Latin Lesson For Begginers

f
age's {Twentieth Genturg Series
iiLATIN
lessons
FOR BEGINNERS*/
J.
c/ROBERTSONf
M.A.
VICTORIA COLLEGE, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO
ADAM CARRUTHERS,
M.A.
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO
W.
J.
GAGE & COMPANY,

TORONTO
Limited
E3/3
oop-3
Entered according to the Act of Parliament of Canada,
in the Office of the

Minister of Agriculture, by W, J. Gage & Co. Limited, Toronto, in the
year one thousand nine hundred and six.
PREFACE
This book is the result of a revision of the Primary Latin Book
The experience of the intervening
which was published in 1892.
years and, in part, the changed conditions in our schools, have led
Yet
to a revision so thorough as bo produce an altogether new book.
in some important respects the point of view of the earlier work has
It is recognized throughout that the primary object
been retained.
of an introductory Latin book is to prepare pupils for the reading of
Latin that the acquiring of a vocabulary, the mastery of accidence
and syntax, are to be regarded as means to that end and, finally, that
;
the only
way
to learn
how
by much practice in
dwell upon what is not essential
to read Latin
is
The temptation to
merely for the sake of completeness, has constantly to
be resisted, and in an introductory Latin book merely to know what
to omit is itself a great merit, if a negative one.
reading Latin.
for beginners,
The improvements made in the order of the lessons do not involve

Most introductory Latin books
any material change in principle.
published in the last two decades follow a plan which some theorists
have criticized as disjointed and lacking in continuity.
It is
claimed that the unsystematic and piecemeal presentation of forms
and syntax, which to day directs attention to the verb, to-morrow to
the noun, and the day after to some rule of syntax, is a violation of
the laws of psychology and of pedagogy. Surely, however, there is no
psychological necessity for our learning a language in the same order
m which reflective analysis and systematized grammar present it no
law of the mind bids us learn all our nouns before we venture upon
the verb, or prescribes that, after becoming acquainted with one
pronoun, we shall forthwith master all the rest. On the other hand,
experience, to which the final appeal must be made, has shown that
there is a distinct gain when topics are varied according to a well
he noun or
If, for example, sonic lessons on
considered plan.
adjective intervene between the lesson on the perfect indicative and
thaton the pluperfect, a much greater amount of <lrill in the perfect
can be obtained than bj the method in which practice in the perfect
;
PREFACE.
IV
in
one lesson must of necessity give place to practice in the plu-
The
perfect immediately afterwards.
now
success of the method which
usually followed depends, however, on having,
is
a wellplanned order of lessons which neither unduly separates matters that

should be closely connected, nor presents too great and too varied an
array of topics in one and the same lesson and, secondly, a series of
exercises that never allows what has been learned at any stage to be
This, with a
forgotten through having been too long neglected.
proper amount of review work, will secure all the systematization
first,
that
is
necessary for the beginner.
To the vocabulary most
careful attention has been given.
Whether
consciously or not, the authors of introductory books are, by their

choice of vocabulary, really preparing the beginner to read some
particular style of Latin.
selection being unavoidable,
it
has
seemed best to prepare for the reading of Caesar, not so much by

selecting sentences from the Gallic War, with little or no change, as
by familiarizing the pupil from the first with words and phrases of
frequent occurrence throughout Caesar's narrative.
At the same
time regard has been had to the usefulness of the vocabulary for
But on the whole the words that are frequent in
other purposes.
Caesar are words that should form part of the vocabulary of every
student of Latin. The absence of such words as ancilla, corona and
Stella may be deplored, but fuga, rlpa and copia are quite as valuable
from any point of view, and for Caesar are incomparably more useful.
The rule has been followed of giving not more than ten new words
with each exercise. This has necessitated a careful selection of fcha
words and phrases that would prove most valuable both for immediate and for later use. Especial care also has been taken that
words once introduced shall not after a time be disused
it is within
the mark to say that the exercises of any group of ten consecutive
lessons employ more than ninety per cent, of all the words hitherto
learned.
Wherever possible, related words have been so grouped in
one vocabulary as not only to help the memory but also to give some
knowledge of the principles of composition and derivation.
At intervals of about five lessons are review word lists, given
alternately in Latin and in English, and variously classified
each
list thus contains the words that have been introduced in the precedThe topical classification of the English lists will
ing ten lessons.
be found especially useful, and will doubtless suggest to the teacher
other groupings and combinations which can be readily made.
;
PREFACE.
The exercises are so graded, and the sentences call for so constant
an interweaving of old matter with new, that it is believed continuous
and rapid progress will be possible, with no sudden increase of
difficulty
any
at
In
stage.
the
latter
exercises are given in a double series,
book the
which is
thus provided abundant
part
the
of
and B, either
of
complete course. There is

matter for review, for oral or sight work, for examination purposes,
sufficient for a
a change in
work from year to year. If the exercises, as well as
the whole book, seem longer by reason of the larger type used, that
for additional practice in ditficult points, as well as for
the routine of
is
a fault that will
be readily forgiven.
Much
exists as to the respective value of translation
difference of opinion
from Latin and trans-
In any case, sufficient material is provided in this

lation into Latin.
book for those who hold the view that translation from English into
Latin, when not too difficult, is an invaluable means of clinching
the knowledge of forms and syntax alike.
In order to relate the work in Latin more closely and more
profitably to
may
or
what the pupil
will already
have learned of grammar,
learn at a later stage, care has been taken in the explanations
given, both to use the terminology already familiar from his study of
English grammar, and to keep in view the statements of Latin
grammar
as they are given in
The constant
more advanced books.
translation of detached sentences
may
easily
become
who, after much toiling, does not

seem to be arriving anywhere. To obviate this, a reading lesson in
the form of a continuous story has been inserted after each word list.
The stories are drawn from Roman legend, the order of chronology
being observed, and for the most part illustrate the resolution, sense
of duty and devotion to country so characteristic of the Romans.
they are not
These lessons are, in the strictest sense, reviews
adaptations of any existing narrative, but have been built up out of
the material afforded by the previous vocabularies and exercises.
They are sufficiently long to give the detail needed to make a story
interesting, and yet are in such close relation to the work just
completed that they can be read without a discouraging amount of
a source of weariness to the pupil,
labor,
and even, by at
Apart from
no small thing for a pupil
least the better pupils, at sight.
the question of interest and practice,
it is
able to apply successfully the knowledge
to
have learned that
In-
already has to the work of translating continuous nanali
In-
is
PREFACE.
VI
For classes
in
which
it
may be
desirable to take
up some
easier
Latin preparatory to the study of Caesar, there have been added a

summary of Caesar's First Campaign in Gaul, and an adaptation of
the Story of Ulysses from Ritchie's admirable Fabulae Faciles.
The
illustrations in the
book are intended
in part to furnish
through
the eye more accurate ideas of the meaning of certain Latin words
and expressions, and in part to interest the pupil in the great

monuments of Rome, and thus in the achievements of that masterful
people whose language he is learning and whose literature he is about
to read.
If
the exercises are largely connected with military opera-
tions, the illustrations
the
Romans were
and the introductory sections will show that

and administra-
architects, engineers, law-givers
tors, as well as warriors.
It remains for the authors to express their indebtedness for valuable
suggestions and criticisms both to their colleagues in the University
and
to
many
of the teachers of Latin in the
Ontario, especially
among
the latter to Mr. H.
secondary schools of
I.
Strang, Mr. H. J.
Crawford, Mr. F. C. Colbeck and Mr. D. A. Glassey.
Toronto, March, 1906.
CONTENTS.
LESSON
Introduction
I.
First
........
.......
and Second Conjugations
III.
IV.
Present Indica-
tive Active
II.
PAGE
and Second Declensions: Nominative Singular and Plural

First and Second Declensions Accusative Singular
and Plural
First and Second Declensions: Genitive Singular
and Plural
Dative Singular
First and Second Declensions
and Plural. Accusative with ad.
Imperfect IndicaFirst and Second Conjugations
13
First
16
18
.20
V.
VI.
tive Active
VII.
VIII.
24
and Second Declensions: Ablative Singular

and Plural
First and Second Declensions Reviewed
Vocative
Predicate Nouns and Appositives
Case.
Word List I. Reading Lesson I. (Romulus and
Id in us and the Founding of Rome)
Nouns in -Mil. Cender
Second Declension
Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions
Second Declension Nouns in -er and -ir. Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions in
-er
Third and Fourth Conjugations Present, IndicaFirst
...
X.
XI.
XII.
34
37
40
List A.
43
.....
...
Reading Lesson
oiid their Neighbors)
X V.
XVI.
32
tive Active
XIV.
28
Word
XIII.
26
IX.
22
II.
(The Romans
Consonant Stems
Third Declension
Third and Fourth Conjugations: Imperfect [ndica
tive Active
:
Third Declension: Consonant Sterna (continued)

Prepositions
46
47
58
i
57
CONTENTS.
VI 11
XVII.
XVIII.
Perfect Indicative Active (continued)
Word
Reading Lesson
List II.
the Sabine
XIX.
XX.
XXI.
.....
Perfect Indicative Active
III.
PAGE
59
61
{The Seizure of
Maidens)
C4
Adjectives of the Third Declension
Sum
67
Present Indicative
70
Complementary
Present Infinitive Active.
Infini-
.....
.......
tive
73
xxir.
XXIII.
Pluperfect Indicative Active
76
Fourth Declension
Word List B. Reading Lesson IV. {The Battle of
the Horatii and the Curiatii)
79
XXIV.
Principal Parts.
....
XXV.
XXVI.
Perfect Indicative Passive
Ablative of Agent.
XXX.
XXXI.
XXXII.
Pluperfect Indica-
List III.
.....
Regular Comparison of Adjectives

Dative with Adjectives.
99
101
........
......
.....
........
.......
......
List C.
97
104
Partitive Genitive
and Second Conjugations
Active
Word
95
Reading Lesson V. {The Battle of

and the Curiatii concluded)
Present Indicative Passive
First
91
....
Accusative and Ablative of Time

the Horatii
XXIX.
Sum.
Ordinal Numerals
Fifth Declension.
Word
84
88
.......
Imperfect Indicative of
tive Passive
XXVII.
XXVIII.
Ablative of Means
HI
07
Future Indicative
110
Reading Lesson VI. {The Seven
XXXIII.
Kings of Borne)
Third Declension
I-Stems
115
XXXIV.
Irregular Comparison of Adjectives
120
Third and Fourth Conjugations: Future Indicative

Active
Irregular Adjectives of the First and Second De-
123
XXXV.
XXXVI.
clensions
XXXVII.
XXXVIII.
Imperfect and Future Indicative Passive

Cardinal Numerals
Word
List IV.
tius
XXXIX.
XL.
Kept
113
126
130
132
Reading Lesson VII. {How Hora-
the Bridge)
Future Perfect Indicative, Active and Passive

Mllle. Accusative of Extent of Space
.
135
138
142
CONTENTS.
IX
PAGE
XLI.
XL11.
Adverbs: Reguh
Formation and Comparison
Quam with Comparatives. Ablative of Com
Present Infinitive
parison
XLI
1.
Adverbs:
Quam
Word
List
Passive.
XLV.
XL VI.
MAIL
XL VIII.
with Superlatives
Reading Lesson VIII. {The Story
I).
.
of Mucins Scaevola)
XLIY.
Irregular Formation and Comparison
Quod
Relative Pronoun.
Perfect Participle Passive
....
....
....
Personal Pronouns
Present Participle Active.

