Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
JAPAN
BY
JAMESA.B.SCHERER
THE LIBRARY
The Ontario
for Studies in
Institute
Education
Toronto, Canada
YOUNG JAPAN
By
the
Sume Author
JAPAN TO-DAY
lamo.
two
FOUR PRINCES
0, The GtowTH or a Kingdom
Tht Sf'j
limo.
tf ihi Chrtitian
Churth
Crown
octavo.
PRESENT-DAY JAPAN
BY AUGUSTA DAVinSON
Colored frontispiece and seventy-three
illustrations.
DIPLOMATIC MYSTERIES
BY VANcr THOMrSON
l2mo.
Illustrated.
Postage
<
YOUNG JAPAN
THE STORY OF THE JAPANESE
PEOPLE. AND ESPECIALLY OF THEIR
EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
BY
President of
Author
of
College
Princes," etc.
4%
PHILADELPHIA AND LONDON
J.
B.
LIPPINCOTT COMPANY
1
905
Copyright, 1905
By
J.
B. LippiNcoTT
Published
May,
Company
190s
Company, Philadelphia, U.
S. A.
DEDICATED TO
PAUL AKMAND
AND HIS FRIENDS
PREFACE
This book, while complete in itself, is also
designed as a companion of *' Japan Tol)ay." The other work was intended to be
random portfolio of views, showing contemporary life in Japan under every ordinarv condition, and from everv attainable
angle.
The present volume attempts to tell
a
make
Occasionally, in order to
velopment.
that
show the
process has
PREFACE
exhis-
tory to the introduction of Chinese civilization in the sixth Christian century, when
Japan put
ern civilization
teenth century.
in
Throughout
five
years
the
writer
was
Japanese youth, on
Japanese soil, and during four of these years
was teacher in a government school. That
W.
PREFACE
For
Washington (espe-
is
made
in the text.
PREFACE
8
value of
When
in
CONTENTS
BOOK
EARLY CULTURE
PAQK
Part First
1.0
Part Second
43
BOOK
II
adolescence
Part Ffrst
55
Part Second
147
BOOK
TIT
modern school-days
Part First
183
Part Second
284
ILLUSTRATIONS
HAUE
Temple of
An
Little
God of Education
at
..
.Fronlispiece.
28
Nara
GO
72
Temple Garden
Armor
An
Deer Park
An
the
used in
78
Kyoto
in
War
" the
of
92
tlie
Koses"
94
Work
98
Learning to Write
104
Artist at
112
120
Tomb
lyeyasu's
Tomb
at
Holiday
in
an
Tokyo
132
Nikk5
Cloisonne Artists at
122
at
140
Work
Iris
154
Garden
160
A
A
170
172
Xagoya
176
282
302
11
BOOK
EARLY CULTURE
YOUNG JAPAN
EARLY CULTURE
PART
FIRST
a proverb which
tells
us
Nowhere
world do the
hoary -haired go frequently a-maying; nowhere else do grown-up folk keep eternal
holiday, even while they labor nowhere else,
in short, can one find such an overgrown
playground. The country itself is a continent done in dainty miniature, gigantic
mountains so crowded for room that their
earth.
15
YOUNG JAPAN
16
roaring in constrained cascades, and thousands of toy islets thrown in frolicsome confusion, like so
many
licking
The conmionest
sea.
is
Laughter
is
possibly
thrown up
by volcanic action from the fath-
Some
eastern
coasts,
indicating
terrific
disturb-
earthquakes of
of daily occur-
are frequent in
Tike a
backbone
down
the
EARLY CULTURE
17
is
is
for
over a thou-
sand miles in length. But the entire northwestern coast is notable for its bleakness,
owing hu'gely to the absence of that Pacific
**
gulf-stream" which warms the eastern
shores, and thus draws the burden of popuhition in that direction.
in a very high state of cultivation, producing opulent crops of rice, tea, barley, mil-,
let, and beans, with smaller quantities of such
is
staples as cotton
and tobacco.
Mines of
coal,
is
a veritable
Golconda of valuable fishes, from the spermwhale to the trout and oyster. The flora of
the country, especially in the south, is so rich
that Japan has often been called a land of
2
YOUNG JAPAN
18
since.
sailed
home
their
Tatar junks
to
the
island
"
EARLY CULTURE
19
It
is
first
settlements
Japan
who
at present.
Among
tion,
ion, a
slenderer
a
complexion,
yellowish-white
figure, more sj-mmetrj^ in all parts of the
body, and a slighter development of limb, are
notable characteristics of the second type,"
Between
dominant among the aristocracy.
these two distinct extremes there exist a number of varieties, but all agree in being plainly
Mongolian.
"stories"
that
identify
the
20
YOUNG JAPAN
class
Besides
Chinese.
marked
jdiysical
differ-
Japan
character
nese
is
is
The key-note
to
the Jaj)anese
conservatism.
It
is
the difference
EAKLY CULTURE
21
milk.
itself
European
out
Oriental
distinctive
twist
that
makes
it
essentially
"Japanese."
tive
way
that the
a Myth wuh
a Moral.
YOUNG JAPAN
22
and
is
is
the true
story
of
certainly inter-
suggestive of
many
things.
nami
At
leuLcth
met.
tlicv
Instantlv Iza-
in
literal lord
of creation
commanded
so this
that they
Mr. Ileam summarizes the native cosmogony as folIn the beginning neither force nor form was manifest
and the world was a shapeless mass that floated
lows:
EARLY CULTURE
23
woman
ese
is
way
woman.
tion of
truth
until
is
that *'the
during the
fifth
year 600
b.c.
According
^^^
Hitor>-:
to this tra-
deities,
whom
High Heaven; others remained on earth and became the ancestors of the Japandwell in the blue Plain of
ese race.
24
YOUNG JAPAN
those Tatar tribes that liad secured a foothold in the southernmost island of Kyfishii.
At the head of a host of his kinsmen, Jimmu
island of
invariably victorious.
tribes of }>y.gmies
It
in the
ground.
Traces
still
to be
found in Ve/o, where they were long ago exterminated by the Ainu, when driven thither
by their own con(iueror8, the Japanese. The
victorious Jimmu is said to have built for
himself a i)alace in the province of Yamato,
and from this circumstance "Yamato" is a
name sometimes emj)loyed, and especially in
poetry, to denote the whole empire of Japan.
Yamato-dake, ''the bravest in Yamato,"
is the name of a great legendary hero, the
vouuger son of the twelfth emperor according to the traditional
line.
The first incident recorded of his romantic career shows that at an early day the
principle of filialism had been inculcated aa
'
EAELY CULTURE
25
worthy Japanese.
Yamato-dake had a
who was
slug-
negligent in his
days
this early
idol of
modern
death of a
'Moiuiity."
prince occurred,
alive
preme
Son of heaven.
doubtless owing to
veritable
It is
'
last,
Emperor
su-
as the
'
'
of Japanese
*'
YOUNG JAPAN
26
THien a
supreme,
the knightliness that the world has
''Japanese
among
known.
all
It
spirit,"
is
is
unique,
spiritual diversity of
mankind
to
know
that
when compelled
had committed
suicide out of a sense of fealty to his master the Emperor of China; and this, forto surrender,
EARLY CULTURE
sooth,
27
ese
is
is
that of "foxiness."
many
a temple,
and the
and whose
Yamato-damasJiii, was
the
following.
Ilis
had shown
sent
the young
brother,
his
of
slaying
in the
prince south to employ his wits and weapons
against two notorious outlaws. The prince,
who was slender in figure and of a delicate
father, struck with the boldness he
two
attempting
to
escape.
But
Yamato-dake
YOUNG JAPAN
28
begged him
to withliold
an instant until he
"Who
art thou?"
he wonderingly inand Yamato-dake told him.
The dying outlaw, when he heard the name,
said that hitherto there had been none so
brave as he and his elder brother, "but
quired;
henceforth
bravest in
Then
thou
be
shalt
praised
as
the
Yamato!"
it
life
in
the whole-
women, one of
Ajapaneac
AmMon.
cse Icgcud
is
that of thc
Empress
Jingo.
It was she who, despising
her feeble consort, proposed and actually conducted a victorious invasion of Korea. The
traditional date of this important event is
fixed in the year 200 a.d. The Japanese have
never quite pelded the claim to Korea which
EARLY CULTURE
29
From
this
The
was the im-
is
alleged to have
human
life,
"never
lie,"
now
which
fancy.
Up
conditions of Japanese
life
seem
to
have been
YOUNG JAPAN
30
logs
vines.
the
fluid
began
culture
of the
Asiatic
Japan,
continent
rarefied by its
somehow
a rose.
refining
tive
writers,
EAELY GULTUKE
31
wooded
of Shinto.
way
With
Buddhism.
their
YOUNG JAPAN
32
Buddhism monldod itsolf towards the encompassment of Shinto, so that now the two cults
are often inextricably interwoven, though the
Shinto share of the woof is sometimes exIn the seventeenth century,
Shinto made an effort to recover its independence, and even now, for obvious political
purposes, is the recognized "religion" of the
ceedingly small.
state, since
it
perpetuation of existence
through innumerable and ever-varying forms,
but teaches that our highest goal is non-
It believes in the
existence.
It
derives
its
greatest strength
its
illus-
its-
EARLY CULTURE
33
its
dra-
now
unmixed
**
moral-
ity" of Confucius.
Confucian isiii
is
not a religion at
all.
It
a cold
.11
Japan in
Its main
of
nal allegiance.
trine of
filial
tionships of
of
at
least
tenet
piety applied to
life.
woman, and
is
the doc-
all
the rela-
It despises the
treats her as
a nomi-
character
worse than a
slave.
As an
YOUNG JAPAN
34
anese children,
the
The Four
and Twenty
^^^^1^
thirsty insects
from
the nets of
parents.
liis
third,
and a
girl
the
happy
belief that
they were
still
EARLY CULTURE
35
overmuch talking!
Shinto, Buddhism, and the
ethics of
the
-r
pruner
religious
1
young
of
1
Con-
^^
Evolution of
Racial Ideals.
YOUNG JAPAN
36
whose
last
startling
compound
from
mental
one
such a
glarinp: misstatements,
rect
is
i)oint
is
that
assumi)tion
undoubtedly cor-
of view
in his
**the
fundaof
history
little
more than
not so
much
a cause as a i)roduct;
not so much an exi)lanation of how the Japanese people came to be what they are morally,
as a simple witness of what they were in the
beginning. There is no system about it, and
In other words,
it has no positive morals.
Shinto is merely a record of primitive race
the record of a beauty-loving, ancestor-worshipping, barbaric tribe of
men. Its sole moral tenet of filial piety was
characteristics:
EARLY CULTURE
37
is
came from
common
ghost-ancestry;
but
it
law.
in the living.
It greatly strength-
The
Reiiirion of
Patriotism,
ened the clan idea, because it
taught that the clan-leader was to be revered
as a father.
Confucianism grafted upon
Shinto built up the Japanese state. The Emperor, or strongest of the head clansmen, was
recognized as supreme father of all, and
But the
"son
heaven."
Confucianism
brought to this native conception its positive
chief
of
YOUNG JAPAN
38
all
of the
have known no other religion than patriotism; their god has been their ^likado. It is
little wonder that the government desires the
perpetuation of Shinto, and that the official
education of the jjeojile is based on Confucian
principles.
What would happen should the
people lose faith in their sun-god? Japan is
trying a venturesome experience in her attempt to ]nit new wine into old bottles. The
all-powerful clans that control her present
destinies seek to strengthen these old bottles
is
priestesses preside at
the principal
EARLY CULTURE
39
soldiers
40
YOUNG JAPAN
has
been maintained, and was j)robably initiated,
by their religion. Sjjotless cleanliness being
required by the rites of ancestor-worship,
in the temple, in the person of the officiant,
and in the home, this rule of purity was naturally extended by degrees to all the conditions of existence." But this again is probThe
ably the confusion of effect with cause.
Japanese by nature are a beauty-loving people, true modern Greeks; if cleanliness be
next to godliness, it is certainly of the very
EARLY CULTURE
essence of beauty.
Shinto
is
41
mere
ritual
Buddhism,
than Confucianism.
It
has been of
inCtilture.
its
repression, or self-control;
But
life.
its
As we
"Buddhism brought
the
adapt
its
environment to
itself,
it is
likely to
with benev-
This
it
accom-
tive
42
YOUNG JAPAN
It had
establishment of Biuklhism (1871).
gradually
usurped the very throne, and had
become the
EARLY CULTURE
PART SECOND
Japan ESK babies are invariably and invinexcept that their parents,
channin*::,
cibly
ness, strangely
gether true, as
is
**
is
sometimes
Nor
Japanese
nai^iea
is it alto-
said, that
Japan
If the
new-
the
means
*'
an Qgg of
baby is
only the germ, of enormous and useless exthe pracAnd, boy or girl,
G
1
pense.
^
tice of
Infanticide.
>
mfanticide
is
not uncommon.
emphasize
in the parent's
mind
his
own
43
su-
YOUNG JAPAN
An
tions absolutely.
instance
on record
by an
he wished his
is
told
,,
lier
own
-,
life,
both
to be at the same
time faithful to the behests of "piety." It
was not long after this event that T called
upon the lads in the .Iai)anese school to write
essays on "The Noblest Deed I ever Heard
to
liar delight.
Ceremony attends
Ceremonies of
chiidhood.
is
find accomi)anies
q]j
(jf
manhood.
him
world
to the thresh-
Japan, indeed,
EARLY CULTURE
without ceremony.
And
this
45
The
rites that
dignify the life of a little Japanese baby today are possibly to a great extent identical
with those that were performed for Yamatodake himself.
A glimpse into a famous
"handbook of etiquette" will be interesting,
illustrating the traditional ceremonial
treatment of childhood. Very little ceremony
attends the giving of the name, we are told,
which takes place when the child is a week
old, and is consequently known as "the
congratulations of the seventh night." Some
honored relative selects and bestows this
particular name, which is only temporarj^
lasting through the period of childhood.
Another name is afterwards bestowed for
But the bond
use in the grown-up world.
as
It is also
YOUNG JAPAN
46
man
case of a
girl.
woman
The weaning-sponsor
cup of consecrated
rice
and places
in the
takes a
it
on a
it
is
EARLY CULTURE
child.
47
is
now
supi)osed to begin
its
inde-
Now
YOUNG JAPAN
48
emblems of longevity;
ceremony.
and
dirk.
wine is
on the road
March
to
all
EARLY CULTUKE
49
Japanese excel
countries
we
in doll-making.
In Western
But
in
them
are
Imagine a
to be real children.
festival
day
filled
Japan
in
doll-
all
sorts of
most picturesque
aspect during the boys' festival, two months
later.
