NDT (NON-DESTRUCTIVE

TESTING)

PURPOSE OF NDT
TYPES OF DEFECTS COVERED BY NDT,
NDT METHODS USED IN POWER STATION
PRINCIPLE, EQUIPMENTS, UTILIZATION,
MERITS AND DEDE-MERITS.

NDT STANDS FOR NON

NON--DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
TESTING..
IN TODAY'S WORLD WHERE NEW MATERIALS ARE BEING
DEVELOPED, OLDER MATERIALS AND BONDING METHODS ARE
BEING SUBJECTED TO HIGHER PRESSURES AND LOADS, NDT
ENSURES THAT MATERIALS CAN CONTINUE TO OPERATE TO THEIR
HIGHEST CAPACITY WITH THE ASSURANCE THAT THEY WILL NOT
FAIL WITHIN PREDETERMINED TIME LIMITS
LIMITS..

NDT CAN BE USED TO ENSURE THE QUALITY RIGHT FROM RAW

MATERIAL STAGE THROUGH FABRICATION AND PROCESSING TO
PRE--SERVICE AND IN
PRE
IN--SERVICE INSPECTION
APART FROM ENSURING THE STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY, QUALITY
AND RELIABILITY OF COMPONENTS AND PLANTS, TODAY NDT
FINDS EXTENSIVE APPLICATIONS FOR CONDITION MONITORING,
RESIDUAL LIFE ASSESSMENT
ASSESSMENT,, ENERGY AUDIT
AUDIT,, ETC.
ETC.
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NON--DESTRUCTIVE TESTING (NDT) IS A WIDE GROUP OF

NON
ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES USED IN SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY TO
EVALUATE THE PROPERTIES OF A MATERIAL, COMPONENT OR
SYSTEM WITHOUT CAUSING DAMAGE
DAMAGE..
BECAUSE NDT DOES NOT PERMANENTLY ALTER THE ARTICLE
BEING INSPECTED, IT IS A HIGHLY VALUABLE TECHNIQUE THAT
CAN SAVE BOTH MONEY AND TIME IN PRODUCT EVALUATION,
TROUBLESHOOTING, AND RESEARCH.
RESEARCH.

THERE ARE MANY NDT TECHNIQUES/METHODS USED, DEPENDING

ON FOUR MAIN CRITERIA:
CRITERIA:
MATERIAL TYPE
DEFECT TYPE
DEFECT SIZE
DEFECT LOCATION

NON--DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
NON
TESTING::
TECHNOLOGY FOR ASSESSING THE SOUNDNESS OF A COMPONENT

NON--DESTRUCTIVE INSPECTION
NON
INSPECTION::
TECHNOLOGY FOR INSPECTING MATERIAL TO KNOWN STANDARDS

NON--DESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION
NON
EVALUATION::
ART OF DEVELOPING NDT TECHNIQUES ARRIVING AT ACCEPTANCE
STANDARDS FOR COMPONENTS

QUALITY CONTROL METHOD THAT DOES NOT DAMAGE OR DESTROY

THE MATERIAL OR PRODUCT BEING TESTED
TESTED..
PERFORMED ON A FINISHED ITEM INSTEAD OF ON A MATERIAL
SAMPLE, IT USES INFRARED RADIATION
RADIATION,, RADIOGRAPHY,
ULTRASOUND, X-RAYS, AND OTHER TECHNIQUES TO DETECT
FATIGUE EFFECTS, STRUCTURAL FLAWS, AND OTHER SUCH
DEFECTS..
DEFECTS
USED ALSO IN AUTHENTICATION OF ART OBJECTS AND PAINTINGS.
PAINTINGS.

FLAW (DEFECTS) DETECTION AND EVALUATION

LEAK DETECTION
METROLOGY (STANDARD)
MICROSTRUCTURE CHARACTERIZATION
ESTIMATION OF MECHANICAL /PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
STRESS (STRAIN) AND DYNAMIC RESPONSE DETERMINATION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
CORROSION MONITORING
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REASON FOR PERFORMING NDT

TYPES OF FLAWS OF INTEREST
SIZE AND ORIENTATION OF FLAWS THAT IS REJECTABLE
ANTICIPATED LOCATION OF FLAWS IN THE OBJECT
SIZE AND SHAPE OF THE OBJECT
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MATERIAL TO BE EVALUATED

