ABSTRACT

Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using
photovoltaic (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). Concentrated solar
power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight
into a small beam. Photovoltaic convert light into electric current using the photovoltaic
effect.
Photovoltaic were initially, and still are, used as a source of renewable power for
small and medium-sized applications, from the calculator powered by a single solar cell to
off-grid homes powered by a photovoltaic array. They are an important and relatively
inexpensive source of electrical energy where grid power is inconvenient, unreasonably
expensive to connect, or simply unavailable. However, as the cost of solar electricity is
falling, solar power is also increasingly being used even in grid-connected situations as a
way to feed low-carbon energy into the grid.

INTRODUCTION
The need for energy from renewable sources has become a pressing issue in recent
years. Many individuals and organizations have become concerned about the future energy
needs of our society and have begun searching for ways to meet these needs. With the finite
and rapidly depleting reserves of oil, coal, and natural gas, it has become a chief issue to
discover sources of renewable energy and implement systems that harness them.
An energy infrastructure based on renewable sources would be better able to
sustain the needs of a society with continually increasing energy demands due to its growth
in size and its increased standard of living. The adoption of such systems would also have a
positive impact on our environment. Renewable forms of energy, such as solar, wind, or
geothermal power produce virtually no pollution.
The implementation of renewable energy systems may even be a wise investment;
energy produced by such systems would no longer have to be purchased, and over a period
of time, these savings in energy costs may exceed the price of the system.
Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) is a technology which produces electricity by
concentrating solar energy in a single focal point. This concentrated energy is then used to
heat up a fluid, produce steam and activate turbines that produce electricity. The focusing of
solar power can be achieved through different techniques such as parabolic trough,
parabolic dish or power tower systems. CSP can also provide combined heat and power,
particularly in desalinisation plants.
The exploitation of solar energy differs substantially depending on sunlight
conditions. Malaysia is an ideal place for the deployment of CSP technologies. Simple and
non-polluting CSP technologies can be deployed relatively quickly and can contribute
substantially to reducing carbon dioxide emissions. CSP power plants have already been
built in Spain with the financial support of the European Commission. They are proving to be
efficient and cost-effective. Therefore we should build one in Malaysia.

COMPANY BACKGROUND

Next Era Sdn.Bhd is a full-service solar power system solutions provider fcor
homeowners, companies & some other business entities in Malaysia. We are providing
design and consultation, installation and project management, solar financing, and solar
monitoring. We also offer EXCELLENT support which actually what sets us apart from all the
other service providers in the country. And because our team will be working with you all
throughout the entire process, were both assured that the project will run smoothly and of
highest professional and engineering quality. Our companys motto is Energy is future,
make it bright!
Company philosophy

Encouraging and rewarding continuous improvement and high level

performances.
Realize the dream of mankind by creating a new future through ingenious

thinking and continuously challenging new frontiers.

Committing to experience, doing the right and treating people with respect.

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

EXISTING ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM IN MALAYSIA

National Grid, Malaysia is the high-voltage electric power transmission network in
Peninsular Malaysia. It is operated and owned by Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) by its
Transmission Division. There are two other electrical grids in Sabah and Sarawak operated
by Sabah Electricity Sdn Bhd and Sarawak Energy Berhad respectively.
The system spans the whole of Peninsular Malaysia, connecting electricity
generation stations owned by TNB and Independent Power Producers (IPPs) to energy
consumers. A small number of consumers, mainly steel mills and shopping malls also take
power directly from the National Grid.
The beginnings of the National Grid were slowly taking shape in 1964 when the
Bangsar Power Station was connected to the Connaught Bridge Power Station, with the line
subsequently extended to Malacca.
By 1965, a plan was set to connect the electricity generating plants that were spread
out all over the country. Plants identified to be linked were located at Paka in Terengganu,
Temengor, Kenering, Bersia and Batang Padang in Perak, Connaught Bridge, Kapar and
Serdang in Selangor, Cameron Highlands in Pahang, Perai in Penang, Port Dickson in
Negeri Sembilan, Pergau in Kelantan, Pasir Gudang in Johor and in Malacca.
The central area network with Connaught Bridge Power Station in Klang was the
precursor of the energy grid; it also tapped into the Cameron Highlands Hydro scheme from
the Sultan Yussuf Power Station, and was extended into a western network. Late in the
1980s, the loop was finally complete with the placement of Kota Bharu within the grid.
More than 420 transmission substations in the Peninsular are linked together by
approximately 11,000 km of transmission lines operating at 132, 275 and 500 kilovolts (kV).
The 500 kV transmission system is the single largest transmission system to be ever
developed in Malaysia. Begun in 1995, Phase 1 involved the design and construction of the
500kV overhead transmission lines from Gurun, Kedah in the North along the west coast to
Kapar, in the central region and from Pasir Gudang to Yong Peng in the south of Peninsular
Malaysia.
The total distance covered for the 500 kV transmission lines is 522 km and the 275
kV portion is 73 km. Of the lines constructed, only the Bukit Tarek to Kapar sections had
been energised at 500 kV. The remaining lines are presently energised at 275 kV. Later, to
cater for the additional power transmission requirements from the 2,100 megawatt (MW)
Manjung Power Station, the 500 kV systems was extended from Bukit Tarek to Air Tawar and