The carp is the chosen symbol of boyhood, because he swims upstream, against
all
manner
its
of endeavor to
make
his
own way
in
the
goes in at the
mouth and
fills
YOUXG JAPAN
50
for
all
above
were
Japan
is
a true
Amid an atmosphere
jollity,
and
taught
East journeys on the way to full-orbed manI can recall him plainly now, as I have
hood.
little
EARLY CULTURE
51
What
What
use to
use to
me
me
Rriphter by far
The joys
my
the gold
and
silver
hoard?
and rareT
bright beyond compare
ay
children to
my
heart afford
!"
BOOK
II
ADOLESCENCE
ADOLESCENCE
PART FIRST
witli
Christianity.
will treat of
Jingo.
YOUNG JAPAN
5(J
diary channel.
An ambassador from
that
a nun.
The new
faith
opposed, however,
patriotism,
was
cliietly
officers
high
at first ])itter]y
on the ground of
in
the
state
con-
gained the
who
This prince,
Through
own
fostered.
In other words,
ADOLESCENCE
57
during thirteen centuries; the other unbarred a passage for the full-orbed westering sun when the eyesight of the people could
bear it.
We
into the
American
frigate.
Until the
YOUNG JAPAN
58
imperial power.
of
tlie
He was
nation, initiating
of
Chinese
speedily changed
The
Bureaucracy.
all
of this.
the change
I>i.i(.e
lies in
Shf.toku,
The essence
of
Em-
Uudor thc
In
imitation of
and, in short,
of government.
all
of the functions
at
twelve distinctions,
to nineteen,
and
True,
in the
ADOLESCENCE
59
bein-
The
all
a mere
signc^t,
Emperor degenerating
into
so to speak, or credential of
A.D. 794.*
This
is
to be traced
YOUNG JAPAN
60
cal literature.
"Record of
historian, as
is
dread of
aiiy place in
sons of a dead
man
capital."
capital,
years,
built themselves a
Chamberlain.
being the
Kara was
imperial
the
residence
reigns.
first
for
permanent
seventy-five
first
permanent capital
of
Japan.
ADOLESCENCE
61
knowledge
itself
has developed.
Before pen
-The Myriad
i-eave*.'
propriato
Garner of a Myriad Leaves." Many antholohave since been collected, but the "Myriad Leaves" may be said to present the chief
examples of Japanese classical poetry, which
has more than once been called the one origEveryinal product of the Japanese mind.
gies
YOUNG JAPAN
62
ex-
them," which
is
as follows:
Kimi pa yo wa,
Chi-yo ni yachi-yo ni
Sa7.aroislii
no
Iwa wo to naritp.
Koke DO musu made!
odes
is
their
elliptical
terseness of style.
The hokku
example shows:
ADOLESCENCE
63
Asap:ao ni
Tsunibe torarete,
Morai-iiiizu
words utterly
*'The
rather than
kindly wishes fashioned into this ancient clasAt the so-hetsusic form of daintv verse.
kicai, or farewell meeting, friends will arise
and chant original verses, which often have a
distinctly poetical flavor.
is
Frequently, how-
utterly lost
when
the
poem
dence at the British legation that the Empress herself deigned to honor her with a
YOUNG JAPAN
64
poem of parting as the gray-haired lady returned to her Western liome. The verse was
an exfjuisite type of its class but in our matter-of-fact English prose the parting lament
became: "Westward the gray goose takes
her flight!"
Needless to say, the word
"goose" has no such unhappy connotation in
Japanese as in English, nor does Oriental
usage esteem gray hairs as other than a
crown of glory; so that, robbed of its awkward Occidental suggestiveness, the verse becomes a pretty conceit, and should doubtless
be associated with Bryant's noble lines "To
;
Waterfowl."
Chief of
all
the poets of
many
^moug
supposed
He was
to
of
the
name Kaki-no-moto),
have died
in
ADOLESCENCE
winds obey me, and
my
delight
65
is
poesy.'*
him
little
origin in the
name
The legend
misty spring
in the
The vapors
roll o'er
Mount Mikasa's
crest,
rest,
sing.
My
heart
is i-ent
Still all
song of birds,
unanswer'd ring
my
passionate words.
5
YOUNG JAPAN
66
day
call
Till
But
my
her
dawn
fades away;
ev'rj'
night
My
all
too
weak
to bring
shfi,
US from
poetry.
tlic
"The Garner
or
pcriod of classical
It is called the
Kokin-
chiefly
Amid
shuy Tsurayuki
TheA
eof
its
cxcmplars.
Up
to his day, all prose compositions
had been written in stilted Chinese.
Notwithstanding his connection with the court,
Classic Prose
most
illustrlous
ADOLESCENCE
67
way
for a large
number of
excel-
I*rosc 'P&168*
like gold.
Japanese,
all
and
literature of the
its
richest
the court.
We
mance leads
all
in
YOUNG JAPAN
as
the Pillow
Book
tistic excellence.
which
is
the lat-
here given (in Mr. Aston 's translation) is remarkable as a grai)hie bit of
description. The author is Madame Sei Shonagon, of imperial blood, and for some time a
lady-in-waiting to her empress.
When her
mistress died, in the year lOUO, she entered
a Buddhist convent, where this remarkable
ter
is
"Pillow Book" was composed. In the following selection she imagines herself back at
the j)alace, watching through the "grated
windows" a group of rustic visitors in the
yard below
"What fun to watch the farmers' wives and
daughters, arrayed in all their hoarded finery,
and riding in their wagons (made
AWomiin
Writer.
come
all
combs
But that is after all a trifle
when compared to their alarm if a horse so
their
much
as neighs.
On
ADOLESCENCE
of the court
amuse themselves
bj"
09
slyly goad-
little
affection
may remain
^
;
'
then matters
^
will in time
still
his
A Woman '8
opinion of
'^'
show a
tolerable
amount of
YOUXO JAPAN
70
should evon
tlion
complain of
in sucli a
it
way
were
alone
That
anN-isrise
to say,
is
notable
in
literature.
to the seven-
jieriod,
war
The Decline
ofLettera.
With the
letters decayed,
but
we
power
shall
wit-
later.
classic
revival
especially because of
its
is
really important,
happy adaptation
of
ADOLESCENCE
71
in the
chorus, the
actors,
the
same
who were
demeanor of the
there was
the open air, there was
stately
often masked;
same sitting in
same quasi-religious
strain pervading
In his opinion, some of these
all of which are anonymous
lyrical dramas
rank with the cleverest productions of the
His able work on
prolific Japanese pen.
"The Classical Poetry of the Japanese" con-
the
the whole."
YOUNG JAPAN
72
is
entitled
"The Robe
of
Feathers." A fisherman, landing on the pineclad shore near the base of the peerless
Mount Fuji, hears strains of heavenly music,
while a more than earthly fragrance fills the
air.
T.ooking in wonder about him, he discerns a beauteous robe of iridescent feath-
when
it
as her own.
and despair
her,
happy kings
I.
't.
ADOLESCENCE
At
73
"Dance
And when,
Homeward
all
too soon
still
field,
Till
The
camp proved
to
the
statecraft.
This
was
well
YOUNG JAPAN
74
enough so long as the Taira and the Minamoto were subduing rebellions in the frequently turbulent provinces;
rebel-
Emperor, succumbed to these militant agand to the Bureaucratic governadded the important
consequently
ment was
gressors;
feature of Militarism.
It was militarism in deadly earnest from
the
For
first.
fought side
a
common
The
the
by side
foe,
in
now
i)rize
who had
unity against
took to fight-
of their warfare
two
conflicting hosts
ADOLESCENCE
75
made Feudalism
a permanent national
'Japan was now converted into
a camp; her institutions were feudalized.
The real master of the empire was he who,
strongest with his sword and bow, and heading the most numerous host, could partition
that
it
institution.
among
For
war
The younger
of these, Yoshitsune
"^
Yoshitsune.
by name, has been called the Bayard
of Japan.
Son of a great Minamoto chieftain, he was left fatherless at a very tender
age,
one of the most popular of modern
*^
76
YOUNG JAPAN
and another
child, seeking
j)rison.
filial
That
is
"dutv" bv
to
the
that they
shitsune, like
of chivalry.
ADOLESCENCE
77
became jealous
was jealous
of the loyal David; and, in spite of an appeal
filled with the most touching and chivalrous
eloquence, he was outhiwed, a })rice was set
upon his head, and hq disappeared as a
ruined fugitive whose end is shrouded in mystery.
The Ainu in Yezo revere his name to
this day as that of a demigod, so that many
think that he spent his last days among them.
His brother had power to end his career, but
1185.
But
the
final
his
touch
of
romance being
added
that caused his
to
light
to
go out
injustice
in
dark-
ness.
The
won
YOUNG JAPAN
78
take water.
fleet
hundred vessels of
own, he crowded Ihem with fighting-men
and hurried on to the fray. Every soul on
hastily collect inp: seven
his
death.
There
When
befell
fierce
frenzy
of slaughter.
moment motionless
itself.
sel
For the
ADOLESCENCE
and flung
it
to his doughtiest
79
shout,
''Shoot
it
back!"
who gave
the swift
"Shoot
**It is
command,
back!"
but short and
it
the dead
it
into the
"The whizzing
80
YOUNG JAPAN
The
whirlj^ools
of blood."
ADOLESCENCE
81
rule.
Yoritomo.
The
was to establish that peculiar form of government known as the Shogunate, which ruled
Ja})an almost continuously until the pristine
imperialism was again restored as the out-
made
before, the
a puppet
a century
YOUNG JAPAN
82
ized system
The 8hagunte.
....
t-
-.
in
Kamakura
received the
realm.
that
Yoritomo
in
ADOLESCENCE
fact
was
at the
solution
was
the
83
And
the
Yoritomo,
Then he
established, with
Next he
achieved the appointment of his own relatives as military governors of provinces.
Then, by the le\yinGr of special taxes, alimperial
assent,
ways with
judiciary.
he provided
Shogunate
the
fell
YOUNG JAPAN
84
Eastern
Capital,"
whicli
lias
since
been
After Yoritomo's death, the Shogrunate experienced a temporary eclipse. It was one of
The same
tlie revenges of fate.
TheH6j6
usurpauon.
treatment which the Minamoto family had given to the Emperor was now administered to themselves. Just as the Em])cror
was
in their
fell
into
hands of the powerful IIojo family, connections of theirs by marriage. Eor a hundred and thirty-four years (a.d. 1190-1333)
this high-handed lIojo regency controlled the
degenerate Shogunate, which was supposed
to be subordinate to the Emperor, who, however, was generally a feeble infant surrounded
by a corrupt and venal court. The H5j6
the
ADOLESCENCE
The H5jo interregnum
is
85
memorable for
It
The Tatar
mv^'on.
But
his emissaries
rance, the tvrannous ruler of China now coneluded to admonish them by means of an object lesson. So his troops took possession of
YOUNG JAPAN
86
Spain nerainst Enjj:land. For when tlio invading fleet appeared in the offing of ilakata, on the coast of central Kyushu, the
valorous defence of the Japanese was aided
and j)erfe('ted by a terrible stonn, or typhoon, which overwhelmed the invaders with
destruction.
This is the only time that an
actual invasion of .Ia])an has been attempted,
and the sole lustre of the llojo rule is that
rellected on it from this great naval victory.
The ruler whom the lIojOs had exiled
greatest of all Japanese emperors eventu
Aided by large loyal
ally had his revenge.
forces under two indignant genA Brief
imperiaiism.
erals, tliis vigorous exiled monarch, Go-Daigo, accomplished the overthrow
of the IIojo power, with the complete destruction of Kamakura, in the year 1333.
To-day, as one walks through the bamboo
surf of
it is
centuries.
Yoritomo's
magnificent
monument
at
ADOLESCENCE
87
Kamakura is also the most notable monument of Japanese art. It is the inmieuse
bronze image of Amida (Sanscrit,
MetaiArtin
'"p*"Amitabha), the deity of boundless
light, but commonly known as the Dai Butsu,
or Great Buddha. It is worthy of our especial attention because it represents the highest Japanese attainment in the art wherein
they have especially excelled, that is, the art
of metal work.
That bronze was imported from China into
Japan is proved by its very name, Kara-gane,
ago.
that
cient
was made
The
still
at a
colossal
effig}'
of
exists at Nara,
Buddha
most an-
was com-
world;
a,d.
It is larger
Kamakura, being
the one at
it
is
far
than
fifty-three feet
but
The Great
^""^^^^
inferior
idol in the
in
point of.
artistic merit.
YOUNG JAPAN
88
Buddha
that
it
itself the
was
ished desire.
and
It is
almost
to be his cher-
fifty feet in
height
a half feet;
is
contained in the
ADOLESCENCE
sage of the higher Buddhism.
89
As one
gazes,
inspired the
hand of
the author.
is
found within
Kwannon goddess
it is
quoted
here, in part, from his "Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan." "The old priest lights a lantern, and leads the way through a low doorway into the interior of the temple, into some
very lofty darkness. I follow him cautiously
a while, discerning nothing whatever but the
flicker
of the lantern;
then
we
halt before
A moment, and my
YOUNG JAPAN
90
eyes,
ness,
to
distinguish
to the dark-
outlines;
the
down
more
lanterns,
feet.
and
;
ADOLESCENCE
91
"So
the
face of
Kwannou.
which
it
reverence.
leys.
And
pyramid of heads, of
of maidens,
faces,
miniature
It
is
charming faces
of
faces
Kwannon
herself.
"For
Faces,
this is the
Kwannon
of the Eleven
Jiu-ichi-men-Kwannon.
*
'
religions
more aid
Japan owes her
art lent
has sculptured
to devoutness.
art wholly to
Buddhism, as
YOUNG JAPAN
92
we
shall see
still
more
clearly
But
when we come
it is
none the
for the
speaks for the many when he asks with enthusiasm, "Who can forget the soft enchantmentof thisBuddiiist atmosphere? the deep
music of the great hells? the green peace of
gardens haunted by fearless things: doves
that flutter down at call, fishes rising to be
fed?" P>u<l(lliism is a religion not so much of
ethics as of esthetics;
and
Not the
least of the
suits of
A TEMPLE GARDEN
IX KYOTO.
ADOLESCENCE
93
modern
when we reflect that this cunningly
wrought but cumbersome armor has been
worn into warfare by men still alive. Pergain a vivid realization of Japan's
l)rogress
But
let
tive.
of the
Minamoto
clan,
and
new
YOUNG JAPAN
94
civil
"
The
toa used
is in
tlie
of tpn-leaves, but
fonii, not
soup
in color
called koi-cha,
former
is
The
tea
is
Every
hanging
is
scroll,
and
either handled, or
AKMuK
SEl) IN
ROSES."