Reflexive Pronoun.
Word
List V.
Dum
Possessives
Reading Lesson IX. {Camilhis and
LI.
the Schoolmaster of Falerii)

Third Conjugation Verbs in -i6
Demonstrative Pronouns
HlC, Ille, Is
Ablative Absolute
LIT.
Perfect Participle Passive (continued).
XLIX.
L.
LIV.
LV.
LVI.
LVII.
LVHI.
......
......
....
:
Accusative and Infinitive (continued)

Questions.
LXIII.
l)e
Ablative with utor

Subjunctive of Sum. Indirect Questions
.
.....
Subjunctive Active
Subjunctive Passive.
The Compounds
Word
List F.
Torquatus)
LXIV.
{Rome
Dative with Special Intran
Dative of Agent.
sitive Verbs.
LX IT.
XL
....
Reading Lesson
List VI.
liveredfrom the Gauls)
LX.
LXI.
Interrogative Pronoun
Active and Passive Periphrastic Conjugations
Word
MX.
Demon
Pronouns Ipse, Idem

Deponent Verbs
Word List E. Reading Lesson X. {Rome Taken by
the OauU)
Accusative and Infinitive
Accusative and Infinitive (continued)
strative
LIIL
of
....
Subjunctive of Result
Sum
......
Reading Lesson XII. ( Titus MwU%V*
Genitive and Ablative of Quality
146
CONTENTS.
PAGE
LESSON
LXV.
LXVL
LXVII.
LXVIII.
The Subjunctive
Fero
in Clauses of
Subjunctive with
Purpose
258
Cum
Vol6, N616, Mal6.
261
Dative of Purpose and In-
265
terest
LXIX:
LXX.
LXXI.
LXXIL
LXXIIL
LXXIV.
Subordinate Clauses in Indirect Discourse

Word List VII. Reading Lesson XIII. (The
.
273
Ablative of Manner
276
279
284
Self-
E6, FI6
Substantive Clauses of Purpose
Word
and Dative Cases

287
and Ablative Cases
.291
Reading Lesson XIV. {The Honor
of Genitive
of Accusative
List G.
296
of Fabricius)
LXXV.
LXXVI.
LXXVII.
LXXVIIL
LXXIX.
LXXX.
Gerund
300
Gerundive Construction
304
Review
Pronouns
Imperative. Subjunctive in Independent Clauses
Supine. Review of Verb-forms
Conditional Sentences. Review of Subjunctive
Word List VIII. Reading Lesson XV. (The Story
Indefinite Pronouns.
of
....
of Regulus)
Supplementary Reading Lessons

Caesar's First
Campaign
The Story of Ulysses
270
......
Devotion of Decius)
Ablative of Specification.
Review
Review
254
in
307
312
315
319
324
Gaul
....
.
328
335
Tables of Declensions and Conjugations
346
Description of Illustrations
362
Latin -English Vocabulary
366
English-Latin Vocabulary
385
Index
397
CONTENTS.
XI
MAPS.
PAGE
Italy
and Gaul
345
362
Rome
FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS.
(For description
see
page 362.)
.........
.......
....
........
.........
........
........
........
........
(tomb of Hadrian
Appian Way
Tomb
Frontispiece.
Fac rag
of Caecilia Metella
Pantheon
Colosseum
Claudian Aqueduct and Cloaca

Trajan's
Column
Arch of Severus
Baths of Caracalla
Forum, looking eastForum, looking west
Forum, restored
Arch of Constantino
Basilica of Constantine
64
81
Maxima
Spoils of Jerusalem
17
32
113
128
160
177
209
224
256
321
>
336
ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT.

Roman Coins
Roman Eagle
Sword
..........
4
12
15
Soldier
21
Spear
25
........
...
........
.........
..........
.........
The Wall of Romulus

Remains of Roman Camp
Standard
Cains Julius Caesar.
(Bust in the Louvre, Parte)
Soldiers on the March

Arms and Weapons
Writing Implements and Materials.

Porta Appia
Rampart and Trench
Military Standards
Wall-painting at Pomptii)
36
39
45
51
62
86
78
83
89
94
CONTENTS.
Xll
Tomb
of the Horatii
War-galleys.
War-ship.
and
Curiatii near
Alba
.......
....
......
Wall-painting at Pompeii)
(Praeneste Belief)
Roman
....
172
239
Rome)
Capitol,
{Trajan's Column)
Soldiers Crossing a Bridge of Boats.
Coin of Antoninus Pius
145
232
.251
Coin of Hadrian
Fleet in Harbor
Temple at Nismes
137
197
(Museum of the
Roman
127
102
Rome)
Pack
Attack on a Walled City
Aqueduct at Nismes
Soldier's
Gaul.
101
.119
Coin
Statue of Augustus. ( Vatican Museum, Rome)
Transport Ship. {Ancient Relief)
Cicero Addressing the Senate.
(Fresco in Palace of the Senate,
The Dying
PAGE
........
269
283
303
327
344
Latin Lessons for Beginners.
INTRODUCTION.
THE LATIN LANGUAGE AND THE ROMAN PEOPLE.
1.
Latin
is
the language that
people of ancient
Rome.
was spoken by the
The word Latin
is
derived
from the adjective Latinus, meaning belonging to

Lathim. Latium was the district occupying the plain
south of the river Tiber, and its inhabitants, the
Latins, possessed several towns and strong-holds, among"
In time Rome came to be the
which was Rome.
-
strongest of
all
these Latin towns, so that the other
Latins, at first the
became
kinsmen and
allies of the
Romans,
Accordingly from a
very early date the word Latin ceased to be applied to
the people and city of Rome, and was used only of the
other inhabitants of Latium, although it was always
retained in speaking" of the language common to
at length their subjects.
Romans and
Latins.
For several centuries after the founding of their

the Romans were but an inconspicuous
people, holding amid constant struggles a very small
portion of Italian territory.
From about 350 B.C.,
however, their power extended rapidly within a century they had conquered the whole peninsula of
Italy; and by the beginning of the Christian era,
2.
settlement,
Rome was mistress of all the lands bordering" on the

Mediterranean, virtually, that is, of the then known
The Roman empire thus established lasted
world.
unbroken for over 400 years, and for more than 1,000
years thereafter the influence of
Rome was paramount
in Europe.
3.
This supremacy of the
on certain
qualities
which we
Roman
people was based

them possessing" from
The Romans were
find
the beginning of their history.
daunted by no reverse or misand untiring stern and ruthless,

though on the whole honorable in their dealings they
were conspicuous for their self-denying patriotism and
their high sense of duty they lacked refinement and
imagination, but were clear-headed, business-like and
and finally they were not a mere fightingefficient
race, but one gifted above all other nations with the
power of governing, framing laws and organizing.
Roman law, Roman organization and Roman institutions persist to this day over most of continental
Europe
and when in the middle ages the power of
the Roman empire passed over to the Roman church,
this genius for organization and government was not
extremely resolute,
fortune, strenuous
Quite as important, too, as these contributions

civilization is the fact that Rome, after
conquering the ancient world, gathered up into her
own civilization all that Greece, Egypt and Asia had
of value for mankind in science, literature, art, philolost.
to
modern
sophy and
religion,
and preserved
it
for the
modern
world.
Roman supremacy
have a peculiar preeminence
which no other language has ever enjoyed. French,
4.
During the
in Europe, Latin
long" centuries of
came
to
Spanish and Portuguese are merely the modern

it was spoken in various
parts of the Roman empire (whence they are known as
Moreover all through the
the Romance languages).
middle ages and down to quite modern times, Latin
was the language of learning and diplomacy an educated man in any part of Europe knew Latin as well as
his own language, and both wrote and spoke it freely.
Partly for this latter reason, and partly because of
England's close relations with France from the time of
the Norman Conquest, the English language also has
been profoundly influenced by Latin.* Countless words,
originally Latin, have been introduced from French,
especially during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries
and innumerable words also have been taken directly
from Latin during the whole period from the time of
the Roman occupation of Britain to the present day,
but particularly since 1500 A.D. It has been estimated
that fully forty per cent, of our English vocabulary has
in,
representatives of Latin as
thus come, directly or indirectly, from Latin.
THE ALPHABET.
5.
The Latin alphabet
is
the
same as the English,
never used. K occurs in but a few

words and always as an initial letter; even here it is
replaced by C in many books as Karthago or Carthago,
except that
is
Carthage.
* English belongs to a different group of languages from Latin and
French, and Is more akin to Dutch, German, Danish. and Norse. This group
of languages is called Teutonic, and the Teutonic and Latin groups seem to
have descended from some still earlier common language. Henoe there are
resemblances between English and Latin words, even where it is certain
that the English word has not come even Indirectly From Latin; as <'.x-
mother a,nd mater, two and duo. Such related words are called oopnat&t;
ds which have come to us from Latin are called derivatives.
'
and Z began to be used in the first century B.C.,

few words borrowed from the Greeks, to represent
sounds foreig-n to Latin. The Romans themselves used
but one sign V for both the vowel U and the semiconsonantal V (pronounced w), and similarly one
sign I for both the vowel I and the semi-consonantal J
For the sake of convenience and
(pronounced y).
clearness, however, many modern books (especially
those for beginners in Latin) follow the custom that
arose in the middle ages, of using distinct signs for the
in a
different sounds.
Only the
were used by
while the use of the smaller
Roman
letters (minuscules) dates from the eighth century A.D.
the
capital letters (majuscules)
Romans
'
'
'
DIWS
IVDAEA CAPTA
IVLIVS
Divus Julius: The Divine Julius.
Roman
Judaea Capta: Judea Conquered.

Coins.
SOUNDS OF THE LETTERS.

Vowels.
6.
Each
of the five* vowels, a,
e,
i,
o, u,
has but two
The long sounds differ

sounds, a long and a short.
from the short chiefly in requiring a distinctly longer
time to utter them.
*Y, which rarely occurs, has a sound between u and
German
il).
(French u or

a
is
sounded
father or amen (pronounced as
like a in
in singing"),
when
these words
are uttered slowly, or like the
second a
in aha.
father or
amen when uttered
\\\
in they, veil, or a in /ale.
in
in machine police.
in /, w.
the second o in
ii
'I
'
"
"
ii
"
"
"
briskly, or like the first a in aha.
'
<"W.
?//*/,
',
'i
"
the
<?//#
or propose, or
in melodious, heroic.
like
first o
in oho or propose, or like
in melody, heroine.
ii
N.B.
or 00 in cuckoo, boot, poor.
"
"
7^
in
r/<?,
"
"
in
yW/, cuckoo, or 00 in/oot, good.
11
It is
especially important to avoid the English
short sounds of #,
sound of
it
and
?/
as in hat, hot, hut, or the
you
as in pure, use.
7.
It should also be observed that in Latin a long:
vowel often precedes a combination of consonants before
which, in English, a single vowel is regularly short
as, infensus, ademptum, cresco.
;
Many
foreign
geographical
illustrate the values of the
or biographical
Roman
vowels
as,
names
Tokio,
Yokohama, Amur,
Hegel, Buddha, Hindu
Rio, Pisa, Upsala, Tripoli, Yenisei,
Mikado, [ago, Galileo, Rossini,

so also many musical terms borrowed from the Italian
as trio, do, re, mi, /a.
Diphthongs.
8.
The diphthong's in Latin have all arisen from two
vowels sounded in their proper order, but slurred so
that they occupy the time of a single long vowel. Latin
has six diphthongs, of which only ae and au occur
frequently.
ae
is
sounded
au
ii
ii
ou in house,
oe
"
"
ii
oi in boil.
ei
I'
"
ii
ei in vein.
eu
ii
I'
"
ui
it
ii
like ai in aisle.
e-oo in rapid succession.
oo -i in rapid succession.
'i
Among- the Romans themselves in Imperial times,

there was a tendency to replace the diphthongal sound
of ae by the long- sound of e (like ai in pain), and this
from about 300 A.D. became the regular pronunciation.
Consonants.
9.
The consonants have each
in most cases
is
a single sound, which
that usual in English.
The
following-
points deserve special attention

c is
sounded as in come,
sceptic,
get, give,
ii
si'
I'
I'
"
"
'I
mightiest,
ii
ii
ii
exercise
it
ii
ii
"
"
r is distinctly
I'
"
"n
this,
never as in
cent, sceptre.
never as in gem, gin.
gas, never as in his, has.
never as in righteous.
(x = ks), never
(x=gz).
in yet, or as
in Hallelujah.
a'in wet, beware.
sounded in
as in exert
all positions.'

