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Name:.En.No.:....Batch:Sl.No.:..
Date:...Sign.(Student):.....Sign.(Invigilator):....
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
Roorkee 247 667
End Term Examination II
(Autumn Semester; Session 2013-14)
B.Tech. I Year; CE105: Introduction to Environmental Studies
Time: 1 1/2 Hour
Max. Marks: 80
Notes: i) All questions are compulsory, ii) Wherever necessary, clarify assumptions and write
answers in the appropriate units.
Important Formulae
log BCF = 0.79 log ( K OW ) 0.4 = 0.79 log (130 ) 0.4
%COHb = (1- e-t) (CO)
Where, %COHb = Carboxyhemoglobin as % saturation; CO = Carbonmonoxide conc. in
ppm; = 0.402 h-1; = 0.15 %/ ppm CO; and t = exposure time in hours
2
E 1 y 1 H
(x, y,0, H ) =
exp exp
s y s z u 2 s y 2 s z
z
u2 = u1 2
z1
d) Methane
d) 5.00 p.m.
d) O3
c) NO
Page 2 of 8
6. Which of the following pollutants is not removed by three-way catalytic converters
from exhaust emissions of automobiles?
a) Pb
b) CO
c) NOx
d) HC
7. Major constituent of landfill gas is
a) CO
b) CO2
c) CH4
d) H2S
d) As
d) Au
d) MIG
Page 3 of 8
PART C (5x6=30 Marks) (Brief Answers)
1.
Define and differentiate biomagnification and bioconcentration.
(6)
Ans. Biomagnification is the bioaccumulation of a substance up the food chain by transfer of
residues of the substance in smaller organisms that are food for larger organisms in the chain.
Or, When partitioning concentrates a chemical in one phase that is the food for a higher
phase, the chemical can further concentrate as we move up the food chain.
Bioconcentration is a process that results in an organism having a higher
concentration of a substance than is in its surrounding environmental media, such as stream
water.
2. With appropriate equations, write main functions of three way catalytic converters.
(6)
Ans: A three-way catalytic converter has three simultaneous tasks:
1. Reduction of nitrogen oxides to nitrogen and oxygen:
2NOx xO2 + N2
2. Oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide:
2CO + O2 2CO2
3. Oxidation of unburnt hydrocarbons (HC) to carbon dioxide and water:
CxH2x+2 + 2xO2 xCO2 + 2xH2O
(6)
Page 4 of 8
4. Differentiate combustion, gasification and pyrolysis, in short.
(6)
Combustion
Thermal processing of solid waste by chemical oxidation with stoichiometric or
excess amounts of air.
End products-hot gases, water vapour (flue gas), and non-combustible residue (ash).
Energy can be recovered by heat exchange from the hot combustion gases.
Gasification
Thermal processing of waste with limited air.
End products- gases (hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide etc.) and
ash
Pyrolysis
Thermal processing of waste in the complete absence of air.
End products-solids (char), liquids (tar/oil) and gases (hydroggen, methane, carbon
monoxide, carbon dioxide etc.)
Endothermic process, external source of heat is required.
5. Classify various types of wetlands on the basis of hydrology alongwith their main
characteristics.
(6)
Page 5 of 8
PART D (30 Marks) (Numerical Problems)
1. If a compound X has an ocatnol-water (Haunsch) partitioning coefficient of 130 and
the concentration of X in lake water is 0.5 mg/L, find (a) BCF, and (b) approximate
concentration of X in the animal at the bottom of all food chains in the lake.
(2+3=5)
Solution:
log BCF = 0.79 log ( K OW ) 0.4 = 0.79 log (130 ) 0.4
BCF=18.62 L/kg
Concentration of X in Organism ( mg/kg )
BCF=
= 18.62 L kg
0.5 mg/L
Concentration of X in Organism ( mg/kg ) =9.31 mg/kg
3.
Calculate 1 ppm SO2 concentration in microgram/m3 at 0oC & 1 atm.
Solution:
g (gas)/m3= ppm x mol wt x 103/22.4 (g/m3) at 0oC & 1 atm
mol wt of SO2=64 g/mol
Hence:
SO2 concentration in g (gas)/m3 is 2857.14
(3)
Page 6 of 8
1 y 2
1H
E
(x, y,0, H ) =
exp exp
2 sy
2 s z
s y s z u
1 200 2
1 140 2
100
C (1000,200) =
exp
exp
(210)(450)(1.804348)
2 210
2 450
C (1000,200) = 113.068 g/m3
Page 7 of 8
5. Volumetric flow rate of flue gas coming out of a 500 MW coal power plant is 2.0
m3/s. To meet the national emission standards, it is estimated that 97% of the total
particulate matter is required to be removed by electrostatic precipitator. Calculate
the total area of the collection plate of the electrostatic precipitator if the average
drift velocity of the particles is 0.1 m/s.
(5)
Solution:
Efficiency = 1-exp-wA/Q
A is total area of collection plate
Q Volumetric flow rate of the gas
W is drift velocity
exp (-0.1*A/2.0)=1-(97/100)
-0.1*A/2.0= ln (0.03)
-0.1*A/2.0 = -3.50656
A= 70.13 m2
A=Total area of the collection plate
6. Estimate the landfill area needed to handle one years municipal solid waste (MSW)
for Delhi. Assume following data: (a) population = 14 million, (b) average per capita
solid waste generation = 0.6 kg/day, (c) landfill density of 800 kg/m, and a single 3m
lift. Assume that 20 percent of the landfill cell volume is soil used for cover.
(5)
Solution.
Solid waste generated in a year = 0.6x365x14000000
= 3066000000 kg
Volume of solid waste generated in a year = 3066000000 / 800
= 3832500 m3
Volume of landfill cell = 3832500 m3 / 0.8 = 4790625 m3
Area of landfill = 4258333 m3 / 3 = 1596875 m2
Page 8 of 8
Blank page for rough work