Why star delta starter is

preferred with induction

motor?

on the armature with slip rings and

brushes riding against each other,
hence it converts the induced emf into
dc current for external load whereas

Star delta starter is preferred with

an alternator has a stationary armature

induction motor due to following

and rotating magnetic field for high

reasons:

voltages but for low voltage output

Starting current is reduced 3-4 times

rotating armature and stationary

of the direct current due to which

magnetic field is used.

voltage drops and hence it causes less

losses.
Star delta starter circuit comes in

Why AC systems are

preferred over DC systems?

circuit first during starting of motor,

which reduces voltage 3 times, that is

Due to following reasons, AC systems

why current also reduces up to 3 times

are preferred over DC systems:

and hence less motor burning is

a. It is easy to maintain and change

caused.

the voltage of AC electricity for

In addition, starting torque is

transmission and distribution.

increased and it prevents the damage

b. Plant cost for AC transmission

of motor winding.

(circuit breakers, transformers etc) is

much lower than the equivalent DC

State the difference

between generator and
alternator

transmission
c. From power stations, AC is
produced so it is better to use AC then
DC instead of converting it.

Generator and alternator are two

d. When a large fault occurs in a

devices, which converts mechanical

network, it is easier to interrupt in an

energy into electrical energy. Both

AC system, as the sine wave current

have the same principle of

will naturally tend to zero at some

electromagnetic induction, the only

point making the current easier to

difference is that their construction.

interrupt.

Generator persists stationary magnetic

field and rotating conductor which rolls

How can you relate power

engineering with electrical
engineering?

The induced emf developed when the

rotating conductors of the armature
between the poles of magnet, in a DC
motor, cut the magnetic flux, opposes

Power engineering is a sub division of

the current flowing through the

electrical engineering. It deals with

conductor, when the armature rotates,

generation, transmission and

is called back emf. Its value depends

distribution of energy in electrical form.

upon the speed of rotation of the

Design of all power equipments also

armature conductors. In starting, the

comes under power engineering.

value of back emf is zero.

Power engineers may work on the

design and maintenance of the power
grid i.e. called on grid systems and

What is slip in an induction

motor?

they might work on off grid systems

that are not connected to the system.

Slip can be defined as the difference

between the flux speed (Ns) and the

What are the various kind of

cables used for
transmission?

rotor speed (N). Speed of the rotor of

an induction motor is always less than
its synchronous speed. It is usually
expressed as a percentage of

Cables, which are used for

synchronous speed (Ns) and

transmitting power, can be categorized

represented by the symbol S.

in three forms:
Low-tension cables, which can
transmit voltage upto 1000 volts.

Explain the application of

storage batteries.

High-tension cables can transmit

voltage upto 23000 volts.

Storage batteries are used for various

Super tension cables can transmit

purposes, some of the applications are

voltage 66 kV to 132 kV.

mentioned below:

Why back emf used for a dc

motor? highlight its
significance.

For the operation of protective

devices and for emergency lighting at
generating stations and substations.
For starting, ignition and lighting of

automobiles, aircrafts etc.

continuously as the rotor field is locked

For lighting on steam and diesel

with stator revolving field.

railways trains.
As a supply power source in
telephone exchange, laboratories and
broad casting stations.
For emergency lighting at hospitals,
banks, rural areas where electricity
supplies are not possible.

10. What are the different

methods for the starting of a
synchronous motor.

11. Name the types of

motors used in vacuum
cleaners, phonographic
appliances, vending
machines, refrigerators,
rolling mills, lathes, power
factor improvement and
cranes.
Following motors are used: Vacuum cleaners- Universal motor.

Starting methods: Synchronous motor

Phonographic appliances

can be started by the following two

Hysteresis motor.

methods:

Vending machines Shaded pole

By means of an auxiliary motor: The

motor.

rotor of a synchronous motor is rotated

Refrigerators Capacitor split phase

by auxiliary motor. Then rotor poles

motors.

are excited due to which the rotor field

Rolling mills Cumulative motors.

is locked with the stator-revolving field

Lathes DC shunt motors.

and continuous rotation is obtained.

