CD Contact1 Bending GC-CP

Three point bending: general
contact and contact pairs.

To download the Abaqus/CAE file required for this tutorial please visit:
www.ssanalysis.co.uk/studenteditiontutorials
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1.
Introduction
The first exercise of this contact event will show you the two main approaches
available in Abaqus to include interactions within your model: the general
contact and the contact pairs approaches.
Main difference among the two approaches is the way the contact is defined.
Furthermore, there are other minor differences related to the numerical solution
of the contact and some specific restrictions for each of the approaches.
- General contact allows you to define contact in your entire model with only
one-click and it is generally a very fast process.
- Contact pairs approach requires you to define a new interaction for each
surface pair you want to include in the model. This could become really
complicated and time-consuming if you have a large assembly. However,
sometimes, it is the only option if you have for instance analytical surfaces in the
model.
In this example, a metallic beam modelled with plastic material properties will
undergo a three point bending loading condition enforced through contact with
three rigid tools.
The model will be already pre-defined in terms of geometry, meshing and
boundary conditions. Your only task will be to define the interactions with the
two approaches provided by Abaqus, run the analyses and post-process the
data.
2.
Preliminaries
- Double click on the file Contact1.cae, this will open an Abaqus database where
you will already find a model called Model-GC including the geometric parts, the
instance positioning in the assembly and the discretization of the parts.
- The model (Figure 1) is actually a quarter of the model shown in the title page
to exploit the symmetry occurring in the X-Y and Y-Z planes and reduce the cost
of the analysis.

Figure 1. Assembly of the three point bending moment.
3.
Material and section properties
- Start to define the material properties by clicking on Materials in the model tree.
In the Edit material dialog box, type Steel as material name and select
Mechanical Elasticity Elastic as material behaviour in the material menu.
Enter 210e3 MPa as Youngs modulus and 0.3 as Poisson coefficient. Select
Mechanical PlasticityPlastic and enter the values shown in the following
picture to define the plastic behaviour of the material.
- Now create a new solid homogeneous section called Section_Steel by

clicking on Sections in the model tree. Choose Steel as material and click OK.

- Assign the section to the beam. In the model tree, explode the Parts container,
explode the part called Beam and double-click on Section Assignment. Select
the whole geometry of the beam and select the Section called Section-Steel. The
part should turn from grey to green. Rigid tools do not need to have any material
assigned.
- Double click Assembly in the model tree, and click on the View Mesh Icon and
check the assembly and its already predefined mesh.

4.
Define the analysis steps
- Double-click on Steps in the model tree and create a new Static, General step
called Load. Set Nlgeom parameter as on and include automatic stabilisation as
shown in the following picture.
- Move to the incrementation tab and set an initial time increment of 0.01 and a
maximum of 0.05.
- Create a second step called Elastic Return using the same procedure and the
same parameters as the first step.

5.
Define boundary and loading conditions
Four boundary conditions are applied to this model.

- Define a Symmetric displacement condition to the beam in the x direction.
Double click on BCs in the model tree, call the boundary condition as BC-SYMMX, select Initial as step and Symmetry/Antisymmetry/Encastre as type. Select the
face highlighted in the following Figure as region and then X-SYMM as type.
- Repeat the same to create a BC-SYMM-Z boundary condition (Z-SYMM) in the

face of the beam shown below.

- Create now a new Boundary condition called BC-Encastre to encastre the

lower rigid tool. Select Initial as step and Symmetry/Antisymmetry/Encastre as
type. Select the reference point of the lower rigid body as region and then
ENCASTRE as type. All the nodes of this part will follow the movement of this
node, thus the whole part will be fixed to its initial position.
- Lastly, create a Displacement/Rotation boundary condition called BC-DISP.

Select Load as step, Displacement/Rotation as type, select the reference point of
the upper rigid body and enter the parameters as shown in the following picture.

- Enter now the Boundary Conditions manager (in the model tree, right click on
BCs and select Manager). Select the cell belonging to the Elastic return step
column and the BC-DISP row. Click on Edit and replace -35 with 0 in the U2
field. This will return the rigid tool to its original position.
- Save the model. File Save.
6.
Define Interactions using General Contact approach
- Create new Interaction Property by double-clicking Interaction Properties in

the model tree, call it IntProp-1 and select Contact as Type. Select Hard contact
for Mechanical Normal Behaviour. Select MechanicalTangential
Behaviour, select Penalty as Friction formulation and enter 0.1 as friction
coefficient.