ADOLESCENCE
95
esoteric arts.
its
height
of
and
tic
ernmental misrule.
The
Buddhists.
native
religion,
rainiinK-.
Its ghost-houses,
is
swept, a
little bell is
at
stated times
from the
and in a
their
ancestors."
Chamberlain.
YOUNG JAPAN
96
day.
himself
a Buddhist,
brought
in its train
from China all of the arts of carving, painting, and decoration, giving especial attention
to painting.
"The images
the
of
its
Bodhisatt-
figures of
its
heav-
its
fem-
ous
hells.
of
fire,
ADOLESCENCE
97
[gaki],
in the body,
double-faced
Parental affection
odors of evil-doing.
must have been deeply touched by the painted
legend of the world of children's ghosts,
the little ghosts that must toil, under demon
surveillance, in the Dry Bed of the River of
all
YOUNG JAPAN
98
is
ese art-critics
Chinese masters.
attain reflourished
Artirtic
LimiuuoM.
Fujiwara courtiers.
If
we could
believe half
things.
'
And
r.
ADOLESCENCE
when he
99
Japanand
insects,
and flowers, and bamboo-stems
swaying in the breeze; and they have given
us charming fragments of idealized scenery.
But they have never succeeded in adequately
transferring to canvas 'the human form divine;' they have never made grand historical
fies this
criticism
says, **The
to
Italian
art
that
is
to
say,
Theciaic
school,
during the fifteenth century. It was
then that Sesshu flourished (1421-1507), the
greatest Japanese master of the Chinese
school. Anderson, in his great work on ''The
Pictorial Arts of Japan," says that ''it is
diflBcult for a European to appreciate Sesshu
at his true value.
Notwithstanding the
boast of the artist that the scenery of China
was his only teacher and the credit bestowed
upon him by his admirers of having invented
a new style, he has in no respect departed
from the artificial rules accepted by his fellow painters. He was, however, an original
.
YOUNG JAPAN
100
and powerful
we
that
The grand
successors.
simplicity
of
his
atmosphere and distance, and the all-pervading sense of poetry, demonstrate a genius
that could rise above all defects of theory in
Sesshu and his
the principles of his art."
artistic contemporaries
C'ho Densu, "the
Fra Angelico of Japan;" Josetsu, famous
for his flowers and birds
with Shu])uu, and
Kano
the
succession
these
constitute
the
The Yamato
The Native
named Motomitsu.
****
Two
centuries
it
its
neglect
**
of perspective,
its
impossible
ADOLESCEKCE
101
mountains,
interiors."
its
Toba Sojo,
in the
its
middle of the
coarse
humor
to
Toha-e, or
"Toba
pictures," constituting a
nobu, however,
is
YOUNG JAPAN
102
work of
tlie
artist
Hokuaal.
.
of history,
daily
of his
tives," as Dr.
life
own
class,
realizations of
life,
He
possible
and
impossible
point
of
view,
master.
in color-
ADOLESCENCE
103
he died just four years previous to the coming of Commodore Perry, and that his death
marked the decay of pictorial art in Japan.
Since the opening of her hermit gates to the
workaday business of the modern world,
Jai)an has had little time to paint pictures.
There are still men who work before easels,
but that leisurely composure
is
gone with-
and sinks
Decora-
The invention of
104
YOUNG JAPAN
The arrangement
is
as dif-
Instead of
forcing the poor flowers into stilted straightjacket rigidity, the Japanese florist jealously
>
V:
y.
V.
ADOLESCENCE
of a parallelogram
is
105
ecution
may
it
in
From
ing.
brush, so that he
this,
of course,
temperament which
lies
is
of close observation.
YOUNG JAPAN
106
When all
is
most pleasing
own joy
it,
with
thus
of creation.
It
ADOLESCENCE
107
When
than the successful introduction of ChrisFor Anjiro and his companion were
carried by Pinto to Malacca, where the great
Jesuit missionary, Francis Xavier, happened
to meet them. He became deeply interested
in the two Japanese, and soon won them to
the Christian faith.
Having given them a
course of instruction in the seminary at Goa,
he himself returned with them in 1549, landing at Kagoshima in Kyushu on the fifteenth
day of August. Xavier brought with him
less
tianity.
jiro
YOUNG JAPAN
108
my
soul."
liim,
hardly a single citizen who was not a Christian. But troublous times awaited the Christians in the incoming century, when the commingling of politics with religion, o{ Church
and State, brought about an explosion that
ADOLESCENCE
109
Roman
The
of
the
Christians.
110
YOUNG JAPAN
of arms alone.
bought and
doughty son (a.d. 1533-1582) speedily doubled and redoubled his possessions until he
controlled a greater power than the Shdgun.
This title, however, he never usurped, being
loyal to the defeat of his ancestors. But he
set his own Shogun on the throne
and afterhaving
wards,
quarrelled with him, deposed
him and his family altogether (a.d. 1573),
after the Ashikaga had ruled for two hundred and thirty-eight years. There is something sublime in the pride of this Taira chieftain, who, scorning the support of the system
that had been set up by his clan's most ancient foe, ruled by sheer individual strength
alone. But he was warrior rather than statesman. He lacked the diplomacy necessary to
make good his conquests, and at length paid
dearly for his soldierly roughness.
Being
one day in an especially rollicking humor, he
tucked an officer's head under his arm and
beat on it with a fan for a drumstick. The
sensitive captain never forgot the insult, and
when the time came he had his revenge.
But Nobunaga lived forty-nine years, and
made an imperishable fame before his sensi;
ADOLESCENCE
live captain betrayed him.
tion is
111
His chief
somewhat invidious;
distinc-
powerful emperors
One
of the
most
the
is
in play, the
and aid
to his enemies.
opportunity to
organization of Buddhism,
against the institution.
first
dumf ounded
the
individual
at
religion of
112
YOUNG
JAl^AN
oHc missiouarics of
tlie
period de-
never a convert to the Christian faith, he remained its friend and patron throughout life,
and in the very year of his death (1582)
caused a splendid embassy to be sent to Portugal, Spain, and Rome, where they were received with great magnificence and decorated
Chrisas "knights of the gilded spears."
tianity
its
temx)oral
A WARRIOR
MONK OF OLD
JAPAN,
ADOLESCENCE
power
in
Japan under
113
While at the very height of his power, Nobunaga was betrayed by the man whose sensitive pride he had outraged.
Having his
headquarters in a confiscated Buddhist temple in Kyoto, while all of his loyal legions
were away on the battle-field, he found
himself surrounded one day by a troop of
traitors, bought over for vengeance's sake
by the promise of rich booty. Being struck
by a hostile arrow from the hands of one
of these men, his own soldiers, he realized
the situation, and calmly proceeded to deprive
his treacherous
sel in the dish
the temple on
As
^^'^
he
"*
hastened to Kyoto to
avenge it. Biding in reckless advance of his
troops in the ardor of his loyal anger, Hideyoshi himself escaped the same band of assassins only by means of a stratagem that
8
lU
YOUNG JAPAN
was
for
He
led between
splashing together
in their
Rapidly disrobing, he
exhorting them at the same time to secrecy,
and when his pursuers presently arrived,
was nowhere
Ilideyoshi
lie afterwards
in
ADOLESCENCE
115
coat-of-arms.
bearings of the aristocratic generals who despised him. Hideyoshi found that his best
friend on a hot and dusty march was his
gourd-canteen, so he erected a calabash as
his standard
When he would win a new bat!
tle,
until
an
IIG
YOUNG JxVPAN
ADOLESCENCE
117
friendly
the
to
Roman
But
Peiwcuuon
among
christuni!
the Christians.
orders
fell
out
The
Jesuits
YOUNG .JAPAN
118
tianity
the ex})ulsion of
all
have sougnt
tjike
care of
itself.
The Invasion
of Korea.
man
of boundless aspirations.
life,
He was
When first
I intend at length to
conquer
peas-
all
the
ADOLESCENCE
119
of that?"
Under
the
characteristic
obstacle
prevented the
YOUNG JAPAN
120
One
of his two
tian general,
commanders was
Konishi
unfriendly rival,
the Chris-
named Kato.
The Japan-
yoshi 's
bone of
contention. It seems that China granted to
Hideyoshi the honor of investiture over
Korea, while Jai)an on her part agreed to
withdraw her troops and never to invade
Korea again. But the peacemakers reckoned
without their host.
When the Taiko heard
that his authority over abject Korea rested
upon the consent of another country that he
despised with equal hatred, he flew into a
rage, and came near killing his own ambassador.
He straightway opened the war
afresh, and his sanguinary appetite was
little
ADOLESCENCE
somewhat
satisfied
121
may
still
Ear-Tomb.
fruitless warfare was
and
This
terminated by the death of the Taiko, which
occurred in 1508, his last words forming the
prayer: "Let not the spirits of the hundred
thousand troops I have sent to Korea become disembodied in a foreign land." His
ument
called the
ruthless
ambitious undertakings appeal to the imagiThe true reason of his greathis valuable achievements at
upon
rests
ness
home. Besides the unification of the country,
nation alone.
YOUNG JAPAN
122
the
imitative
itself to
adapt
they
"The
to
their
hands.
Thus
good pottery."
"The
is
larger part
the under-
blue
ADOLESCENCE
iant
Kaga
porcelain
is
delicate
beautiful.
ular of
123
ware."
all,
is
known
for
its
"soft, cream-
who ranks
(seventeenth century),
Japan has
"
YOUNG JAPAN
124
of a running horse;
Mino; and the Takatori, Izunio, and Yatsushiro wares, of which the latter especially
in
its
highly
are
very
j)rized.
So much,
sings
Cradled and rocked in Eastern seas,
The
Beneath
The
nie lie;
and plain
and the crane
o'er lake
And
The
on the
hillside I
can see
villages of Iniari,
lift
Cloud
lie.
And
rift,
fill
the land,
ADOLESCENCE
125
Of Nature reproduced
in art.
under
Nobuna,c:a witli Ilideyoshi, and, altliough he
had at first opposed the ambitions of
^ ^^u
his associate, the two became and remained firm friends. Several years before
his death, Hideyoshi liad given into lyeyasu 's
keeping the whole of the Kwantd, comprising
eight subdued but unreconstructed provinces
The
in the very heart of eastern Hondo.
shoreline of this important territory included
a great bay, at the head of which stood a
fishing-village called Yedo, "the door of the
bay." "Wlien presenting lyeyasu with the
munificent gift of the Kwanto, Hideyoshi advised him to make his headquarters at Yedo.
He accepted this advice, and from his castle
above the fishing- village dominated these turlyeyasu
(1542-1C16)
had
fought
bulent provinces.
Upon the death of his friend and com-
mander,
place;
yoshi 's
lyeyasu
resolved
to
occupy his
was Hide-
own
desire.
YOUNG JAPAN
126
hu'p:ely
outnumbered.
But lyeyasu was a veteran general of great
ability, and in the battle of Sekigahara (a.d.
1000) totally overcame his oppoBattkof
sckiKBham.
j^pnts. As the battle of Shimonoseki
Straits in a.d. 1185 * was the most important
naval battle ever fought by the Japanese, so
this proved to be the most significant land
engagement
in their history.
dition of
Japan
"By
"were decided
this bat-
the con-
Nobu
Tokugawa family
in
here<litary
succession
fixing into
ADOLESCENCE
127
Kamaknra.
Ilis
Founding
o'T6kj-6.
shown than by
this deed.
In spite of the
work
towering
;
in the
hills,
YOUNG JAPAN
128
to-day
with
among
its
more than
a million souls
inci-
He
/^
a.'
among them,
])iddiiig for
Kyoto
the
Emperor was
made
impossible.
Further, he established
easy communication between the two capitals,
building a great road to cover the distance
of over three hundred miles, with fifty-two
stations
for shelter
ADOLESCENCE
129
of society.
equal space of time, or surpassed him in fertility of resources. Wherever there were two
clans
unlike that of
not so
much
His ambition,
He was
Then, having
accomplished marvels in all directions, he
was content with two brief years of the Shogunate for himself, and thoughtful always
fessions of peace in return.
retired
of the future
son, so that
by
his
in behalf of a favorite
own
all-powerful inifluence
YOUNG JAPAN
130
of his
life
classics.
man
in
of miracles.
Under
forming
Japan suddenly
The (law
System.
which ondurcs
in essential principles
'
'
'
ADOLESCENCE
great
men who
131
ception,
armed victims
teachers;
by exchanging the
products of others, with no higher motive
than money. According to a philosophy that
was the exact opposite of our own sordid
conomercial theories, the merchants therefore
But
YOUNG JAPAN
132
and
who
all
were ranked
at the verj-
money
scale.
Such were the four general classes of sociAbove these classes were the huge, or
ety.
court nobility, who ranked in a caste above
mere mortals; while at the other extreme,
too low to be classed as human beings, were
the
despised
eta,
the
outcast
i)ariahs
of
.Japan.
to the
chief of
all
name Shogun
implies; and by means of a perfected organization, radiating from him as the centre,
he was able to reach every point in the cir-
't.
o
X
CI
r.
c"i
ADOLESCENCE
133
and 1868, but the warrior-subjects never allowed their sword to lose its cunning or their
spears to rust.
As already
intimated,
mere
bullies
many
and row-
was
to pile three
blood-
in
is
There
is
Ronin."
but the
no space
name runin
to quote
it
here;
is
noting as it does the "wave-men," or wandering warriors who tossed through the country like restless billows, causing an unceasing
condition of turbulence.
The First
and Hideyoshi's suspiEngiuhn^an.
were forgotten. "The land
swarmed with Catholic friars and Catholic
converts, and no embargo had yet been laid on
eigners,
cions
YOUNG JAPAN
134
foreign commerce."
But
this
commerce was
upon the
was during
Englishman made his appearance in Japan as a
resident, the same being a venturesome and
shrewd-witted sailor. Will Adams. He was
yet arrived
scene.
It
Dutchmen
])ut
They
Adams.
in spite
Adams
tells
ADOLESCENCE
135
The remainder
tered, but
of the crew
became
scat-
of lye-
yasu's castle in Yedo, where he amused himwith amateur ship-building. This fact,
together with his honest and straightforward
character, won him such favor with the Shoself
"a
vants."
largely to his influence that lyeyasu's successor concluded an agreement with the
whereby the
little
kingdom of Holland
re-
exclusive foreign
that empire
world in 1624.
Doubtless Christianity was the cause of
this singular act
136
YOUNG JAPAN
hermit nation and remained so until Commodore Perry forced her gates just fifty years
ago ;tliat is to say, Christianity
Christian
DiMcnfiiona.
^g niisrej)resented by its })rofessed
adlierents.