Power factor improvement

By providing damper winding: Here,

Synchronous motors.

bar conductors are embedded in the

are short-circuited with the short-

12. State Thevenins

Theorem:

circuiting rings at both sides. The

According to thevenins theorem, the

machine is started as a squirrel cage

current flowing through a load

induction motor first. When it picks up

resistance

speed, excitation is given to the rotor

Connected across any two terminals of

and the rotor starts rotating

a linear active bilateral network is the

outer periphery of the rotor poles and

ratio open circuit voltage (i.e. the

voltage across the two terminals when

network. This includes the maximum

RL is removed) and sum of load

power from the network and in this

resistance and internal resistance of

case the load resistance is being is

the network. It is given by Voc / (Ri +

equal to the resistance of the network

RL).

and it also allows the resistance to be

13. State Nortons Theorem

equal to the resistance of the network.

This resistance can be viewed by the

The Nortons theorem explains the fact

output terminals and the energy

that there are two terminals and they

sources can be removed by leaving

are as follows:

the internal resistance behind.

One is terminal active network

15. Explain different losses

in a transformer.

containing voltage sources

Another is the resistance that is
viewed from the output terminals. The

There are two types of losses

output terminals are equivalent to the

occurring in transformer:

constant source of current and it

Constant losses or Iron losses: The

allows giving the parallel resistance.

losses that occur in the core are

The Nortons theorem also explains

known as core losses or iron losses.

about the constant current that is

Two types of iron losses are:

equal to the current of the short circuit

o eddy current loss

placed across the terminals. The

o Hysteresis loss.

parallel resistance of the network can

These losses depend upon the supply

be viewed from the open circuit

voltage, frequency, core material and

terminals when all the voltage and

its construction. As long as supply

current sources are removed and

voltage and frequency is constant,

replaced by the internal resistance.

these losses remain the same whether

14. State Maximum power

transfer theorem

the transformer is loaded or not. These

are also known as constant losses.
Variable losses or copper losses:

The Maximum power transfer theorem

when the transformer is loaded,

explains about the load that a

current flows in primary and secondary

resistance will extract from the

windings, there is loss of electrical

energy due to the resistance of the

therefore find its application in loads

primary winding, and secondary

having high inertia load or requiring

winding and they are called variable

high intermittent torque such as

losses. These losses depend upon the

elevators, conveyor, rolling mill,

loading conditions of the transformers.

planes, presses, shears and punches,

Therefore, these losses are also called

coal cutter and winding machines etc.

as variable losses.

16. Explain different types of

D.C motors? Give their
applications
Different type of DC motors and their

17. Explain the process of

commutation in a dc
machine. Explain what are
inter-poles and why they are
required in a dc machine.

applications are as follows:-

Commutation: It is phenomenon when

Shunt motors: It has a constant

an armature coil moves under the

speed though its starting torque is not

influence of one pole- pair; it carries

very high. Therefore, it is suitable for

constant current in one direction. As

constant speed drive, where high

the coil moves into the influence of the

starting torque is not required such as

next pole- pair, the current in it must

pumps, blowers, fan, lathe machines,

reverse. This reversal of current in a

tools, belt or chain conveyor etc.

coil is called commutation. Several

Service motors: It has high starting

coils undergo commutation

torque & its speed is inversely

simultaneously. The reversal of current

proportional to the loading conditions

is opposed by the static coil emf and

i.e. when lightly loaded, the speed is

therefore must be aided in some

high and when heavily loaded, it is low.

fashion for smooth current reversal,

Therefore, motor is used in lifts,

which otherwise would result in

cranes, traction work, coal loader and

sparking at the brushes. The aiding

coal cutter in coalmines etc.

emf is dynamically induced into the

Compound motors: It also has high

coils undergoing commutation by

starting torque and variable speed. Its

means of compoles or interpoles,

advantage is, it can run at NIL loads

which are series excited by the

without any danger. This motor will

armature current. These are located in

the interpolar region of the main poles

induced in secondary coil is known as

and therefore influence the armature

mutually induced voltage. Hence,

coils only when these undergo

transformer works on the principle of

commutation.

electromagnetic induction.

