Contents

Adhesive science

Structure of enamel

Adv/disadv of banding & bonding

Direct bonding

Broad Rationale of Adhesive Science

Charect. Req.& prop. Of orthod. material

molecular

structural

Why do materials cohere at all?

Broad Rationale of Adhesive Science

Range of attractive forces that may

operate in & b/w molecules
Covalent bonds
Hydrogen bonds
Weak intermolecular forces
Self coherent solids
Gold & waxes
Welding & brazing

Broad Rationale of Adhesive Science

Most other solids (tooth & ortho brackets)

Surface forces operate very short dist &
rapidly with inverse 6th 7th power of
separation
Solids- micro. rough

Broad Rationale of Adhesive Science

FLUID AGENT
Contact angle

Smaller contact angle

Viscosity

Larger contact angle

Broad Rationale of Adhesive Science

PHASE CHANGE
Physical means
Chemical setting mechanism
Dimensionally stable
Volumetric expansion/shrinkage

Broad Rationale of Adhesive Science

Adhesion :-- Attraction b/w unlike molecules

Cohesion :-- Attraction b/w like molecules

Mechanical bonding:-- Strong attachment of 2

substances accomplished mechanically rather
than by molecular attraction.
penetration of adhesive into micro & submicro
irregularities

BONDING= ADHESION+ATTACHMENT

Enamel

Highly mineralized tissue

Hardest tissue in human body

Clinically visible

No regenerative capacity

Morphology of Enamel

Enamel prisms (rods) 5-12 million

Extend from DEJ to outer surface
Prismless enamel

Morphology of Enamel

Longitudinal section under microscope

Wider Prisms

Narrower Prism tail

Morphology of Enamel

Cross section under electron microscope

- Keyhole pattern or fishlike apperance.

Morphology of Enamel

Keyhole pattern

Head incisal region

Tail cervical region

Prisms contain
hydroxyapatite crystals

Morphology of Enamel

Hydroxyapatite crystals

- Run parallel to long axis

of prism and become
perpendicular as they
approach tail.

Acquired pellicle

Precipitation of salivary glycoproteins

Removed by pumicing

Reform almost immediately

Factors affecting enamel solubility

Pre eruptive factors

Post eruptive factors

Factors affecting enamel solubility

Pre eruptive factors

Affect chemical and histological characteristics

- Hypoplasia
- Hypocalcification
- Fluorosis

Factors affecting enamel solubility

Post eruptive factors

- Topically applied fluorides

- Organic pellicle
- Plaque

Factors affecting bonding to ideally

etched surface

Patient

- salivary contamination
- contact with lips and
tongue
- exhalation vapor

Operator
- oil / water via spray
- rubbing /touching
etched surface

Direct Bonding: Past and present

BANDING

- W.E. Magill 1871

Negative factors
- Time and skill
- Impacted / partially erupted teeth
- Decalcification / discoloration
- Gingival irritation
- Closure of band spaces
- Unaesthetic
- Placement of separators is painful

The goal was to have brackets, tubes and

other attachments directly cemented on
the tooth surface to eliminate problems
encountered with metal bands.

Banding preferred to bonding

Teeth that receive heavy intermittent forces eg.

Upper 1st molar

Teeth that need both labial and lingual

attachments

Teeth with short clinical crowns

Teeth surfaces difficult to bond eg. Amalgam

rest., Porcelain rest., Fluorosed teeth.

Advantages of bonding

Esthetics
Faster and simpler
Less patient discomfort
Arch length not increased
No band space closure
Partially erupted or
fractured teeth can be controlled
Lingual orthodontics

Advantages of bonding

Interproximal enamel reduction and composite build

up possible

Bond artificial tooth surface

Caries risk eliminated

Bracket may be recycled

More hygienic

Disadvantages of bonding

Weaker than bands

Better access for cleaning

does not guarantee better

No protection against
interproximal caries

Rebonding > recementing

Debonding > debanding

Bonding Procedure

Cleaning
Enamel conditioning

moisture control

Sealing
Bonding

enamel pretreatment

Cleaning

Remove organic pellicle and plaque.

Pumicing using rubber cup / polishing brush

REISNER et al
Buccal surfaces lightly abraded with TC bur at slow
speed (25000rpm) > Pumicing for 10 sec.