n before
c, g,
"
in the
ch
or
qu, x,
is
t,
is
sounded as
?ig,
or as n in ankle.
sounded as p.
combinations qu and ngu, as also in the words

suadeo, suavis and suesco, has the sound of w.
is
10.
sounded as
k*
consideration of the following-
may
help to
throw some light on the sounds of certain of the consonants as pronounced in Latin
:
c,
Kaiser from Caesar; Aciles and pulcer, the older

spelling of Achilles andp?ilcher; the variant spellings
recuperb
g,
and
Non Angli
Gregory)
recipero.
sed
An gel
(the exclamation of Pope
gonu and knee
related words like genu,
or genus, gonos and kin.

j,
words like jugum and yoke ; juvenis, junior

and young ; the identity of major and mayor ; Jan
and la?i ; yawl and jolly boat ; Yiddish and Judisch ;
the pronunciation of such foreign words as Jena,
related
Jungfrau, Pompeii.
s,
caussa
and hiemps, variant spellings
for causa
and
hiems.
words like vlcus and -wick (as in Berwick,

Wick ham) ; ventus and wind; vallum and wall ;
vi?ium and wine ; void and will ; vespa and wasp ;
vastus and waste ; vir and wer (in werwolf) ; prudens shortened from providens, junior from juvenior,
auspex from avispex, nolo from ne-volo ; the con-
v, related
fusion of Cauneas with cave ne
the cawing of a crow with
ea's
(Cicero), or
<>t
Ave (Phaedrus).
* It is properly not a Latin combination, but being borrowed from the

Greek to represent a character in the Greek alphabet, it cam.- to be used in
Latin words in place of an earlier c.
\
syllables.
In dividing written or printed Latin words into
syllables, the rule is to place at the beginning of each
syllable all the consonants that could be pronounced at
the beginning of a word * as, su-pe-ri-or, su-pre-mus,
11.
mon-strum, ser-vo, mit-to. In compounds,

however, the several parts are kept distinct as ab-est,
se-pa-ra-te,
dis-turbo, di-stant.
When
12.
doubled in a Latin word,

heard in each syllable
com-mit-to (contrasted with the English
a consonant
is
the sound of the consonant

as,
ap-pel-lo,
is
words appellant, committee, in which the consonant,

though occurring twice, is pronounced but once).t
13.
The
last syllable of a
word
the one next to the last the penult,
but two the
is
called the ultimate,
and the
last syllable
ayitepenult.
ACCENT.
14.
Illustrative
Examples.
de'-dit,
va'-do,
an'-nus,
su'-o,
de'-dit,
rl'-pas,
con'-sul,
nau-tae.
These representative words

lable
(penult or ultimate)
words of two
15.
will
show on which
the accent falls in
syl-
Latin
syllables.
Illustrative
Examples,
spe-ra-mus,
R6-ma-no'-rum,
con-sen-su,
re-ll'-qui,
sa-lu-tem,
po-ten'-tis.
ge'-ne-ra,
ex-cel'-si-or,
con-sen'-se-ras,
re'-li-qui,
i-do'-ne-us,
ci'-vi-tas.
Some
authorities hold that in the case of two or more consonants the

comes before the last consonant, except in the case of a mute followed by a liquid, and would divide thus, moiis-t rum, cas-tra.
t So in English contrast tattoo with tatter, soulless with solace, penknife with penny, unknown with unowned, missent with missing.
*
division
These representative words of more than two sylIn the words in

arranged in two groups.
the two upper lines the vowel of the penult is either
a long' vowel, or a short vowel followed by two conin the two lower lines the vowel of the
sonants
penult is a short vowel not followed by two consonants.
On which syllable (penult or antepenult) does the
accent fall in these two classes respectively ?
N.B. In the matter of accent, x is treated as a
double consonant, qu as a single consonant. So also
when the two consonants consist of r or 1, preceded by
a different consonant, the word is accented as though
there were but one consonant
for example, ar'bitror,
lables are
multiplex, ten'ebrae; but impul'sus, vexillum, adver'to,

incur ro, according to the general rule.
For the purposes of
accentuation a .diphthong
is
treated as a long vowel.

16.
There are no
that there are as
silent letters in Latin
many
it
syllables in each Latin
follows
word as
there are vowels and diphthongs.
Pronounce accordingly the following Latin words
Miles, fine, consumes, furore, beatus, excelsior, deslgno,
honor, legionis, scena, salve, oratio, alienus, militia.

17.
Practice in the pronunciation of Latin
may be
obtained from the measured and careful reading of the

following lines, which are a portion of the version by
Professor R. Y. Tyrrell, of Dublin, of Hood's "Bridge
of Sighs," in the metre of the original
A
A
mi sera
Pondere
!
sortis
fessa
temere mortis
Viam
ingressa
10
Tollite facile
Onus tarn bellum,

Onus tarn gracile
Tamque
Ne
tenellum.
fastidientes
Corpus attingite,
Sed flebilem flentes
Animo fingite
Quod fecerit male
;
Donate tarn bellae
Nil restat ni quale
Decorum
puellae.
humanarum
Quam
raro homullos
Miseriarum
_ Miseret ullos
Eheu, quam flebilis,
!
Urbe
tarn plena,
Jacuit debilis,
Tecti egena.
THE ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION OF LATIN.

18. The pronunciation of Latin in use in ancient
times came to be gradually modified in certain respects,
but in all its essential features it was retained for
and as Latin was a constant medium for
centuries
oral communication between various parts of Europe
;
throughout the middle ages, the pronunciation was

By the sixteenth
practically uniform over Europe.
century, however, England had become so isolated
from continental Europe, through her separate political
11
and religious development, that the traditional pronunciation of Latin was abandoned, and Latin words
Were treated as if they were English
As a result of this,' in our English speech Roman
names and many familiar expressions and phrases
borrowed from the Latin have long been pronounced
according to the English method, e.g. Caesar, Julius
Augustus, Horatius, sine die, et cetera^ prima facie, viva
In such
voce, excelsior, e pluribus unum, vox popull.
English
method
follow
the
not
those
who
do
cases even
,
pronunciation in reading Latin, yet retain the

English pronunciation when these names or phrases
are used in English.*
of
19.
(a) In
method
English
the
Latin, the vowels are given the
English sounds
of
common
pronouncing
long or short
a as in cane, a as in can.
e
ii
ii
me,
7net.
"
pin.
no,
ii
not.
use>
it
its.
pine,
But very often vowels really long are sounded as short,

and vowels really short as long, either through the
influence of similar English words or' for ease of utterance.
No
absolutely fixed rules can be given for these
exceptions, but
as follows
some
of the
more regular
variations are
Exactly the same thing occurs in the ruse of guoh modern foreign
names as Paris, Napoleon, Pyrenees; Luther, Berlin, Munchausen; Madrid,
Manila. Don Quixote. We give each of these words our pronunciation
when we are reading or speaking English, and quite another when vre are
*
reading or speaking the foreign language to which
it
belongs.
12
Long vowels
are sounded as short () before two

consonants or x
(6) in most final syllables ending
with a consonant; e.g. densus, duxit, brevitas.
Short vowels are sounded as long (a) before another
vowel or diphthong or h; (6) in the first syllable of
dissyllabic words before a single consonant, e.g. aluit,
-
nihil,
senex, caput.
The diphthongs
(b)
in vie
au as
in author;
ae and
oe
are
eu as in feud ;
sounded as
and ui as
ei
e
i
in pine.
(c)
Of
sound of
and g are given the soft

and / respectively before e and i sounds
the consonants, c
's
before
(that
is
when
final is often
e,
i,
y, ae, oe)
e.g. Cicero, reglna;
sounded like z, as it is occasionally

in other places also through the analogy of some
English word, e.g. pars, causa; and c, s, and t are
often sounded as s/i before i (unaccented) followed by
another vowel, e.g. socius, ratio; j is sounded as in jar,
and v as in vine.
N.B.
are the
The
same
rules for accent in the English

as are given above in 14
^3^
Roman
Eagle.
and
15.
method
LESSON
13
I.
First and Second Conjugations:
Present
Indicative Active.
20.
Illustrative
Examples.
Pugnat, he fights.
Pugnant,
Vocat,
Vocant,
they call.
he
calls.
key fight.
Habet,
he has.
Habent,
they have.
Videt,
he
Vident,
they see.
sees.
Notice (l) that in these English sentences the subject

of the verb is expressed by a separate word.
a.
(2) that in the Latin equivalent the

is
indicated
by a change
change of subject
in the final letters of the
verb.*
21.
Illustrative
Examples.
Videmus, we
Pugnamus, we fight.
you
Vocas,
you
Habes,
call.
see.
have.
(addressed to one person)
you
Vocatis,
Habetis,
call.
you
have.,
(addressed to more than one person)
What
a.
final
in
letters
express the idea of

plural)
Such
these Latin words serve to

zve
and you (singular and
final letters,
number
in
indicating changes of person
and
the subject of the verb, are called
Personal Endings.
This change in the form of a word to show its grammatical relation Lb
Latin Is an Inflected language, while English Is almost
wholly an uninflected one.
*
called Inflection.
14
In two of these Latin verbs the personal endings,
b.
it
should be noticed, are preceded by the vowel a,

This
in the other two verbs by the vowel e.
and
common
part
(e.g.
voca-, habe-)
to
which the
various personal endings are attached
is
known
as the Present Stem.
Before which personal endings are these vowels a

and e shortened ?
22.
Illustrative
Pugno, I fight.
Voco,
I call.
Examples.
Video,
see.
Habeo, I have.
What
personal ending expresses / in these verbs ?

Notice that before this ending, a is dropped, while
e is shortened.*
a.
23.
These two
classes of verb (the a- verbs
and the
e-
verbs) are ordinarily called verbs of the First and
Second Conjugations respectively.! In Latin vocabuadded to indicate a verb

of the First Conjugation, ere a verb of the Second
laries or dictionaries are is
Conjugation.!
Paradigms.
24.
Present Indicative Active.

First Conjugation.
Second Conjugation.
SINGULAR.
amo
r.
amas
amat
2.
3.
(/ love)
-a-s
moneo
mones
-a-t
monet
-6
(/ advise)
-e-6
-e-s
-e-t
* It is a rule of Latin that a vowel immediately preceding another vowel

or diphthong is short.
t There are in all four conjugations in Latin, that
verbs according to the form of the present stem.
X
is,
four divisions of
For the further significance of these endings are and ere see Lesson
XXL
15
PLURAL.
1.
amamus
-a-mus
monemus
2.
amatis
-a-tis
monetis
-e-tis
3.
amant
-a-nt
monent
-e-nt
-e-mus
VOCABULARY.
25.
* pugno, are, fight.
habeo, ere,
have.
moveo,
move.
ere,
need, are,
kill,
teneo, ere, hold.
slay
vasto, are, lay waste.
pareo, ere,
be obedient.
video, ere, see.
paro, are,
prepare, procure.
voco, are,
call
EXERCISES.
26.
i.
mo vet. 2. Necant, tenent,

movent, vastant. 3. Vocamus, vocatis, voco. 4. Habes,
habemus, habetis. 5. Moves, vident, vastatis. 6. Videt,
pugîamus, moveo.
7.
Necatis, piignant, video.
8.
Paro, pares, parent, paramus.
1.
Vastat, necat, tenet,
1.
They
ii.
2.
call,
He sees, he
hold,
you
they prepare,
fights,
(plur.)
they have, they see.

he holds, he slays. 3. You (sing.)
fight,
he prepares,
hold, you lay waste.
obedient,
6.
Gladius
we
lay
am
obedient.
We
waste.
move, he
Sword.
4.
5.
He
We
is
slay,
calls, I fight.
16
LESSON
II.
Nominative
Singular and Plural.
:
27.
Illustrative
Examples.
Pugnamus, we fight or we are fighting

/ call or / am calling.
Voco,
they move or they are moving.
Movent,
a.
Parat,
he {she or
it)
Tenet,
he {she or
it)
prepares or
holds or
is
is
preparing.
holding.
Notice (l) the two-fold translation of each form in

the present tense.
(2)
the use of the personal ending -t to indicate
also she or
it.
28.
Illustrative
Examples.
Romanus, a Roman, the Roman.