from Air Tawar to Manjung Power Station. In 2006, the 500 kV lines between Bukit Batu and
Tanjung Bin were commissioned to carry the power generated by the 2,100 MW Tanjung Bin
Power Station.
A project involving laying a 730 km high-voltage direct current transmission line and a
670 km undersea cable for the 2,400-megawatt Bakun hydroelectric dam has been
considered. This may connect all three of Malaysia's electric utility companies with state
grids: Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB), Sarawak Energy Berhad and Sabah Electricity Sdn
Bhd (SESB). Many of Sabah and Sarawak's generation plants are still not interconnected to
a grid.

POTENTIAL GREENHOUSE EFFECT IN MALAYSIA

Emissions in the process utilization produce adverse effects on the environment that
influence human health, organism growth, climatic changes and so on. The Kyoto protocol,
produced by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate change (UNFCC) in
December 1997, prescribed a legally binding greenhouse gas emission target about 5%
below their 1990 level. About 160 countries including Malaysia now adopt this protocol.
Electricity generation is one of the main contributors to emissions in the country. In order to
calculate the potential emissions produced by this activity, the type of fuel use should be
identified. Malaysia hopes to gradually change fuel use from 70% gas, 15% coal, 10% hydro,
and 5% petroleum in the year 2000 to 40% gas, 30% hydro, 29% coal, and only 1%
petroleum by the year 2020. The changes in fuel type have changed the pattern of emission
production. This study attempts to predict the pattern of emissions from 2002 to 2020 due to
the changes in fuel use. The calculation is based on emissions for unit electricity generated
and the percentages of fuel use for electricity generation. The study found that the electricity
generation company has produced huge emissions from their power plants in this country.
The changes in energy sources for electricity generation have contributed to the
emissions pattern in Malaysia. To replace hydropower the utilities have to increase the use
of coal. This replacement can be avoided if the Malaysian government acts now. The utilities
should switch this replacement to another renewable energy source such as geothermal,
photovoltaic, solar thermal, wind and biomass. This would help to reduce emissions in the
future and also help the Malaysian utilities to survive in the global market, due to the high
cost of conserving emissions in the future. Con-ducting life cycle cost analysis of conserved
emissions and investment is necessary. However, this analysis is not discussed in this study.
A detailed explanation of the cost of conserved emissions is discussed in Ref. [6]. The

pattern of emissions is a function of the total energy consumption multiplied by the

percentage of fuel mix and the amount of emissions produced by the fossil fuel from every
unit of electricity generation. The pattern of emissions for electricity generation in Malaysia is
tabulated in Table 5 and illustrated in Fig. 2. The results from Table 5 show that the total
emissions production data are about 1 216 862 891 tons of CO2, 8 184 313 tons of SO2, 3
704 479 tons of NOx and 667 212 tons of CO. These are huge amounts of emissions for a
small developing country like Malaysia.
Emissions from electricity generation make up the largest emissions for the country.
Government intervention to abate these emissions is urgently needed now. The study also
shows that switching from electricity generation of fossil fuel to renewable fuel such as
hydropower offers a solution and multiple benefits to the utilities, society and most
importantly to protect the environment. The Malaysian government has to find ways to
reduce these emissions, such as by introducing emissions taxation which can be used to
subsidize renewable energy power plants or to replant trees in the rain forest of the country.
The data from the study can be used as a basis for calculating cost benefit analysis for
implementation of new renewable sources for electricity generation and developing an
emission abatement program in Malaysia.