Enamel conditioning
1. Moisture control
Lip expanders
Cheek retractor
Saliva ejectors
Tongue guards
Salivary duct
obstructors(dri-angles)
Cotton or gauze rolls
AntisialagoguesBanthine, probanthine

Enamel conditioning
2.Enamel pretreatment

Acid etching

Other alternatives to acid etching

1. Crystal growth
2. Sand blasting / Air abrasion
3. Laser etching

Acid Etching

1955 Buonocore - 85% phosphoric acid for

30 sec.
37% phosphoric acid 15 - 60 sec
Nordenvall et al - 15 sec for deciduous & young
permanent teeth
30 60 sec for adult teeth
Longer periods less bond strength due to loss
of enamel structure

Acid Etching
Procedure
Isolation
Gentle application of etchant
should not be rubbed
Rinsed with water spray
Dry with moisture and oil free source ( pref with chip
blower)
Avoid salivary contamination if it occurs, re etch the
tooth.

Acid Etching

Dull frosty white appearance

Teeth that do not appear dull and frosty white

should be re - etched

Acid Etching

Alternative acids for etching

- 10% Phosphoric acid
- 10% Maleic acid
- 2.5% Nitric acid
- Polyacrylic acid

Most widely used is 30 50% ( 37%) phosphoric

acid

Rationale of etching

Gwinnet, Matsui and Buonocore & others

Primary attachment mechanism of resin is resin
tags.
Micromechanical bond

Rationale of etching

Removes about 3-10 microns of enamel surface

Etching also increases the wetability and surface
area of the enamel substrate.
Resin tag penetrate upto the depth of 80 um or
more

Conc. Of etchant
Most widely used concns. of phosphoric acid
from 30% - 50% with an application of 30 -60
seconds.
20 50% / 60 sec. Most retentive surface
( Silverstone )
> 50% phosphoric acid
Monocalcium phosphate monohydrate
< 27% phosphoric acid
Dicalcium phosphate dihydrate

Acid for etching

Maleic
10%
similar

Bond st

Morphological
pattern
similar

Depth of etched
surface
less

Phosphoric
37%
similar

Nitric acid
2.5%
less effective

Patterns of etching
According to Retief
Type 1
- Selective removal of enamel prism cores
- Peripheries intact (honey comb app.)

Patterns of etching

Type 2
- Reverse process
- Peripheries removed
- Cores intact (cobble stone app.)

Patterns of etching

Type 3
- surface loss w/o exposing underlying prisms

Effects of enamel etching time on

morphology
Barkmeier,Gwinnett & Shaffer JCO January
1985

The morphology of enamel following etching for

15 or 60 secs. differed only in the amount of
gross enamel loss with 50% phosphoric acid

No morphological differences in the pattern or

character of the etched enamel rods.

Bond strength with various etching

times
Wang et al AJO-DO July 1991

Compared the tensile bond strength at various

etching times 15, 30, 60, 90, 120 secs
37% Phosphoric acid
TBS was not statistically different for 15, 30, 60,
90 secs
TBS decreased 120 secs
Amount of enamel fragments increased in
proportion to the length of the etching times
Optimal etching time should be 15sec

Variations in acid-etch patterns with

different acids and etch times
Alastair Gardner, Ross Hobson, AJO 2001

Compared the enamel etch patterns produced by

37% phosphoric acid and 2.5% Nitric acid for 15,
30 & 60 secs
Concluded
- 37% phosphoric acid > 2.5% nitric acid for all
three applications
-optimum time for applying 37% phosphoric acid is
30 sec

Acid etching in pri. teeth

Outer 30um of pri. Enamel is prism less no

uniform etch

Higher organic content

Prism rods approach the surface at greater angle

Acid etching in pri. teeth

STUDIES:
SILVERSTONE:- 120 sec etch necessary to
establish proper enamel porosity
MUELLER(1977):- By increasing the etch time
an increase in tag formation was seen
NORDENVELL et al :- Compared pri. Young &
mature perm. Teeth using var. etch times b/w 1560 sec. found that 15 sec gave greatest surface
irreg. in pri. teeth.
REDFORD:- etch time of 15 sec with 38% phos
acid was adeq for pri. teeth.

Commonly asked questions

Should the etch cover the entire facial enamel or

only a small portion outside the bracket pad?

Are gels preferable to solutions?

What is the optimal etching time? Is it different for

young and old teeth?

Is sandblasting as effective as acid etching?

What is the preferred procedure for deciduous

teeth?

Is prolonged etching necessary when teeth are

pretreated with fluoride?

