Engineering Mechanics :

DYNAMICS
CHAPTER 7

KINETICS OF PARTICLES
JJ205
PN NORHAYATI BINTI AHMAD
POLITECHNIC JOHOR BAHRU
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
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OBJECTIVES

Understand concepts of kinetics of particles : force, mass and acceleration





Understand concepts kinetics of particles : work and energy





Describe work of a force

Explain kinetic energy of particle, principle of work and energy
Apply principle of work and energy

Explain systems of particle



Derive Newtons Second Law of motion

Discuss equation of motion
Discuss systems of particles

Apply potential energy

Solve problems regarding conservation of energy

Understand concepts kinetics of particles : impulse and momentum






Explain concepts of impulse and momentum

Describe impulsive motion
Understand systems of particle
Describe angular impulse and angular momentum
Solve problems in angular impulse and angular momentum

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INTRODUCTION

Kinetics is the study of the relationship between forces and

the acceleration they cause.
This relationship is based on Newtons second law of motion
In this chapter we will discuss Newtons second law and
apply it to the analysis of the motion of particles.
As we state before, if the resultant of the forces acting on a
particle is not zero, the particle will have an acceleration
proportional to the magnitude of the resultant and in the
direction of this resultant force.
Moreover, the ratio of the magnitudes of the resultant force
and of the acceleration can be used to define the mass of the
particle.
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NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION

Newtons three laws of motion can be stated as follows:



First Law
A particle originally at rest, or moving in a straight line with a
constant velocity, will remain in this state provided the particle is
not subjected to unbalanced force. (Fig 7.1)
Second Law
A particle acted upon by an unbalanced force F experiences an
acceleration a that has the same direction as the force and a
magnitude that is directly proportional to the force.
Third Law:
The mutual forces of action and reaction between two particles
are equal, opposite, and collinear (Fig 7.2)

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Newtons Second Law Of Motion

Newtons second law of motion is best understood by imagining the

following experiment:
A particle is subjected to a force F1 of constant direction and
constant magnitude F1.
Under the action of that force, the particle is observed to move in a
straight line and in the direction of the force (Fig. 7.3a).
By determining the position of the particle at various instants, we
find that its acceleration has a constant magnitude a1.
If the experiment is repeated with forces F2, F3, . . . , of different
magnitude or direction (Fig. 7.3b and c), we find each time that the
particle moves in the direction of the force acting on it and that the
magnitudes a1, a2, a3, . . . , of the accelerations are proportional to
the magnitudes F1, F2, F3, . . . , of the corresponding forces:

F1 F2 F3
=
=
= .... = cons tan t
a1 a 2 a3
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Figure 7.1: Force acting on an

object

Figure 7.2 Action and reaction forces

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Figure 7.3

Figure 7.3

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The constant value obtained for the ratio of the magnitudes of the
forces and accelerations is a characteristic of the particle under
consideration; it is called the mass of the particle and is denoted by
m.
When a particle of mass m is acted upon by a force F, the force F
and the acceleration a of the particle must therefore satisfy the
relation
F = ma
(7.1)
This equation, which is referred to as the equation of motion, is one
of the most formulations in mechanics
When a particle is subjected simultaneously to several forces,Eq.
(7.1) should be replaced by
F = ma

(7.2)

where F represents the sum, or resultant, of all the forces acting on

the particle.

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EQUATION
OF
MOTION
Rectangular components:
When Cartesian x-y coordinate system is considered, the Newtons equation
Will be in a form of two Cartesian components.

When it is applied to earth system or trajectory,

and

therefore

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Normal and Tangential Components (n-t coordinate system)

v
2
2
&

F
=
m
(
r

)
=
m
=
m
(
r

)
n
r

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&&) = m(r )
F
=
m
(
r

10

Radial and Transverse Components (r coordinate system)

&2 )
&
&
F
=
m
(
r

&& + 2r&&)
F
=
m
(
r

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Example 1
An 80-kg block rests on a horizontal plane.
Find the magnitude of the force P required to give
the block an acceleration of 2.5 ms2 to the right.
The coefficient of kinetic friction between the block
and the plane is k = 0.25.

