Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
3.
4.
5.
6.
:O:
:O = C : O
or
: :
:O:
2. :O::C : :
O
:
: :
: :
1. =
7.
Element
Percentage
Atomic mass
3184
Relative number
of atoms
em
.c
m
o
Simple ratio
of atoms
3900
31 84
= 0816
39 00
28 98
= 0814
35 50
0 814
=1
0 814
39 18
= 2449
16
2 449
=3
0 814
Cl
2898
355
3918
1600
s
a
l
s
l
o
g
a
.
1
1
+
1
1
0 816
=1
0 814
o
h
c
.s
(i)
sp3
CH2 . Due to the presence of a sp3 hybridized carbon, the system is not planar. It does
contain six -electrons cloud which surrounds all the atoms of the ring. Therefore, it is not an aromatic
compound.
1
(ii)
sp3
Due to the presence of a sp3-carbon, the system is not planar. Further, it contains only four
-electrons, therefore, the system is not aromatic because is does not contain planar cyclic cloud
having (4n + 2) -electrons. This system, however, behaves as a diene.
1
2
2
6
2
3
11. (a) P15 = 1s , 2s 2p , 3s 3p
1
(b) Cr24 = 1s2, 2s2 2p6, 3s2 3p6 3d5, 4s1
1
2
2
6
2
6
10
1
(c) Cu29 = 1s , 2s 2p , 3s 3p 3d , 4s
1
AglaSem Schools
12.
1 282 10 18 C
1 6022 10 19 C
= 0800 10
= 80 electrons
:O:
:O:
:O:
m
o
:O:
O:
N
:
:O
:O:
.c
:O
:
:O
:O:
NO3 =
:O
S
O:
S
:O:
N
134
:O:
:O:
S
13. SO3 =
:O: :O:
NO2 =
:O:
14. The average O.N. of S in S2O32 is +2 while in S4O62 it is + 25. The O.N. of S in SO42 is +6. Since Br2
is a stronger oxidizing agent than I2, it oxidizes S of S2O32 to a higher oxidation state of +6 and hence
forms SO42 ion. I2, however, being a weaker oxidizing agent oxidizes S of S2O32 ion to a lower oxidation
of +25 in S4O62 ion. It is because of this reason that thiosulphate reacts differently with Br2 and I2. 3
15. (a) Pure hydrogen peroxide is an unstable liquid and decomposes into water and oxygen either upon
standing or upon heating.
2H2O2 (l) 2H2O (l) + O2 (g);
H = 1960 kJ
1
(b) Anhydrous barium peroxide is not used because barium sulphate forms a protective layer around
unreacted barium peroxide which prevents its further participation in the chemical reaction.
BaO2 + H2SO4 BaSO4 + H2O2
1
(c) The reaction 2H2 + O2 2H2O is extremely exothermic in nature.
1
16. NH3 has the strongest intermolecular hydrogen bonding and therefore, is expected to have the highest
boiling point.
3
2+
17.
[Ba ] before mixing = 005 m
m
e
s
a
l
g
a
.
s
l
o
o
h
c
s
Similarly,
0 05
= 0025 m
2
0 02
= 001 m
2
1
1
1
AglaSem Schools
Calculation of partial pressure of O2 in 1 L vessel
' ' = ' '
P1V1
P2 V2
'
'
(07 bar) (20 L) = P2 (1 L) or P2 = 14 bar, i.e., pO = 14 bar
2
Total pressure = PH + PO = 04 bar + 14 bar = 18 bar
1
2
2
19. Excessive phytoplankton (organic pollutants like grass, roots, leaves, submerged plants etc.) present in
water is usually biodegradable. This organic matter is biologically decomposed by large population of
micro-organisms.
During the process of biodegradation micro-organisms consume excess of dissolved oxygen from the
lake. As a consequence, the vital level of dissolve oxygen in lake (10 ppm) reduced considerably wich is
fatal for aquatic life. When this level falls below 6 ppm. the fish cannot survive. Hence, they die and float
dead on the lake.
3
O
H
H
CH3CH CH2 Zn/H2O
20. (1) CH3CH = CH2 + O3
CH3C = O + HC = O
ZnO
Ethanol
Methanol
OO
(2) CH3CH2OH
Ethanol
95% H 2SO 4
433443 K
m
o
.c
OH
(3)
+ Zn
m
e
s
+ ZnO
a
l
g
Benzene
.a
(2)
C=C
CH 3
s
l
o
CH3
ho
cis- but-2-ene
c
s
.
C=C
trans- but-2-ene
H
CH 3
(3) Resonance energy is defined as the difference in internal energy of the resonance hybrid and the most
stable canonical structure.
1
22. (a) 2Ca(NO3)2 2CaO + 4NO2 + O2
1
(b) Due to small size, the ionization enthalpies of Be and Mg are much higher than those of other alkaline
earth metals. Therefore, they need large amount of energy for excitation of their valence electrons to
higher energy levels. Since such a larger amount of energy is not available in Bunsen flame, therefore,
these metals do not impart any colour to the flame.