Jesuits by the
sionaries,
and each
i)arty
so industriously
ADOLESCENCE
137
When
established
the
in
Griflfis,
Book
I.,
" Mikado's
page 254.
Em-
YOUNG JAPAN
138
**Higli
and low," he
ohtained
as Christianity)."
So early as IGOG he issued his
on the subject,
for albeit
cbrintian
uicut,
periecutions.
^f ^he empire.
Iic
first warning
nominal retire-
in
Recalling Ilideyo-
subjects
of his
persisted
in
the
many
Christian
the
leadersiiip
of
foreign
priests,
showed
was
enraged, especially
Naturally, lyeyasu
discovered,
when he
ADOLESCENCE
139
of the empire. Perfecting his plans, he issued in 1G14 a decree that commanded the
members of all Christian orders to leave
Japan, all Christian churches to be demolished, and all converts to be compelled to recant.
shu, as
many
Kyu-
were
prevent any
Tokugawa, especially
in
view of
140
YOUNG JAPAN
the political
The
and that
it
terrible pre-
ceding wars.
lyeyasu died in the following year, but his
son continued the persecutions with a still
TheRei^
of Terror,
I.
ADOLESCENCE
141
YOtTNG JAPAN
142
ity of the
Japanese
to accept a biglier
form
what they
believe,
Latin,
and
Japanese,
of
various
The
Koman
Shogunate
of
into the scalding water or suffocated in the sulphurous fumes until they
were perishing from weakness, when their
sufferings were relaxed so that they might
A refinement of
be victimized repeatedly.
were plunged
this particular
flesh.
di-
ADOLESCENCE
143
was
Little
were
slabs of
cross"
the
wood or
used, one
of
age of a
ceremony of
was invented.
"trampling on
crucifix.
of brass Tnimpiingon
^^^ cross."
which the
bearing a rough im-
An
official
inquisitor
was
each household in the neighborhood of Nagasaki would be invaded, and every inmate required to trample on the cross.
In cases
of refusal, the Christian thus apprehended
would be given over to the executioners of
the inquisition.
But for
all this,
exterminated.
is
The
shiniai>ara
*'*^^'^-
when
daimi/o towards his tenants; but the persecuted Christians, driven to desjDeration by
so many years of suffering, seized the opportunity to join the farmers and make common
YOUNG JAPAN
144
war for their rights. Ivemitsu sent a hundred and sixty thousand seasoned troops
against this desperate but untutored company, so that the pitiful story is soon told.
The thirty thousand victims of oppression
found themselves beleaguered in a deserted
castle, where for a hundred and two days
they defied assault. The Dutch traders at
Nagasaki are said to have furnished canWhen the castle at
nonry against them.
length fell, on the 12th of April, 1038, every
man, woman, and child was put to death, and
general persecutions were renewed with such
vigor that Christianity now seemed annihilated.
We read that above the door of the
deserted castle the following legend was inscribed on stone: "So long as the sun shall
warm the earth, let no Christian be so bold
command,
all,
if
he violate
ist
Christians.
in
shall
ADOLESCENCE
hated faith with heavy penalties.
145
And by
King of Portugal
asking for troops to effect a revolution and,
secondly, because the Dutch carefully abstained from all profession of Christianity,
intercepted a letter to the
am
am
not a Christian;
10
YOUNG JAPAN
146
Nation.
winter of jireparation
for a dazzlinjj: spring, a prolonged period of
adolescence during which those forces were
silcuce, a dull
ready
some
for
the
lessons
growth of these
"childhood."
ADOLESCENCE
PART SECOND
Chiklliood
child
is
He
jheueai
Moanii.Kof
means prep-
ol'
little
itself
little
But
this helpless-
it
secures
148
YOUNG JAPAN
profound peace and of eremite seclusion beginning with the Tokugawa Shogunate and
continuing two hundred and sixty-eight years,
or until Perry came from the West. This
gave opportunity for the dim traits of the
race to become inefTaceably deepened, for
those vague lineaments that had begun to
form in the womb of the turbulent past to
become the fixed features of manliood. The
middle ages in Europe have long been recognized as the matrix of modem civilization,
but this
Tokugawa
age, in particular,
The
her childhood.
yj^^
Fundnmentai
two pertain
to
the
ADOLESCENCE
149
may
came to be.
Bravery has always been the chief ideal
of Japanese character. What beauty meant
to the Greeks, and right to the Rog^^^^
mans, and purity to the Hebrews of
A man
old, bravery has meant to Japan.
if he
but
he
pleases,
else
whatever
may be
culture
fellows,
An
''Among
flowers, the
Every
the warrior."
queen
one knows that the cherry-blossom
in the ''Flowery Kingdom;" so is the solIn the middle
dier the king among men.
was underbravery
of
development
the
ages,
taken with deliberate system; and in the
schools of the Tokugawa period martial exis
ercises
riculum.
YOUNG JAPAN
150
very marrow of
at school
tragic
tlio
nation.
details
of the commission
the
of hara-
ity without a tremor and with perfect composure." Even the women were taught the
equivalent duty of jifjai, that is to say,
"piercing the throat with a dagger so as
to sever the arteries by a single thrust-andcut movement." The sanmrai maiden in service was bound bv lovaltv
to her mistress
many.
it
And the
cause it tests physical bravery.
elaboration of suicide into a national institution, practised and belauded for centuries,
has doubtless done more than anything else
to
make
ADOLESCENCE
Next
to
bravery
itself,
The
traced in the
151
is
patriotic
so broad as to
is
more
intense as the
was
self,
ready for a living burial for himonly his head remaining above ground,
to be
while he was
left to star^'e
slowly to death,
and that without murmuring. Many a heroic retainer endured this supreme test of
loyalty.
Kusunoki, one of Go-Daigo's generals, and a paragon of Japanese patriotism,
prayed for seven lives that he might give
them all to his master. lyeyasu and his
followers succeeded in binding the daimyo
to the Shogun as the retainer was bound
to the daimyo, and thus Japan was welded
into a unity such as few countries have seen,
lyemitsu compelled all of the daimyo to live
at the capital during six months of the year,
and to leave their wives and families there
YOUNG JAPAN
152
liis
ever centralizing loyalty, which endures essentially to this day, and gives Japan a power
out of
all
i)roportion to
mere
size.
The Em-
Loyalty
is
full
ADOLESCENCE
153
an inherent
esthetic,
linked with the Oriental hhbit of patient industry, Japanese thoroughness has produced
YOUNG JAPAN
154
years,
at length
which
is
tions in lac(iuer.*
I have before me as I
write a napkin-ring of Kyoto cloisonne that
is less than two inches in diameter, with a
"
Need
it
is
is
a species of
a thin net-work
the
interstices or cells
of
the
net-work
being
then
the
filled
becomes as smooth as
it is
hardt
to
ADOLESCENCE
155
at least four
is
ness.
Now,
it
used to be said by
critics, that
while
It
was pointed
hurry.
You cannot
build
battle-
has
its
suka, where,
that
now
any nation
in
the world.
If any additional proof were needed of
Japanese thoroughness, it has certainly been
cuted a campaign which for sheer thoroughness has never been surpassed in human
history. Doubtless the school in which they
YOUNG JAPAN
156
liabit
of thoroughness
is
was the
seclu-
Tokugawa.
is
the
complement
of alertness.
Aiertnot.
to
is
resulting in
For
nations has gazed open-mouthed at this marvellous handling of great implements whereof
the
little
now been
As
Lafcadio
Jaj)an has been playing
ignorant.
altogether
Ilearn
suggests,
jiil-jutsu
with the
That
ness.
is
to say, jiil-jutsu is
The
first
time I saw
embodied
it
alert-
practised was
ADOLESCENCE
157
when a great strappirg student from the backwoods came clumsily and
threw him on the ground. The dapper little
man arose smiling, flicked off the dust from
at a ball-game,
the ground.
Later on
witnessed private
the wiser.
joined
It is
with
marvellous
strength
of
it
and swiftness,
the
agility,
foe
science of gentleness."
its
as
the
name
not
it
uses
strongest
calls
Experts
is
it
''the
in jiil-jutsu
YOUNG JAPAN
158
of the
race.
is
For
is
in
her astounding
marked
(juick
characteristic
receptiveness and
the concept
/.
individual,
impatient of restraint,
impetuous, restive, headlong, eager to live
his own life in his own way, to fulfil the
tensely
ADOLESCENCE
159
were
child-
this
YOUNG JAPAN
160
we
vast needs.
thoroughness,
confirms this
and
alertness,
Long experience
self-control.
is
ingly impossible,
power in a day.
The serious depths of the Japanese character are often concealed from superficial
Nation*!
PMtimct.
this
book
grown playground.
is
literally true.
The older folk, when indoors,
amuse themselves constantly with diversions
fail to
able festivals,
'
'
is
spent out
re-creation
; '
'
for
>
?J<
ADOLESCENCE
161
it
The
theatre
is
ex-
and a single performance will sometimes continue for days in sucThe audience supply themselves
cession.
with luncheons, and return home for a night's
sleep between the acts!
During the silent years of the secluded
national "childhood," the games of childhood
were not overlooked in the })ursuit of chiidren-i
dfunea.
more serious issues. Xew-year especially was always a time of festivity, and
tensively })atronized,
new Japan.
A game in which
a picturesque version
indulge at this time
of battledoor and shuttlecock, played in the
is
open streets. Clad in their brightest garments, with faces powdered and lips painted
"until they resemble the peculiar colors seen
on a beetle's wings," they play in brilliant
groups, tossing a shuttlecock made of a round
gilded seed, ornamented with bright feathers
arranged
of a flower.
The
YOrXG JAPAN
1(32
hattlcdoor,
made
belle.
The girls are said to
fond
of
this game, because it
be especially
alTords such excellent opportunity for the
display of })ersonal beauty. While they toss
ine or
famous
spoil the
in
it
girls
favor
in the
month
is to
favorite
blood-curdling howls as
it
vibrates in the
ADOLESCENCE
163
crease
martial
the
spirit
of
'
'
Hundred Tales
'
'
the
to in-
children.
this
Games with a
and
''"**
YOUNG JAPAN
1(54
must go by turns,
and singly, to bring back through the darkness a thread from the eerie lamji. As strand
after strand is removed, the light becomes
dimmer and more mysterious, until the child
on whom falls the unlucky lot of removing
the hundredth thread almost always sees
some huge imagined nightmare of terror.
Nowadays, foreign sports are making headway in the schools, much to the improvement
Baseball is the
of the Japanese physi(iue.
most popular of all, and the stranger some
day discovers that the loud cry of the queer
word "Ow-toe!" which continually resounds
on the diamond, is simply the japanned form
of our "out." One day I heard the captain
of a steam-launch give his engineer the mysterious shouted order, "0-rai-go-haid!" and
discovered that the steamboat lingo is in this
case a revised edition of our commonplace,
"All right, go ahead!"
tale
is
-,
<-
/.
/-,
ADOLESCENCE
165
visit.
fellow-feeling
made me wondrous
kind.
the
rolling sea.
YOITXG JAPAN
166
But
lutely, so that I
self
away from
had
me
abso-
difficulty in tearing
was
my-
called
my
a goose.
Then this accomplished lady, always reaching up to her ascended mouth and
smoking, placidly closed her eyes and screwed
her head down into its place again. IIow was
it
ground
Buddhisuc
Eduction.
to trace the
growth of
classical edu-
"
child-
Famous as a
Ivobo Daishi (a.d. 774-835).
scholar in Pali, Sanscrit, and Chinese, his
chief distinction consists in the inv^ention of
ADOLESCENCE
167
was an attempt
language by the substitution of an ''alphabet" of only fortyseven characters for the sixty thousand Chinese ideographs. It was a most noteworthy
and laudable endeavor, but can hardly be
called a complete success.
For there are
now two forms of these characters, "square"
and "flowing," which nmst be learned in
addition to the ideographs by one who
would know native literature. It must not
be forgotten, however, that the invention
to simplify the written
who
was of great
benefit
may
at
least
to the
ignorant,
name being
Kfikai.
168
YOUNG JAPAN
one of the greatest scholars of liis age, besides being the author of various historical
works. But his political power brought him
into disfavor with those who wished to control the court, and he was therefore banHere he used to ride
ished to Kyushu.
about on a cow, and a recumbent image of
his favorite animal frequently adorns the
temples where he is worshipped. The most
notable of these is the Kamv-ido in Tokyo,
famous also for its spring-time beauty of
wistaria
blossoms.
(See
the
frontis])iece.)
His annual
fifth day of June, and the twenty-fifth day
of every month is devoted to his memory in
the schools. School-children still pray to this
patron saint of scholarship to give them success with their books.
The arts that were fostered by Buddhism
not only reached a verv high dean.l Artistic
gT^Q: of pCrfcctlOU, but WCrC alSO
^'"'^-
ADOLESCENCE
ir>9
Toku-
gawa
wooden
pillow, a
wooden
The
Wood-Carving.
for
YOUNG JAPAN
170
crafts.
Nearly every daimt/d then had his court lacquerer. Dr. Oriffis informs us, and a set of
lacquered furniture was an essential possession of everv noble ladv. **0n the birth of a
daughter,
artist to
was common
begin the making
it
for
the
lacquer
of a mirror-case,
ADOLESCENCE
fob.
By
171
Hartmami
count of this industry: ''The Japanese lacquer varnish is gathered from the urushitree, which, it is said, supplies a finer gum
than that of any other species. It is subjected to various manipulations and refining
processes before it can safely be raLxed with
coloring matter. From the first gathering to
the last application, increasing care as to the
dryness or moisture of the atmosphere, the
exclusion of every particle of dust, and other
conditions, are essential. The workmen are
possession of secret processes,' and we
must be satisfied with knowing that layer
after layer up to fifty coats of the lacquer
'in
varnish are laid on the basic material at intervals of days or weeks, and that after it has
thoroughly dried and, by a strange paradox, it must dry in dampness, well moistened,
all
re-
peated.
erally
YOUNG JAPAN
172
But also
and
silk,
ivory,
surface."
oil will
alTect
We
are told
the
Tokugawa
Buddhumand
development of the
Architecture.
architecture
is
the
strictly native
to be seen in the
down
])y
cigar-shaped
these
peculiar gate-
built as perches
marvellous
instinct
of
the
Japanese
for
y:
ADOLESCENCE
173
is
the
sammon, or two-storied
gate-
sammon
gateway, more imposing than the last, leading to a second court, and so on to a third,
until by traversing terrace after terrace he
at length reaches the oratory and chapel.