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Example 2

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Example 3

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Example 4

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Example 5

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Example 6
The 50-kg crate shown in figure ..rests on a
horizontal plane for which the coefficient of
kinetic friction is k = 0.3. if the crate is
subjected to a 400N towing force as shown,
determine the velocity of the crate in 3s
starting from rest

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Example 7
Determine the banking angle for the race
track so that the wheels of racing cars shown
in Figure will not have to depend upon
friction to prevent any car from sliding up or
down the track. Assume the cars have
negligible size a mass m, and travel around
the curve of radius r with a speed v
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r&&

EXAMPLE 7
A flight jet is at a constant speed v at an
altitude h =8km is being tracked by radar
located at O directly below the line of
flight.

If the angle is decreasing at the rate of
0.03 rad/s when =50 deg, Determine the
value of &r& and the magnitude of the
velocity v of the plane

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Example 8

The 3kg disk D is attached to the end of a cord as

shown in FigThe other end of the cord is
attached to a ball-and-socket joint located at the
centre of a platform. If the platform is rotating
rapidly, and the disk is placed on it and released
from rest as shown, determine the time it takes for
the disk to reach a speed great enough to break the
cord. The maximum tension the cord can sustain is
100N, and the coefficient of kinetic friction between
the disk and the platform is k = 0.1.

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SYSTEMS OF UNITS

In using the fundamental equation F ma, the units of force, mass, length, and time
cannot be chosen arbitrarily.
If they are, the magnitude of the force F required to give an acceleration a to the
mass m will not be numerically equal to the product ma; it will be only proportional to
this product.
Thus, we can choose three of the four units arbitrarily but must choose the fourth unit
so that the equation F=ma is satisfied.
The units are then said to form a system of consistent kinetic units.
Two systems of consistent kinetic units are currently used by American engineers,
the International System of Units (SI units) and the system of U.S. customary units.

International System of Units (SI Units).

In this system, the base units are the units of length, mass, and time, and are called,
respectively, the meter (m), the kilogram (kg), and the second (s).
The unit of force is a derived unit. It is called the newton (N) and is defined as the
force which gives an acceleration of 1 m/s2 to a mass of 1 kg (Fig 7.4). From Eq.
(7.1) we write
1 N = (1 kg)(1 m/s2) = 1 kg m/s2

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Figure 7.4

Figure 7.5

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The weight W of a body, or force of gravity exerted

on that body, should, like any other force, be
expressed in newtons.
Since a body subjected to its own weight acquires
an acceleration equal to the acceleration of gravity
g, it follows from Newtons second law that the
magnitude W of the weight of a body of mass m is
W = mg
(7.3)
Recalling that g = 9.81 m/s2, we find that the weight
of a body of mass 1 kg (Fig. 7.5) is
W = (1 kg)(9.81 m/s2)= 9.81 N

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Type of Forces
External force

Force generated by gravity

Force contact surfaces

Friction force

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Work and Energy

Principle of Energy Methods

The principle of work and energy relates force, mass, velocity and
displacement.

If an object is relocated, it requires a work or a certain level of energy to
move.

Work is a scalar quantity, i.e., it has magnitude and sign but not direction.

The unbalance forces occur during the displacement process.

When the unbalance force is considered, there are two possibilities to see
the cumulative results.

The first one is the unbalanced forces are seen with the respect of the
displacement, and the second when the unbalanced forces are related to
the time they are applied.

Integrating the first one leads to the equations of work and energy, while
integrating the second one, with respect to the time force applied defines
the impulse and momentum

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WORK

When a force is applied to a mass and the
mass moves through an incremental
distance, the work done by the force is U
r r
dU = F dr = Fx dx + Fy dy + Fz dz
r r
dU = F dr = F (cos )ds

r
F

r
d r A

dU > 0 if < 90
r
0
r
r
r
dU = 0 if = 90
r + dr
dU < 0 if > 90 0
Units ft lb or N m = Joule ( J )
0

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To get the total work done along a path requires

2

U 12

r r
= F dr
1

Notice that

ds

r
dr

U 12 = F (cos )ds = Ft ds
When using rectangular coordinates

r
F

U 12 = ( Fx dx + Fy dy + Fz dz )
1

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Ft

s1

s2

Work is represented by the area under the curve of Ft

plotted against s.