PROPOSAL ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCE GENERATION

STATION
Everyday Malaysia has produced carbon dioxide that is released to the earths
atmosphere and which will still be there in one hundred years time. This led to an increased
in content of carbon dioxide increases the warmth of our planet and is the main cause of the
so called Global Warming Effect. Therefore, to prevent further global warming is to
continuously replace and retrofit current technologies with alternatives that have comparable
or better performance, but do not emit carbon dioxide. Alternative energy refers to energy
sources that have no undesired consequences such for example fossil fuels or nuclear
energy. Alternative energy sources are renewable and are thought to be "free" energy
sources. They all have lower carbon emissions, compared to conventional energy sources.
The use of clean alternative energies such as the home use of solar power systems will help
ensure man's survival into the 21st century and beyond. From an environmental perspective,
solar power is the best thing to use it. A 1.5 kilowatt photovoltaics (PV) system will keep
more than 110,000 pounds of carbon dioxide, the chief greenhouse gas, out of the
atmosphere over the next 25 years. The solar system will also prevent the need to burn
60,000 pounds of coal. By using the solar energy, there's no acid rain, no urban smog, and
no pollution of any kind. Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive
solar or active solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy.
Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with
favourable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally
circulate air.

PROPOSAL OF IMPLEMENTATION
As sunlight hits the solar panels, the solar radiation is converted into direct current
(DC) electricity. The direct current flows into power inverters, where it is converted into
alternating current (AC), which can be used by local electric utilities. Finally, the electricity
travels through transformers, and the voltage is boosted for delivery onto the transmission
grid for local electric utilities to distribute the electricity to homes and businesses.
Solar energy is one of the alternative energy sources and of course this will not be
finished until the sun is at the end of its life. The sun is said to be the center of power for
almost 99.9 percent of the energy emanating from the sun reaching the earth's surface. The
solar constant (ISC) is the average radiation intensity falling on an imaginary surface,
perpendicular to the Suns rays and at the edge of the Earths atmosphere and a yearly
average value is thus taken and the solar constant equals 1367 W/m2. Even this value is
inaccurate since the output of the sun changes by about 0.25% due to Sun spot cycles.
The use of solar energy has grown in stages through a more scientific method of discovery
and use of solar energy becomes more efficient. Now, the application of solar energy has
been widely used in many countries in the world to overcome the shortage of primary energy
sources.
In addition to the suitability of Malaysia's tropical climate is an average of seven
hours of sunlight per day to produce electricity based on solar, Malaysia is on track to
emerge as a major solar energy center in Asia after attracting continued investment in that
field. In terms of attracting more investors to become involved in improving the local solar
energy sector, the government is committed and plays a major role in providing the best
facilities to encourage more foreign investors based in Malaysia.
The first step in preparing for the solar development at the landfill involves the
preparation of the site for construction. Site preparation includes clearing the site, filling and
grading, and compaction. First, all trees, brush, and overgrowth will need to be cleared
without penetrating the landfill cap. Precautions should be taken such that clearing
equipment, such as bulldozers, does not scrape the soil cap to the extent that waste material
is exposed. This is of particular importance in areas where the soil cap is only one foot or
less in depth.
Bifacial solar cell or the solar cell of photovoltaic module HIT is original heterojunction type which is composed of mono-crystalline and amorphous silicon layers. After do
some research and make comparison, our team make a decision to choose photovoltaic
module HIT for solar panel will be going to use for our solar plant system. Panasonic HIT

is one of the most efficient solar panels in the world. Thus it enables more power generation
per square meter than conventional solar panels. Bifacial solar cells are designed to allow
light to enter from both sides. They typically employ a front surface design similar to that
used in industry standards screen printed solar cells, with the major point of difference being
the structure of the rear surface contact. Rather than cover the entire back surface with a
reflective aluminum contact, a finger grid is used in its place in order to allow sunlight
through the rear.