Roman!, Romans, the Romans.
a.
Filius,
son, a son, the son.
Filii,
sons, the sons.
Nauta,
Nautae,
sailors, the sailors.
Filia,
a daughter, the daughter.
Filiae,
daughters, the daughters.
By what change
sailor, the sailor.
of the endings -us
and
-a, is
the
Form
Latin nouns formed ?
similarly the plurals of the nouns in the following
vocabulary.
plural
b.
of
these
Notice that, as Latin N has no article, the words a or

the may be added or omitted in translating a
Latin noun, according to the requirements of the
context.

Examples.
Illustrative
29.
17
the son prepares.
Fllius parat,
Filil parant,
the sons prepare.
Filia paret,
the daughter is obedient.
Filiae parent,
daughters are
Fllius et f Ilia parent, the son
and
obedieyit.
the
daughter
are obedient.
Notice that the personal ending' of these Latin verbs

is retained when a noun is the subject, and when
a.
English sentence
in the
he, she
or they
no longer
is
found.
The verb agrees with

Rules.
(l)
number and person.
Two
(2)
may
singular subjects
"its
subject in
take the verb in the
plural.
VOCABULARY.
30.
Belgian.
Belga,
Gaul.
Gallus,
Germanus, German.
Britannus, Briton.
t nauta,
et,
and.
filia,
daughter.
Romanus,
Roman.
fllius,
son.
servus,
slave.
sailor.
EXERCISES.
31.
1.
I.
Romanus pugnat
Roman! pugnant.
videt; nautae vident. 3. Britanni habent

4.
Gall! et
Ocrmani *necant
movent. 6. Nauta
tenemus, movetis, voco.
et vastant.
5.
et servi parant.
filiae
2.
Nauta
Belga habet.
Fllius et
7.
Vocas,
11.
1.
bold.
He
2.
holds;
She
the Briton
is
daughters are calling.
3.
is
the
calling";
holding; the Britons

daughter calls; the
sailor
is
slaying;
slaves
18
prepare.
4.
5.
6.
The Gaul and
the
German
are fighting
The Belgians are laying waste; the Germans see.

It has; we move; you (sing.) are obedient; you
(plur.) are preparing.
LESSON
III.
Accusative
32.
Illustrative
Examples.
Romanus nautam videt,

Roman! nautas vident,
the
Roman
the
Romans
Nauta Romanum videt,

Nautae Roman os vident,
the sailor sees the
sees the sailor.
see the sailors.
the sailors see the
Roman.
Romans.
Filios et filias habet,
he has sons and daughters.
Belgam
they slay a Belgian
a.
et
Galium necant,
and a Gaul.
What
differences are found in the endings of these

Latin nouns, in the singular and the plural, when
they are used as the subject, and when they are
used as the object of the verb ?

b.
The form used

to be
in
as the subject of a finite verb
is
said
the Nominative case, that used as the
object, in the Accusative case.*

c.
How
does the order of these Latin sentences differ

of the English ?
from that
33.
ject,
The order
followed in the sentences of 32 (sub-
object, verb) is the normal, but
by no means the
* These correspond to the English nominative and objective cases. For

similar changes in the form of English words compare the pronouns him,
them, whom.
19
and should be retained by

beginner as being the general rule.
It is most
important to observe that in Latin, unlike English, a
change of order will not involve a change of syntactical
The first sentence in 32 will have the same
relation.
invariable, order in Latin,
the
meaning (with
emphasis only)
slight differences of
if it
be written Nautam Romanus videt or Nautam videt

Romanus or Videt Romanus nautam.
VOCABULARY.
34.
cdpia (in singular), plenty,

supply, abundance;
(in plural) forces, troops.
do, are,* givk.
equus,
horse.
fuga,
flight.
locus,
place.
nuntio, are,
announce,
nuntius,
messenger.
prdvincia,
province.
terreo, ere,
frighten,
terrify.
vulnero, are, zvound.
EXERCISES.
35.
i.
Filium et filiam habet.

2. Belgas et Germanos
terretis.
4. German! copias
3. Copiae locum vastant.
et equos parant.
5. Fugam nuntiamus
equum das
copiam habes. 6. Nuntios et nautas vulnerant.
1.
ii.
1.
You have horses; we have
plenty.
place; they lay waste the provinees.

is
5.
wounding the horse.
The
4.
The
is
The verb
formed**,
announcing the
io Lb
see the
6.
They give
a slave
flight.
exceptional, in having shorl

and da (HW.
<1Aiih (271)
2.
The messenger
forces hold the province
flight terrifies the forces.
a slave
3.
a in the stem, exoepl
in
the
20
LESSON
IV.
Genitive

36.
Illustrative
Filium nautae videt,
Examples.
he sees the sailor
son
or,
he sees the son of the sailor.
Filium servi videt,
he sees the slave's son.
Fugam copiarum
he announces the flight of
nuntiat,
the forces.
Fugam Romanorum
nuntiat,
he announces
the
a.
What endings
in
Latin nouns indicate the

by the English preposition of or
the English possessive case
Nouns with
of
these
relation expressed
b.
the flight
Romans.
these endings are said
to
be in the
Getiitive case.
The
genitive
is
placed more frequently after than
before the noun

c.
it
modifies.
sentence above were written in the order

Nautae filium videt, could it mean, The sailors see
the son?
What two meanings could Servi filium
vident have ?
If the first
VOCABULARY.
37.
animus,
spirit, heart,
confirmo, are, encourage,

arouse,
porta,
gate.
porto, are,
carry, bear.
praeda,
plunder, booty.
ally.
impero, are,
give orders.
socius,
legatus,
ambassador
supero, are, conquer,
envoy ; lieutenant,
victoria,
victory.
21
exercises.
38.
1
i.
Copiam servorum habet
habent.
tqriae
Victoria
2.
animum
socii
animos Belgarum confirmant.
superat;
ligati imperant.
4.
copiam equorum
Belg"ae conf irmat

3.
Praedam
vic-
Copias legati
portas
portas
Films legati copias sociorum superat.

6. Animos copiarum terret.
7. Belg'ae copias parant
copiae Belgarum parent. 8. Filii nautae nuntium vucant.
videmus.
5.
ii.
1.
2.
He
The
announcing- the victory of the lieutenant.

horse is carrying the ambassador's son. 3. The
is
conquer the allies of the Belgians.

4.
He
conquers the forces of the allies. 5. The forces of the
province are fighting.
6. The victory arouses the
troops
Britons' spirits.
orders.
8.
You
7.
and of the messenger.

I
They
give a horse; he
is
giving
are wounding the sons of the sailor

9.
The
slaves have the plunder
see the slave's booty; they kill the envoys' slaves.
Miles
Soldier.
22
LESSON
V.

Dative Singular
and Plural. Accusative with ad.
:
39.
Examples.
Illustrative
Legato victoriam nuntiat, he announces the victory
to the
lieutenant.
Praedam
he gives the plunder to the slaves.
servis dat,
Provinciae imperat,
he gives orders
Belgls parent,
they are obedient to the Belgians.
a.
What endings
in
to the
Latin nouns
the
province.
indicate
relation expressed in the English sentences
the
by the
preposition to?
b.
Nouns with
these endings are
said to be in the
Dative case.
The
dative expressing the indirect object
frequently placed
before
than
after
is
more
the direct
object of the verb.
40.
Illustrative
Examples.
Ad locum copias movet, he moves the forces to the place.

Ad portam servos vocat, he calls the slaves to the gate.
Ad copias et socios praedam portant, they are carrying the
plmider
a.
When
to the forces
and
the allies.
the preposition to is used in an English phrase

implying motion or direction, the dative should
not be used in the corresponding Latin. In what
way is to expressed in these sentences ?
Latin Lessons fur Beginners.

ti.
ad,
23
24
LESSON
VI.
First and Second Conjugations

Indicative Active.
43.
Illustrative
b.
Imperfect
Examples.
or they used
Pugnabant, they were fighting

he was moving
Movebat,
Tenebamus, we were holding
Spectabat,
it was faci?ig
a.
or he used
to
or we used
or
it
used
to fight.
move.
to hold.
to J ace.
What new element
is found in these Latin verbs between the present stem and the personal ending ?
Notice that these new forms may be translated in

two ways, past time being indicated in both cases.*
Paradigms.
44.
IMPERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE.

First Confiigation.
Second Conjugatio7i.
25
VOCABULARY
45.
Brita in
Britannia,
firmo, are, strengthen.
Gaul
Gallia,
try
now
Germania,
sword.
spear.
hiemo, are, winter^ pass the
trench^ moat.
fossa,
gladius,
hasta,
(the coun-
wi?iter.
called France).
Germany.
Italia,
Italy.
pugna,
battle, fighting.
EXERCISES.
46.
I.
firmabamus, firmabat.
1. Firmabant,
2. Tenebas,
tenebam, tenebatis.
Parebant, parabat, paret,
3.
4. Gladios et hastas reportabat.
parant.
5. Ad Ger-
maniam
et
Italiam
copias
removebam.
gladium dabas nautis respondebant.

Galliam spectat
pugnam Germanis
mant copiae hiemabant.
;
7.
6.
Nautae
Britannia ad
niintiat.
8.
Hie-
ii.
1.
2.
He was
they used to
giving-;
gfive
they give.
They were terrifying; it used to terrify; she terri3. You were strengthening- the place;
I was
4. It used to have walls and trenches.

were procuring an abundance of swords and
Spears.
The lieutenant was holding- Gaul and
6.
Britain; the Gauls and Britons were righting-.
7. We
Were replying to the messenger; the slave used to
wintering.
5.
We
carry water to the trench.
Hasta
Spear.
26
LESSON
VII.
First and Second Declensions Ablative

:
47.
Illustrative
Examples.
Servum hasta necat, he kills the slave with a spear.

Servum gladio necat, he kills the slave with a sword.
Nuntium cum nauta et servo necat, he .kills the messenger
together with the sailor and the slave.
Locum murls et fossis firmat, he strengthens the place
with walls and trenches.
Cum copiis hiemat, he is winteri?ig with the forces.

Cum Gallis fcugnant, they are fighting with the Gauls.
a. What endings in these Latin nouns indicate the
relations expressed in the English sentences
by the
preposition with f
Notice where, in these examples, this
new case (known
as the Ablative) has forms identical with the dative.
Notice also the difference in the quantity of a in

the ablative and in the nominative.
Observe that in some of these sentences with has the

force of by means of* in others of together with or
along with. In which sense is the Latin preposition cum used with the ablative case ?
b.
48.
Illustrative
Examples.
In Gallia hiemat,
he
In muro pugnant,
they are fighting on the wall.
is
wintering in Gaul.
Copias ab Italia revocat, he recalls the troops from Italy.