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Work of a Constant Force in Rectilinear Motion

U 12 = F (cos )x = F (cos )( x2 x1 )
r
F

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Example
25 N force is applied to a box and box
moves 10m. Find the work done by the
force.

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Example
There is an apple having a force applied
perpendicularly on it. However, it moves 5m
in X direction. Calculate the work done by
the force.

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Example
If the box is touching to the wall and a force
is applied finds the work done by the force.

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Work of the Force of Gravity

dU = -Wj (dxi + dyj + dzk)

dU = Wdy
2

U 12 = Wdy = W ( y1 y2 )
1
A2

U 12 = Wy

dy

y2
A1

y
y1
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Work of the Force Exerted by a Spring

F = kx
2

U 12 = kxdx = ( kx2 kx1 )

1
2

1
2

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Work of a Gravitational Force

U 12

GMm
GMm GMm
= 2 dr =

r2
r1
r
1

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Forces which do not do work (ds = 0 or cos a = 0):

reaction at frictionless pin supporting rotating body,

reaction at frictionless surface when
body in contact moves along surface,
reaction at a roller moving along its track, and
weight of a body when its center of
gravity moves horizontally.
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PRINCIPLE OF WORK AND ENERGY

Kinetic Energy
If the force doing work is the net force then

dv
dv ds
dv
=m
= mv
Ft = mat = m
dt
ds dt
ds
2

U 12

dv
= Ft ds = mv ds = mvdv
ds
1
1
1

U 12 = 21 mv22 21 mv12
T = mv
1
2

U 12 = T2 T1
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T1 + U 12 = T2
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For a Spring
Recall that the force of an elastic spring is F = ks.
It is important to realize that the potential energy
of a spring, while it looks similar, is a different
formula
2

U12 = ksds = ( 12 ks22 12 ks12 )

1

Define

Ve = 12 ks 2
Then

U12 = (Ve )1 (Ve ) 2

U 12 = Ve
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POTENTIAL ENERGY

Potential energy is a measure of the amount of work a conservative

force will do when a body changes position.
In general, for any conservative force system, we can define the
potential function (V) as a function of position.
The work done by conservative forces as the particle moves equals
the change in the value of the potential function (e.g., the sum of
Vgravity and Vsprings).
The idea of a function of position is valid as long as F is
conservative.
It would not work for a force like friction.
This function, V, is call the potential energy.
Potential energy is an energy of position or configuration.

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Close to the Earth

2

U 12 = Wdy = W ( y1 y2 )
1

Define

V g = Wy
Then

U12 = (Vg )1 (Vg ) 2

U 12 = Vg
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Not So Close to the Earth

2

U 12

GMm GMm
GMm

= 2 dr =
r2
r1
r
1
Define
2
GMm
WR
Vg = r =
r

Then

U12 = (Vg )1 (Vg ) 2

U 12 = Vg
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CONSERVATIVE FORCES
Work done by conservative forces is
independent of the path
over which work is done.

U12 = V ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) V ( x2 , y2 , z 2 )
For short

U12 = V1 V2

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For any conservative force

r r
F dr = 0
An elemental work corresponding
to an elemental displacement

dU = V ( x , y , z ) V ( x + dx , y + dy , z + dz )
dU = dV ( x, y, z )

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dU = dV ( x, y, z )

V
Fx dx + Fy dy + Fz dz =
dx +
dy +
dz
y
z
x

V
Fx =
x

V
Fy =
y
V
Fz =
z
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r
V V V

F = Fx i + Fy j + Fz k =
i+
j+
y
z
x

The vector in the parentheses is known as the

gradient of the scalar function V.

r
F = grad V
r
F = V

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CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
Kinetic plus Potential

When a particle is acted upon by a system of conservative

forces, the work done by these forces is conserved and the
sum of kinetic energy and potential energy remains constant.
As the particle moves, kinetic energy is converted to potential
energy and vice versa.
This principle is called the principle of conservation of energy
and is expressed as
T1 + V1 = T2 + V2

T1 stands for the kinetic energy at state 1 and V1 is the

potential energy function for state 1. T2 and V2 represent these
energy states at state 2.
Recall, the kinetic energy is defined as T = mv 2.