Figure 1 How Bifacial or HIT solar cell penetrate sunlight

The type of PV panels and mounting structures define the major conceptual design
elements of the solar farm. The dimension (mm) of solar cell is 1580x798x35mm with an
estimated efficiency of more 28 percent. These panels would be mounted on racks, facing
due south, at an angle of 30 degrees above horizontal to maximize the system for annual
energy production. The mounting racks would be aligned in rows along an east-west axis
across the entire area defined for the project. Depending on the height of the panels off the
ground, it is estimated that approximately nine to ten feet of spacing between rows would be
required to prevent shading from one row of modules onto the other.
Solar towers use bifacial solar cell (or dual-axis sun-tracking mirrors) to reflect the
suns heat onto a single receiver point. This technology is favoured because it can generate
more heat than other technologies, has great economies of scale, and can integrate storage.
That heat could be used for industrial processes, such as steam production, as well as
generating electricity. A solar power generator uses the sun's energy to create electricity.
Unlike a photoelectric panel, which converts sunlight directly into electrical current, a solar
thermal generator uses the sun's heat to create electricity. This technology offers many of
the advantages of traditional power generation without the carbon dioxide emissions that
come from coal and natural gas power plants.

After generation process is transmission process where there are sub transmission
process will be to pass through it, to produce and distribute the electricity to residential. First
is generator transformer. Electricity is usually generated in power stations at about 22,000
volts, then increased by substation transformers to 275,000 and 400,000 volts, and fed into
the National Grid system to be transmitted, efficiently, over long distances. The reason we do
this is to reduce the amount of energy lost in the conductors as it is transported. Raising the
voltage reduces the electric current flowing and it is current that causes heat losses.
Second part of sub transmission process is to pass through National Grid. National
Grid circuits are the motorways of the electricity system in Malaysia. A network of overhead
lines, underground conductors and substations link the power stations and allow large
amounts of electricity to be transmitted around the country to meet the demand at any time.
The final sub transmission process is substations. Substations control the voltage and
direction of electricity. Transformers are used to increase the voltage of electricity into the
National Grid system for transmission and to reduce the voltage to lower levels for
distribution by the networks of the local electricity companies. Increasingly, we are investing
in new technologies that will enable us to transport electricity more efficiently.
Last but not least, an electric power distribution system is the final stage in the
delivery of electric power; it carries electricity from the transmission system to individual
consumers. Distribution substations connect to the transmission system and lower the
transmission voltage to medium voltage ranging between 2 kV and 35 kV with the use of
transformers. Primary distribution lines carry this medium voltage power to distribution
transformers located near the customer's premises.

REQUIREMENT OF THE POWER SYSTEM EQUIPMENT AND

PROTECTION COMPONENTS
The solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are a system that are not too complex.
Solar panels will collect the sunlight and turn it into electricity. The DC signals are fed into an
inverter, then converts the DC into grid-compatible AC power (which is what you use in your
home). There are various switch boxes are included for safety reasons, and the whole thing
is connected via wires and conduit. There is the list of basics PV systems:

Panels: PV panels, which cost anywhere from $2.40 per watt to over $5 per watt, are
the single biggest expense of a PV system. Their placement and mounting affect your
system performance more than any other facet of the job.

Mounting equipment: Mounting your PV panels is of critical importance. First, you

need to mount the panels where they'll get maximum sunshine over the course of a
year. But the more difficult problem is to mount them with enough integrity that they'll
stay put for 25 years or more.

DC-to-AC inverters: Inverters take the low-voltage, high-current signals from the PV
panels and convert them into 120VAC (or 240 VAC), which is directly compatible with
grid power. Inverters cost around $0.70 per watt, or around $2,600 for a typical
application. From a reliability standpoint, they are generally the weak link in any PV
system, so quality is a must.

Tracking mounts: Tracking mounts mechanically move the PV panels over the
course of a day so that they directly face the sun at all times. Dual axis trackers change
both azimuth and elevation, while single axis trackers only match the azimuth.

Disconnect switches: Disconnect switches are of critical importance, and they need
to be mounted within easy reach. Every member of your family should know exactly
how to turn the PV system off for safety reasons. If any abnormal behaviour occurs in
your home's electrical system, shut off the solar system first.

Wiring and fuse box connections: Wiring, conduit, and connections to your
household main fuse box are minor hardware expenses, but they comprise a big chunk
of the labor when you're installing a PV system.

Utility power meters: Conventional power meters are capable of spinning

backward, but utility companies usually change to a special digital meter when you

connect to the grid because most solar customers go to the TOU (time-of-use) rate
structure, which requires more intelligent processing than a mechanical device is
capable of.