These court-vards are usuallv filled with all
the concomitant buildings of the Buddliist
cult, as well as with a number of bronze and
stone lanterns presented by the daimyos in
token of repentance for past sins. Belfries,
priests' apartments, a rinzo, or revolving
library, a kitchen, a treasure-house, a pavil-
YOUNG JAPAN
174
carved and lacquered, eiiiliollished with statuary, and covered witli orniuiients in wood,
bronze, and ivory, representing gods, dragons, birds, lions, tapirs, unicorns, elepliants,
flowers,
tigers,
and
})lants,
in
fact,
every
symbol known to the Japanese, whetlier origior borrowed from the Chinese or Koreans.
Among the most important of the
supplementary buildings are the pagodas,
which arc invariably s(iuarc, like those of
Korea. They are usually divided into five or
seven stories, each set a little within the one
below, and girt about with balconies and overhanging eaves, as in China. The whole is
nal,
on which
a bewildering
mass of painted
above
forms the
cul-
mination."
We
Architecture
an.i
wood ascended
ure from
its
why an enonnous
in the
"He
log
This mass of
ADOLESCENCE
175
is nearly two feet in diamand near the lower end a log equally
large
is
this central
of material
sus-
like the clapi)er of a bell. On descending to the bottom, and lying on the ground,
pended
gravity has, by
the base; and
For centuries
its
this centre
of
it would assuredly be imposadduce stronger evidence of scientific forethought and calculation on the part
of architects in dealing with a problem of
extreme difficulty."
In feudal times, the castle of the daimyo
was wrought to a high degree
sible to
YOUNG JAFA^
17G
may
It
])e
its
original situation,
of the Jai)anese.
much
to the satisfaction
ure eight and a half feet in height, being valued at $180,000. The dolphin, it may be remarked, is a l>ud(lhist svmbol.
Thus
for
many
The
ligion seized her golden oj^portunity.
temples throughout the whole country were
converted into j^rimary schools for all classes,
and in the long period of the destructive civil
wars, culture would have been absolutely lost
had not the priests acted as its guardians.
Not only so, but as with Europe in the dark
ages,
so also in
Japan
the
monks became
\f t>>i^
I.
-3
y.
...
ADOLESCENCE
"By
177
Buddhist
priests iiiauy streams were spanned with
bridges, patlis and roads made, shade or fruit
trees phnited, ])onds and ditches for purposes
of irrigation dug, aqueducts built, unwholesome localities drained, and mountain passes
practical
civilizers.
discovered or explored."
the
Little
wonder
that,
With
tury,
the coming of the seventeenth cenand the advent of the Tokugawa Sho-
gunate,
Buddha
])egan to be dis-
Confucian
Education.
Buddhism retained
plasticity
accommodated
itself to the
Confu-
"Four Books" instead of the SuThis remained the substance of education throughout the Tokugawa rule; and
we see in the Confucian revival another evidence of lyeyasu 's statecraft. For Confucianism has been tersely described not as
teach the
tras.
12
178
YOUNG JAPAN
erned from one centre." This fell in i)erfectly with the plans of Tyeyasu, and there
is no telling how much of the success of the
Tokugawa Shogunate is due to the popular
The ediinstillation of Confucianist ideas.
Confucianism do not
speak any better for his system. While the
supreme doctrine of chuko (fidelity to a
master and obedience to parents) has had
much to do with the perfection of Japanese
The moral
effects of
ADOLESCENCE
179
ment of
ese people;
women and
children,
young
divorce
men
girls,
the
laws
prostitution
for
the
of
benefit
of
alone,
all
these
Confucianist morality."
flat,
to
BOOK
III
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
PART FIRST
That
is
all
Japan
is
intensely individual.
18a
YOUNG JAPAN
184
races of Asia.
ized their
product of
tiieir
su<l(h'nly
came
into their
have now
liad fifty
knew
it.
Their
Thev
Europe
What
shall their
manhood be?
W^e have already traced the general preparation of the Japanese for the apt reception
of Western civilization, and have
Special
Preparation.
found it to cousist iu thc harmouigreat qualities of
But a special preparation was
character.
also taking place during the long reign of
the Tokugawa Shogunate, without which the
ous development of
five
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
185
Perry expedition could never have been sucThis especial preparation was of a
twofold character, being both intellectual and
cessful.
P>v the
who
first
ironv of fate,
it
cessors
n'
ofl
their feet.
liave already
Intellectual.
-Ai
we
For, as
which the shrewd Shogun must have overlooked; namely, that there can be but a single
ruler of the people. This ruler, in the Confucian view, is the Emperor; and China nor
any other country save Jai)an has ever
known such a strange bicephalous arrangement as the Shogunate. In theory, of course,
the Ivevasu svstem was correct
it has been
shown many times throughout these pages
that the Emperor was always theoretically
:
YOUNG JAPAN
18G
gunate.
They perceived
ernment of their country was a pure imperialism such as the great Chinese sage laid
down as the basis of all rule. They learned
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
187
Emperor and
whom
to his rights
him on a
devotion to their
became the
real throne.
rallyIt is
It
was an educational
revolution, under
the
linked
in
name of
native history
the reigning
Emperor Mutsuhito,
is
on account of
its
YOUNG JAPAN
188
was
really
revolution
ou a
But
it
under
the
made
possible by a gradual
sinallor
intellectual
scale,
proceeding
leadership
of
the
Mitsukuni
(a.d.
princes of Mito.
The second
i)rince of Mito,
His
were encouraged by circumstances that must bv no means be overlooked it' we would understand the modern
natural
^^^'
t),^
T(kuga\va Sliogunatc.
talents
was
in
Ming dynasty
in the
year 1044.
Pekin, in
Dr.
its in-
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
189
Japan"
and the
Nihongi* this huge work ranks as the most
important history of Japan, which wrought
so general that
print,
it
whole nation.
The second great literary offspring of the
Mito movement had meanwhile made its appearance in 1827, from the pen of the eminent
scholar Rai Sanyo. This was known as the
Nihon Gicaishi, or "External History of
The unconcealed aim of this imJapan."
mense undertaking, which occupied its
author's time for twenty years continuously,
that the
Mikado
is
the only
YOUNG JAPAN
190
whom
true ruler, in
and
is
to
whom
due;
is
and
cally
uted
fall
in
work
is
zealous
for
the
religion
restoration
of
and being
Shinto,
he
was suppressed
while
come
it
was
left to
the
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
191
The southern antagonism agamst Tokugawa rule doubtless had its remote
Poiuicai
beerinnings
Chris-
earlv
the
in
t.
i.1
preparation (or
Reform.
provinces, whose
i)rinces
Chinese
speech
vocabulary-
was
with
well carried
Japanese forms of
fonvard by the Mito school
purely
of historians towards the opening of the eighteenth centurj', and as this centuiy advanced, was perfected by
the accomplished critics, novelists,
times.
chi
To such
(1700-1769),
critics
as Keichu
Motowori
(1640-1701), Mahu-
(1730-lSOO),
and Hirata
(1776-1843), Japanese literature is indebted for elaborate critical commentaries on the " Kojiki," the " Manyoshii,"
ritual;
YOUNG JAPAN
192
of the
liatred
Tokugawa
rule
Not only
in the
sys-
all
still
Dutch colony
at Nagasaki.
He
actually sue-
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
ceeded
in the erection of
193
revolutionize Japan.
These southern
and
activi-
"when
his expedition
we
restrial globe
their attention
on
it
a ter-
New
the completion of a
we have
work so
barely begun
" Narrative,"
etc.,
it
essential,
fifty
whereas
New
13
YOUNG JAPAN
194
which
it
was
a])j)lied to
move by
Kxpcdiuon.
pj.j^
history.
who both
Commodore
of the mariner-statesman
in
view
were of the most practical and prosaic charThey are naively stated in the letter
acter.
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
195
*^
year,
besides
stones,
am
quicksilver,
silver,
precious
articles.
men
*
'
was not so
Who
and
its
opened
liquid
highways
its
^Vlio
zones
YOUNG JAPAN
106
The
wliales!"
American
capital
wliale
was
and the
at this time
reason for the Perry exi)edition. '* Commodore Perry is also directed by me to represent
to your imperial majesty that we understand
that there is a great abun(hince of coal and
provisions
in
Empire of
the
.laj^an," con-
*'Our steamships,
in
steamships and other vessels should be allowed to stop in Japan and sui)ply themselves
We are
with coal, i)rovisions, and water.
very desirous of this."
It would therefore appear that three simple commercial considerations promi)ted the
,-,
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
longed and
difficult
negotiations,
197
evincing
the
had
all
tion."
Commodore Perry,
in
dealing with
the
most ceremonial people on earth, j)roved himself able to ''hoist them with their
His success.
own
the
petard.
Bay
of
Upon anchormg
Yedo on July
8,
in
1853, he refused
was not
to
deal
with him.
came and
When
him
excited
officials
go to the open
refused, and
demanded an embassy from the Emperor.
When, finally, the Shogun (whom he always
mistook for the Emperor) sent him this
princely embassy and received him with all
pomp and ceremony, one knows not whether
port
Ijesought
of Nagasaki, he
to
firmly
YOUNG JAPAN
198
to
the hall
this
meeting,
documents, of
folio
size,
These
were beautifully
lock, hinges,
Connnodore marched a
tall,
tiie
occasion,
was but
for effect."
MODERN SC'HOOL-DAYS
It
produced a tremendous
much
as the
Commodore's
effect,
199
but not so
firmness, backed
Perry-s
by his terrible engines of war. The
islanders had been greatly excited
by the appearance of his four "black ships
of evil mien," freighted with great open-
YOUNG JAPAN
200
force
when demanding
a proi)er
answer
to
his letter.
On the 13th day of February, 1854, Commodore Perry again anchored in tlie Bay of
Ycdo, being now in command of a
i'eiTj-8 Second
^^"
fleet
sailor
Suffice
it
We
in
American
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
201
all
After a sojourn of
more than four months, including an imjiortant visit to Yezo on account of the whaling
interests,
departure,
its
In
its effect
upon the history of the world, the Perry expedition is probably the most important peaceful voyage undertaken since the expedition of
Columbus.
It is by no means unlikely that
Columbus himself was seeking the land of
Japan, whereof his adventurous countryman,
Marco Polo, had brought the first tidings to
Europe.* But Columbus, instead of finding
the farthest country of the East, discovered
it
was the
Two and
lot of the
a half cen-
young West-
ern nation to complete his unfulfilled endeavor and unbar the gateways of Asia. For
the events of recent years are proving that
Japan is the key to the Orient.
It is interesting to notice the
Griffis,
character of
page 247.
YOUNG JAPAN
202
West on
Exchange
of thc treaty.
of
"''*
Among
the princi-
'*
Em-
part, as
we
and even
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
203
On the other hand, there were books, telegraph eciuipmonts, and a pygmy locomotive
outfit.
With reference
it
little
It
was a
in this picture.
YOUNG JAPAN
204
who,
sess,
any
Dr.
(Jriflis
his willingness to
])etter
when
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
205
(Satsuma-Choshu)
the Sat-Cho
clans.
The
decoyed the Amer"Morrison" into his harand then fired on it? As for the prince
suma,
in 1837, deliberately
of Perry's
"Notwithstanding
He
YOUNG JAPAN
206
tlie
auspicious moment to
war?" Almost all of
In a ner-
fall.
The
Jo-i party
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
207
when
commerce with
self, a
man
the barbarians
of no
little ability,
his rest
**the
the
first
was heard and heeded, and the country resounded with the cry, ''Honor the Emperor,
expel the barbarian!"
and
a half centuries,
war.
this tur-
Shogunate were enlarged in 1855 when a literal and most terrific earthquake laid the
YOUNG JAPAN
208
ruin of
Vcdo
to
the
when
regent
the
Ti,
who
li's,
usurpation on
in
fact,
smaller scale,
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
resistance against
its
foes.
209
murderous attacks upon the foreigners and the destruction of the foreign
signal for
legations.
now
fell
The
Shogunatc
who
by sending an embassy
But in order to conciliate
of inquiry abroad.
of
homage
to the
Emperor
visit
at Kyoto, in rec-
The
14
YOUNG
210
was
The
first act
the
daiinyds
.JAiAN
with
collusion
of
tliis
make
to
"Like wild
residence
their
at
])irds
Tokugawa
flniwifos to
come breathlessly
turn of duty
and
and
in
to take
tlieir
(hiy
mg."
The Shogunate
deavor
Final stniMie*
ers.
pelled
for
all
its
lost
prestige,
now
o'the
action,
recover
to
the
In this there
Emperor
also
was unity of
officially
ex-
Tlie
MODERN 8CPI00L-DAYS
211
to suffer, the
ernment, an indemnity of three million dollars for the assault of the Choshu men.
lyemochi thereupon attempted to punish the
southern clansmen for the indignity they had
brought upon Japan, being emboldened to
take these measures by a success that his
troops had won against the southerners at
Kyoto.
But the time had now come for a
decisive test of strength, and the Choshii warriors proved the long preparations they had
been making for this struggle with the hated
Shognnate. "The Choshu clansmen, united
and alert, were lightly dressed, armed with
English and American rifles, drilled in European tactics, and abundantly provided with
YOUNC JAPAN
212
artillery,
which
precision.
tlioy firod
They
liad cast
common
peoj)le, not
from
enthusiasm. The Shoguiiate had but a motley, half-hearted army, many of whom, when
the order was given to march, straightway
fell ill, having no stomach for the fight." The
campaign ended in the utter defeat of the
Shogunate,
exhausted
wliose
leader,
lyc-
mance
that
of his
real character,
very
T')y
difficult to
determine his
some writers he
is criti-
George Washington
in
unselfishness of
itself.
of the
Emperor appears
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
in the fact that this
213
Tokuga\va
clan, but
brought
iiiiperialistic influences.
his indiience
tlie
ties (18fi5).
Thus
had been
years
old;
while
their
troops
as-
YOUNG JAPAN
2U
was wholly the work of the traditional enemies of his house, and he also
perceived that the Shogunate was doomed,
by an immemorial rule, so long as the imjierial j)erson was in the possession of the
that this
gle indefinitely.
to
by
was so strong
appear
in
not be maintained in face of the daily extension of our foreign relations, unless the gov-
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
215
forever to an end;
simply
being
inconceivable
it
that
Resigns,
circum-
formation
of
that
singular
institu-
tion of government which evolved in Yoritomo's time into the Shogunate. IIitotsu4>ashi
was the last of his line. He retired to the ancient home of Ivevasu, in Shizuoka, and there
days.
the rust
Flmperor of Japan."
The Emperor never
They were very costly gifts, for
saw them.
" It
is
pathos!
YOUNC JAPAN
216
overthrow
the
of
Shog^iinate,
tliaii
they
Sudden
They
in
f?ave tlieniselves
ate
had never
faint Iv
his
quondam iiujipet-emperor.