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APPLICATIONS OF THE PRINCIPLE OF

WORK AND ENERGY
Wish to determine velocity of pendulum
bob at A2. Consider work & kinetic
energy.
T1 + U12 = T2
1W 2
0 + Wl =
v2
2 g
v2 = 2 gl
Velocity found without determining expression for acceleration and
integrating.

All quantities are scalars and can be added directly.

Forces which do no work are eliminated from the problem.
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 Principle of work and energy cannot be

applied to directly determine the acceleration
of the pendulum bob.
Calculating the tension in the cord requires
supplementing the method of work and
energy with an application of Newtons
second law.
As the bob passes through A2 ,

Fn = m an
v22
l
W 2 gl
P =W +
= 3W
g l

W
P W =
g
v2 = 2 gl
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Problem Solving Technique

To solve a particle dynamics problem with workenergy method
Draw the free-body diagram of the object and
include all forces acting on the object.
List the forces and calculate the work done by
each force.
Determine the initial and final kinetic energy.
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Example
What is the kinetic energy of a 45 kg object moving at 13
m/sec?
1. First we identify the information we are given in the problem:



mass = 45 kg
velocity = 13 m/sec

2. Next, we place this information into the kinetic energy formula:




KE = 1/2 mv2
KE = 1/2 (45 kg)(13 m/sec)2

3. Solving the equation gives a kinetic energy value of

3802.5 J.

Note: The unit for energy is the same as for work: the Joule (J).

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Example

The kinetic energy of a boat is calculated at 52,000 J. If the boat has

a mass of 39,000 kg, with what velocity is it moving?
1. We identify the information given in the problem:



KE = 52,000 J
mass = 39,000 kg

2. We now place the information into the kinetic energy formula:





KE = 1/2 mv2
52,000 J = 1/2 (39,000 kg)(v)2
52,000 J/(1/2 x 39,000 kg) = v2

Solving the equation gives a velocity value of 1.63 m/sec.

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Example
A 37 N object is lifted to a height of 3 meters. What is the
potential energy of this object?
1. Identify the information given to you in the problem:



weight = 37 N
height = 3 meters

2. Insert the information into the gravitational potential

energy formula:



GPE = weight x height

GPE = 37 N x 3 meters

3. Solving the problem gives a potential energy value of

111 J.

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Example
A 30 kg child climbs 15 meters up a tree. When he stops to have a look around,
what is the childs potential energy?
1. First we identify the information provided in the problem:
mass = 30 kg
height = 15 meters
2. Right away, you should note that you are not given the weight of the child, but rather
the mass. First you must convert the childs mass to his corresponding weight on
Earth.
weight = mass x gravity
weight = 30 kg x 9.8 m/sec2
weight = 294 N
3. Now, insert the information for weight and height into the gravitational potential
energy formula:
GPE = weight x height
GPE = 294 N x 15 meters
4. Solving the problem gives a potential energy value of 4410 J.

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Example Problem Energy

A 45 kg block is slide a distance of 3
m along a horizontal surface by a
constant force F = 200 N , incline 30o
to horizontal. The coefficient of
sliding friction is = 0.30
1) Determine the normal and tangential forces the surface
exerts on the block.
2) Determine the work done by each force that acts on the
block as it slides 3 m.
3) Determine the total work done on the block.
4) Assuming that the block starts from rest, determine the
speed of the block when it has traveled 3 m.
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Solution
Draw the free-body diagram
of the problem, the block will
slide only in the x direction
therefore

o
F
=
N

W
+
P
sin
30
( )=0
y

N = ( 45 kg ) ( 9.81 m/s 2 ) ( 200 N ) sin ( 30o )

N = 341.45 N
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The force F is defined as

F = N = ( 0.30 )( 341.45 N )
= 102.44 N

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The work done by the components

r r
U = F s

(
=(
=(
=(

Uw =
UN
UF
UP

r
r
441.45 N j 3 m i = 0
r
r
341.45 N j 3 m i = 0
r
r
102.44 N i 3 m i = 307.32 N-m
r
r
r
o
o
200 N cos ( 30 ) i + 200 N sin ( 30 ) j 3 m i = 519.62 N-m

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The total work done

U12 = 307.32 N-m + 519.62 N-m
= 212.30 N-m

This is the same as

U12 = ( Fx ) ( r )