Will incorporation of fluorides in the etching soln

increase the resistance of enamel to caries attack?

Is etching permissible on teeth with internal white

spots?

How much enamel is removed by etching and how

deep are the histologic alterations? Are they
reversible? Is etching harmful?

Should other means than acid etching( e.g. crystal

growth ) be preferred?

Alternatives to acid etching

Crystal growth

Sand blasting / Air abrasion

Laser etching

Iatrogenic factors
Maijer & Smith 1986 AJO-DO
1.Loss of enamel caused by etching
10-20 um lost - acid etch
6-50 um lost - after debonding
2.Retention of resin tags discoloration of enamel
Resin tags 80um or more
U/V cured resin didnt contain u/v absorber

Iatrogenic factors
Maijer & Smith 1986 AJO-DO
3.Leakage at the bracket interface Bracket
corrosion and staining
Small pores pathway for bact., stains etc.
Ceen & gwinnett and maijer & smith stain due
to biodgradation of the metals

Iatrogenic factors
Maijer & Smith 1986 AJO-DO
4.Enamel loss fracturing of enamel at time of
debonding.
Reported by Reteif(1974) and Reteif &
Denys(1979)
5.A rougher surface with enamel cracks
2 step procedure should be used
st
1 step debonding pliers,hand instru,u/s
scalers
nd
2 step abrasive cups/discs with polishing
medium

Iatrogenic factors
Maijer & Smith 1986 AJO-DO
6.A softer enamel surface with lower fluoride
content, more predisposed to decalcification
Acquired fluoride 10um

BONDING - I

Dr. Ashish Singh

Antisialogogues

Both tab. & injectable solns :

Banthine
pro- Banthine
Atropine sulfate
Excellent & rapid saliva flow restriction proBanthine---- no longer advised
Banthine tab. 50mg/45kg(100lb) body wt. in a
sugar free drink,15 min before bonding

SEM Study & SBS measurement with

5% & 37% phosphoric acid
AJO-DO oct,1995
Wasundhara A. Bhad, Pushpa V. Hazarey,
G.D.C.Nagpur

PURPOSE: To use an acid concn. Of H3PO4 that

yielded max. bond strength with minimal enamel
loss & to measure & compare the SBS b/w 5% &
37% H3PO4 with 60 sec acid etching time.

SAMPLE: 60 Premolars
1st grp 10 teeth, used to study etching pattern with
5% & 37% H3PO4
2nd grp 50 teeth, used to study & compare SBS
after etching with 5% & 37% H3PO4
CONCLUSION :
5%H3PO4 can be used for etching tooth surface
before bonding instead of 37% H3PO4 concn; as with
5%H3PO4, there is minimal enamel loss & bond
strength is not affected

Alternatives to acid etching

Crystal growth

Sand blasting / Air abrasion

Laser etching

Crystal growth

1st demonstrated by Smith & Cartz

Maijer & Smith 1979 did lot of work
Polyacrylic acid + sulfate ion long needle
shaped crystaline deposit
CALCIUM SULPHATE DIHYDRATE (Spherulitic
habit)

Crystal growth

Crystalline interface produced tensile bond

strength equivalent to conventional acid etched
surface.
Debonding fracture at crystal resin interface
Other soln Sulphuric acid anion ( more reliable
and uniform growth )

Crystal growth

MECHANISM OF RETENTION
Calcium sulphate crystals must enucleate from
bound calcium

To achieve this some etching is required

Enamel solubility ~ crystal enucleation

Mechanical attachment is created

around the crystalline interface
and superficially etched enamel.

Crystal growth

Artun and Bergland 1984

Sulphuric acid crystals not as long and needle
like as with polyacrylic acid but were rounder and
flatter.
Hence debonding was easier.

Advantages of Crystal growth

Debonding quicker and easier

No damage to enamel

Minimal effect on outer fluoride containing enamel

No resin tags left behind

Possibility of incorporating fluoride in crystal interface

anticariogenic action.

Crystal growth Procedure

One drop of viscous liquid placed on tooth surface

Left undisturbed for 30 sec
No mechanical agitation
Rinsed for 20 sec
Forceful water spray to be avoided as it will break
crystals
Dull whitish deposit
Bracket bonded in usual way.

