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MachineDesign:LESSON14DESIGNOFSHAFTS

LESSON14DESIGNOFSHAFTS

14.1Introduction
Shaft is a common machine element which is used to transmit rotary motion or
torque.Itgenerallyhascircularcrosssectionandcanbesolidorhollow.Shaftsare
supported on the bearings and transmit torque with the help of gears, belts and
pulleys etc. Shafts are generally subjected to bending moment, torsion and axial
forceoracombinationofthesethree.Sotheshaftsaredesigneddependinguponthe
combination of loads it is subjected to. Spindle stub and axle are some important
typesofshaft.Smallshaftiscalledspindle.Shaftintegralpartoftheprimemoveris
calledstubshaft.Anaxleisanonrotatingmemberthatcarriesnotorqueandisused
to support rotating wheels, pulleys etc. And therefore is subjected to bending
momentonly.

14.2ShaftMaterials
Hotrolledplaincarbonsteelistheleastexpensivematerialusedforshafts.These
essentiallyrequiremachiningtoremovethescalesofhotrollingprocess.Coldrolled
plaincarbonsteelprovidesbetteryieldstrengthandendurancestrengthbutthecold
workinginducesresidualstresses.Surfaceissmoothinthiscaseandamountof
machiningthereforeisminimal.Itisusedforgeneralpurposetransmissionshafts.When
ashaftistoworkundersevereloadingandcorrosiveconditionsandrequiremore
strength,alloysteelsareused,generallyhavingNi,Cr,MoandVasalloyingelements.
Alloysteelsareexpensive.Sometimesshaftsareheattreatedtoimprovehardnessand
shockresistanceandsurfacehardeningtechniquesarealsousedifhighwearresistanceis
therequirement.Astheshaftstransmittingpoweraresubjectedtofatigueloading,
thereforehigherfactorofsafetyof3to4isusedonthebasisofyieldstrengthforstatic
loadanalysis.
14.3DesignofShafts
Shaftsaredesignedonthebasisofstrengthorrigidityorboth.Designbasedonstrength
istoensurethatstressatanylocationoftheshaftdoesnotexceedthematerialyield
stress.Designbasedonrigidityistoensurethatmaximumdeflection(becauseof
bending)andmaximumtwist(duetotorsion)oftheshaftiswithintheallowablelimits.
Rigidityconsiderationisalsoveryimportantinsomecasesforexamplepositionofagear
mountedontheshaftwillchangeiftheshaftgetsdeflectedandifthisvalueismorethan
someallowablelimit,itmayleadtohighdynamicloadsandnoiseinthegears.
Indesigningshaftsonthebasisofstrength,thefollowingcasesmaybeconsidered:
(a)Shaftssubjectedtotorque
(b)Shaftssubjectedtobendingmoment
(c)Shaftssubjectedtocombinationoftorqueandbendingmoment
(d)Shaftssubjectedtoaxialloadsinadditiontocombinationoftorqueandbending
moment

14.3.1ShaftsSubjectedtoTorque
Maximumshearstressdevelopedinashaftsubjectedtotorqueisgivenby,

whereT=Twistingmoment(ortorque)actingupontheshaft,
J=Polarmomentofinertiaoftheshaftabouttheaxisofrotation
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MachineDesign:LESSON14DESIGNOFSHAFTS

=
=

forsolidshaftswithdiameterd
forhollowshaftswithdoanddiasouterandinnerdiameter.

r=Distancefromneutralaxistotheoutermostfibre=d/2(ordo/2)
Sodimensionsoftheshaftsubjectedtotorquecanbedeterminedfromaboverelation
foraknownvalueofallowableshearstress,[].
14.3.2ShaftsSubjectedtoBendingMoment
Maximumbendingstressdevelopedinashaftisgivenby,

whereM=BendingMomentactingupontheshaft,
I=Momentofinertiaofcrosssectionalareaoftheshaftabouttheaxisof
rotation
=
=
diameter.

forsolidshaftswithdiameterd
forhollowshaftswithdoanddiasouterandinner

y=Distancefromneutralaxistotheoutermostfibre=d/2(ordo/2)
Sodimensionsoftheshaftsubjectedtobendingmomentcanbedeterminedfrom
aboverelationforaknownvalueofallowabletensilestress,[].
14.3.3ShaftsSubjectedtoCombinationofTorqueandBendingMoment
Whentheshaftissubjectedtocombinationoftorqueandbendingmoment,principal
stressesarecalculatedandthendifferenttheoriesoffailureareused.Bendingstress
andtorsionalshearstresscanbecalculatedusingtheaboverelations.

MaximumShearStressTheory
Maximumshearstressisgivenby,

iscalledequivalenttorque,Te,suchthat

MaximumPrincipalStressTheory

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MachineDesign:LESSON14DESIGNOFSHAFTS

MaximumPrincipalStressTheory
Maximumprincipalstressisgivenby,

iscalledequivalentbendingmoment,Me,suchthat

A.S.M.E.CodeforShaftDesign
AccordingtoA.S.M.E.code,thebendingandtwistingmomentaretobe
multipliedbyfactorskbandktrespectively,toaccountforshockandfatiguein
operatingcondition.Therefore,iftheshaftissubjectedtodynamicloading,
equivalenttorqueandequivalentbendingmomentwillbecome:

and

Table14.1Valuesofkbandktfordifferenttypesofloading

Graduallyappliedload

kb

kt

1.5

1.0

Suddenlyappliedload(minorshock) 1.52.0 1.01.5

1
Suddenlyappliedload

2.03.0

.53.0

14.3.4ShaftsSubjectedtoAxialLoadsinadditiontoCombinationofTorqueand
BendingMoment
TensileStressduetoaxialloadisgivenby,
where,P=axialloadactingontheshaft
A=crosssectionalareaoftheshaft
Asnatureofthebendingstressandthisaxialstressissame,thesecanbevectorially
addedforanylocationontheshaft,soastogettheresultanttensile/compressive
stress,whichcanthenbeusedtofindtheprincipalstressesinthe
shaft.
14.3.5DesignofShaftonthebasisofRigidity
14.3.5.1TorsionalRigidity
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MachineDesign:LESSON14DESIGNOFSHAFTS

14.3.5.1TorsionalRigidity
Forashaftsubjectedtwistingmoment,theangleoftwistisgivenby,

Where,T=Torqeapplied
L=Lengthoftheshaft
J=Polarmomentofinertiaoftheshaftabouttheaxisofrotation
G=Modulusofrigidityoftheshaftmaterial
ThereforefortheknownvaluesofT,LandGandallowablevalueofangleoftwist,
diameteroftheshaftcanbecalculated.
15.3.5.2LateralRigidity
Bendingmomentactingonanyshaftisgivenby,

Integratingthisequationtwicewithrespecttoxandapplyingtheboundary
conditions,ycanbecalculated.yshouldbeallowablevalueofdeflection,[y].

14.3.6A.S.M.E.CodeforShaftDesign
AccordingtoA.S.M.E.code,thebendingandtwistingmomentaretobemultipliedby
factorskbandktrespectively,toaccountforshockandfatigueinoperatingcondition.
Therefore,iftheshaftissubjectedtodynamicloading,equivalenttorqueandequivalent
bendingmomentwillbecome:

and
Table14.1Valuesofkbandktfordifferenttypesofloading

kb

kt

Graduallyappliedload

1.5

1.0

Suddenlyappliedload(minorshock) 1.52.0 1.01.5

Suddenlyappliedload

2.03.0 1.53.0

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