= 200 N cos ( 30o ) 102.44 N ( 3 m )

= 212.30 N-m

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The kinetic energy(initially) is zero,

so

T1 + U12 = T2

0 + 212.3 N-m = ( 22.5 kg ) v

2
2

v2 = 3.07 m/s
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The kinetic energy(initially) is zero,

so

T1 + U12 = T2

This is the same as

1 2 1
T2 = mv2 = ( 45 kg ) v22
2
2
= 22.5 kg v22
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Linear momentum & impulse

Examples of impulses being

applied on everyday objects

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Momentum and Impulse

Momentum:
 p = m v a vector
 units: kg m / s
F=ma
F t = m a t
F t = m v
F t = p

multiply both sides by t

note a t = v

Impulse:
 I = F t also a vector
 I = p

Favet I = pf - pi = p
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08

IMPULS AND MOMENTUM

Look at the given pictures.

If both the car and the truck have same speed, which one can be stopped
first?
Of course all you say, it is hard to stop truck relative to car.
Well, what is the reason making car stop easier?
They have same speed but different masses.
Can mass effect the stopping time or distance?
The answer is again YES! It is hard to stop heavier objects.
What we are talking about so far is momentum

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Momentum
Momentum can be defined as "mass in
motion." All objects have mass; so if an
object is moving, then it has momentum

Momentum depends upon the variables
mass and velocity

Momentum = mass * velocity

p=m*v

where m = mass and v=velocity

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Momentum is a vector quantity

To fully describe the momentum of a 5-kg
bowling ball moving westward at 2 m/s,
you must include information about both
the magnitude and the direction of the
bowling ball

p=m*v

p = 5 kg * 2 m/s west

p = 10 kg * m / s west

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Check Your Understanding

Determine the momentum of a ...

60-kg halfback moving eastward at 9 m/s.

p


= mv = 60 kg ( 9 m/s )
540 kg *m /s east

Given: m = 60Kg
v= 9 m/s

1000-kg car moving northward at 20 m/s.

= mv = 1000 kg ( 20 m/s ) Find :
 20,000 kg *m /s north
momentum (p)
p

Given: m = 1000Kg
v= 20 m/s

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Momentum and Impulse

Connection

To stop such an object, it is necessary to apply a

force against its motion for a given period of time

J = F (t) = m v
g
n
a
h
C
=
e
s
l
u
Imp

m
u
t
n
e
m
o
m
n
i
e

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Check Your Understanding

If the halfback experienced a force of 800
N for 0.9 seconds to the north, determine
Given: F = 800 N
the impulse
t = 0.9 s

J=F(t)=mv
Find :

800N ( 0.9s ) = 720 N*s
Impulse (J)

the impulse was 720 N*s or

a momentum change of 720 kg*m/s

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Impulse Question #2
A 0.10 Kg model rockets engine is
designed to deliver an impulse of 6.0 N*s.
If the rocket engine burns for 0.75 s, what
is the average force does the engine
produce?
Given: F = 800 N

J=F(t)=mv
t = 0.9 s

6.0 N*s = F ( 0.75s )
Find :

6.0 N*s/ 0.75s = F
Average

8.0 N = F
Force

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Impulse Question # 3
A Bullet traveling at 500 m/s is brought to
rest by an impulse of 50 N*s. What is the
Given: v = 500 m/s
mass of the bullet?
J = 50 N*s

J=F(t)=mv
Find :

50 N*s = m ( 500 m/s 0 m/s )
m=?
2

50 kg-m/s *s / 500 m/s = m

.1 kg = m

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Summary
the impulse experienced by an object is
the force*time

the momentum change of an object is the
mass*velocity change

the impulse equals the momentum change

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Momentum is a physical concept that is defined as moving body.

In other words for talking about momentum we must have moving object, it
must have both mass and velocity.
Let me formulize what we said;
Momentum=Mass X Velocity
We show momentum in physics with p, mass with m and velocity with
v. Then equation becomes;
p=m.v
Since velocity is a vector quantity and multiplied with mass (scalar quantity)
momentum becomes also vector quantity. It has both magnitude and
direction.
Direction of momentum is the same as velocity.
From the definition and given equation we can change momentum by
changing its mass or changing its velocity.
Unit of the momentum is kg m/s as you can guess from the equation.