THERE ARE NDE APPLICATION AT ALMOST ANY STAGE IN THE

PRODUCTION OR LIFE CYCLE OF A COMPONENT
COMPONENT..
TO ASSIST IN PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
TO SCREEN OR SORT INCOMING MATERIALS
TO MONITOR,
PROCESSES

IMPROVE

OR

CONTROL

MANUFACTURING

TO VERIFY PROPER PROCESSING SUCH AS HEAT TREATING

TO VERIFY PROPER ASSEMBLY
TO INSPECT FOR IN
IN--SERVICE DAMAGE

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11

ULTRASONIC TESTING -UT

ULTRASONIC INSPECTION USES HIGH FREQUENCY SOUND WAVES
TO DETECT IMPERFECTIONS OR CHANGES IN PROPERTIES WITHIN
THE MATERIALS
MATERIALS..
IT CAN ALSO BE USED TO MEASURE THE THICKNESS OF A WIDE
RANGE OF METALLIC AND NONNON-METALLIC MATERIALS WHERE
ACCESS FROM ONE SIDE ONLY IS AVAILABLE
AVAILABLE..

RADIOGRAPHY TESTING -RT

RADIOGRAPHY USES AN X-RAY DEVICE OR RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPE
AS A SOURCE OF RADIATION WHICH PASSES THROUGH THE
MATERIAL AND IS CAPTURED ON FILM OR DIGITAL DEVICE
DEVICE..
AFTER PROCESSING THE FILM AN IMAGE OF VARYING DENSITY IS
OBTAINED..
OBTAINED
POSSIBLE IMPERFECTIONS ARE IDENTIFIED THROUGH DENSITY
CHANGES..
CHANGES
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VISUAL INSPECTION -VT

IT IS THE OLDEST OF ALL THE METHODS
METHODS.. COMPONENTS ARE
SCANNED VISUALLY, SOMETIMES WITH THE AID OF LOW OR HIGH
EQUIPMENT,,
POWER LENSES, FIBRESCOPES, CAMERAS AND VIDEO EQUIPMENT
TO DETERMINE SURFACE CONDITION
CONDITION..

LIQUID PENETRANT -PT

IN LIQUID PENETRANT THE TEST OBJECT OR MATERIAL IS COATED
WITH A VISIBLE OR FLUORESCENT DYE SOLUTION
SOLUTION..
THE EXCESS DYE IS REMOVED FROM THE SURFACE AND A
DEVELOPER WHICH ACTS LIKE A BLOTTER IS APPLIED DRAWING
PENETRANT OUT OF IMPERFECTIONS OPEN TO THE SURFACE
SURFACE..
WITH VISIBLE DYES
DYES,, THE VIVID COLOUR CONTRAST BETWEEN THE
PENETRANT AND THE DEVELOPER IS USED
USED..
WITH FLUORESCENT DYES AN ULTRAVIOLET LAMP IS USED TO
MAKE THE 'BLEED OUT' FLUORESCE BRIGHTLY ALLOWING THE
IMPERFECTION TO BE SEEN READILY
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MAGNETIC PARTICLE -MT

MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION IS USED TO IDENTIFY SURFACE
AND NEAR SURFACE DISCONTINUITIES IN FERROMAGNETIC
IRON.
MATERIALS SUCH AS STEEL AND IRON.
THE TECHNIQUE USES THE PRINCIPLE THAT MAGNETIC LINES OF
FORCE (FLUX) WILL BE DISTORTED BY THE PRESENCE OF A
DISCONTINUITY..
DISCONTINUITY
DISCONTINUITIES (FOR EXAMPLE, CRACKS
CRACKS)) ARE LOCATED FROM
THE FLUX DISTORTION FOLLOWING THE APPLICATION OF FINE
MAGNETIC PARTICLES TO THE AREA UNDER TEST.
TEST.

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EDDY CURRENT -ET

IN EDDY CURRENT TESTING ELECTRICAL CURRENTS ARE
GENERATED IN A CONDUCTIVE MATERIAL BY AN INDUCED
MAGNETIC FIELD
FIELD..
DISTORTIONS IN THE FLOW OF THE ELECTRIC CURRENT (EDDY
CURRENTS) CAUSED BY IMPERFECTIONS OR CHANGES IN A
MATERIAL'S CONDUCTIVE PROPERTIES WILL CAUSE CHANGES IN
THE INDUCED MAGNETIC FIELD
FIELD..
THESE CHANGES
CHANGES,, WHEN DETECTED, INDICATE THE PRESENCE OF
THE IMPERFECTION OR CHANGE IN THE TEST MATERIAL
MATERIAL..