18. Comment on the

working principle of
operation of a single-phase
transformer.

19. Define the following

terms:-

Working principle of operation of a

single-phase transformer can be
explained as
An AC supply passes through the
primary winding, a current will start
flowing in the primary winding. As a
result, the flux is set. This flux is linked
with primary and secondary windings.
Hence, voltage is induced in both the
windings. Now, when the load is
connected to the secondary side, the
current will start flowing in the load in
the secondary winding, resulting in the
flow of additional current in the
secondary winding. Hence, according
to Faradays laws of electromagnetic
induction, emf will be induced in both
the windings. The voltage induced in
the primary winding is due to its self
inductance and known as self induced
emf and according to Lenzes law it will
oppose the cause i.e. supply voltage
hence called as back emf. The voltage

Reliability,
Maximum demand,
Reserve-generating
capacity,
Availability (operational).
Reliability: It is the capacity of the
power system to serve all power
demands without failure over long
periods.
Maximum Demand: It is maximum
load demand required in a power
station during a given period.
Reserve generating capacity: Extra
generation capacity installed to meet
the need of scheduled downtimes for
preventive maintenance is called
reserve-generating capacity.
Availability: As the percentage of the
time a unit is available to produce
power whether needed by the system
or not.

20. Mention the

disadvantages of low power

factor? How can it be

improved?
Disadvantages of low power factor:
Line losses are 1.57 times unity
power factor.
Larger generators and transformers
are required.
Low lagging power factor causes a

By providing more ampere-turns than

required, the induction motor can be
made to operate on leading power
factor like an overexcited synchronous
motor.

22. State the factors, for the

choice of electrical system
for an aero turbine.

large voltage drop, hence extra

regulation equipment is required to

The choice of electrical system for an

keep voltage drop within prescribed

aero turbine is guided by three factors:

limits.

Type of electrical output: dc, variable-

Greater conductor size: To transmit

frequency ac, and constant- frequency

or distribute a fixed amount of power

ac.

at fixed voltage, the conductors will

Aero turbine rotational speed:

have to carry more current at low

constant speed with variable blade

power factor. This requires a large

pitch, nearly constant speed with

conductor size.

simpler pitch- changing mechanism or

variable speed with fixed pitch blades.

21. State the methods of

improving power factor?
Methods of improving power factor:
By connecting static capacitors in
parallel with the load operating at
lagging power factor.
A synchronous motor takes a leading

Utilization of electrical energy output:

in conjunction with battery or other
form of storage, or interconnection
with power grid.

23. What are the

advantages of VSCF wind
electrical system?

current when over excited and

therefore behaves like a capacitor.

Advantages of VSCF wind electrical

By using phase advancers to

system are:

improve the power factor of induction

No complex pitch changing

motors. It provides exciting ampere

mechanism is needed.

turns to the rotor circuit of the motor.

Aero turbine always operates at

maximum efficiency point.

Average Demand: the average power

Extra energy in the high wind speed

requirement during some specified

region of the speed duration curve

period of time of considerable duration

can be extracted

is called the average demand of

Significant reduction in aerodynamic

installation.

stresses, which are associated with

Maximum Demand: The maximum

constant speed operation.

demand of an installation is defined as

24. Explain the terms real

power, apparent power and
reactive power for ac circuits
and also the units used.

the greatest of all the demand, which

have occurred during a given period. It
is measured accordingly to
specifications, over a prescribed time
interval during a certain period.