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Example
Calculate the momentum of the give objects.
A basketball ball having 2kg mass and 6m/s
velocity moves to the east

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Example
A car having 15m/s velocity and 1500kg
mass moves to the north

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Example
A child having mass 25kg and velocity 2m/s
moves to the west

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Impulse

We discussed above the factors changing momentum which are

mass and velocity.
In most of the case mass is constant and for momentum change
velocity changes. If velocity changes then acceleration occurs.
In the first unit we said that force causes acceleration in other words
change in the velocity is the result of applied net force.
Change in the velocity is proportional to the applied net force.
If it is big then change is also big.
Another important thing is the time of applied force. How long does it
act on an object?
It is linearly proportional to the change in velocity.
If you apply a force on an object 1 s then you see small change in
the momentum

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However, if you apply force on an object long period of time then

you see the amount of change in momentum is bigger than the first
situation.
In summary, that impulse is the multiplication of applied force and
time interval it applied.
Impulse is also a vector quantity having both magnitude and
direction. It has the same direction with applied net force.
Impulse=Force.Time Interval
Impulse and momentum are directly related to each other.
Lets find this relation now.

As you can see, we found that impulse is equal to the change in momentum
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Example
1.

If the time of force application is 5s find the

impulse of the box given below

2. Find applied force which makes 10m/s change

in the velocity of the box in 5s if the mass
of the box is 4kg

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PRINCIPLE OF IMPULSE AND

MOMENTUM
r d
r
F = ( mv )
dt
t2 r
r
r
mv2 mv1 = Fdt = Imp12
t1

t2 r
r
r
mv1 + Fdt = mv2
t1

For a system of particles

external impulses are considered only
(remember Newton
s third law)
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If no external forces act on the particles then

r
r
mv2 = mv1

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IMPULSE MOTION
Non-impulsive forces can be neglected for they are small
in comparison (usually) to the impulsive forces.
If it is not known for sure that the forces are small,
then include them.

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Impulsive Motion
Force acting on a particle during a very
short time interval that is large enough
to cause a significant change in
momentum is called an impulsive force.
When impulsive forces act on a
particle,

r
r
r
mv1 + Ft = mv2

When a baseball is struck by a bat,

contact occurs over a short time
interval but force is large enough to
change sense of ball motion.
Nonimpulsive forces are forces for
which
r
F t is small and therefore, may be
neglected.
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Angular momentum

Angular momentum:
Describes the quantity of angular motion.
Is a rigid body pivoted about a fixed axis has a
vector L (can be H) that has a magnitude L = I
Where I = moment of inertia and angular
velocity vector.
The rate of change in the angular momentum of a
system about a fixed line is equal to the total
moment of the external forces about this line.
The net torque acting on a body is equal to the
time rate of change of the bodys angular
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momentum.

Outline

Angular momentum

Angular impulse

Conservation of
angular momentum
within a system

Vector resolution of
angular momentum

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Angular momentum

Angular momentum is really mathematically motion

in a circle rather than one planer motion. The body
moving around the circle has tangential velocity at
any instance so its momentum is mass x velocity.
The body rotating in a circle stays a constant
distance from the centre of the circle (axis of
rotation) and it is this perpendicular distance (radius
of the circle) multiplied by the linear momentum
which is angular momentum about an axis through
the centre of the circle, perpendicular to the plane of
rotation.
Ang. Momentum = mr2
Note v = r
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Angular momentum

Therefore, the greater the radius of the circle for

a given angular speed the greater the tangential
speed around the circle.
Hence, when throwing a hammer or a discus,
the angle of release is inclined to maximum
range (theoretically 45) and is released at the
correct point in its arc, then the greatest
tangential velocity for a given turning speed will
be given when the turning circle has the
greatest radius.
Mechanically the best throws come from the
greatest rotational speed and the longest
radius.
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Angular momentum

If a body is moving around a circle with constant

angular speed, so does not change with time,
the body will have a radial acceleration (pulling
in) but there will be no tangential acceleration.
Therefore, to make a body turn in an angular
motion at constant tangential speed a centre
pulling force is required.
Note: The pulling in force is centripetal force.
Fc = m v2
r
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Radial and Tangential acceleration

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Angular impulse

To angularly accelerate a body a net eccentric

external torque must be applied. The amount
of torque and the time it is applied is
collectively called angular impulse.