PICTURE 1: SOLAR PV - GENERATED POWER IS CONNECTED TO HOUSE'S GRID AT MAIN

FUSE BOX

PROFILING THE POWER SYSTEM TRANSMISSION NETWORK OF

THE PROPOSED GENERATION STATION TO THE NEARBY GRID
AND CONSUMERS
In 2010, Malaysias electricity generation totalled at 137,909 GWh. Malaysia, being
near the equator, receives between 4,000 to 5,000 Wh per sq. m per day. This means, in
one day, Malaysia receives enough energy from the Sun to generate 11 years worth of
electricity. This is an incredible potential amount of energy into which Malaysia can tap.
Malaysia currently adopts a five-fuel mix (gas, coal, hydro, oil, and other sources) for
electricity generation. From 2000 to 2010, electricity generation in Malaysia increased an
average of 8% per year from 69,280 GWh in 2000 to 137,909 GWh in 2010. In this period,
the contribution from gas for electricity generation declined from 77.0 to 55.9%, hydro from
10.0 to 5.6%, and oil from 4.2 to 0.2%. In contrast, the contribution from coal for electricity
generation increased from 8.8 to 36.5% and other sources from 0.0 to 1.8%.
Under the 10-th Malaysia Plan, the Malaysian government wants 5.5% of total
electricity to come from renewable energy sources by 2015. However, the current
contribution from renewable sources (such as biomass, biogas, wind, and solar) for
electricity generation remains very low, of which solar energy only contributes a mere
0.007% of the total generated electricity in Peninsular Malaysia. The negligible contribution
by solar energy is due to several reasons. One of them is the lack of awareness among
Malaysians about the use of solar energy for electricity generation. However, the largest
hurdles to solar energy adoption are the high cost and low efficiency of solar panels or
photovoltaic (PV) cells.
Solar irradiance generally declines from the north to the south of Malaysia, so that
northern states such as Kedah, Penang, Kelantan, and Sabah receive the most amount of
solar radiation, whereas southern states like Johor and Sarawak receive the least. The mean
daily sunshine hours in Malaysia ranges between 4 to 8 hours per day.
In Malaysia, solar energy is used for two purposes: 1) solar thermal applications, and
2) PV technologies. Solar thermal applications are where heat from the solar energy is used
for heating purposes, while PV technologies are for electricity generation.
Solar panels for either thermal or electricity purpose can be mounted on rooftops.
Although the rooftops of house and buildings are said to be dead space because they are
unused, not all rooftops are suitable to be mounted. It is estimated that only 2.5 million
houses and 45,000 commercial buildings in Malaysia are suitable for solar panel mounting.

This is because the design and orientation, as well as the external environment, of the
buildings would affect the harvest of solar energy.
PV cells are emerging as one of the attractive alternative to national utility grid power.
PV systems was introduced in Malaysia in the 1980s, and from 1998 to 2002, six pilot gridconnected PV systems was setup at high monetary costs. Since then, PV systems have
grown steadily so that in 2005, a total of on-grid 470 kW peak was established, with 3 MW
peak as off-grid.
To further encourage the adoption of solar energy, the Malaysian government
introduced the MBIPV (Malaysia Building Integrated Photovoltaic) project in 2005. MBIPV
was to design the integration of PV cells into buildings or structures; thus, saving costs
because the PV systems would be fabricated within the structure of the building. MBIPV
aimed to increase PV capacity in buildings by 3.3 times while reducing costs by 20%
compared to the baseline. Currently, PV systems with a total of 213.61 kW peak have been
installed over 18 locations in Malaysia via the MBIPV project. Moreover, through
MBIPV, SURIA 1000 was established, with the aim to install solar panels on 1,000 rooftops
in Malaysia (to date, however, only about 100 households have PV systems in Malaysia).
One important progress towards reducing dependency on fossil fuels and mitigating
climate change is the establishment of Feed-in-tariff (FiT) scheme in Malaysia last year. FiT
encourages the adoption of renewable energy such as solar energy by households by
enabling house owners to sell excess electricity generated from their homes to TNB (Tenaga
Nasional Berhad), for example. For every 1 kWh, house owners could get between RM1.20
to 1.23. Moreover, homes with solar PV would obtain an additional 26 cents. It is thus
possible for house owners to earn as much as RM700 per month if they could generate as
much as 4kW peak of electricity from their homes.
Although Malaysia is the worlds fourth largest PV modules producer, solar
technology is ironically not adopted widely here. One reason is the cost of installing PV
systems in Malaysia is expensive, even though the cost is falling at a rate of more than 10%
per year. In 2005, for instance, the cost of PV system per kW peak was RM31,410, falling to
RM24,970 in 2007, and to RM20,439 in 2009. Today, the cost has reduced to about
RM15,000 per kW peak a rate still unaffordable or impractical to most Malaysians.
There are four kinds of PV solar panels available in Malaysia: mono-crystalline silicon
(Mc-Si), poly-crystalline silicon (Pc-Si), copper-indium-dieseline (CIS), and thin film
amorphous silicon (A-Si). A study by UKM showed that none of these solar panel types had
more than 10% efficiency in converting solar energy into electricity. The module efficiency for

