in the unit of the Farad,
abbreviated as F.
Convention, for some odd reason, has favored the metric prefix micro in the measurement of
large capacitances, and so many capacitors are rated in terms of confusingly large microFarad
values: for example, one large capacitor I have seen was rated 330,000 microFarads!! Why not state
it as 330 milliFarads? I dont know.
An obsolete name for a capacitor is condenser or condensor. These terms are not used in any new
books or schematic diagrams (to my knowledge), but they might be encountered in older electronics
literature. Perhaps the most well-known usage for the term condenser is in automotive
engineering, where a small capacitor called by that name was used to mitigate excessive sparking
across the switch contacts (called points) in electromechanical ignition systems.
REVIEW:
Capacitors react against changes in voltage by supplying or drawing current in the direction
necessary to oppose the change.
When a capacitor is faced with an increasing voltage, it acts as a load: drawing current as it
absorbs energy (current going in the negative side and out the positive side, like a resistor).
When a capacitor is faced with a decreasing voltage, it acts as a source: supplying current
as it releases stored energy (current going out the negative side and in the positive side, like
a battery).
The ability of a capacitor to store energy in the form of an electric field (and consequently
to oppose changes in voltage) is called capacitance. It is measured in the unit of the Farad
(F).
Recommended documents
http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/circuits/Lesson-1/Electric-Field-and-the-Movement-ofCharge
http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/302l/lectures/node54.html
http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/81779/how-does-an-electric-field-come-inside-aconducting-wire-inside-the-circuit
http://matterandinteractions.org/Content/Articles/circuit.pdf
Later with the Prof Rodriguezs course
http://www.furryelephant.com/content/electricity/visualizing-electric-current/surface-chargespoynting-vector/
http://amasci.com/elect/poynt/poynt.html
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/direct-current/chpt-13/electric-fields-capacitance/
por conductores deben estar conectados entre s en una trayectoria circular (un circuito) para la
corriente continua que se produzca. Curiosamente, sin embargo, un exceso de electrones pueden ser
"exprimido" en un conductor sin un camino para salir si se permite que un campo elctrico a
desarrollarse en el espacio en relacin a otro conductor. El nmero de electrones libres adicionales
agregados al conductor (o electrones libres llevan a casa) es directamente proporcional a la cantidad
de flujo de campo entre los dos conductores.
Los condensadores son componentes diseados para tomar ventaja de este fenmeno mediante la
colocacin de dos placas conductoras (generalmente de metal), en estrecha proximidad entre s. Hay
muchos estilos diferentes de la construccin de condensadores, cada uno adaptado para las
calificaciones y propsitos particulares. Por muy pequeos condensadores, dos placas circulares
intercalando ser suficiente un material aislante. Los valores del condensador de mayor tamao, las
"placas" pueden ser tiras de lmina metlica, insertada en torno a un medio aislante flexible y
enrolladas para compacidad. Los valores ms altos de capacitancia se obtienen mediante el uso de
una capa microscpica de espesor de xido que separa dos superficies conductoras aislante. En
cualquier caso, sin embargo, la idea general es la misma: dos conductores, separados por un
aislante.
El smbolo esquemtico para un
condensador es bastante simple, siendo
poco ms de dos lneas cortas, paralelas (que
representan las placas) separadas por un
espacio. Los cables se fijan a las placas
respectivas para la conexin a otros
componentes. An, smbolo ms antiguo
obsoleto esquemtico para condensadores
mostrado placas intercaladas, que es en
realidad una forma ms precisa de lo que
representa la construccin real de la mayora
de los condensadores:
En la prctica, sin embargo, los condensadores con el tiempo pierden sus cargos tensin almacenada
debido a los caminos de fugas internas para que los electrones fluyan de una placa a la otra.
Dependiendo del tipo especfico de condensador, el tiempo que toma para que una carga de tensin
almacenada a la libre disipan puede ser un largo tiempo (varios aos con el condensador en un
estante!).
Cuando se aumenta el voltaje a travs de un
almacena en su campo elctrico. Tenga en
condensador, que consume corriente desde el
cuenta la direccin de la corriente de
resto del circuito, que acta como carga de
electrones con respecto a la polaridad de la
alimentacin. En esta condicin, el
tensin:
condensador se dice que la carga, porque hay
una creciente cantidad de energa que se
La eleccin de material aislante entre las placas, como se mencion antes, tiene un gran impacto
sobre la cantidad de flujo de campo (y por lo tanto la cantidad de carga) desarrollarn con
cualquier cantidad dada de voltaje aplicado a travs de las placas. Debido a la funcin de este
material aislante en afectar el flujo de campo, que tiene un nombre especial: dielctrico. No todos
los materiales dielctricos son iguales: el grado en que materiales inhiben o estimulan la
formacin de flujo de campo elctrico que se llama la permitividad del dielctrico.
La medida de la capacidad de un condensador para almacenar energa para una cantidad dada de
cada de tensin se llama capacitancia. No es sorprendente que la capacitancia es tambin una
medida de la intensidad de la oposicin a los cambios de tensin (exactamente la cantidad de
corriente que producir para una determinada tasa de cambio en el voltaje). La capacitancia se
simblicamente denota con una letra mayscula "C", y se mide en la unidad de la Farad, abreviado
como "F"
Convencin, por alguna extraa razn, ha favorecido el prefijo mtrico "micro" en la medicin de
grandes capacidades, y tantos condensadores se clasifican en trminos de confusin grandes
valores microfaradios: por ejemplo, un condensador grande que he visto fue calificada 330.000
microfaradios! ! Por qu no decirlo como 330 milliFarads? No lo s.
Un nombre obsoleto para un condensador es un condensador. Estos trminos no se utilizan en
ningn nuevos libros o diagramas esquemticos (que yo sepa), pero podran ser encontrados en la
literatura ms antigua de la electrnica. Quizs el uso ms conocido por el trmino "condensador"
se encuentra en la construccin de automviles, donde se utiliz un pequeo condensador
llamado por ese nombre para mitigar formacin excesiva de chispas a travs de los contactos del
interruptor (llamado "puntos") en los sistemas de encendido electromecnicos.
Resumen:
Los condensadores reaccionan frente a los cambios en el voltaje o corriente suministrando o
retirando corriente en la direccin necesaria para oponerse al cambio.
Cuando un condensador se enfrenta a una tensin cada vez mayor, acta como una carga:
sacando corriente, ya que absorbe la energa (la corriente entra en el lado negativo y sale por
el lado positivo, como una resistencia).
Cuando un condensador se enfrenta a una tensin decreciente, que acta como una fuente: el
suministra corriente, ya que libera la energa almacenada (la corriente sale por el lado negativo y
entra por el lado positivo, como una batera).
La capacitancia de un condensador para almacenar energa en forma de un campo elctrico (y
consecuentemente para oponerse a cambios en la tensin) se llama capacitancia. Se mide en la
unidad de Faradios (F).
Los capacitores suelen ser conocidos por otro trmino: condensador.
Lecturas recomendadas
http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/circuits/Lesson-1/Electric-Field-and-the-Movement-ofCharge
http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/302l/lectures/node54.html
http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/81779/how-does-an-electric-field-come-inside-aconducting-wire-inside-the-circuit
http://matterandinteractions.org/Content/Articles/circuit.pdf
Ms tarde, con el curso del Prof. Rodriguez
http://www.furryelephant.com/content/electricity/visualizing-electric-current/surface-chargespoynting-vector/
http://amasci.com/elect/poynt/poynt.html