Copias a pugna revocat,
Ab
he recalls the troops from battle.
legato et sociis equos parat, he procures horses
from
the lieutenant a?id the allies.

* Often by means of may be replaced by the preposition by instead of by
with; as, to perish by (means of) the sword; to restrain by (means of) force.
contined,
28
ii.
The
slave
was
fighting-
the sailor with a spear.
2.
with the sailor he wounds

He used to procure troops
;
and horses from the provinces. 3. We see islands in

I see a forest on the island.
4. He fills the
walls and the gates with troops they fight with swords
on the walls. 5. You used to winter in Britain with
the lieutenant and the allies. 6. The nature of the
place restrains the Britons from fighting.
7. From the
walls they announce the victory to the ambassador.
8. They were summoning the messengers to the wall.
the ocean
LESSON
VIII.
First and Second Declensions Reviewed

tive Case.
Voca-
Predicate Nouns and Appositives.
51. To give all the forms of a Latin noun in the

order in which the cases are usually arranged is called
declining the noun, and the different series of endings
found in Latin nouns are called the Declensions
These
.
are five in
number
the nouns already learned which in
the nominative singular end in -a belong to the First
Declension,
those
which end
in
-us
to
the
Second
Declension.
As
it happens that no two of the declensions have

same ending in the genitive singular, in Latin
vocabularies and dictionaries the nominative and genitive singular of each noun are regularly indicated, in
order to show to which of the five declensions the
noun belongs. (Compare 56.)
the
Latin Lessons for Beginners

52.
29
30
a.
In each of these sentences are two nouns referring- to

the same person or thing:, and in each sentence
the two nouns are in the same case.
b.
In the
first
sentence, insula forms part of the pred-
and describes or defines the subject of the

verb est, and is called a Predicate Nominative.
icate
c.
In the second sentence, Britanniam forms part of the

predicate and describes or defines the object of the
verb vocant, and

d.
is
called a Predicate Accusative.
In the third sentence,

identifying- nuntium,
ship with
noun
f ilium,
is
while describing: or
not brought into relation-
Such a
throug-h the verb vident.
it
an Appositive and is said

apposition with the noun it describes.
is
called
to be in
Rule. Predicate nouns and appositives agree
in case
with the noun which they describe.

55.
Illustrative
Examples.
he gives orders
FiliS imperat,
to /its son,
or she gives orders

Socios con vocant,
Cum
a.
copiis
Notice
they
summon
to
her son.
their allies.
hiemamus, we are wintering with our
how
in these Latin sentences
troops.
no special word
used to express his, her, their, our. Latin has

words meaning my, our, your, his, her, its and
their, but seldom uses them when it can readily
be gathered from the context to whom the person
or thing spoken of belongs.*
is
* Accordingly, in translating from Latin, these words have often to be

inserted in the English ; and until Lesson XLVIIL is reached, are to be
regularly disregarded in translating into Latin. At first these words will be
put in parentheses, to indicate their omission.
31
vocabulary.
56.
amlcitia, ae, friendship.
amicus,
I,
fluvius,
I,
Rhenus,
river.
ripa, ae,
bank (of a river).
vicus,
village.
habito, are,
est,
incola, ae, inhabitant.
friend.
divell.
he (she or
it) is
I,
I,
Rhine.
non, not.
sunt, they are ;
amicitiam conffrmo, establish friendship.
Phrase:
EXERCISES.
57.
I.
Britanni sunt incolae Britanniae.
1.
Romanorum, habitamus.
provineia
revocat.
fluvii
non
Gallia
4.
5.
In Gallia,
insula;
est
Galliam provinciam vocabant.
2.
Copias a ripa
3.
Filios
et
Roman!
filias
in
Amicitiam cum Gallis, Roman!

confimiatis.
7. Germanos, socios Belgarum, superat.
Roman! Gallos amicos
8. Gall! sunt Romanorum amici
vocant.
vicum muris firmamus.
9. Vicus muros habet
collocant.
silvis
6.
Copiae in ripa
10.
fluvii
piignabant.
II.
We
the inhabitants of the island Britons; an

inhabitant of the island is a Briton.
2. The Romans
1.
used
to
friends
4.
call
dwell in
The
flight of the
inhabitants.
5.
jbe province.
7.
They used
a river.
9.
They
Rhine
Italy.
we summon
8.
6.
3.
(our)
Germans,
We
They
the Belgians
call
friends,
the
establishing friendship with
are
You used
to call the
You were
to have friends, lieutenant.

ocean a river the ocean is not
;
not obedient to (your) lieutenant.
lay waste the villages from the
to the ocean.
the banks.
Belgians.
(their) allies, terrifies the
10.
He
stations
banks of the
troops on
(his)
32
58.
WORD
NOUNS
amicitia
LIST
I.
FIRST DECLENSION
READING LESSON
33
I.
Romulus and Remus and the Founding of Rome.

(753 b.c.)
(Amulius, the rightful king of Alba, an ancient

town of Latium in Italy, was supplanted by his brother
Numitor. To secure himself on his throne, Numitor
-
59.
slew the sons of Amulius, and when twin sons were

born to his daughter Rhea Silvia, he ordered them to
be thrown into the river Tiber. As it turned out, the
children were not drowned, but being cast ashore were
found and suckled by a she-wolf as if they had been
Soon they were discovered by a
her own young.
shepherd, who brought up the children in his own
home, until they became hardy youths and leaders
among their comrades. At last their parentage was
revealed
and, slaying the usurper Numitor, the
brothers placed their grandfather once more upon his
rightful throne, and then set out to found a city upon
the spot where they had so wonderfully been preserved.)
;
VOCABULARY.
Socius, comrade.
Roma, Rome.
In
filios
filii
habitabat
Italia
Rhea
Silvia.
Rheae,
Huvii occupant {they seize).
firmant,
Romulus
pabent, et pugnant.
ct
Dum
Remus
In pugna Romulus
filiorum
Romam
ex (from, with
(then)
incolas
In
{while)
(two)
locum minis
controversiam
Romulus regnat (is

Rheae Romulo parent.
Turn
Rhea duo
Romulum ct Remum. Romulus et Remus,

amicos et socios convocant. Locum in ripa
habet,*
(dispute)
Remum
necat.
king), et amiei et socii
abl. case)
Itaque (and
so)
locum
Romulo vocamus,
et
vocamus Romanos.
Latin, as in
English, the present
or situations.
This
is
known
ina.\ be used to represent \i\idly

as the Historical Present,
34
LESSON
Second Declension
60.
nouns
IX.
Nouns
in -um.
Gender.
In the Second Declension are found not only
nominative singular in
but others also which end in -um and which differ
from servus in certain other case-endings.
like servus, ending- in the
-us,
Paradigm.
second declension
(continued).
Plural.
Singular.
-um
templa
-a
tempi!
-I
templorum
-drum
Dat.
templo
-6
templis
-is
Ace.
-um
-um
templa
templa
-a
Voc.
templum
templum
Abl.
templo
-6
templis
-Is
Nom.
templum
Gen,
{temple)
-a
N.B. Castra, camp, a plural noun with singular

meaning, is declined like the plural of templum; viz.,
Nom.
castra, Gen. castrorum, Dat. castris, Ace. castra,
Voc. castra, Abl. castris.
Gender
has certain peculiarities not

names of males
are masculine, and all names of females are feminine.
But the gender of what is neither male nor female is not
always neuter, as we regard it in English grammar,
but, as a rule, is determined by the ending of the noun.
This is sometimes called Grammatical Gender as dis61.
in Latin
found in English.
As
in English, all
tinguished from Natural Gender.

In the First Declension the nouns ending in -a are
with the exception of words like incola,

nauta and Belga which, as they usually refer to males,
are masculine.
feminine,
35
In the Second Declension the nouns ending in -us are

masculine, and those ending- in -um are neuter.
In Latin vocabularies and dictionaries the gender
and
regularly indicated by the letters m.,f.
is
n.
VOCABULARY.
62.
bellum,
oppidum,
war.
camp.
n.
I,
orum,
castra,
n.,
expugno, are,
assault.
grain,
n.,
I,
corn
imperium,
coin maud,
n.,
I,
attack,
storm,
take by storm.
frumentum,
town.
n.,
I,
oppugno, are,
praesidium,
I,
proelium,
n.,
I,
n., garrison.
battle.
-que,
and.
renovo, are,
renew.
control, rule.
N.B.
together
never stands alone, but is always

second of the two words grouped
-que
appended
as
Roman
the
to
a) id
Romanus Gallusque
Gaul*
= Romanus
et Gallus)
EXERCISES.
63.
I.
1.
Frumentum comportabant
portant.
2.
videtis.
copiam frumenti comPortam castrorum videmus portas oppidi

;
Praesidium in oppido
3.
fossa flrmabat.
proelio
5.
continet.
murum
castraque
expiignant.
In eastris
10.
perium
in bellis
collocat.
7.
Praesidio impero.
oppidi oppugnant
9.
Copias
8.
Copiae
copiae oppidum
hiematis,
11.
filio
Im-
habent.
'
i^
shifted to
i~
Castra
6.
Imperium provinciae
Romanorum
When a word has -que appended, \w accent

preceding -que e.g. Gallus but Gallus'que.
*i
4.
Oppida vlcosqnc habemus.
pugnant;
dat.
jAtM~
he syllable
1/
36
ii.
They renew
1.
war with the Romans.
the
2.
We
towns with garrisons. 3. He recalls the

Romans from battle. 4. They were killing- the garri-
hold
the
sons of the towns.
5.
We
station
the troops in the
You are obedient to the rule of the Romans.

7. He summons (his) allies, the Britons, to the town.
8. The Gauls move (their) camp.
9. We used to fight
with the Britons we were attacking- the place we take
camp.
6.
the village by storm.
grain
the
is
camp
in the town.
10.
11.
An
abundance of water and

He recalls the troops from
to the towns.
The Wall
of Romulus.
LESSON
BLdjectives of
X.
the First and Second Declensions.
64.
Illustrative
Examples.
Magnus vicus,
Magnus est vicus,
Magna insula,
a large village.
Magnum
a large town.
oppidum,
magno vied,
Magnae insulae,
Ad magna oppida,
In
a.
Notice
how
37
the village is large,
a large island,
in a large village,
large islands,
to the
large towns.
the Latin adjective, unlike the English,
changes its forms when used with nouns differing

in gender or in number or in case.
The adjective agrees with its noun in gender,
Rule.
number and
65.
case.
Paradigm.
ADJECTIVES OF FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS.

Singular.
Latin. Lessons for Beginners.
38
Notice that the masculine of bonus
declined like
is
mensa and the neuter
servus, the feminine like
like
templum.
The
66.
position of the adjective
than in English.
noun;
its
people,
freer in
is
Very frequently the
Latin
adjective follows
so regularly, populus Rdmanus, the Ro?nan
while a good slave
is either bonus servus or

emphatic or when denoting size,
servus bonus.
When
the adjective
commonly precedes
magnae
as
copiae,
large forces.
67.
VOCABULARY.
um, high, deep.

broad, wide,
latus, a, um,
longus, a, um, long.
magnus, a, um, great, large.
multus, a, um, much;
numerus,
altus, a,
many.
Romanus, a, um
number.
m.,
I,
parvus, a, um,
small.
few (used
pauci, ae, a,
in the plural only).
periculum,
n.,
I,
danger.
populus, i,m. people, nation,
(in plural)
(as adjective),
Roman.
EXERCISES.
68.
1.
i.
The
island (sword,
gfarrison)
is
islands (swords, garrisons) are small.