Mc-Si, Pc-Si, CIS, and A-Si were measured at 6.9, 5.1, 4.0, and 2.2%, respectively. In
addition, Mc-Si and Pc-Si performed best under clear skies, whereas CIS and A-Si did better
under cloudy skies.
The low efficiency of PV panels sold in Malaysia is bad news because a great deal
(more than 90%) of solar energy is unused for electricity generation. The implication is
serious: a very large area of solar panels, costs notwithstanding, would be required for
utilizing solar energy for electricity. How much land area? Lets calculate.
1 MW of electrical generation is equivalent to:
1,000,000 W x 365 days x 24 hours = 8.76 billion Wh
As stated earlier, Malaysia receives 4,000 to 5,000 Wh per sq. m per day, taking 4,500 Wh
per sq. m per day on average. In a year, this daily average is equivalent to:
4,500 Wh per sq. m x 365 days = 1.642 million Wh per sq. m
However, since the highest solar panel efficiency is nearly 7% (for Mc-Si), this means the
total amount of solar radiation energy used for electricity generation is only:
1.642 million Wh per sq. m x 0.07 = 114,975 Wh per sq. m
Thus, the total land area needed for solar panels is:
8.76 billion Wh / 114,975 Wh per sq. m = 76,190.48 sq. m
This means for every 1 MW of electricity required, about 76,000 sq. m of land area in
Malaysia is required for harvesting solar energy. To meet even 1% of Malaysias electricity
demand will require a land area of 12 square kilometres for PV panels and at a cost of
about RM20 trillion!
Consequently, solar energy, as well as other renewable energy, cannot be a major
contributor for electricity generation in Malaysia. This would be true until solar technologies
become affordable enough and the technologies become much more efficient in electricity
generation from solar energy. At the moment, solar energy, at best, could supplement
Malaysias energy supply.

COST AND DURATION ESTIMATION

Cost Estimation of PV Array: With Regards to the advances in the new generations
of the solar cells, the price of PV modules is reduced compared with recent years, so
they can be sold to the end user for about $1 to $5 per watt. When the system is
large this price can be cheaper if it is bought as bulk, According to the label of PV
modules, it must certify that modules have met the required standards in terms of
electrical safety, as well as in terms of warranties that commonly can be between 10

to 20 years which depends to the PV manufacturing.

Cost Estimation of Battery Bank: In this system battery is optional, so it can be
skipped in some cases. Most of the battery bands that are used in PV systems are

lead acid batteries, that normal price for them is $1 per Amp-Hour.
Cost Estimation of Inverter: If the system needs AC power then the inverter must
be used. In standalone systems inverters will be designed based on the 125 percent
of maximum available loads that run simultaneously at one point in time. For
example, to run total loads like 1600 watt at the one moment (such as run a
television, ceiling, dishwasher), this system uses the converter with continuous power
output of 2000 watts. In the grid connected systems inverters maximum rating must
be 10 percent higher than the total PV module size, in order for the system to be safe
and operate more efficiently. The input rating of inverters can never be lower than the

PV module rating. Also, the price of inverters for residences is around $1 per Watt.
Estimation of System Cost: after separately computing all the systems
components, consisting of PV modules, batteries and inverters, and because of the
use of the wires, connectors, switches, fuses and some other miscellaneous parts,
and because of the use of in the system, we must consider 20 percent more to cover
entire systems cost balance.

