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Ken Yokoyama
CHE 331
February 5, 2003
Dr. Rahni
EXPERIMENT 2: Evaluation of an Ion Selective Electrode (2-5 II)
Objectives
In this experiment a fluoride sensitive electrode and an external reference electrode
will be used to measure the fluoride-ion content of a solution. The [F-] of unknowns then
will be determined from a calibration curve.
Theory
A large number of indicator electrodes with good selectivity for specific ions are
based on the measurement of the potential generated across a membrane. Electrodes of
this type are referred to as ion-selective electrodes or ISE. This incorporates a special ionsensitive membrane, which may be glass, a crystalline inorganic material or an organic
ion-exchanger. The membrane interacts specifically with the ion of choice, in our case
fluoride, allowing the electrical potential of the half-cell to be controlled predominantly
by the F- concentration. The potential of the ISE is measured against a suitable reference
electrode using an electrometer or pH meter. The electrode potential is related to the
logarithm of the concentration of the measured ion by the Nernst equation.
E E 2.303
0.059
RT
log aF
log M at 25C Ecell Econstant
zF
nF
where n is the ion charge (negative for anions). The factor 2.303 RT/F
has a theoretical value of 59 mV at 25 C. The equation is only valid
for very dilute solutions or for solutions where the ionic strength is
constant. zF and aF are the charge and activity, respectively, of the
fluoride ion in the sample. The level of fluoride, is the effective concentration
of free fluoride ions in solution. The total fluoride concentration, Ctotal, may include some
bound or complexed ions as well as free ions. The electrode responds only to free ions,
0.059
log F
zF
0.059
log(ai K ij a nj z )
zF
where K ij is the selectivity coefficient and ai and a j refer to the activity and charge,
respectively, of the interfering ions. The selectivity coefficient is a measure of the extent
of the interference posed by a particular ion that might be present in the sample. A small
selectivity coefficient for a given ion indicates less interference from that ion.
A calibration curve is prepared for the response of a particular electrochemical cell to a
series of standard fluoride solutions. The measured potentials are plotted versus the
logarithm of the concentrations or activities of the fluoride ion. The result is a straight
line with a slope of 59.16 mV if a Nernstian response is obtained. In neutral solutions,
fluoride concentration can be measured down to 10-6 M (0.02 ppm) fluoride. The upper
limit of detection is a saturated fluoride solution.
Procedure
A. Preparation of Solutions
1. Prepare each of the following fluoride solutions in 25 ml volumetric flasks
by serial dilution of the 100 ppm fluoride standard, 50, 25, 15, 10, 5, and 1
ppm.
2. The unknowns are samples of sodium fluoride.
B. Making the Measurement
1. Set the pH meter to read millivolts (mV). A glass beaker will be used for
each fluoride measurements.
2. Place the reference and fluoride ISE into solution, allow the pH meter
reading to stabilize, and record the voltage in millivolts (mV).
3. When measuring the voltage of the standard solutions, begin with the most
dilute solution and measure the fluoride standards in order of increasing
concentration.
4. Rinse the electrodes well with distilled water and blot dry between each
measurement with kimwipes.
C. Calculations
1. A calibration graph is obtained by plotting the cell potential in millivolts
against the -log [F-]. Determine the fluoride ion concentration of your
unknown from the calibration graph. Calculate the slope of the calibration
curve over the linear region. The plot may deviate from the linearity at low
fluoride concentrations.
2. By comparison of the potentials measured for the unknown and standards,
estimate the concentration of your unknown.
Standard Curve:
-The Standard curve for Instrument A showed better precision and had a correlation of
determination of 0.9887 and instrument B had 0.9870. Instrument A has a 0.17% more of
a shared variance than Instrument B does. Instrument A was more accurate with a slope of
56.368 that was a 4.72% error compared to the expected 59.16. Instrument B had a slope
of 67.142 that was a 13.49% error.
Inter-Instrument Assay:
Analyte
Instrument F- (ppm)
Standards
A
100
B
100
A
50
B
50
A
25
B
25
A
15
B
15
A
10
B
10
A
5
B
5
A
1
B
1
t-test
1
0.035099
0.008163
0.008811
0.004723
0.009852
0.000204