Angular impulse is the change in angular

momentum equal to the product of torque and
the time interval over which the torque acts.
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Angular impulse

The magnitude of the angular impulse acting

on the body determines the change in the
angular momentum.

Torque (T) x time (t) = Change in angular

momentum (L)

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Angular impulse

If an eccentric force (offset from centre of

mass) acts for a time before takeoff, it will
create a linear motion of the bodys centre of
gravity and a rotation of that body about the
centre of gravity of that body.

The magnitude of the velocity of rotation will

be determined in part by the magnitude of the
force, the perpendicular distance of the line of
force from the centre of gravity axis and the
length of time the force is applied.
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Principle of Impulse and Momentum (19.2)

As in the case of particle motion, the principle of
impulse and momentum for a rigid body is developed by
combining the equation of motion with kinematics. The
resulting equations allow a direct solution to problems
involving force, velocity, and time.
Linear impulse-linear momentum equation:
t2

L1 +

t2

t F dt = L2

or (mvG)1 +

F dt = (mvG)2

Angular impulse-angular momentum equation:

t2

(HG)1 +

t2

t MG dt = (HG)2

or IG1 + MG dt = IG2

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Linear Impulse and Angular Impulse

Ft = mv and t = I

A net force acting for a period of time

produces a linear impulse that results in
a change in linear momentum.
Likewise, a net torque acting for a period
of time produces an angular impulse that
results in a change in angular
momentum.
Where angular momentum is the product
of the moment of inertia and angular
velocity.
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Work Some Example Problems

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Conservation of Angular
Momentum
Just as linear momentum is conserved
when no external forces act on a
system, angular momentum is
conserved when no external torques act
on a system.

Understanding the above statement is
unimaginably crucial to your success.

This would be the case when a system
is freely rotating on a turntable, or
travelling through the air.

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Conservation of Angular
Momentum

t = I

If,

If there is no change in angular momentum,

then

ITotal = Constant

t = 0

then

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I = 0

99

Spinning Figure Skater

(Big I, small )

(Small I, big )
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Turntable Example
ITotal = I11

I22 =

Person and top of turntable

Bicycle Wheel

1. ITotal = 50
2. ITotal = 0
3. ITotal = -50

Constant

0 = 50

Arbitrary
Values

50 = 50

100 = 50
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Long Jump Example

The forces acting on the foot at take-off produce a
torque about the jumpers CofG. This torque will
produce forward angular momentum causing the
jumper to pitch forward in the air.

C of G

Friction Force
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Long Jump Hitch Kick

Notice how the right arm and leg rotate counter-clock wise
to prevent the trunk from pitching forward.
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Moment of Inertia and Angular

Momentum
With most activities, a greater amount of
angular momentum can be put into a
system that has a high moment of
inertia.

This is partly due to the force-velocity
properties of human muscle.

An example would be spinning a person
on a turn table with the arms
outstretched as opposed to tucked in.

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Generating Angular Momentum

with an External Torque
Generating the greatest amount of
angular momentum prior to leaving the
ground is important in such events as
figure skating.

To maximize the amount of angular
momentum generated prior to take-off,
the athlete should maximize their moment
of inertia about the axis they are trying to
rotate about.

This would be the longitudinal axis in
figure skating.

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Generating Angular
Momentum
The increase in (I) means that for any given torque the athletes body
will take a longer time to rotate which means a longer time for the
torque to act which leads to a greater change in angular momentum
Small (I) means less I
Torque

Large (I) about longitudinal Torque

axis prior to jump
This means an external
torque can be applied to
his body for longer time

Large (I) means more I

Time
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Applications (section 19.3)

A skater spends a lot of time either spinning on the ice or

rotating through the air. To spin fast, or for a long time, the
skater must develop a large amount of angular momentum.

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Applications (section 19.3)

continued

Conservation of angular momentum allows ice skaters to

spin faster or slower, cats to land on their feet, and divers to
flip, twist, spiral and turn. It also helps teachers make their
heads spin!
Conservation of angular momentum makes water circle the
drain faster as it gets closer to the drain.
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Example

Ans: 60 kg.m2/s

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Example

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