(wars, spears) are long
The
4.
2. The
The swords
large.
3.
trench (river,
g"ate) is
wide. 5. The danger (number, abundance) is great.

the walls are high.
6. The river (trench) is deep
;
7.
Many
(few) provinces (towns, villages.)

11
Parvas insulas et magnum oppidum habent.

Multa oppida oppugnat
paucos vicos expugnat.
Locum fossa lata et muro alto firmant. 4. Periculum
1.
2.
3.
39
5. Magnis cum copiis* bellum

Multae provinciae populo Romano- parebant.
7. Longas hastas et parvos gladios habebatis.
9. Magnum
8. Multa oppida muros et portas habent.
numerum longarum hastarum parat. 10. Fluvii alti
populi
Roman! videmus.
renovant.
latique
6.
Romanos
continent.
in.
1.
We
have many provinces and few
allies.
2.
They
were strengthening the camp with broad and deep

trenches.
3. They establish friendship with the Roman
people.
4. It encourages the hearts of many Gauls.
5. To many friends he gives a large number of slaves.
6. The camp has a wide gate.
7. He recalls the troops
from the small camp to the large camp. 8. The Roman
people
of)
is
in great danger.
a long
9.
In
{literally,
war he conquers many
by means
nations.
10.
He
stations a large garrison in the small island.

*This order (adjective, preposition, noun)
if
the order were
cam
is
very frequent.
iuAgiiis copiis.
Remains of Roman Camp.
Translate as

40
LESSON
Second Declension
jectives of
XI.
Nouns in -er and -ir.

the First and Second
:
Declensions in
Ad-
-er.
69. Besides the nouns ending: in -us or in -um, the

second declension has others which in the nominative
singular end in -er or -ir. These nouns are all masculine,
and are declined as follows

70.
Paradigms.
second declension (continued).

Singular.
Nom.
41
There are also adjectives of the first and second

nom. sing, masc;
and
retain e before
declined
like
puer
some
are
these
of
others are declined like
r in all genders throughout
ager and have e before r in the nominative and vocative
71.
declensions which end in -er in the
singular masculine only.
72.
42
Plural.
43
exercises.
76.
i.
Periculum viri videtis. 2. Pueri puellam terrent.

Oppida expugnant agrosque vastant.
4. Integris
cum eopils murum oppugnabat. 5. Liberi viris non
1.
3.
parebant.
6.
Belgae multos nautas superant.

8. Crebra praesidia
Pauci
Reliquis Germanis agros dant.
7.
agûm Romanum
tenent.
Imperium reliquae pro-
9.
tenebam.
10. Ad parvum agrum reliquam
praedam comportant. 11. Pueros puellasque liberos
vocamus. 12. Libei*um populum superabamus.
\nnciae
ii.
The Germans were
1.
Belgians.
the rest of the troops

the
rest
announcing the
the
man
man, not
we
winter in the camp.
of
the
flight of
Roman
6.
He was
Belgians.
many
a slave, not free.
from the
to the boy.
horses to the men.
fresh
together
He announces numerous victories.
2.
slaves are obedient to the
gives
laying waste the lands of the
territory.
9.
7.
sailors.
He
10.
8.
The
3.
4.
With
5.
He
calling
You were
They call
recalls (his) troops
They
reply to the
messengers.
11. He stations fresh forces
in the town.
12. The boy he calls (his) son, the girls
(his) daughters.
frequent
LESSON
XII.
Third and Fourth Conjugations
Present
Indicative Active.
77. Latin
In the
ends in
first
-a
has in
all
four conjugations of the verb.
and second conjugations the present stem

and -e respectively (21. b.)
in the third
;
44
conjugation in -e (preceded by a consonant or u)* in the

In vocabularies, verbs of the
-I.
;
fourth conjugation in
third conjugation are indicated
second conjugation)
by
by
ere (not ere as in the
verbs of the fourth conjugation
ire.
Paradigms.
78.
PRESENT INDICATIVE ACTIVE.

Fou rth Conjuga Hon
Third Conjugation.
Singular.
re go (/ rule)
i-s
audio (/ hear)
audis
1-0
regis
regit
i-t
audit
i-t
-o
1-S
Plural.
1.
regimus
i-mus
audimus
I-mus
2.
regitis
i-tis
auditis
l-tis
3.
a.
regunt
iu-nt
u-nt
audiunt
Notice (l) that in the third conjugation, as given
above, the stem vowel -e is lost before -6, becomes -u
before -nt and elsewhere becomes -i and (2) that
;
becomes -iu before -nt.

In all four conjugations long stem vowels (-a, -e, -l)
are shortened before -t and -nt, and are either
in the fourth conjugation,
b.
-I
shortened or omitted before

79.
6.
See also
24.
45
exercises.
80.
I.
Copias cogit; copias ducis
1.
copias mittunt
copias
Copiae convenmnt;
bellum gerunt castra muniunt agros vastant incolas
lerrent. 3. Nuntius venit niintiumaudlmus. 4. Castra
lata fossa munit.
5, Bcllum longum in Gallia gerimus.
proelio
Copias
a
reduco. 7. Legati a reliquis Britan6.
redficimus
copias relinquitis.
2.
veniunt.
nis
8.
Magnum numcrtim amicorum
cogis.
ad castra mittunt.
10. Legatos
(icnnanornm auditis. 11. Panel liberi ad locum conCrebros
9.
veniunt.
nuntios
12.
Praedam
in silva relinquit.
ii.
They
they sec.
hold.
lead
3.
I
fortify
2.
We
You
5.
come; you assemble; he
lead back.
the cam]).
they send
they leave they give
hear; you lead; you call; you
We
4.
They come with
collects;
we
the plunder to
are fortifying the place with a wall.
He sends the lieutenant to the province with a large

number of Gauls. 7. I collect the rest of the men.
8. She is leading a small horse to the bank.
9. The
boys and girls come from the fields to the gate of the
cam]).
10. You arc- leaving a large garrison in the
cam]).
11. They wage wars with the Roman people.
6.
12.
He
leads the rest of the allies back to (their) lands.
Signum
Standard.
46
81.
WORD
LIST A.
READING LESSON
47
II.
The Romans and their Neighbors.

Primo {at firsi) Roma parvus est vicus,
82.
et
paucos incolas habet. Mult! popul! in Italia habitant,

Oppida muros poret bella proeliaque sunt crebra.
tasque habent incolae parvis gfladils et long-Is hastis
;
Roman! parvos agros habent et multos flnitimos {neighbors). Saepe {often) flnitiml agrum Romanum
vastant et Romanos servosque in agris necant.
Nuntius
ad reliquos Romanos venit periculum populo nimtiat
Roman! copias eogunt paucos viros in miiris relinquunt
piignant.
et
cum
reliquis copiis flnitimos oppiigfnant.
Roman!
pugnant et victoriae sunt

saepe oppida finitimorum expiignant, et multos liberos populos superant.
Postremo
{at last) populus Romanus imperium Italiae habet
ad
pauca oppida praesidia mittit agros Romanis dat et
oppida magnis praesidiis tenet. Haec {these, neut. ace)
crebrae.
fortiter {bravely)
Etiam
{also)
'
oppida Roman! colonics {colonies) vocant.

Cum reliquis
flnitimls amlcitiam conflrmant et incolas socios vocant.
LESSON
Third Declension
83.
Nouns
Consonant Stems.
of the third declension have their gvnitive
singular ending in
their
XIII.
stem ending
in
-is,
and the great majority have
a consonant.
This consonant stem
may be obtained by omitting the genitive ending -is.

The regular endings of masculine and feminine nouns
are
shown
in the following
paradigm.
48

Paradigm.
THIRD DECLENSION CONSONANT STEMS.

Masculine and Feminine Nouns.
:
49
with very few exceptions, the words of

more than one syllable whose stem ends in p,
g, c, t, or d, and which have short e in the
final syllable of the nominative and vocative
V. Further,
singular,
have in the other cases short
i;
as,
princeps, principis (stem princip-); miles, militis
(stem milit-)
85.
It follows,
obses, obsidis (stem obsid-).
therefore, that in order to decline a
masculine or feminine noun of the third declension, it

will be necessary to know both the nominative and the
genitive singular, both of which are clearly indicated in
Latin vocabularies and dictionaries.
86.
THIRD
Paradigms
50

equitibus castra muniunt;
51
castra munltionibus firma-
Rex obsides Caesari dat prmcipes magnum

humerum obsidum ad Caesarem mittunt. 8. Caesar
mus.
7.
multas legiones cogit

lognnt.
9.
Signum
paucos
equites
in
provincia
proelii (literally of, freely/*?/-) dat;
eopiae ad munitiones eontendunt.

ii.
1.
The king
waging war with the chief men; the

are waging war with the king.
2. He is recall-
chiefs
is
ing the legion from the fortifications; he is leadingback the soldiers of the legion. 3. We are sending
hostages to Caesar; we give the control of the legions
to Caesar.
4. He hastens with a legion to the camp;
he fills the camp with soldiers.
5. A few .soldiers were
fighting with a large

the soldiers.
chief
men
6.
He
number
of cavalry
are not obedient to the king.
king's standard;
7.
We
see the
horses of the cavalry to the hostages.

the
we conquer
men the
we hasten to the standard. 8. The

number of horses he gives the
cavalry have a large
ing in
gives orders to the chief
camp with
the cavalry
9.
;
He
soldiers he leaves in (their) fortifications.
Caius Julius Caesar.
is
winter-
the rest of the
(100-44 B.C.)
52
LESSON XIV.
Imperfect
Indicative Active.
Paradigms.
89.
IMPERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE.

Fourth Conjugation.
Third Conjugation.
Singular.
1.
regebam
-e-ba-m
audiebam
regebas
regebat
-e-ba-s
audiebas
-ie-ba-s
-e-ba-t
audiebat
-ie-ba-t
3.
-ie-ba-m
Plural.
1.
regebamus
-e-ba-mus
audiebamus
-ie-ba-mus
2.
regebatis
-e-ba-tis
audiebatis
-ie-ba-tis
3.
regebant
-e-ba-nt
audiebant
-ie-ba-nt
a.
Compare these forms with the imperfect

active of the first
indicative
and second conjugations
(44),
and observe that in the third conjugation the final

-e of the stem is lengthened to -e, and that in the
fourth conjugation the final -I of the stem is
replaced by -ie. Thus in all four conjugations the
tense-sign -ba- is preceded by a long vowel.
90.
Illustrative
Examples.
Agros non habent, they have not lands, or they do not have
lands.
Non
a.
regebat,
The
he was not ruling, or he did not rule.
present and imperfect indicative
lated also
by means
of do
may
be trans-
and did respectively,
chiefly with a negative or in a question, but
times also for the sake of emphasis.
some-
53
vocabulary.
91.
arma, orum,
n.,
(in plural only)
auxilium,
n.,
aid, help; in plural, auxiliaries, rein-
I,
arms.
forcements.
defendo, ere,
defend.
discedo, ere,
depart, withdraw.
hiberna, orum, n., (in plural only) winter
camp; winter
quarters.
impedimentum,!,
impedio,
n.,
hindrance; in plural, baggage.

hinder, impede.
ire,
ask, seek.
peto, ere,
pono, ere,
place.
trado, ere,
give up, surrender.
Phrase
N.B.
castra pono, pitch a camp.
Review the declension of castra
(60).
EXERCISES.
92.
I.
Portam castrorum defendebamus castra munieba1

mus.
2. Castra
ponebant, locumque munitionibus
prmabant.
3. Ab
ad Gaesarem
hibernis discedit
venit. 4. Auxilium a Caesare non petebam.
5. Obsides
populo Romano tradunt. 6. Silva equites non impediebat.
8. Legiones cum
7. Amicos ad anna voeabas.
.
bripedimentis veniebant.
bant.
10.
Auxilia
magno
9.
in
Viri liberos Caesar! trade-
periculo sunt.
11.
Regem
ab injuria defendebatis.
12. Legiones in silva ponit.
l.v Ab agris discedebant et ad hiberna contendebant.
14. Impedimenta armls defendunt.
15. Empediebam
ponitis
petebas
non audiunt.
54
II,
arms and baggage. 2. We

friendship
of the king and the leading
seeking
the
were
men.
3. A deep trench hinders the flight of the
They surrender
1.
(their)
They were withdrawing from the war.

we do not wage war.
6. We were pitching (our) camp.
7. They were fortifying (their) winter camp.
8. The legions with the
auxiliaries.
You were
5.
4.
not waging war;
auxiliaries defend the fortifications.