Alternatives to acid etching

Crystal growth

Sand blasting / Air abrasion

Laser etching

Sand blasting / Air abrasion

Makes use of high speed stream of aluminium

oxide particles ( 50-90 um) propelled by air
pressure
Produces rough surface

Used for cavity preparation

Remove old composite resin

Improve the retentive surface of loose bracket

Sand blasting / Air abrasion

Could contribute to better bond strength with less

enamel loss
Factors affecting bond strength
Particle size
Air pressure
Exposure time
Microstructure of enamel surface

Sand blasting
Albert Feilzer,AJO Jan 2000

Compared bond strength and enamel loss b/w

sand blasting and conventional acid etching at
varying exposure times and air pressure

Enamel loss equal or less depend on time of

exposure and pressure

Bond strength
Sand blasting < Acid etching

Conclusion
Sandblasting

Crystal growth

Enamel loss

controlled by operator

Acid etching

remineralized

less

Bond strength
low than A E

Optimum

low than A E

Alternatives to acid etching

Crystal growth

Sand blasting / Air abrasion

Laser etching

Laser etching

LASER Light Amplification by Stimulated

Emission of Radiation

Maiman 1960 developed first laser

Generation of monochromatic, coherent &

collimated radiation by a suitable laser medium in a
optical resonator

Laser etching

Laser unit 3 elements

1.Lasing medium - liquid/solid/gas

2.Energy source - xenon flash lamp/electrical
discharge
3.Optical resonator- 3prop.

coherence

collimation

monochromacity

Laser etching

Laser etching
USE OF LASER SYSTEM

Soft & hard tissue lesions t/t

Caries prevention

Desensitization of teeth

Laser etching
Classification
According wavelength
1. UV range ( Krypton
fluoride, Argon fluoride)
2. Visible light ( Helium Neon,
argon laser )
3. Infrared range (carbon
dioxide , Nd: YAG )

Laser etching of enamel for direct

bonding
Von Fraunhofer 1993, No.1 AO

Phosphoric acid 30 sec.

4 power settings on the laser etching unit were used:
80mJ, 1W, 2W and 3W.
Melting and ablation of enamel surface (roughness)
Result
Acceptable shear bond strength,(0.6kg/mm), could
achieved at laser power settings of 1 to 3W but not at
the lowest setting (80 mJ).
Shear bond strengths lower than acid etching.

Laser etching
Dr. Francis 2001

Aim to compare tensile & shear bond strength

obtained by acid etching & krypton flouride excimer
laser.
KrF(440MJ/cms, 460 and 480)
Optimum bond strength achieved with 460 & 480
TBS - highest with 460 then480 & acid etching
SBS- highest with 480
both Least with 440
Adhesive more on E with acid etching

Bonding Procedure

Cleaning

Enamel conditioning

- Acid etching
- Crystal growth
- Sandblasting
- Laser etching
Sealing
Bonding

Sealing
Sealer / Primer / Intermediate resin
Low viscosity resin which is applied prior to bonding

VARIOUS CONCEPTS
l
l
l
l

Necessary to achieve proper bond strength

Resist. to microleakage
Both reasons
Not needed at all

Sealing

Sealants 2 types
light cured
chemically cured

CEEN & GWINNETT

Light cured sealant protect the enamel adjacent to
the brackets from dissolution & subsurface
lesions
Chemically cured polymerize poorly & have low
resist. to abrasion

Evaluation of sealant in Orthodontic

bonding
Wei Nan Wang et al AJO 1991

Evaluated the TBS with & w/o use of sealant

No statistically significant difference in the bond

strength of the two evaluated groups

The distributions of debonding interface between

groups were similar and also had no statistical
difference.

Sealant in the two-paste self polymerize bonding

system for enhanced strength is unnecessary.

Sealing

However the use of sealant

May offer extra protection to enamel during

debonding

As chances of enamel surface detachment

without use of sealant was greater.

Self Etch Primer

Traditional orthodontic bonding systems

Fourth-generation bonding systems such as(AllBond 2)

Fifth-generation bonding (Prime & Bond NT)

Etchant & Primer + Adhesive into one step.

Sixth-generation adhesive (Prompt L-Pop,

Transbond Plus Self Etching Primer)

Self Etch Primer

Prompt L Pop
Transbond self etch primer

Liquid begins to etch as soon as it is applied

Saves time

Self Etch Primer

Composition of Prompt L-Pop

Methacrylate phosphoric acid ester

Phosphine oxide
Parabenes
Stabilizer
A fluoride complex
Water

Procedure For Self Etch

Teeth are pumiced

Self etch primer gently swirled on to each enamel

surface for 2 to 5 secs

As pH rises , etchant is converted to primer

Primer is thinned with burst of air

No rinsing with water

Bracket then bonded in usual way.