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LEAK TESTING -LT

LEAKS CAN BE DETECTED BY USING ELECTRONIC LISTENING
DEVICES, PRESSURE GAUGE MEASUREMENTS, LIQUID AND GAS
PENETRANT TECHNIQUES OR A SIMPLE SOAP
SOAP--BUBBLE TEST
TEST..
SEVERAL TECHNIQUES ARE USED TO DETECT AND LOCATE LEAKS IN
PRESSURE RETAINING COMPONENTS SUCH AS PRESSURE VESSELS
AND PIPELINES

ACOUSTIC EMISSION TESTING

TESTING--AET
WHEN
A
SOLID
MATERIAL
IS
STRESSED,
GROWING
IMPERFECTIONS, IF ANY WITHIN THE MATERIAL EMIT SHORT
BURSTS OF ACOUSTIC ENERGY CALLED "EMISSIONS"
"EMISSIONS"..
AS IN ULTRASONIC TESTING, ACOUSTIC EMISSIONS CAN BE
DETECTED BY SPECIAL RECEIVERS
RECEIVERS.. EMISSION SOURCES CAN BE
EVALUATED THROUGH THE STUDY OF THEIR INTENSITY, RATE AND
OTHER CHARACTERISTICS
CHARACTERISTICS.. THE GROWING DEFECTS CAN BE
TRIANGULATION
TECHNIQUE
(SIMILAR
TO
LOCATED
BY
EARTHQUAKE EPICENTRE LOCATION)
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THERMOGRAPHY INFRARED TESTING - IR

THERMOGRAPHY ENABLES THE THERMAL PROFILE OF AN ITEM,
ITEM,
MACHINE OR BUILDING TO BE PRESENTED IN A GRAPHIC FORM
WHICH ALLOWS A WORKING TEMPERATURE ASSESSMENT TO BE
DERIVED.. FROM THIS, VARIATIONS IN THE MATERIAL OR
DERIVED
COMPONENT TEMPERATURE ARE IDENTIFIED,
IDENTIFIED, ENABLING WORKING
LIMITS OR CORRECTIVE ACTIONS TO BE IDENTIFIED
IDENTIFIED..

VIBRATION ANALYSIS - VA
THE ROTARY MACHINES PRODUCE VIBRATION NOISE
NOISE.. BY
MONITORING THE FREQUENCY, AMPLITUDE ETC
ETC.. OF THE
VIBRATION THE CONDITION OF THE MACHINE CAN BE ESTIMATED

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NDT ENGINEERS AND TECHNICIANS ALSO USE MAGNETIC

RESONANCE
IMAGING,
VIBRATION
MONITORING,
LASER
ULTRASONICS, HOLOGRAPHY, COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AS WELL
AS MANY OTHER SPECIALIZED METHODS FOR SPECIALIZED
APPLICATIONS

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Visual

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VISUAL
LIQUID PENETRANT
MAGNETIC
ULTRASONIC
EDDY CURRENT
X-RAY
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MOST BASIC AND COMMON

INSPECTION METHOD.
TOOLS INCLUDE
FIBERSCOPES,
BORESCOPES,
MAGNIFYING GLASSES
AND MIRRORS.
PORTABLE VIDEO
INSPECTION UNIT WITH
ZOOM ALLOWS INSPECTION
OF LARGE TANKS AND
VESSELS, SEWER LINES ETC.

ROBOTIC CRAWLERS PERMIT

OBSERVATION IN HAZARDOUS
OR TIGHT AREAS, SUCH AS AIR
DUCTS, REACTORS, PIPELINES.
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A FIBERSCOPE IS A FLEXIBLE FIBER OPTIC BUNDLE WITH AN

EYEPIECE ON ONE END AND A LENS ON THE OTHER THAT IS USED
TO EXAMINE AND INSPECT SMALL, HARD TO REACH PLACES SUCH
AS THE INSIDES OF MACHINES, LOCKS, AND THE HUMAN BODY.
BODY.