These propositions were made by Okubo of
eignty
of
the
Satsuma in the red-letter "year of restoration," 1868, as follows: "Since the Middle
Ages, our Emperor has lived behind a screen,
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
217
oi'
residence
the imperial
was ])rofonndly
secluded,
okubo-s
i*ropo8ai.
Not
to
few
were
allowed
court
nohles
a
api)roach tlie throne, a practice most opposed
Although it is
to the principles of heaven.
the first duty of man to respect his superior,
if he reveres that superior too highly he neg-
more than
lects his duty, while a hreach is created between the sovereign and his subjects, who
are unable to convey their wants to him. This
vicious practice has been common in all ages.
But now let pompous etiquette be done away,
and simplicity become our first object.
Kyoto is in an out-of-the-way position, and is
Let His
unfit to be the seat of government.
Majesty take up his abode temporarily at
Osaka, removing his capital thither, and thus
cure one of the hundred abuses which we inCircumstances conherit from past ages."
sidered, this is one of the boldest utterances
ever made by mortal man. The nation was
dumfounded by the proposed innovations,
while the da'imyos stood aghast at the sudden
and extreme radicalism of the supposed conservatives of the south. Enmities were en-
YOUNG JAPAN
218
gendered in the Satsuma clan wliich culminated several years later in "the Satsuma
rebellion," and in the assassination of
Okubo. But the startling chanu^es were made,
simply because Okubo and his powerful associates were in control of the government.
More was granted than had been asked, because it was decided not to make a merely
temporary capital at Osaka, but to remove
permanently to *'tlie eastern capThe"Meiji"
Period.
ital"
A new
once.
at
era
was
now
be conceived.
"Never before
its
in the his-
the
event
ment.
ter
ace,
sovereign of
created the
The
escort
was attacked on
and compelled to
of
The
foreigner."
the
most
profound
the
its
British
way
retire.
excite-
to
But
minis-
the
pal-
the court
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
219
now
and decreeing
cai)ital
molest them.
who might
the year of
restoration,
reign of the
Empress Suiko.*
Notable events succeeded with such tremendous rapidity that it is difficult to present
them in their due proportion.
Resignation of
theDaimyos.
But it would be impossible to exaggerate the importance of a memorial which
appeared in the "Official Gazette" of March
It was signed by the most powerful
5, 18G9.
daimyOs of the South, was addressed to the
resigned
his
resign their
Shogunate,
fiefs.
The
the
barons
now
patriotic eloquence of
its
acme
in the
YOUNG JAPAN
220
words
**Tbe place where we live is the Emperor's land and the food that we eat is grown
by the Emperor's men. How can we claim it
as our
offer up the
of our possessions and followers, with the
prayer that the Emj)eror will take good measlist
ment
is due.
Let the imperial orders be
issued for altering and remodelling the terri-
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
way
221
the
all
opened
to-
by
stitution
all.
that
intellectual
ability
character, so that, while the constitution suffers, the state not onlv survives but finds its
Of
Ito
we
shall
learn
more hereafter.
It
is
abolition of feudalism.
But
He
ooo
YOUNG JAPAN
famous "charter
his
follows:
(1)
be formed, and
political
all
opinion;
lic
oath,'' in substance as
all
to all
all
who
strive for a
worthy purpose;
(4)
be disregarded, and
tice
displayed
in
th(^ imi)artiality
the operations of
and
and
jus-
nature
(3) wis(h)m
This oath
is
its
Within the year a tenta}>arl lament was held, and the Emperor
also took up
his residence in the
^
ing thoroughness.
tive
A New
Capital.
where he
lokugawa
still
resides.
palace
at
Japan was
lokyo,
fairly
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
them
in a trice
West
from the
223
bitterest enemies of
politics.
markable
Everything
intellectual flexibility.
is to
undying patriotism.
at
home, but
very fact that each warring faction is tenaciously devoted to some pet policy which it
conceives as best adapted to advance the interests of the country.
Thus, Hitotsu-bashi
was unquestionably a patriot, but so were the
These regarded the ShogunSat-Cho men.
ate as a usurpation,
Emperor
of
their
tion of the
the
received
restoration,
Choshu learned
at
agile
intellects
salutary lessons
224
YOUNG JAPAN
had learned
at
sympathy with
the
Christendom."
So
modern civilization of
was that in the very
it
i)liable intellects
British squadron
lated the
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
225
preceded the great restoration of 1868, southern clansmen had had unusual opportunities
for the reception of
liglitenment.
light of
Western
en-
lurid
The First
rmtesumt
This distinguished
was honored by a
man
letter
is
from
1904.
15
living.
The author
pen in the summer of
still
his
YOUNG JAPAN
226
while
Dutch
tlie
Reformed Church immediately added the services of Dr. D. B. Simmons and the Rev. S.
R. Brown. But this notable missionary year,
1859, was chiefly signalized by the arrival in
November of Verbeck, that great "man
There
is
Japan of to-day.
room for but the
briefest sketch
....
new Japan.*
that
all
made
it
is,
it
As with
Dr.
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
227
him
to
come
to
and direct that foreign progress which they were now so eager to advance among their people. It was his own
fair example of what a westerner may be that
confirmed them in this eagerness; and none
can guess what weighty share his skilful hand
possessed in those plastic days towards the
moulding of the brand-new government. We
know certainly that when the capital was
their provinces
YOUNG JAPAN
228
at
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
229
how
home
policy."
Note that phrase, ''concerning the persecutions of Christians." It must not be imagKenewed
ined that, because W'lbeck was
P*-="ti"accorded such very high honors,
his missionary propaganda was encouraged.
Japan was endeavoring to receive the Western civilization while rejecting the westerners' religion. No sooner had the new government been established than it republished the
old interdicts against Christianity, and followed these up with new. For, now that the
them by
down
to
prolonged
Fidelity of
Christians.
diet
YOUNG JAPAN
230
made bold
to erect a
tion of those
in
the
**
church in commemora-
twenty-six martyrs"
Christian
first
who died
persecution
under
who
at the door,
said to him,
"The
when he appeared
hearts of
all
of us here
of
among
different provinces,
and
in
many
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
231
Christians were torn from their families, deported, and subjected to cruel tortures, so
that nearly two thousand died in prison."
**
upon the Shinto faitli, which taught the divinity of the Mikado; that the i)roi)agation of
the Christian faith and religion tended to
dispel that belief; and that conseciuently it
was the resolve of this government to resist
its propagation as they would resist the
advance of an invading army."
Verbeck set himself steadfastly to secure
the repeal of the edicts against Christianity,
object,
as the result
The Great
Eiui*syaud
of the
but
now
YOUNG JAPAN
232
Embassy
that brou^^ht
Japan
to a jjosition
from which
has never since receded, and also
achieved Verbeck's wish. For tlie great minister Iwaknra himself headed this delegation,
and i)rom])tly telegraj)lied back to Ja])an in
accordance with his teacher's ])rediction and
desire, so that the edict-boards were at once
removed from the public highways, and the
in the front of the world-stage
she
was
tacitly
a year
Jitcd
constructed
cmj^ire.
"The army,
navy,
,,,j,j
civil service
the
educational department, established in 1871,
largely extended its o])erations under an
;
was held in
and on June 12 the first railway in Japan
was opened from Tokyo to Yokohama, a disbition
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
233
Tn
all
had more or
less influence.
him adviser
to
In recognition of
history of Japan.
that
There were
YOUNG JAPAN.
234
all,
tion.
During
his residence in
all
upon her emergence from media?hermitage sheer into the prominence of an actual world-power, which
feat was eventually
accomplished
latter
tlirough her astonishing war with China.
This landmark event in her history was preceded by a long series of struggles between
the progressive and the conservative elements, wherein first one party would be momentarily successful and then the other; but
Therrot.Tc8
of Reform.
yj^j
the
officials
^rODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
235
Shinto.
with slavish truckling to the "hairy barbarians" of the West. This was more than the
dissatisfied conservatives could stand; so in
1874 the clansmen of Saga raised the oldtime cry "On to Korea!" in ojjposition to
the wisdom of the Tokyo government, which
perceived that for the present, at
xhesaga
Rebellion.
least, the country could not afford
to dissipate its strength in a foreign war.
YOUNG JAPAN
236
Formosa was
piinisliod,
Expedition.
instance
already
in existence.
organization
ern
nations
adoi)ted
by
some west-
governmental
branches, the executive, legislative, and judicial.
This may be termed the first step
taken by the imperial government to pave the
way for the adoption of the constitutional
system."
of
co-ordinate
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
237
largely by reason of the fact that the numerous foreign eini)loyees residing in Japan
refused to labor on that day.
But in 1877 the Southern reactionaries
again made a stand, and witli far more serious
consequences than before.
sausuma
Saigo, a veteran warrior, had not R*^'*"'^"experienced sufficient relief tlirough his leadership of the Formosan expedition. lie fretted and fumed in the great principality of
Satsuma, having despised a seat in the proforeign cabinet, against whom he was so viciously resentful that he and his compeers
began open preparations for war. When the
government learned that a great arsenal and
two large powder-mills were the scene of
busy activities in Satsuma, they sent thither
large bodies of imperial troops to seize these
stores.
A war resulted, which lasted eight
months. The feeling in the south was so intense that even the women fought under
Saigo 's banner. The Southern army numbered forty thousand men, who struggled
with desperate valor. But the insurrection
was finally suppressed, and with the surrender of Satsuma the main strength of the
opposition was brokon.
In 1879, the government confirmed its hold
YOUNG JAPAN
238
constitutional
underetanding
nicnt
was Fcachcd,
liowcvcr, in
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
239
other.
A supreme
'
court was
^
Approach
,
of,
constimtionai
o%crnmen.
by the
Emperor.
several
in,
years.
veritable
''foreign
YOUNG JAPAN
240
wliolesonio.
Jaj)anoso
awkward European
ladies
dress;
adopted the
the importation
the streets
were
tangle of clumsy
maniacs.
all
demeanor should he
albeit on Japanese
When
the
costly
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
havoc
ranks
in the
241
witli the
new Japan.
But the year was worthily signalized by the
promulgation of the new constitution.
On
the very day that Mori was slain,
The New
February 11, 1889, the Em- ^"t""oof the
mission.
1904.
16
YOUNG JAPAN
242
and duties of the peo])lt'; the ])Owers of parliament; the powers and duties of ministers
The
of state and judiciary and finance."
entire instrument is the logical outcome of
Mutsuhito's "charter oath," delivered in
1869.*
ages eternal;
to give
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
ulties
243
and hoping
and with
their support,
We
to maintain
Our people
We
We
We
shall
Neither
nor they shall in future fail to wield them, in accordance with the pro\nsions of the Constitution hereby
We
granted.
now
and
to secure to
Our
people,
of
its
opening
stitution
comes into
force.
when
When
in the future
it
may
necessarj- to
vote
upon
it,
same
Our
thereof.
Our
Ministers
of
State,
on
Our
YOUNG JAPAN
244
ent Constitution.
ual.)
Meiji.
(His Imperial
Maj(\'^ty's
Siirn-Man-
CHAPTER
I.
(Emperor.)
Article VIII.
The Emperor,
in
cnn.sef|uence of an
when
Such
Article IX.
The Emperor
issues,
or causes to be
MODERN SCHOOLDAYS
issued,
245
subjects.
Articlk X.
the salaries
of the
Article XV.
titles
of nobility,
CHAPTER
Article XVIII.
anese subject shall
to
XL (Subjects.)
YOUNG .JAPAN
246
Article XIX.
pointed to
civil
in
the
to
in
may
till
to
may, according
.Jajium'se subjects
qualilieations iletcnninod
Anny
visicms of law.
Article XXII. Japanese subjects shall have the libof abi>dt' and of changing the .same within the
erty
limits of law.
No Japanese
Article XXIII.
rested,
detained,
tried,
or
subject
puni.shed,
shall
unlesis
be ar-
according
to law.
No Japanese
Article XXIV.
subject
shall
be de-
mined by law.
Article XXV.
Except
in the cases
provided for in
AimcLE XXVI.
Except
in
letters
of every Japanese
Article XXVII.
Japanese
subject
The
shall
right
remain
of property of every
inviolate.
Measures
necessary to be taken for the public benefit shall be provided for by law.
Article XXVIII.
tagonistic to
religious belief.
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
Article
liiniis
XXIX.
Japanese subjects
shall,
247
within the
and associations.
Article XXX. Japanese subjects may present petitions, by observing the proper forms of respect, and by
complying with the rules specially pi"ovided for the
lication, public meetings,
same.
in cases
of national emergency.
Article XXXII.
contained in the preceding articles of the present Chapter, that are not in conflict with the laws or
vi.sions
rules
to the oflicers
CILVPTER
III.
(Diet.)
Article XXXIV. The House of Peers shall, in accordance with the Ordinance concerning the House of
Peers, be composed of membei-s of the Imperial Family,
of the orders of nobility, and of tbose persons who
Article
XXXVII. Every
YOUNG JAPAN
248
Article
XXXMII.
Both Houses
it
shall vote
on proj-
Article
XXXIX. A
(r
liill,
again broujrht
ject.
same session.
Article XLI.
shall be
ac-
the
convoked
eveiy year.
Article XLII.
la.st
durinj;
three
months.
may
duration of a session
In
case
of necessity,
the
Order.
Article XLI
When
11.
extraordinaiy session
the ordinaiy one.
may
urtjent
neccs.sity
ari.ses,
an
be convoked, in addition to
Article XLIV.
The
In case the
Article XLVT.
No
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
unless not less than one-third of the whole
249
numbers of
the
by absolute majority.
in both
Houses
Articlk XLVIII.
shall
ever,
in secret sitting.
Article XLIX.
Article
L.
sented by subjects.
Article LI.
provided for
is
Article LII.
No member
however, a
any
When,
publicity to his
writing, or by
shall,
in
the
Article LI II.
shall,
Article LIV. The Ministers of State and the DeleGovernment may, at any time, take seats
and speak in either House.
gates of the
YOUNG JAPAN
250
CILVPTER
Article LV.
g:ive their
it.
IV. (Ministry.)
shall
Article
The
L\'I.
CHAPTER
Emperor.
Law
Emperor.
V. (Judiciary.)
The Judicature
Abticle LVII.
the Courts of
the
shall be exercised
by
shall
be determined by law.
Article LNlll.
among
those,
ing to law.
tion, unless
punishment.
who
The judges
shall be
appointed from
No judge
shall be
be determined by law.
Article LIX.
be conducted publicly.
When, however,
may
there exists
any
order, or to the
may
public trial
by law.
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
Article LXI.
No
suit at law,
251
by the
and which
shall
come within
specially established
by law,
shall
be taken cog-
CHAPTER VL
Article
LXIL
The
(Finance.)
iniposition of a
shall be
law.
except
th)se that
Article LXHI.