9.
It did not
hinder the war. 10. They used to leave (their) baggage
in the woods.
11. We place a garrison in the island.
12.
She announces the victory of the legion to the

13. They were withdrawing from Britain to
cavalry.
their
winter quarters.
many
seek flight
14.
Few*
the rest give
up
defend the king;

arms.
(their)
LESSON XV.
Third Declension
Consonant Stems
(continued).
93. In the third declension, as in the second, neuter
nouns have the nominative, accusative and vocative

cases alike in each number, and in the plural these
In the nominative singular, neuter
cases end in -a.
nouns of the third declension have no case-ending,
but consist merely of the stem, generally with some
as, caput,
change in the vowel of the final syllable
;
capitis
(stem capit-)
jus, juris
flumen, fluminis
(stem jur-)
tempus, temporis (stem tempor-);
opus, operis (stem oper-).t

itineris
(stem
(stem flumin-);
Especially irregular
is iter,
itiner-).
*The adjective is often used with the force of a noun few=few men.
tThe stems of jus, tempos and opus really ended in -s, but it was the
rule in Latin for s between vowels to become r.
;

94.
55
56
N.B.Nouns
of the third declension are regularly
neuter
when they end
in -ris.
Those ending-
or
-tis
in'
-men, or in -us with genitive
in -us with the genitive in -dis
are regularly feminine.
nouns ending in
a consonant.
-tas, -tudo, -io, -x,
Nouns ending
Feminine
also
are
or in -s preceded by
in -or, -er, or in -es are
(But nouns referring to males are

of course masculine, as rex, a king, and nouns referring
to females are feminine, as mulier, a woman.
See 61.)
regularly masculine.
EXERCISES.
96.
i.
Ab opere discedunt. 2. Salutem non petebant.

Paludes iter agminis impediebant. 4. Magna cum
virtute in flumine pugnat.
5. In paliidibus silvisque
pecora relinquunt. 6. Multa vulnera habent multi vulnerahabent. 7. Agmen a latere oppugnant. 8. Britanni
1.
3.
magnum
pecoris numerum habebant.

neribus ad ripam fluminis contendimus.
9.
Magnis
10.
iti-
Flumen
paludesque reliqua latera castrorum muniunt.

ii.
1. They see the long columns.

2. The rivers did not
hinder the march of the soldiers. 3. On the march
they come to a river and a large marsh. 4. The herds
and the rest of the plunder he gives to the soldiers.
5. In valor is safety.
6. They see the great works of
the Romans. 7. He has a wound in (his) side. 8. The
remaining side of the island looks towards Gaul.
9. They were leading the cattle to the marshes.
10. The columns did not have an abundance of grain,
horses and cattle.
57
LESSON XVI.
Prepositions.
cum and in,

some governing the accusative
and a few both accusative and
Besides the four prepositions ab, ad,
97.
Latin has
many
some the
case,
ablative.
No
others,
ablative,
prepositions govern the genitive or the
dative case.
98.
Illustrative
flumine contendunt,
Ad ripam veniunt,
Ante pugnam discedit,
Examples.
they hasten from the river.

they come to the bank.
he withdraws before the battle.
Contra Gallos pugnat,
he fights against the Hauls.
Cum
he hastens with a legion.
legione contendit,
De
proelio audit,
he hears about the battle.
Ex
agris conveniunt,
they assemble out of (or from)

the fields,
In provincia hiemat,
he winters in the province,
In provinciam venit,
he
comes into (or
the
to)
province,
Inter silvas est flumen,
the river is between the forests,
Per silvam venit,
he comes through the forest.
Post
pugnam
discedit,
he withdraws after the
battle.
Propter paludes discedit,
he withdraws on account of the

marshes,
Sine periculo venit,
he comes without danger.
Rhenum contendunt, they hasten across the Rhine,

The meaning of each of these prepositions should be
Trans
a.
learned, and also the ease which follows
it.
Notice
especially the difference between in with the accusative,
and
the ablative
in with the ablative;

;
and ad and
ab and ex with
in with the accusative.
Latin Licssons for Beginners.
58
vocabulary.
99.
cogndsco, ere,
learn,
inopia, ae,
find
consilium,
I,
n., plan, design.
de pace (with venio or mitto)
great-
ness, extent.
pax, pads,
explora-tor,-t6ris, m., scout,
Phrase
want, scarcity,
f.,
magnitu-dd,-dinis,
out, ascertain.
peace.
to treat for
peace,
to seek peace.
EXERCISES.
100.
I.
Sine impedimentis per provinciam in Italiam contendebamus. 2. Post proelium legati ad Caesarem de
1
pace et amicitia veniunt. 3. Auxilia ex hibernis et a

Caesare con veniunt. 4. Propter magnitudinem munitionum castra non oppugnant. 5. Copias trans Rhenum
contra Germanos ducis. 6. Ante proelium equites inter
legiones et auxilia collocat.
7. Propter perlculum in
insula cum copiis non hiemabat.
In itinere per
8.
exploratores de salute legfionis cog-noscit.
tum ex
agris in castra comportabatis.
tibus a Caesare ad legatum veniunt.

iter
cognoscimus.
mina
12.
9.
Frumen-
10. Sine equi11.
Ex
obsidibus
Crebros exploratores trans
flu-
mittebat.
ii.
We
used to have lands across the river Rhine in

On account of the scarcity of corn he leads
the troops back from Britain into Gaul. 3. They come
without danger through the woods and marshes to
Caesar.
4. He stations the auxiliaries on the bank of
the river. 5. Envoys come from the Britons to treat for
peace.
They were fighting between the rivers
6.
against the cavalry.
7. Before the war they ask aid
1.
Gaul.
2.

from the
Roman
people.
59
After the victory
8.
we were
ascertaining from scouts the plans of the leading men.
On account of the greatness of the danger they

Strengthen the place with extensive (magnus) fortifications.
10. Out of a large number few surrender (their)
arms to Caesar. 11. Without a wound we defend the
9.
12. On account of the

camp against the legions.
wounds of the soldiers he leads the column back across
the marsh into the land of (his) allies, the Belgians.
LESSON
XVII.
Perfect Indicative Active.

101.
Illustrative
Pugnavi,
Pugnavisti,
Examples.
I have fought,
you (s.) have fought,
I fought.
you fought.
or
Pugnavit,
he has fought,
or
he fought.
Pugnavimus,
we have fought,
or
Pugnavistis,
you
or
we fought.
you fought.
(pi.)
have fought,
Pugnaverunt, they have fought,

a.
or
The
or
personal endings of this tense,
Perfect Indicative Active, are
-I,
they fought.
known
-isti,
-it,
as the
-imus,
Observe the twofold translation,

both by the present perfect tense (with have) and
by the simple past tense of English.
-istis,
102.
pugno,
-erunt.
way as pugnavi is formed from

be formed the perfect indicative active of
In the same
may
colloco, firmo, nuntio, paro, supero, vasto, voco, vulnerd,
and their compounds.

is
Similarly the perfect of compleo
complevi; of peto, petlvi, and of munio, munlvi.
The personal endings

tical,
no matter
to
of
all
perfects in -vl are iden-
which conjugation the verb
bel<
60
vocabulary.
103.
appello, are, avi,
name,
multitu-do, -dinis,
call,
(with de
and
abl.,
f.,
large number, amount.
despero, are, avi, despair;
= of).
obtineo, ere, hold, possess.
exspecto, are, avi, azvait.
occupo, are, avi,
seize.
homo, hominis, m., man.
postulo, are, avi,
demand.
EXERCISES.
"
104.
1.
i.
Frumentum
in
oppidum comportaverunt.
Cas-
2.
Prmcipes convocavisti. 4. Locum

hominibus complevimus. 5. Imperium occupavi. 6.
Contra populum Romanum pug'navistis. 7. Praedam
postulant.
8. Armis Galliam obtinemus.
9. Locum
muniebas. 10. Auxilium petimus. 11. Auxilia petivimus.
12. De salute desperavit.
13. Multitudinem
hominum ex agris convocaverunt. 14. Copias exspectavimus. 15. Insulam Britanniam appellant. 16. Agros
vastavistis.
17. Locum munitionibus firmaverunt.
tra oppugnavit.
3.
ii.
1.
They have not despaired of victory.

3. You conquered the
seized the town.
He
recalled the soldier.
5.
He
2.
We
have
Belgians.
4.
has taken the town by
taining the
They wounded a man. 7. He was ascernumber of men. 8. They seek safety. 9.
They have
soug-ht safety
storm.
6.
-
the king friend.
11.
We
by
frig-lit.
demanded aid. 13. They hold

14. You announced the battle.
the rest of the island.
17.
They
filled
10.
fortified the
16.
We have called
camp.
12.
They
control of the province.

15.
We have laid waste
He summoned
the trench with water.
the soldiers.
61
LESSON XVIII.
Perfect Indicative (continued).
There are
105.
in
four
all,
ways
of forming:
the
perfect tense in Latin.
The
The
(1)
(2)
perfect in -vi (101).
perfect in -ui, as .
veto, are, vetui {forbid).
habeo, ere, habui {have).
colo, ere, colui
aperio, ire, aperui {open).
The
(3)
(////).
perfect in -si (often with euphonic changes
through combination with a consonant
immediately
preceding), as :
maneo,
ere,
mansi {remain),
jubeo, ere, jussi {order).
scribo, ere, scrips! (write),
duco, ere, duxi {lead).
mitto, ere, misi (send).
rego, ere, rexi {rule).
gero, ere, gessi {conduct).
The
(4)
perfect in
-1,
as
sentio, ire, sensl (feel).

:
defendo, ere, defend!
constituo, ere, constitui
( defend)
(determine)
Sometimes accompanied by reduplication, as

do, dare, dedi (give).
:-
cado, ere, cecidi (fall).
Sometimes accompanied by vowel lengthening:, as :

moveo, ere, movi (move).
juv6, are, jiivi (aid).

video, ere, vidi
(see).
ago, ere, egi (do).

106.
a.
lego, ere, legi (read).
venio,
Notice especially that
veni (come).
ire,
No
one of the four methods of forming the perfect

is restricted to one conjugation
nor docs any
conjugation use only one method.
It will Infound, however, that in the first and fourth conjugations, the perfect in -vi is most frequent
in
the second conjugation, the perfect in -ui
in the
;
third conjugation, the perfect in -si or in
-1.
62
b.
Though
all
107.
the methods of formation are so various, yet
perfects have the
same personal endings,
-I
-imus
-isti
-istis
-it
-erunt
Paradigms.
PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE.
viz.,
63
vocabulary.
108.
cognosco, ere, cognovi, learn,
mitto, ere, misi,
cogo, ere, coegi, collect.
moveo,
compleo, ere, complevi,
ere,
send.
movl, move.
peto, ere, petivi,
////.
contends, ere, contend!,
ask,
hasten,
relinquo, ere, rellqui, leave.
defendo, ere, defend!, defend,
responded, ere, respond!,
discedo, ere, discessi,
reply.
withdraw,
do, dare, dedi,
trado, ere, tradidi,
give.
surrender.
duco, ere, duxi, lead.

gero, ere, gessi,
N.B.
The
seek.
pond, ere, posui, place.
venio, ire, veni, come.
wage.
video, ere, vidi,
perfect active stem
is
see.
got by omitting-
-I
of the first person singular as given in the vocabulary.
EXERCISES.
109.
1.
i.
Gessimus,
gesserunt.
2.
Tradidit,
tradidisti.
5. ConCoegimus, cogimus, discessimus, discedimus. 7. Respondet, respondit. 8. Movemus, movimus. 9. Venimus, venimus. 10. Defenditis,
3.
Misi, misisti.
venerunt,
4.
viderunt.
Movit, reliquit, relinquit.