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PORTABLE VIDEO BORESCOPE

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PHENOMENON USED

CAPILLARY ACTION OF LIQUID

CAPILLARY ACTION, OR CAPILLARITY, IS THE ABILITY OF A LIQUID
TO FLOW IN NARROW SPACES WITHOUT THE ASSISTANCE OF
EXTERNAL FORCE.
FORCE.

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1. A LIQUID WITH HIGH SURFACE WETTING CHARACTERISTICS IS

APPLIED TO THE SURFACE OF THE PART AND ALLOWED TIME TO
SEEP INTO SURFACE BREAKING DEFECTS
DEFECTS..
2. THE EXCESS LIQUID IS REMOVED FROM THE SURFACE OF THE
PART..
PART
3. A DEVELOPER (POWDER) IS APPLIED TO PULL THE TRAPPED
PENETRANT OUT THE DEFECT AND SPREAD IT ON THE SURFACE
WHERE IT CAN BE SEEN
SEEN.
4. VISUAL INSPECTION IS THE FINAL STEP IN THE PROCESS
PROCESS.. THE
PENETRANT USED IS OFTEN LOADED WITH A FLUORESCENT DYE
AND THE INSPECTION IS DONE UNDER UV LIGHT TO INCREASE
TEST SENSITIVITY
SENSITIVITY..

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CRACKS OPEN TO THE SURFACE

26

1) CLEAN & DRY COMPONENT

4) APPLY DEVELOPER

2) APPLY PENETRANT

5) VISUAL INSPECTION
3) REMOVE EXCESS

6) POST CLEAN COMPONENT

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LIGHT SPECTRUM SHOWING

VISIBLE PENETRANT / DYE

REASON FOR USING RED

COLOR
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A COMPONENT
SHOWS CRACK
INDICATION
AFTER THE LPT
INSPECTION

APPLICATION OF RED PENETRANT USING BRUSH

A COMPONENT SHOWS CRACK

INDICATION USING FLUORESCENT
DYE AND VIEWED BELOW BLACK
LIGHT
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HIGH SENSITIVITY TO SMALL SURFACE DISCONTINUITIES

DISCONTINUITIES..
FEW MATERIAL LIMITATIONS
LIMITATIONS,, i.e. METALLIC AND NONMETALLIC,
MAGNETIC
AND
NONMAGNETIC,
AND
CONDUCTIVE
AND
NONCONDUCTIVE MATERIALS MAY BE INSPECTED
INSPECTED..
LARGE AREAS AND LARGE VOLUMES OF PARTS/MATERIALS CAN BE
INSPECTED RAPIDLY AND AT LOW COST
COST..
PARTS WITH COMPLEX GEOMETRIC SHAPES ARE ROUTINELY
INSPECTED..
INSPECTED
INDICATIONS ARE PRODUCED DIRECTLY ON THE SURFACE OF THE
PART AND CONSTITUTE A VISUAL REPRESENTATION OF THE FLAW
FLAW..
PORTABLE (AEROSOL SPRAY CANS)
CANS)..
RELATIVELY INEXPENSIVE
INEXPENSIVE..
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ONLY SURFACE BREAKING DEFECTS CAN BE DETECTED

DETECTED..
ONLY MATERIALS WITH A RELATIVELY NONPOROUS SURFACE CAN
BE INSPECTED
INSPECTED..
PRECLEANING IS CRITICAL SINCE CONTAMINANTS CAN MASK
DEFECTS..
DEFECTS
METAL SMEARING FROM MACHINING, GRINDING, AND GRIT OR
VAPOR BLASTING MUST BE REMOVED PRIOR TO LPI.
THE INSPECTOR MUST HAVE DIRECT ACCESS TO THE SURFACE
BEING INSPECTED
INSPECTED..
SURFACE FINISH AND ROUGHNESS CAN AFFECT INSPECTION
SENSITIVITY..
SENSITIVITY
POST CLEANING OF ACCEPTABLE PARTS OR MATERIALS IS
REQUIRED..
REQUIRED
CHEMICAL HANDLING AND PROPER DISPOSAL IS REQUIRED
REQUIRED..