The taxes
by new law, be
col-
Article LXIV.
the
of an annual Budget.
Any and
all
expenditures over-
shall
subsequently require
Article LXV.
YOUNG JAPAN
252
Imperial
Diet,
except
in
an
case
increase
thereof
is
found necessary.
Article LXVII. Those already fixed expenditures
based by the Constitution upon the powers appertaining
to the Emperor, and such expenditures as may have
arisen by the effect of the law, or that appertain to the
legal obligations of the Government, shall be neither
rejected nor reduced by the Imperial Diet, without the
concurrence of the Government.
Article LXVIII. In order to meet special requirements, the Government may ask the consent of the Imperial Diet to a certain amount as a Continuing Expenditure
for
P\uid,
previously
fixed
number of
years.
Article LXIX.
in the
same, a Reserve
Fund
shall
When
Article LXX.
convoked, owing to the extenial or the internal condition of the count r>', in case of urgent need for the
maintenance of
all
rial
Ordinance.
clause,
Diet at
its
approbation shall be
obtained thereto.
Article LXXI.
Article LXXII.
The
final
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
firmed by the Board of Audit, and
by the Goveniniciit
shall be submitted
it
to the Imperial
253
CHAPTER
When
Article LXXIII.
the future to
amend
Imperial
case, neither
by
Diet
it
a project to that
stitution,
the
VII. (Rules.)
be submitted to
effect shall
Order.
Inij)erial
In the above
present,
majority of not
present
less
obtained.
is
LXXIV.
Article
House Law
No
present
No
provision of the
House Law.
Article LXXV.
No
House Law,
Article LXXVI.
laws,
they
regulations.
may
Ordinances,
or by whatever
names
All
upon
and that are connected with expendicome within the scope of Art. LXVII.
the Government,
ture shall
YOUNG JAPAN
254
is a remarkable example
methods
whereby Japan has
of the eclectic
built up all of lier modern naAn Eclectic
This constitution
constitution.
ist
tional structures.
The imperial-
on the Prussian model, while the house of representatives savors of America and France.
The experience of the **Long Parliament" in
England taught the advisability of guaranteeing to
members
any obstrei)erous
'
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
opment of Russia
degree.
in
255
an almost miraculous
'
The New
Diet.
local
deliberative
members of
the
-,
assemblies
new Diet
qualified
for their
more
the
re-
sponsible positions, and thus the chief function of the prefectural assemblies is doubtless
government
Kaneko now
in
Japan.
But Baron
restrictions, "it
can be justly claimed that constitutional government has passed the experimental stage
in Japan and has become an integral part of
the body politic."
YOUNG JAPAN
256
The wording of this instrument is ambiguous with reference to the responsibility of the
ministry. Until the year 1898, it was claimed
that their sole accountability
peror, which
themselves.
means
was
to the
Em-
victory
lar
bility of the
is
composed partly of
who arc
The higher
nominated or
TheTwo
nouB8.
such
elected.
men
of ability as
may
life,
and so do
be nominated to
is
four vears.
The
electorate is
the voters of
whole population.
In spite of the numerous stormy sessions
of the Diet, and the frequent convulsions in
cent, of the
one
man where
foreign
relations
were
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
257
every
bill
defeated, he twice took advantage of his position as premier and dissolved the Diet.
It
was
ternal dissensions of
The
war may be
be rememJapan had The Chinese
told in very
few words.
murderous
It will
riots
that
^'*''-
17
YOUNG JAPAN
258
signed
they should jointly undertake the introduction of Korean reforms; but added, with
commendable firmness, that if China should
M0DP:RN SCHOOL-DAYS
259
proceed alone,
operate,
hut
demanded
that
to co-
Japan should
Hung Chang
Hence we command Li
YOUNG JAPAN
260
witli all
speed to root
The event proved, however, that the "pygmies" possessed a strength out of all proporThe country'
tiou to their size.
ThePpacc
Negouations.
rallied to the support of Maniuis
Ito's vigorous policy, and Europe's almost
universal feeling of pity for the "little brown
people" was swiftly changed to amazed
After a brief but thrilling camemperor commanded Li
Hung Chang to go peacefully into the "lairs"
of these "pygmies" and arrange for a temadmiration.
]iaign,
the Chinese
volume was
in
The writer of
this
CzarcA-itch
visitinp
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
irresponsible assassin.
261
of the war.
On
the personal
counsel
of
the
distinguished
and
YOUNG JAPAN
262
As
it
Japanese stood
May
in
which he ac-
professions of the
The
^f
j^g
humiliating
secjucl,
among
was
to
the nations
as a
sented as shouting:
" Salve Japan
And
We
Italy.
Japan
th Great."
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
263
victories of
Japan
in
had
R^^^"'i"-
In September, 1S94,
Great Britain led the way, to be followed
shortly by other nations, in an agreement
that after the lapse of five years Japan
should be granted both tarilT and judicial
autonomy; while on the other hand foreigners should be allowed to travel or reside in
any part of the empire without the need of
hitherto striven in vain.
a special passjiort.
Thus
the humiliation to
tional foe.
It is now necessary for us to look far
beneath the surface of this Chinese war, in
order to understand the greater
Behind the
war which
is its
sequel,
and also
to
^*"^-
YOUNG JAPAN
264
new
(.Quid find
territory
^lanchuria
lies
in
eted outlet, the two territories finding a natural dividing line in the sinuous
Amur
River,
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
265
and they
made
His
most imjjortant step was to take advantage
of the situation wherein China found herself
ten years after he had been made governor.
Through the mediation of the colony in
Peking, China was caused to believe that she
owed to Russia her deliverance from the
Anglo-French occujiation; and to i)resent a
token of gratitude in the shape of a great slice
of the Manchurian coast, by which Russia
gained territory larger than the State of
Texas, and advanced ten degrees to the south.
At the base of this great Ussuri
great strides southward.
Vladivoetok.
region a vast fortress was immediately erected, which received the appro-
priate
name
of Vladivostok, meaning
"dom-
266
YOUNG JAPAN
region,
is
Beginning
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
2G7
European
YOUNG JAPAN
268
ronstriiot
tlio
by
road
bee-line
driven
ill
IS!).')
known as
But Manjuis
lie foresaw, as
'
Manchuria would he
that innnense territory, since this
to
is
control
the era of
.Ja])an."
first
but Russia
sjiirit,
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
269
He had
ling
universal
calamity.
a vouth of twentv-six to
is
The succession of
the Russian Throne
tingencies."
YOUNG JAPAN
270
tant item in
I)eninsula,
is tlie
key
to the
Korean
situation.
to
which
as they declared.
But
HO sooncr had Japan been forced
^o
acquicscc,
tliaii
Hussia
oh
tained from the Chinese government permission to build her short-line railway through
strau^cnu.
Germany
'*
dis-
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
271
China"!
YOUNG JAPAN
272
had been
it
might
They
in leash.
enormous disparity of
realized the
possibilities
......
but msistmg
xi
that
t-
Korea ube
Ci
left
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
273
monkey
race of islanders."
To overawe
monkev-f aced men," fresh armies
were sent to Manchuria, and also a great
naval fleet. P^inally, on the 8th of February,
1904, having exhausted the resources of
these
'
peace, the
little
of the
war.
clared object
rity; but
that in
open-handed
struggle
for
are
"West
mastery,
fighting
Russia
their
coming out
As
if
Russia be Christian,
we have
for Christianity,
Two
tides
are
crashing thunder-
ously together off the coasts of Japan today. The one has rolled across the steppes
18
YOUNG JAPAN
274
And an
against right.
wrong
own
is its
T anticipate that
civili-
even
if
as
is
succeed,
as
have
its
And remember
age.
and
lies
respect for
its
its
brigand-
toleration
and
clear rights."
whose
a
"wcll to
glaucc at
tlic
^^^^ remarkable
brilliant efiiciency
for
it
Organization of
chiefly
to
due that
fulfilled the
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
that the
of the
275
new Japan
YOUNG JAPAN
276
army
army
as transporters.
is
the Manjuis
The father of
the
of
field-marshal.
footing.*
There are
evenly
tions,
distributed
throughout
the
empire.
^*^l)Osition,
It
that super-
small
The
figures are
spectivelj'.
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
277
armored
cruisers.
cruisers,
At
and
fourteen
protected
had been
lost,
while the Russian eastern fleet, of equal fighting strength in the beginning, had been practically
The
academy
is
at Etajima,
an island of the beautiful Inland Sea. Applicants nmst be at least sixteen years of age,
and are subjected to rigid examination. The
training is strict in the extreme, and jiu-jutsu
is
The aver-
YOUNG JAPAN
278
The
But the
fact
is,
and have never relincjuished it since clangovernment having supplanted the Shogunate.
a T>'pici
^''*'*'-
siastic
*
'
admirers even
Kiten,
is
His enthucall
him the
'
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
striking language:
"When
279
man becomes
somewhat
henceforth a
life
from the
of an ordinary man.
life
that
is
ditYerent
It is
im-
What
mean
is
this
who
would perform
battle-field
himself to perform
him
in
all
that
is
expected of
be
daily
life.
'
'
YOUXCJ JAPAN
280
memory
myself."
^^j
Instfincei of
na
ArtllUr.
>
is
army, but
not confined
is
shared by
Tlie Russian
war
There
who
as
priceless
relics
What wonder
that
to
the
pil-
at the sacrificial
Japan wins
vic-
And
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
281
battles.
loyalty does
ened
is
of
nmch
too recent
purely moral principles their humane behavior towards the Russians. The true explanation, however, is hardly less wonderful.
The clan-government which radiates from the
imperial palace in Tokyo into every regiment
of the
men on
is
one
earth.
of interna-
sentiment in their desire for international regard, and they are also fully familiar with the reverential loyalty of the troops
to their Emperor, which they have used every
tional
"
YOUNG JAPAN
282
means
the
repetition
of such
occurrences.
name
in
carnage of
battle, or in
to pillage.
It will
sition
when
their
is
destroyed.
In accounting for the martial strength of
Hicrcial
possiblc
the com-
"sincws
the
of
made
war.
For
these figfures
we are
y.
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
1893.
Revenue
Current money
Capital of business firms
283
1908.
Yen.
i'ln.
44,521.000
14G.9!)rv)00
119,229,000
lGr),57G,000
151,147,000
G00,r>40.000
Capital of banks
55,817,000
263,483,500
Exports
45,074.500
199.751,000
Imports
Import taxes
44,677,500
158,067,500
2,502.500
8,035.500
National debt
141,759.500
280,582,000
was needed.
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
PART SECOND
If our study of
all,
it
has provtMl
Educauon.
Japan,
to Ito as
^j^^^.
greatest Hying statesman of
recently reported as saying:
is
"What we
France,
to
the personal
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
285
"The
latest statistics
show
that in the
On
all
the
YOUNG JAPAN
286
OUO
edge
is
power."
The
follows:
27,154 ele-
5.S
teachers.
1657 miscellaneous
in-
in attendance.
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
287
the
Emperor
:
Ambition,
that there
may
later, this
wish had
immeasurable
issued
his
difficulty
when
the
declaration
notable
Emperor
in
187l2.
not mas-
'
YOUNG JAPAN
288
member."
undertaking
is
still
waits
jspun. crcatcst
Educator.
tion,
an
^f
he
ern
wrote
immense
inlluence
Wcstcm
in
ideals.
circulation
He
afterwards
founded
an
commanded
fifty
years
his subjects to
later.
is still to
life."
made
it
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
289
and
berlain
says
that
"this
education,
fused
all
eminent
private
schoolmaster,
office,
is
of
re-
countrymen
in
the gift
19
290
YOUNG JAPAN
mental
beginning with
is the hub of
^^^ educational wheel.
A second
university has been recently established at
Kyoto, but, as it is still in its primary stages,
we need consider only the great university at
Tokyo. We have already seen that Verbeck
became its first director in the year 18G9,
although it was not formally organized until
several years later. At i)resent it consists of
^^^
Kducationai
ystcm.
education,
The
univeraity.
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
twenty-three in medicine, twenty-two
twenty-one in engineering, twenty in
291
in law,
litera-
The catalogue
embraced
chemistry,
agriculture,
surgery,
architecture,
dentistry,
i)liarmacy,
medicine and
iron
The Japanese
metallurg}',
two interesting
contained
and
statistics.
inven-
The
was an apparatus for measuring the
variation in length of a magnetized body by
means of magnetization so that measurements may be had, under conditions obtained
tions by professors in this university.
first
The other
invention is
a tromometer, an improvement upon the seismometer for the
measurements of earthquakes.
Since the
invention of this instrument, it has become
called
possible
to
predict
Japanese
earthquakes
292
YOUNG JAPAN
twenty-four
hours
in
advance
of
tlieir
cominp:!
It will
is
Japanese required, after the conclusion of a four years' course (of ten months
each), an examination that covered twentyfour days, wherein each candidate was compelled to diagnose and treat from day to day
tion, the
several
cases
in
the
university
hospitals.
After an experience of five years with physicians in various jiarts of the empire, I have
no hesitation in saying that the modern Japanese i)ractitioner is even more capable than
our own, and that this superiority holds good
to a still greater extent when the compari-
in
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
the matter of music.
293
Commodore Perry's
Deficiency in
'^'"^^
seems
siderably
stronger
expressions
to
relieve
essayist
is
the
YOUNG JAPAN
294
The koto
1700.
is
laid
flat
upon
the
floor,
and nianipuhited
Its
tones
much more
are
is
tsuhashi,
who
is
The
modern
a fiddle of
it the
about
three strings, and the less said
better.
The hiwa is a large, pear-shaped,
Ja})anese music.
connnonly
four-string
lute,
peo})le.
was once
It
kokyii
is
played by old
He
Toyko.
never went again. The nmsicians sat around
on the floor of the stage, while the audience
waited in reverential silence. Presently the
silence was broken by a wild welter of sound
that soon drove me, in the effort to retain
my dignity, almost to the point of distraction.
To make matters worse, each of the solemn
performers would occasionally open his or
her mouth and emit a most astonishing howl,
compounded of profound canine sorrow and
to attend a classical concert in
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
295
concert.
but
**
it is
"The Music
Japan Mail declares that
"no one has learned enough about Japanese
music to warrant him in determining the key
of a single tune." This same essay asserts
Indeed, a thoughtful article on
of Jai)an" in the
Japanese music
"Music
will be
somewhat as follows
came into existence
in this countrv
in obedience to a natural
cisely as
it
did elsewhere.
certain point,
prin-
YOUNG JAPAN
29G
many
Then
though
first
ex-
the nmsic of
retain
its
national character."
is
It
may
be
an extremely complicated
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
notation for
'*
297
the
tools of music
embrace a variety of wind- and stringed-instruments imported ages ago from Music and
India by way of China. Music, like Ksot^r'ci^"'
poetry and porcelain-making in Japan, has
always been more or less esoteric in charac-
ages through.