2
OR
(i) LimestoneSpecially precipitated CaCO3 is extensively used in the manufacture of high quality
paper. It is also used as an antacid, mild abrasive in toothpaste, a constituent of chewing gum and as
a filler in cosmetics.
1
(ii) CementIt is an important building material. It is used in concrete and reinforced concrete, in
plastering and in the construction of bridges, dams and buildings.
1
(iii) Plaster of ParisIt is extensively used in the building industry as well as plaster. It is used in
dentistry, in ornamental work and for making casts of statue and busts. It is also used for immoblising
the affected part of organ where there is bone fracture or sprain.
1
23. (i) (a) Cl is expected to have lower first ionisation enthalpy.
AglaSem Schools
1
, hence it is expected that on moving down the group I.E. should
Atomic size
decrease.
1
The deviation is due to weak screening or shielding effect of d-orbital due to which atomic size
decreases and Ionisation energy increases.
1
24. (i) The free energy change of a reaction is given by G = H TS
For a reaction to be spontaneous, G should be ve.
1
Dominate over enthalpy factor. Such reaction are therefore, called entropy driven. This can happen in
either of the following two ways :
(a) S should be so large that even if T is low, TS should be greater than H.
1
(b) If S is small. T should be so large that TS > H.
1
(ii) In an ideal gas, there are no intermolecular forces of attraction. Hence, no energy is required to
overcome these forces. Moreover, when a gas expands against vacuum, work done is zero (because
Pext = 0). Hence, internal energy of the system does not change, i.e., there is no absorption or
evolution of heat.
2
OR
(i) (a) Exothermic reactions are generally thermodynamically spontaneous because even if it is
accompanied by decrease of randomness (e.g., in the condensation of a gas or solidification of a
liquid), the heat released is absorbed by the surroundings so that the entropy of the surroundings
increases to such an extent that Stotal is positive.
1
(b) The molecules in the vapour state have greater freedom of movement and hence greater randomness
than those in the liquid state. Hence, entropy increases in going from liquid to vapour state
2
(ii) A substance has a perfectly ordered arrangement of its constituent particles only at absolute zero.
Hence, entropy is zero only at absolute zero. Enthalpy of formation is the heat change involved in the
formation of one mole of the substance from its elements. An element formed from itself means no
heat change, i.e., H = 0.
2
We know I.E.
m
o
.c
m
e
s
a
l
g
a
.
s
l
o
o
ch
H
H
: C6H12 : CC bond, 12 CH bonds.
H
H
25. C6H6 :
.s
H
H
H
H
C Cl
CH2Cl2 : 2CH bonds; 2 CCl bonds H
Cl
H H
C=C=C
H H
H
O
HCN
H Dative bO
o
nd
AglaSem Schools
OR
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
26. (a)
Propyl benzene
3-methylpentanenitrile
2, 5- dimethylheptane
3- bromo-3-chloroheptane
3-chloropropanol
Hydrolysis of alkyltrichlorosilanes gives cross-linked silicones.
1
1
1
1
1
R
Cl Si Cl + 3H2O
HO Si OH
3HCl
OH
Cl
O Si O Si O Si R
R
polymerization
n HO Si OH
(n1) H 2O
OH
.c
m
o
O
O Si O Si O Si R
em
R
s
a
l
(b) CO2 is produced during combustion reactions. It is released into the atmosphere. However, if the
concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere increases beyond a certain limit due to excessive combustion,
some CO2 will always remain unutilized. The excess CO2 absorbs heat radiated by the earth. Some of
it is dissipated into the atmosphere while the remaining part is redirected back towards earths surface
which heat up the atmosphere. As a result, temperature of the earth and other bodies on the earth
increases. This is called green house effect. As a result of green house effect, global warming occurs
which has serious consequences.
3
g
a
.
s
l
o
ho
c
s
.
OR
sp2hybridized.
(b) Structure of diboraneIn diborane, the four terminal hydrogen atoms and the two boron atoms lie
in one plane. Above and below this plane, there are two bridging hydrogen atoms. The four terminal
BH bonds are regular bonds while the two bridge (BHB) bonds are different and known as
banana bonds (3-centre-2-electron bridge bonds).
H
H
B
H
H
B
97
134
pm
120
119 pm
Stracture of boric acidBoric acid has a layer structure in which H3BO3 unitsAglaSem
are joined bySchools
hydrogen
bonds.
H
Carbon bond
Hydrogen bond
H
O
O
H
O
B
H
H
O
O
H
m
o
m
e
s
.c
Fig. : Structure of boric acid; the dotted lines represent hydrogen bonds,
a
l
g
a
.
s
l
o
o
h
c
s
ll