Real Power: It is the product of

Demand Factor: It is defined as the

voltage, current and power factor i.e. P

ratio of actual maximum demand

= V I cos j and basic unit of real power

made by the load to the rating of the

is watt. i.e. Expressed as W or kW.

connected load.

Apparent power: It is the product of

Load Factor: It is defined as the ratio

voltage and current. Apparent power =

of the average power to the maximum

V I and basic unit of apparent power is

demand.

volt- ampere. Expressed as VA or

26. Explain forward

resistance, static resistance
and dynamic resistance of a
pn junction diode.

KVA.
Reactive Power: It is the product of
voltage, current and sine of angle
between the voltage and current i.e.
Reactive power = voltage X current X

Forward Resistance: Resistance

sinj or Reactive power = V I sin j and

offered in a diode circuit, when it is

has no other unit but expressed in

forward biased, is called forward-

VAR or KVAR.

resistance.

25. Define the following:

Average demand, Maximum
demand, Demand factor,
Load factor.

DC or Static Resistance: DC
resistance can be explained as the
ratio of the dc-voltage across the diode
to the direct current flowing through it.

 AC or Dynamic Resistance: It can be

Comparison of JFETs and MOSFETs:

defined as the reciprocal of the slope

JFETs can only be operated in the

of the forward characteristic of the

depletion mode whereas MOSFETs

diode. It is the resistance offered by a

can be operated in either depletion or

diode to the changing forward current.

in enhancement mode. In a JFET, if

27. How does Zener

phenomenon differ from
Avalanche breakdown?

the gate is forward-biased, excesscarrier injunction occurs and the gatecurrent is substantial.
MOSFETs have input impedance

The phenomenon when the depletion

much higher than that of JFETs. Thus

region expands and the potential

is due to negligible small leakage

barrier increases leading to a very high

current.

electric field across the junction, due to

JFETs have characteristic curves

which suddenly the reverse current

more flat than that of MOSFET is

increases under a very high reverse

indicating a higher drain resistance.

voltage is called Zener effect. Zener-

When JFET is operated with a

breakdown or Avalanche breakdown

reverse-bias on the junction, the gate-

may occur independently or both of

current IG is larger than it would be in

these may occur simultaneously.

a comparable MOSFET.

Diode junctions that breakdown below

30. Explain thin film

resistors and wire-wound
resistors

5v are caused by Zener Effect.

Junctions that experience breakdown
above 5v are caused by avalancheeffect. The Zener-breakdown occurs in

a. Thin film resistors- It is constructed

heavily doped junctions, which

as a thin film of resistive material is

produce narrow depletion layers. The

deposited on an insulating substrate.

avalanche breakdown occurs in lightly

Desired results are obtained by either

doped junctions, which produce wide

trimming the layer thickness or by

depletion layers.

cutting helical grooves of suitable pitch

28. Compare JFETs and

MOSFETs.

along its length. During this process,

the value of the resistance is
monitored closely and cutting of

grooves is stopped as soon as the

Differential Amplifier: The amplifier,

desired value of resistance is

which is used to amplify the voltage

obtained.

difference between two input-lines

b. Wire wound resistors length of

neither of which is grounded, is called

wire wound around an insulating

differential amplifier. This reduces the

cylindrical core are known as wire

amount of noise injected into the

wound resistors. These wires are

amplifier, because any noise

made of materials such as Constantan

appearing simultaneously on both the

and Manganin because of their high

input-terminals as the amplifying

resistivity, and low temperature

circuitry rejects it being a common

coefficients. The complete wire wound

mode signal.

resistor is coated with an insulating

CMRR: It can be defined as the ratio

material such as baked enamel

of differential voltage-gain to common

31. What is a differential

amplifier? Also, explain
CMRR.

made voltage gain. If a differential

amplifier is perfect, CMRR would be
infinite because in that case common
mode voltage gain would be zero.