- Create now a new General Contact interaction. Double click on Interactions,

select Initial as Step, call the new interaction as INT-GC and choose General
Contact as type. Keep All with self as contact domain to say that you want all
the parts of your system in contact with everything. Select IntProp-1 as global
interaction property.
Interactions defined with general contact are very fast to be implemented (only
two clicks also for complex models). It is still possible, if needed, to improve the
definition by including/excluding specific surface pairs or by assigning
individual interaction properties to particular surface pairs.
7.
Create and Submit a Job
- Double-click Jobs in the model tree and create a new Job called Contact1-GC.
Select the Model-GC and click Continue and then ok. Now, right-click on Jobs
and open the Job-Manager. Highlight the job Contact1-GC previously created
and click on Submit to start your analysis and on Monitor to monitor the
advancement of the analysis. Once it is terminated click on Results in the JobManager.
8.
View the Results
- Visualize the complete model. In the main menu bar, click on View Odb
Display options and enter the Mirror/Pattern tab. Tick the XY and YZ mirror
planes to mirror the model and exploit the symmetry of the system. Click OK.

10
- Visualize the displacement and the stress contour plots. Animate the analysis
using the tools highlighted in the following picture. Then return on the model tree
bu clicking on the Model tab on top on the left.

11
9.
Define Interactions using the Contact-Pair approach
It is possible to define interactions in a different way. The Contact Pairs approach

is more time-consuming but it allows sometimes a wider range of interaction
properties (rough friction), contact domains (include analytical rigid surfaces,
spheres, cylinders) and contact formulations (node-to-surface). General contact is
more limited.
- Copy the Model-GC by right-clicking on Model-GC in the model tree and selecting
Copy Model. Rename the new model as Model-CP.
- Explode the new model and collapse the Model-GC. Go in the Interactions
container and delete Int-GC from Model-CP (Right-click and Delete).
- Now define two new interactions between the beam and the two rigid tools.
Double-click on Interactions, name the interaction Int-Upper, select Inital as step
Surface-to-Surface contact as type. Select the upper rigid tool as master surface,
choose the colour (brown or purple) that faces the beam to define the shell surface.
Select Surface as slave region and select the upper face of the beam as shown in
the following picture.
- Once the Edit Interaction dialog box appears, choose IntProp-1 as interaction
property and click OK.
- Repeat the same for the second rigid tool and create the Int-Lower contact pair.

12
- Double-click Jobs in the model tree and create a new Job called Contact1-CP.
Select the Model-CP and click Continue and then ok. If not already open, rightclick on Jobs and open the Job-Manager. Highlight the job Contact1-CP
previously created and click on Submit to start your analysis and on Monitor to
monitor the advancement of the analysis. Once it is terminated click on Results
and check them as done in the previous section. Results should be the same.
10. Use the automatic Find contact pair tool

As highlighted earlier, the contact pair approach could be very time-consuming in
case of large models and analyses. A new interaction is define for each contact
pair. Sometimes it is not even possible to know which surface will undergo
contact. Abaqus offers a tool to overcome this issue to automatically find
contact pairs and define new interactions.
- Copy the Model-Cp as Model-CP-AUTOM as did before. Delete the two
interactions previously created.
- Click the Find Contact pairs icon as highlighted in the following picture and
then click the Find Contact Pairs button. Notice that two contact pairs are found,
the Intprop-1 has already been selected as default. All the options in the cells
can be modified specifically. Click ok and notice that in the model tree, two new
Surface-to-Surface interactions have been selected.

13
- Double-click Jobs in the model tree and create a new Job called Contact1-CPAUTOM. Select the Model-CP-AUTOM and click Continue and then ok. Without
opening the Job Manager, you can also right-click the Job Contact1-CP_AUTOM
and select Submit to start your analysis and Monitor to monitor the advancement
of the analysis. Results can be accessed with this method as well.

14

CD Contact1 Bending GC-CP

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Three point bending: general

contact and contact pairs.

Strategic Simulation & Analysis Ltd

Strategic Simulation & Analysis Ltd

Figure 1. Assembly of the three point bending moment.

Material and section properties

- Now create a new solid homogeneous section called Section_Steel by

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Strategic Simulation & Analysis Ltd

Define the analysis steps

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Define boundary and loading conditions

Four boundary conditions are applied to this model.

- Repeat the same to create a BC-SYMM-Z boundary condition (Z-SYMM) in the

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- Create now a new Boundary condition called BC-Encastre to encastre the

- Lastly, create a Displacement/Rotation boundary condition called BC-DISP.

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- Save the model. File Save.

Define Interactions using General Contact approach

- Create new Interaction Property by double-clicking Interaction Properties in

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- Create now a new General Contact interaction. Double click on Interactions,

Create and Submit a Job

View the Results

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Strategic Simulation & Analysis Ltd

Define Interactions using the Contact-Pair approach

It is possible to define interactions in a different way. The Contact Pairs approach

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10. Use the automatic Find contact pair tool

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Strategic Simulation & Analysis Ltd

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