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WHEN A BAR MAGNET IS BROKEN IN THE CENTER OF ITS LENGTH, TWO

COMPLETE BAR MAGNETS WITH MAGNETIC POLES ON EACH END OF EACH
PIECE WILL RESULT
RESULT.. IF THE MAGNET IS JUST CRACKED BUT NOT BROKEN
COMPLETELY IN TWO, A NORTH AND SOUTH POLE WILL FORM AT EACH EDGE
OF THE CRACK
CRACK..
LEAKED OUT FLUX CAN ATTRACT THE MAGNETIC PARTICLES
PARTICLES.. LEAKAGE
FIELD.. IF IRON PARTICLES ARE SPRINKLED ON A CRACKED MAGNET, THE
FIELD
PARTICLES WILL BE ATTRACTED TO AND CLUSTER NOT ONLY AT THE POLES
AT THE ENDS OF THE MAGNET, BUT ALSO AT THE POLES AT THE EDGES OF
THE CRACK
CRACK..

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THE FIRST STEP IN A MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION IS TO MAGNETIZE

THE COMPONENT THAT IS TO BE INSPECTED
INSPECTED..
IF ANY DEFECT ON OR NEAR THE SURFACE IS PRESENT, IT WILL CREATE A
LEAKAGE FIELD, WHICH WILL ATTRACT MAGNETIC PARTICLES AND GIVES A
INDICATION..
INDICATION

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DIRECT CURRENT
DC IS VERY DESIRABLE WHEN INSPECTING FOR SUB
SUB--SURFACE DEFECTS
BECAUSE DC GENERATES A MAGNETIC FIELD THAT PENETRATES DEEPER
INTO THE MATERIAL
MATERIAL..

ALTERNATE CURRENT
WHEN AC IS USED TO INDUCE A MAGNETIC FIELD IN FERROMAGNETIC
MATERIALS, THE MAGNETIC FIELD WILL BE LIMITED TO NARROW REGION
AT THE SURFACE OF THE COMPONENT
COMPONENT..
THEREFORE, IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT AC BE USED ONLY WHEN THE
INSPECTION IS LIMITED TO SURFACE DEFECTS
DEFECTS..

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(Direct Magnetization)

MAGNETIZING A COMPONENT LIKE PUMP

SHAFT OR CRANK SHAFTS USING HEAD
SHOT PASSES CURRENT LONGITUDINALLY
AND SETS UP CIRCULAR MAGNETIC LINES

PRODS (CLAMPS) MAGNETIZATION

SETS UP CIRCULAR MAGNETIC
FIELD ON THE SURFACE OF A PLATE

(Indirect Magnetization)

MAGNETIC COIL PASSING CURRENT IN A

CIRCULAR DIRECTION SETS UP MAGNETIC
LINES LONGITUDINALLY

MAGNETIC YOKE SETS UP CIRCULAR

MAGNETISM
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36

37

IN RADIOGRAPHY INSPECTION ALL TYPES OF

DISCONTINUITIES WHETHER ON THE SURFACE
OR INSIDE OF THE MATERIAL CAN BE REVEALED.
IT IS A VOLUMETRIC EXAMINATION. THE
TECHNIQUE INVOLVE SUBJECTING THE PART
TO THE PENETRATING XX-RAYS FROM THE X
X--RAYS
GENERATING MACHINE OR GAMMA RAYS FROM
A GAMMA RAYS SOURCE.

THE RADIATION USED IN RADIOGRAPHY

TESTING IS A HIGHER ENERGY (SHORTER
WAVELENGTH)
VERSION
OF
THE
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES THAT WE
SEE AS VISIBLE LIGHT
LIGHT.. THE RADIATION
CAN COME FROM AN X-RAY GENERATOR
OR A RADIOACTIVE SOURCE
SOURCE..

High Electrical Potential

Electrons
+

X-ray Generator
or Radioactive
Source Creates
Radiation

Radiation
Penetrate
the Sample
Exposure Recording Device
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EDDY CURRENT TESTING IS PARTICULARLY WELL SUITED FOR DETECTING

SURFACE CRACKS BUT CAN ALSO BE USED TO MAKE ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTIVITY AND COATING THICKNESS MEASUREMENTS
MEASUREMENTS.. HERE A SMALL
SURFACE PROBE IS SCANNED OVER THE PART SURFACE IN AN ATTEMPT TO
DETECT A CRACK
CRACK..

39

EDDY CURRENTS ARE INDUCED ELECTRICAL CURRENTS THAT FLOW IN A

CIRCULAR PATH
PATH.. THEY GET THEIR NAME FROM EDDIES THAT ARE
FORMED WHEN A LIQUID OR GAS FLOWS IN A CIRCULAR PATH AROUND
OBSTACLES WHEN CONDITIONS ARE RIGHT.
RIGHT.