CONCLUSION
Solar panel electricity system, also known as solar photovoltaic (PV), captures the
sun's energy using photovoltaic cells. These cells don't need direct sunlight to work and they
can still generate some electricity on a cloudy day. The cells convert the sunlight into
electricity, which can be used to run household appliances and lighting. Solar panel
electricity system is generating using lowest cost and it is green electricity from sunlight.
Since sunlight is free, so once you've paid for the initial installation; your electricity costs will
be reduced. Solar electricity is green renewable energy and doesn't release any harmful
carbon dioxide or other pollutants. A typical home solar PV system could save over a tonne
of carbon dioxide per year where that's more than 30 tonnes over its lifetime.
From their unique entrances into the energy marketplace to their current roles,
photovoltaic solar technologies have seen great expansion. Especially over the past few
decades, solar technologies have caught the eyes of consumers and providers alike as
sustainable alternative to dirty, conventional energy sources. Throughout the years,
increased public interest has continually led to greater innovation and technological
breakthroughs. Usage of renewable energy resources has a significant impact on the natural
flows of energy in the environment. Efficient usage of resources makes the energy refillable.
Malaysia is an agricultural country and it generates significant amount of agro-industrial
waste that is a potential energy resource. The sunny weather of Malaysia throughout the
year helps to make solar energy that is another potential energy resource. Moreover, the
conversion system of solar energy in Malaysia is suitable for residential. High dependency
on oil is reducing steadily in Malaysia by the replacement of other primary fuel (gas and
fuel). After done our research about the goodness of using solar power, we conclude that we
want apply solar power plant to produce electricity in daily life.

REFERENCES
1. "Energy Sources: Solar". Department of Energy. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
2. Solar Cells and their Applications Second Edition, Lewis Fraas, Larry Partain, Wiley,
2010, ISBN 978-0-470-44633-1 , Section10.2.
3. "Magic Plates, Tap Sun For Power". Popular Science. June 1931. Retrieved 30
April2015.
4. "Trends in Photovoltaic Applications Survey report of selected IEA countries between
1992 and 2009, IEA-PVPS". Retrieved 8 May 2015
5. "Concentrating Solar Power in 2001 An IEA/SolarPACES Summary of Present
Status and Future Prospects" (PDF). International Energy Agency SolarPACES.
Retrieved 21 May 2015.
6. JOHN RODRIGUEZ. (2015, May 5). Bifacial solar cells the two sides of the story
[Online]. Available: http://www.solarchoice.net.au/blog/news/bifacial-solar-cells-thetwo-sides-of-the-story-050515
7. H. Haberlin, Photovoltaics System Design and Practice, 1st ed, 2012. Europe.
8. Syed Azwan Syed Ali. (2008, June 27). Negara Perlu Alih Guna Tenaga Suria, Kata
Pakar [Online]. Available: http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v3/bm/news_lite.php?
id=342284

PERSONAL REFLECTION

Firstly, the most obvious thing that we discovered was the advantage of working as
part of a group. We learned that good teamwork is the key to success in design activities
when time and resources are limited. As everyone had their own point of view, many
different ideas could be produced and we found the energy of group participation made us
feel more energetic about contributing something.
Secondly we discovered that even the simplest things on earth could be turned into
something amazing if we put enough intensity and effort into working on them. From the
group project that given by lecturer, my member group and I need to study more about how
to design solar system. We also make a meeting to choose what effective material of panel
solar will going to use to absorb more light from sunlight. The reason why our group member
to choose solar is because Malaysia is close to the sun and every day Malaysia will gets
sunlight without spend money to get sunlight. We had found from our research through
online, Solar energy research, or study of solar energy (solar energy studies) is an area of
space science and technology are well suited to be addressed by Malaysia because
Malaysia is located in the equatorial region of the planet closest to the sun and receive the
most sunlight. Solar energy research may represent a research and development activities
which contribute to the Malaysian economy. From Utusan Malaysia, ARCHIVES:
04/22/2001, Energy from the sun, by Norul Ridzuan Zakaria.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Norul Ridzuan Zakaria. (2001, April 22). Tenaga Daripada Matahari, [Online].
Available: http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?
y=2001&dt=0422&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Rencana&pg=re_06.htm