At
down
to us
from
great
rary,
every evening for three years to listen surreptitiously at Semi's gate, but all in vain.
Finally, one autumn night, when the wind
YOUNG JAPAN
298
Hakuga's
lyrODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
299
who has already been quoted in condemnation of the native music, pays an elo(iuent
and appreciative tribute to the proficiency
son,
**
extreme.
ernment schools.
imperial
Next to the
come tlie
^
,
Higher Scboola.
university
invari-
university,
as
to the courses
years.
In an ever widening
university
at
the
circle
centre,
the
system now
YOUNG JAPAN
300
'
English
is
common
life.
Japanese and Chinese ranking next. Athletics is accorded great attention, owing to
the desire of the people for a better physique.
nmch
singing.
As already mentioned,
pujiils in the
EiementAry
Schools,
seven thousand.
The government
two
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
301
members
make
of them good
such general knowledge and skill as are necessary for i)ractical life, due attention being
paid to tlieir physical development."
The
course of study varies from two to four years.
Every village is required to have an elementary school, and each child that has
reached the age of six years is compelled to
take at least four years of public schooling.
The elementary institutions are sui)ported
'
large
educational
taxes.
The elementarj^
open
YOUNG JAPAN
302
Japan."
This
bottom of the educational
hidder provided by the government.
But it must not be overlooked that for the
purpose of furnishing teachers for the elomeutarv schools, the government
Normai sohoou.
ci*supports more than fifty normal
scliools, which accomplish a most elTectivc
work. There are also various technical colleges that have reached a high grade of efficiency. The curriculum of the Tokyo Higher
Technical School includes mechanical engineering, electro-chemistry, a])plied chemistry,
dyeing, weaving, ceramics, designThe
ing, and making of cuts for printing.
most seriously neglected class of students
is the women, as might naturally be expected of a country so lately unbound from
the degrading teachings of Confucius. Even
in the normal schools the men are largely
preponderant.
The government has taken
West might go
to school to
l)rings us to the
Female
Educauon.
the
women
educational
minister
declared
when
in
his
"female education is
the source from which general education
should be diffused over the whole country."
There were then only eight government
official
report
that
GIRL.S.
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
schools
for
303
three thousand.
five
in-
But
it is difficult
to
make
the peo-
*''*''
almost totally ignored.
This is in
accord with the well-known views of Mar-
quis
Ito,
Japan.
edge,
that
culture,
is
his
as
uttered
sufficient
creed.
religion,"
At times the
become so antagonistic
to
to
tion,
Christianity as
of the
constitu-
'
YOUNG JAPAN
304
numerous Christian
and the
while the con-
schools,
*'
any
religion,
mean liberty
The Diet has since then
passed an ordinance that makes it impossible
for discriminations to be made against Chrisyet this does not necessarily
to proi)agate it!"
tianity;
**"\Ve
shall
already there
thought.
We
it
mankind.
'
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
There are two features of
tic
305
this characteris-
attention.
In the
first
place,
'
it
^^
The problem.
Fukuzawa
as president of the
though corruption covered every part of public works and education, so that children in
leaving their homes to go to school must
tramp over roads constructed by bribery,
must cross bridges built by bribery, must
enter school buildings erected by bribery, and
while
reading
the
educational
text-books
bribery!"
This was in allusion to a great scandal that
their
teachers
are
arrested
20
for
YOUNG JAPAN
306
in the educa-
wlien
it
was
dis-
and
guide,
Shall
Japan
is
Japan be allowed
i)aying
the
penalty.
to substitute
moral
and
throughout Asia ?
In a previous section of
was directed
jsp*ncc
Moiuta.
anese
this
book attention
character:
bravery, loyalty,
thoroughness,
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
307
widening the moral conceptions of the peoand in deepening these into subsequent
ple,
convictions.
The pervasiveness of
this
in-
in connection
Society be
left
out of account.
Besides, the
As
to the actual
propaganda
number of
this
is
YOUNG JAPAN
308
average annual following of almost a thousand members, while the number of annual
accessions for several years past has been
three thousand or more. And the membership lias been recruited from among the most
influential
classes
including
members
of
is
influenced
ward neighbors in China. In spite of its incharm, Japan is still a country where
the word "lie" has no unpleasant associafinite
term of reproaoJi,
but rather implying a jocular compliment.
The commercial dishonesty of Japanese merchants has become a byword among the nations, and is a serious hindrance to Oriental
trade in striking contrast with China. Duplicity of the most repulsive character is
tions whatever; being not a
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
often
masked by
smile."
An
ceit often
ners.
curious
"Japanese
Japanese
a national
the
309
social impurity is as
byword
much
of
as commercial dishonesty;
of
And
yet, in spite
It is the
YOUNG .JAPAN
310
we
will
chants,
if
they persist
in their pr\sent
prac-
and
life in
it
that they
in
term._]^'
MODERN SCHOOL-DAYS
311
Okuina has
recently
striking statement
as a people
of the
"It
we have
many new
been subjected.
issued
is
the
Count
following
a question
whether
we have
has been in-
influences to which
Development
efforts that
to the coun-
welcomed
As one reads
by
all
right-thinking people.
The words
date.
may
is
life
think
it
it
antiquated, out of
contains
that
something that
it
may
so appear,
will
crisis."
INDEX
Abdication, 59
Aborig^iiies, 18,
Adams,
Will,
24
V^
ff.
131
Itio
Akahito, 65
Alfock,
li.,
104
ff.
Amazon, a Japanese, 28
America's aims
Amur
in
River, 264
ff.
Ancestor-worship, 31
Ancient Japan, 18
ff.,
152
ff.
Anthem,
national, 62
Area of Japan,
17,
ff.
18
Armada defeated, 85
Array of modern Japan, 232, 274
Arts and Buddhism, 91, 168
Architecture, 30, 172 ff.
Bronzes, 87 ff.
ff.
Ceramics, 121
ff.
313
INDEX
:iU
Cloisonne,
Arts
154
flf.
ff.
Painting, 95
ff.
Porcelain, 121
ff.
Asbikaga
clan,
V'3
ff.
Attempts
to
Babies, 43
ff.
Battles of llakata, 86
Bo.\er
Brown,
S. K.,
ff.,
102
ff.,
280
220
J., 242
Buddba, tbe Great, 86
Br>ce,
Buddhism
Architecture, 169, 172
Beginnings, 31
ff.,
55
ff.
Height of power, 95
Influence on art, 91
ff.,
Education, 41, 56
Persecuted, 111
ff.,
168
ff.,
166
137, 190
ff.,
176
INDEX
Buddhism
Teachings, 32
315
41
S.,
wood, 169
170
fif.
Ceramics, 121
ff.
Ceremonies, childhood, 44
ff,
94
tea,
Cha-yu ceremonies, 94
" Childhood,"
Children, 43
147
its sigrnilicance,
ff.,
161
ff.
29
ff.,
55
ff.
Wars
See also
Chivalrj', 26
Choshu
elan,
192
ff.
ff.,
139
ff.
historical importance,
55
229, 304
167
INDEX
316
ff.
Cleanliness, 40
Climate, 17
Cloisonne, 154
Closinj^:
Clothing, 30
Colonies, 18, 235
'.i'.i,
177
ff.,
ff.
178, 185
promulgated, 241
ff.
See Bravery
Courage.
Cow and
ff.
Culture, earliest, 29
ff.
Dai Butsu, 87
Daimyo, development
of, 15
resign,
210
219
Dance songs, 71
ff.
Deshima, 145
Diet, 222, 255, 304.
Drama,
1
See also Constitution.
INDEX
Dutch appear
in
317
Japan, 134
measurement
of,
291
East, A., 98
removed, 232
Fukuzawa, 288
god
of,
167
ff.
163
ff.,
ff.
ff.
rescript of, 35
statistics of,
285
ff.,
supreme influence
301
of,
187
women's, 302
Embassj' to Christendom, 231
Emperor, abdication
of,
59
early power, 58
first,
23
ff.,
176
INDEX
318
Emperor
greatest, 86
hito, etc.
Empire, beginning
of,
23
S.
133
first,
flf.
flf..
Europe,
first
P' volution
of
Evolutionary
flf.
148
ideals, 35,
theorj',
ff.
147
Fauna, 18
" Feather Robe," 72
festivals,
48
flf.,
164
175
ff.
210
33
ff.,
43,
Finances, 282
Fiske, J., 147
ff.
76
319
INDEX
Foods, 17
Formosa,
18, 235,
261
Founding of empire, 23
Four-aiid-twcnty paragons, 34
Fujiwara
clan, 59
Fiikuzawa, 288
ff.,
ff.
305
Games, 160
fif.
God of
302
education. 167
scarecrows, 39
W.
Hakuga, 297
Hara-kiri, 26, 149
ff.
Harbin, 271
Hartmann,
Hearn,
S.,
122, 171
Hepbuni,
J.
C, 225
156
204
INDEX
320
Hideyoshi, 113
ff.
Histories.
Gwaishi
Ilitoniaro,
64
212 S.
IIitot.su-ba.shi,
llojo clan, S4
Hokiisai,
1)S,
102
Hondo, 16
Hoshino, 282
Meals,
148
;}'),
ff.
IcK'o^^rapli.s, 105,
li,
153, 167
208, 209
Imitative Junius, 21
Inipprialisin,
beginninp of, 57
decline of, 58
81
ff.,
ff.
Invasion of Japan, 85
Invasions of Korea, 28, 55, 1R8
ff..
235, 258
to,
220,
Zii),
241.
2.')7,
170
ff.,
151
meaning
of,
ff.,
185
ff.
136
ff.
19
ff.,
INDEX
Jigai,
321
150
Jimniu, 23
Jingo, 28, 55
Jiu-jutsu, 156
flf.,
277, 297
Kabayama, 305
Kaeiiipt'er,
145
Kaniakura
built,
destiDyed,
S2
8(j
Kaiue-ido, 168
Kano
artists,
100
Kido, 221
Kindergartens, 301
Kirin, 264
Kite-flying, 162
Kobo
Daishi, 166
Kojiki,
()0,
ISO
Kokinshu, 66
Kose, 98
Kublai Khan, 85
Kuge, 132
Kuroki, 278
21
fif.,
235, 258
INDEX
322
Kusuniiki, 151
Kwanto, 125
Kyoto, battles of, 211, 214
becomes capital, 59
powers limited, .S;{
Kyushu, settlements in,
Lacquer, 104,
l.>i,
170
l!>,
24
ff.
298
Ladrl, U. T.,
Poet ry
21
Ivej,'ends.
U'wis, H.
IJgpns,
J.,
()4.
IT..
l<:.,
177, 2i>8
225
Tokugawa
ff.
(50
period, 191.
Poetrj',
Prose
Longfellow, 124
Lcochoo, 18, 236, 238
Loyalty,
151,
179,
280
flf.
Filial
Piety, Patriotism
" Mail,
INDEX
323
Metal
arts,
87
ff.
Minamoto
clan, 73
ff.,
163
ff.
Minerals, 17
Missions, early persecutions, 117
ff.,
139
ff.
excluded, 135
modem
Xavier,
107
See also
ff.
Roman
Catholics,
and
Jesuit diQiculties
ff.,
ff.,
306
Mori, 241
ff.
removes
to
Tokyo, 216
Myriad Leaves," 61
Mythology, 21
ff.
ff.
281
ff.,
INDEX
3-2-i
Kara, 59
National anthem, 62
Nax"^', niotlorn,
276
'2'.i'2,
ff.
Neck-stretcher, 166
Nobunapa, 109
Nogi, 278 ff.
ff.
Ogawa, 170
Hkubo's proposal, 217
5kuma
Ono, 88
ff.
Oyama, 278
Pagoda
architecture, 174
Painting, 95
ff.
Paragons, 34.
Pariahs, 132, 233
See Diet
Parliament.
Paiitimes, 160
ff.
development
Periods of
Perr>',
of,
historj',
M. C,
149
ff.,
223.
See Loyalty
his influence,
57
ff.
Persecutions.
INDEX
Peter the Great,
l')5,
325
288
Philippines, IS
Pliysiofn'apliy, 10
examples
ol",
Porcelain, 121
ff.
I'A
ft.,
CO
IT.
See Porcelain
Pottery.
Primitive cu-stoins, 29
Pronunciation of names, 7
Prose
tales,
07
IT.
Prosody, 61
fT.
fucianism, Shinto
Roman
IT.
tT.
ff.,
137, 229
ff.
Saga
rebellion,
235
Sat-Cho
clans, 205,
monopoly
Satsuma clan,
rebellion,
of,
209
ff.
278
237
ff.
INDEX
32G
Satow, E., 189
Scarecrows, god of, 39
See Education
Schools.
ff.
Shantung,
1270
Shaw,
288
A.,
Shiniabara massacre,
\i'A,
192
Shinto, 30
ff.
modcni
growtii, 38
per\'asive influence,
39
Ship-building, 155
of the
line,
ff.
212-215
Shogunate, beginnings, 81
ff.
completion, 128
eclipse of, 93
restoration of, 93
undermined, 185
ff.
varnishes, 215
Shotoku Taishi, 5G
Simmons, D.
B.,
ff..
1G6, 187
226
ff.
ff.
INDEX
Taiko, 114
327
ff.
Taira clan, 73
ff.
Tea ceremonies, 94
Temples, architecture of, 173
Tenjin, 1G7
See
Drama
Thoroughness, 153
Tokugawa Shogunate,
70, 12(5
tT.
IT.
14.S
172
Trampling on the
cn)ss,
143
Tromometer, 291
Tsurayuki, 66
"Tycoon," 152
University, 290
ff.
Usurpation, Hojo, 84
ff.
Vladivostok, 265
Wars
Ainu,
24
Buddhism, 56
China, 120, 234. 257
Fuji war a. 74
Hideyoshi, 116
ff.
ff.
ff.,
169
INDEX
328
Wars
lyemitsu, 144
Nobuiiajia, 10!)
flf.
of the Roses, 94
Revolution, 20S
fT.
Russia,
1')."),
LHiiJ
IT.
Watson,
"
\V.
Weeds of
Williams,
Women,
!.,
Idleness," 70
M., 225
(;.
position of,
G!).
179, 302
writers, 68
Wood-caning, 1G9
IT.,
13G
Yamagata, 276
Yamamoto, 27G
Yaniato, 24
Yedo
built,
83
destroyed, 208
fif.,
Yoshitsune, 75
Yoshiwara, 309
ff.
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