40

CRACK DETECTION
MATERIAL THICKNESS MEASUREMENTS
COATING THICKNESS MEASUREMENTS

CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENTS FOR:

MATERIAL IDENTIFICATION
HEAT DAMAGE DETECTION
CASE DEPTH DETERMINATION
HEAT TREATMENT MONITORING

41

SENSITIVE TO SMALL CRACKS AND OTHER DEFECTS

DETECTS SURFACE AND NEAR SURFACE DEFECTS
INSPECTION GIVES IMMEDIATE RESULTS
EQUIPMENT IS VERY PORTABLE
METHOD CAN BE USED FOR MUCH MORE THAN FLAW DETECTION
MINIMUM PART PREPARATION IS REQUIRED
TEST PROBE DOES NOT NEED TO CONTACT THE PART
INSPECTS COMPLEX
MATERIALS

SHAPES

AND

SIZES

OF

CONDUCTIVE

42

ONLY CONDUCTIVE MATERIALS CAN BE INSPECTED

SURFACE MUST BE ACCESSIBLE TO THE PROBE
SKILL AND TRAINING REQUIRED IS MORE EXTENSIVE THAN OTHER
TECHNIQUES
SURFACE FINISH AND ROUGHNESS MAY INTERFERE
REFERENCE STANDARDS NEEDED FOR SETUP
DEPTH OF PENETRATION IS LIMITED
FLAWS SUCH AS DELAMINATIONS THAT LIE PARALLEL TO THE
PROBE COIL WINDING AND PROBE SCAN DIRECTION ARE
UNDETECTABLE

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ULTRASONIC IS THE MOST VERSATILE NDT TECHNIQUE

USES HIGH FREQUENCY
EXAMINATIONS

SOUND

ENERGY

TO

CONDUCT

PHENOMENA USED
REFLECTION
REFRACTION
DIFRACTION
ATTENUATION

44

HAVE YOU EVER WONDERED WHY

YOU CAN HEAR SOMEONE WHO IS
ROUND THE CORNER OF A BUILDING,
LONG BEFORE YOU SEE THEM?

45

WHEN SOUND TRAVELS THROUGH A MEDIUM ITS INTENSITY

DIMINISHES WITH DISTANCE DUE TO:
TO:
SPREADING OF WAVES
SCATTERING
ABSORPTION

SCATTERING:: IS THE REFLECTION OF THE SOUND IN THE

SCATTERING
DIRECTIONS OTHER
PROPAGATION

THAN

ITS

ORIGINAL

DIRECTION

OF

ABSORPTION : IS THE CONVERSION OF THE SOUND ENERGY TO

OTHER FORM OF ENERGY

The combined effect of scattering and

absorption is called attenuation
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HIGH FREQUENCY SOUND WAVES ARE INTRODUCED INTO A

MATERIAL AND THEY ARE REFLECTED BACK FROM SURFACES OR
FLAWS..
FLAWS
REFLECTED SOUND ENERGY IS DISPLAYED VERSUS TIME, AND
INSPECTOR CAN VISUALIZE A CROSS SECTION OF THE SPECIMEN
SHOWING THE DEPTH OF FEATURES THAT REFLECT SOUND
SOUND..
PLATE TESTING

IP: Initial Pulse

BE: Back Wall
F: Flaw
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PLATE TESTING

48

49

50

PERIODICALLY, POWER PLANTS ARE SHUTDOWN FOR INSPECTION

INSPECTION..
INSPECTORS FEED EDDY CURRENT PROBES INTO HEAT EXCHANGER
TUBES TO CHECK FOR CORROSION DAMAGE
DAMAGE..

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ROBOTIC CRAWLERS USE

ULTRASOUND TO INSPECT THE
WALLS OF LARGE ABOVE
GROUND TANKS FOR SIGNS OF
THINNING DUE TO CORROSION.

CAMERAS ON LONG
ARTICULATING ARMS ARE
USED TO INSPECT
UNDERGROUND STORAGE
TANKS FOR DAMAGE.

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THANK YOU!
RK
JAISWAL

NK
TUTEJA

+91 9650993009
jaiswalrk1950@gmail.com

+91 9810174125
narindertuteja@gmail.com

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