Procedure for self etch primer

Self Etch Primer - studies

Rueggeberg et al (2000) - promt L-Pop w/o acid

etch produce = bond strength as conventional
bracket placement
Hitmi (2000)- no signi. diff b/w promt L-Pop &
37% phosphoric acid
Bergeron et al (2000)- resin enamel bond
strength of diff self etching primer including
promt L-Pop, was similar to or better than
multistep

Self Etch Primer - studies

Fritz et al(2001)- bonding with 3 self etching

primer(Clearfil SE Bond,Clearfil Liner Bond 2V&
Novabond)was = phos acid

Bishara et al(2001)- self etching primer prod a

signi lower, but clinic acceptable, SBS compared
to acid etch when Transbond XT composite used

Self Etch Primer - studies

SHADOW ET AL (2002 JCO)

clinical eval. bond failure rates with a new self
ething primer- Transbond Plus
Conclusion
Traditional AE 15 sec = etch & 15-20 sec =
rinsing.10 sec= primer + curing
Transbond Plus =3 sec
Bracket retention > traditional

Hydrophilic Primer ( MIP )

Bond failure moisture contamination

Hormati et al 50% decreased shear bond st

Hydrophilic primer ( HEMA & Maleic acid )dissolved

in acetone 3M Unitek.

Hydrophilic Primer ( MIP )

S.J. Little Wood et al JO 2000

Compared the bond strength of bracket bonded with

hydrophilic primer with conventional primer

Bond strength (6.43) was lower than conventional

primer (8.71)

Bracket bonded with hydrophilic primer were 3.96

times more at risk of failure.

Pre primed brackets

ADVANTAGES:

Consistent quality of adhesive

Reduced flash
Adequate bond strength
Less chances of contamination

Can be used in both direct & indirect tech.

Both metal & ceramic brackets are available

Bonding Procedure

Cleaning

Enamel conditioning

- Acid etching
- Crystal growth
- Sandblasting
- Laser etching
Sealing
Bonding

Bonding Procedure

Four steps
1.

Transfer

2.

Positioning

3.

Fitting

4.

Removal of excess

Bonding

TRANSFER

Adhesive put on
bracket base

Bracket placed on the

tooth closed to the
correct position

Bonding

POSITIONING

Proper vertical and

horizontal
positioning
( eg Using
placement scaler
with parallel edges)

Bonding

FITTING

Bracket firmly
pushed towards the
tooth surface with
one point contact

Bonding
REMOVAL OF EXCESS

Gingival irritation

Plaque build up

Better esthetics

Prevents staining and

discoloration

Bonding to Fluorosed teeth

Dr.Veeresh

Bonding to the fluorosed teeth is difficult with

conventional acid etching.

Aim to evaluate the shear bond strength of the

bracket to the fluorosed teeth by using a comb. of
sandblasting & acid etching

Bonding to Fluorosed teeth

Group 1 acid etching

Group 2 sandblasting
Group 3 - acid etching followed by sandblasting
Group 4 sandblasting then acid etching
Results
Only group 4 Bond strength slightly higher than
optimum (8.1Mpa)

Curing Lights

Tungsten quartz halogen light

Argon laser

Xenon plasma arc light

Light emitting diode curing units ( LED )

Pulsed xenon plasma arc light

Halogen Tungsten Quartz Curing

Light

Bulb quartz
Filament Tungsten
Gas Halogen

Selective filters blue light ( 400-500 micron)

40 seconds per bracket

15 minutes both arches

Halogen Tungsten Quartz Curing

Light
Disadvantages

Curing is time consuming

Light output < 1% of consumed electricity

Lifetime 100hrs

High heat - degrades components of bulb

Argon laser

Introduced in the late 80s &early 90s

Promised to reduce the curing time dramatically

480 microns wavelength

Curing time
3 secs per bracket
1 min both arches

Argon laser

KELSEY ,POWELL
To equal bond strength of 40 sec exposure by
conventional curing light, argon laser must cure
for 10 seconds

Disadvantages

Laser unit large

expensive

Xenon plasma arc light

Introduced in late 1990s

Short exposure time at lower cost

Curing time 3-5 sec per bracket

Higher intensity than conventional

Expensive argon laser > xenon plasma >

conventional light.

Comparison of efficiency of xenon

plasma light and conventional light
Sheldon Newman et al AJO 2001

Exposure time
40 secs conventional curing light
3,6 & 9 secs xenon plasma light
Bond strength
Xenon light > with longer exposure time
To equal bond strength of conventional curing
light the exposure time with xenon had to be 6
9 secs

Light emitting diode curing units

Mills 1995

Instead of hot filament Halogen bulb.

LED junction of doped semi conductors.

Light emitting diode curing units

Advantages:

Lifetime 10, 000 hrs

Requires no filters
Resist shock and vibration
Little power to operate
Newer GALLIUM NITRIDE ( LED ) 400500microns

Light emitting diode curing units

Mills et al ( BJO 1997 )
Compared light source containing LED to
Halogen units
Concluded LED curing units cured
composites to significantly greater depths
when tested at 40 & 60 sec

Light emitting diode curing units

Disadvantages

Their technology is new to orthodontics,

and the concept still is evolving.

Their curing time is slower than plasma arc

curing lights and some enhanced halogen
lights.

Light emitting diode curing units

Disadvantages
Their batteries must be recharged.

They cost more than do conventional

halogen lights.

They offer a relatively low intensity.

Polymerization of resin cement with

LED curing unit

William Dunn & Louis Taloumis

AJO sep 2002
Compared the shear bond strength of
orthodontic brackets bonded to teeth with
conventional halogen light and LED curing
units .
No diff in bond strength of orthodontic
brackets bonded to teeth with conventional
halogen light and LED curing units .

Light Emitting Diode Units

Dr.Ravitej

1.
2.

3.

Aim - Shear Bond Strength Evaluation of three

commercially Available Light Emitting Diode
Units
The 3 different LED sources used in the study
Elipar Freelight (3M/ESPE)
Bee Cool (Confident dental equipments,
Bangalore)
Apoza (Meghna and Co., Bangalore)

1.
2.

3.

3 different LED sources used in the study

Elipar Freelight (3M/ESPE)
Bee Cool (Confident dental equipments,
Bangalore)
Apoza (Meghna and Co., Bangalore)

Study sample -- 70 non-carious extracted

upper premolar teeth
Divided into 7 groups of 10 each

Group I
Elipar Freelight

Group II-IV
Group V-VII
Bee Cool (Confident)
Apoza

Results
Bond strength of G I and G IV samples fall in the
optimal range.
Bond strength values of other groups were
suboptimal.

Group I sample (Elipar Freelight-10s,

3M/ESPE) can be considered most suitable

Group IV sample (Bee Cool-20s, Confident

dental equipments, Bangalore) can also be
considered appropriate

References

Orthodontics current principles & techniques: Graber

& Vanarsdall, 3rd Ed
Philips science of dental materials 11th Ed
Contemporary orthodontics: Proffit 3rd Ed
Orthodontic Materials Scientific & Clinical Aspects:
William A. Brantley,Theodore Eliades
SEM Study & SBS measurement with 5% & 37%
phosphoric acid - AJO-DO oct,1995 Wasundhara
A. Bhad, Pushpa V. Hazarey, G.D.C.Nagpur

References

Air abrasion tech vs conventional acid etching

tech.- AJO-DO Jan 2000- Wandela L. et al
Laser etching of enamel for direct bondingAO,1993 no.1- Von Fraunhofer et al
Clinical trials with crystal growth- AJO-DO Apr
1984 Artun and Bergland
crystal growth on outer enamel surface- AJO-DO
March 1986- Maijer & Smith
Thesis on Laser etching - Dr. Francis
Thesis on Bonding to Fluorosed teeth Dr.Veeresh

References

Bond strength with various etching times on

young perm teeth- AJO-DO Jul 1991- Wang &
Chau Lu
Effect of enamel etching time on bond strength &
morphology- JCO Jan 1985- Wayne et al
Lab.& clinical evaluation of self etching primer
JCO Jan 2001- Robert A. Miller
Variation in acid etch patterns with diff acids &
etch time AJO-DO Jul 2001- Alastair Gardner et
al

References

Clinical evaluation of bond failure rates with a

new self etching primer- JCO Dec 2002- Shadow
Asgari et al
Rapid curing of bonding with xenon plasma arc
light - AJO-DO Jun 2001- Oesterle, Sheldon,
Newman et al
Evaluation of sealant in ortho bonding- AJO-DO
Sep 1991- Wei Nan Wang
Bond strength comparison of MIP- AJO-DO Sep
2002- Shane & Timothy