6.
contendistis, defendistis.
ii.
He has
we sent. 2. They have sought, <>u

have sought. 3. I placed, you have placed. 4. AW
have given, we have filled.
5. You left, you have
learned.
6. They surrendered, they withdrew.
7. He
lie
saw.
defend, we have detruded.
8. We
9. They are collecting", they have collected.
10. They
have lands, they have had lands.
1.
sent,
64
110.
WORD
LIST
II.
nouns: first and second declensions.
The Pantheon.
Interior of the Pantheon.
READING LESSON
The Seizure
65
III.
of the Sabine Maidens.
VOCABULARY.
111.
muli-er, -eris,
f.,
woman.
Sab hies, a
Sabini, orum, m., the
Primo
Rome.
'Roma magnum numerum virorum
(at first)
habebat sed
tribe living near
paucas mulieres.
Propter inopiam
mulierum Romulus, rex Romanorum, hoc (this) consilium cepit {adopted).
Incolas multorum oppidorum
{but)
ad ludos (games) convocavit.
norum cum mulicribus

Sabini in agris ludos
(sudden ly)
munitiones portant.
legatos ad
Romulum
et
populo
(then)
miserunt et
magnitudinem
Romano
multas
Turn
Romani praedam non
propter
Sabi-
Dum (while)
spectant (are watching), subito
Romulus signum Romanis
mulieres contendunt,
sed
Magna multitudo
liberisque convenit.
Romani ad
Sabinorum in
principes Sabinorum
dat.
filias
filias
postulaverunt,
Itaque (therefore)
Sabini bellum cum
tradiderunt.
injiiriae,
gesserunt, et auxilium ab reliquis incolis
Italiae petiverunt.
Primo copiae Romanorum Sabinos superaverunt

multos homines necaverunt, et pecora frumentumque
kbripuerunt (carried of), etmultaoppida expugnaverunt.
Sed post multa proelia, Tarpeia, puella Romana, portam
;
expldratoribus Sabinorum prodidit (betrayed).
Sabini
magnas copias in munitiones Romanorum

miserunt.
Romani et Sabini aeriter (fiercely) pugnant,
et proelium diu (for a long time) est dubium (////decided).
Subito filiae Sabinorum inter mllites contendunt
nun
sine magno periculo copias a proelio retinent
Sabinos
et Romanos ad pacem et amieitiam voeant.
ItaqUe
per portam
66
milites
pacem
arma deposuerunt
et amicitiam
firmavit.
cum
{laid aside)
et
Romulus
principibus Sablnorum con-
Sabini ex suls (their own) oppidis vicisque
cum Romanis habitant.

numerum incolarum duplicat (doubles).
discedunt et
Ita {thus)
Roma
(Tarpeia was punished for her treachery. She bargained with the Sabine leader that for reward she
should receive what the soldiers wore on their left
arms, meaning their gold bracelets. They, however,
either mistaking her meaning or despising her treason,
threw upon her the heavy shields which also they wore
on their left arms. The weight of these soon crushed
her to death.)
Arma
Arms.
67
LESSON XIX.
Adjectives of the Third Declension.

Adjectives of the third declension are classified
112.
as
adjectives
of
according to the
one,
number
two or
three
terminations,
of forms used in the nomina-
tive singular for the different genders.
Adjectives of three terminations end in
-er,
m.,
-ris,
and arc all declined like acer; adjectives of

two terminations end in -is, m. and f., -e, n., and are all
declined like fortis adjectives of one termination for
the must part end in -s or in -x, m., f., n., and are
declined like prudens and felix respectively.
f., -re, n.,
Paradigms.
113.
ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.

(a) acer, sharp.
Singular.
69
vocabulary.
115.
communis,
du-plex,
common, general^
e,
public,
twofold, double.
-plicis,
eques-ter, -tris, -tre, of cavalry, cavalry,
incolumis,
omnis,
intact.
equal.
-itis,
m.,
foot-soldier/ inplur., infantry.
pedes-ter, -tris, tre,
of infantry
m.,
foot.
rec-ens, -entis,
?iew
pes, pedis,
all.
par, pans,
ped-es,
unharmed
safe,
e,
e,
infantry.
recent.
EXERCISES.
116.
1
i.
Translate
saliis,
commune
the
following- phrases *
Communis
consilium, duplex fossa, duplex
mums,
omnes Galli, omnis Gallia, omnia

arma, omnes pedites, omnes pedes, incolumis legio,
equestre proelium,
par numerus, pedestres eopiae, recens injuria, recens

victoria.
ii.
1.
Animos omnium sociorum confirmat.
omnia arma equitibus tradiderunt.

salute desperavimus.
4.
Cum
3.
2.
Pedites
De commiini
pedestribus copiis salu-
femfugrat petivit. 5. Parem numerum pedum omnes

homines habent.
6. Omnes pedites trans dupliceru
lossam ducebat. 7. Propter recentes injurias Gallorura
"These phrases all occur in Exercises rr. and in. These and similar pom*
binat ions should be given the pupil for pracl Ice in declension.
t
Translate fugft here by inflight
(literally,
by means offlight).
70
obsides postulavit.
8.
Cum
incolumi legione ex oppido
Ante equestre proelium auxilium a principibus petivit. 10. Pedestres copias in omnibus oppidis
discessi.
9.
collocat.
in.
They have
camp with a double wall.

does not see the danger of a cavalry battle. 3.
He has learned the common plan of all the Gauls. 4.
All came safe through the marshes.
5. Caesar has
1.
fortified the
He
2.
terrified all
Gaul by
number
equal
(his)
recent victory.
of foot-soldiers
laying waste all the lands. 7.

without (his) forces of infantry.
and
6.
With an
was
auxiliaries he
He hastens into Italy

He replied to all the
8.
messengers. 9. They wounded the soldier's foot and

side.
10. After the cavalry battles they sent envoys
to treat for peace.
LESSON XX.
Sum
Present Indicative.
Paradigm.
117.
PRESENT INDICATIVE OF
SUHl.
Plural.
Singular.
1.
sum, I am.
es,
thou art
3.
est,
he (she or
How
you
are.
it) is.
1.
sumus, we
estis,
you
3.
sunt,
they are.
are.
are.
far do the personal endings agree with those
already learned ? (The stem is

in certain forms, e is omitted.)
es-,
Review 54 and 64 on the agreement

noun or adjective with the subject.
from which,
of a predicate
;;

118.
Illustrative
71
Examples.
Iter est per provinciam, there is a road through the province.

Sunt itinera per silvam, there are roads through the forest.
Non
a.
est copia frumentl, there is not a supply of grain.
Note that Latin has no equivalent for the unemphatic

introductory word there ; the subject (which in
English is transposed) is, of course, in the nominative case.
119.
Hitherto the imperfect indicative has been trans-
lated quite differently
from the perfect indicative
ducebat,
he was leading, he used
duxit,
he
led,
he has led ;
appellabat, he
was
calling, he
appellavit,
as,
lead
to call
he called, he has called.
But in such a sentence as

against the enemy,
used
to
it is
He
led his forces annually
clear that he led has the force of
he used to lead, and the Latin equivalent would therefore

be ducebat, not duxit.
So in the sentence They called the island Britain, if the

meaning is that they were in the habit of so calling it,
-
we should use appellabant, but appellaverunt should be

used if the sentence refers to the first naming of the
island.
The English
press
past tense, therefore,
what was habitual or repeated,
by the Latin imperfect indicative

to state that something happened
Latin perfect indicative.
when used
to ex-
be translated
when used merely
will
in past time,
by the
72
vocabulary.
120.
aequus, a, um, fair, right.

amicus, a, um, frie?idly.
certus, a,
um,
hostile.
inlquus, a,
fixed, certain,
gravis, e, heavy, severe,
jubeo, ere, jussi, order.
serious.
idoneus, a,
um, unfair,
un'just.
brave.
fortis, e,
um, unfriendly,
inimicus, a,
levis, e, light, slight,
um,
unimportant.
fit, suitable.
N.B. Notice the use of the prefix in- to negative the

meaning- of the adjective to which it is joined so also
;
incertus, uncertain
and impar,
unequal.-
exercises.
121.
1.
i.
Belgae sunt
inimicus es.
est.
6.
4.
fortes.
Mag-no in periculo
Flumen
Amici sumus.
2.
Locus non
est idoneus.
estis.
7.
5.
3. Non
Aequum
Castra parva sunt.
9. Insula ad
Galliam spectabat. 10. Oppidum occupavimus oppida
tenebamus.
11. Jubemus, jubebamus, jussimus.
12.
Equestria proelia sunt levia.
13. Grave est bellum.
14. Rex sum.
15. Oppida muris et fossis muniebant.
16. Certum numerum militum misisti.
17. Fossa est
ante oppidum.
18. Imperium Caesari, viro forti et
idoneo, dederunt.
19. Consilium est iniquum.
20. In
8.
est
inter equites et castra.
Gallia sunt vici et oppida.
21.
Imperium
obtinebat.
ii.
The men are brave and free. 2. The danger is

3. The wounds are serious.
4. You are brave
soldiers.
5. You are the king's daughter.
6. There is
1.
slight.

treat danger.
You
8.
river
in
7.
You
Gaul.
10.
man of
are a leading-
arc leading.
9.
The
They had lands
73
the Britons.
across the
Britons dwelt in villages.
11.
They were hastening-.

14. The troops are
13. There is a scarcity of grain.
16. The camp is in a
fresh.
15. Victory is certain.
suitable place.
17. They brought their grain into the
18. He named the town Rome
they called the
towns.
He
ordered.
he orders.
12.
inhabitants
Romans.
19.
20. It is unfair.
legion.
There are brave men

21.
LESSON
The
in the
garrisons are equal.
XXI.
Present Infinitive Active.
Complementary
Infinitive.
The formation
122.
of the present infinitive in each
of the four conjugations
may be
and
in the irregular
verb sum
learned from the following paradigms.

Paradigms.
PRESENT INFINITIVE ACTIVE.
a.
First Conjugation.
amare,
to lave.
Second Conjugation.
monere,
to advise.
Third Conjugation.
regere,
to rule.
Fourth Conjugation.
audire,
to
Irregular Verb sum.
esse,
to be.
Notice that
it
is
hear.
the present infinitive endings that
arc given in vocabularies,
in
order
to
which of the conjugations a verb belongs.
show
to
74
123.
Illustrative
Locum oppugnare
Examples.
he hastens
contendit,
Copias locum tenere jubet,
to attack the place.
he orders the troops
to
hold
the place.
Discedere contendunt,
they hasten to depart.
Socios jubent convenire,
they order the allies to as-
semble.
a.
In each of these sentences notice how one verb

completes the meaning of the other. The form so
used is in Latin, as in English, the infinitive.
b.
In the
c.
The
first and third sentences the infinitive has the

same subject as the principal verb. In the second
and fourth sentences the subjects of the two verbs
are different, and that of the infinitive is in the
accusative case.
used in this way is called the ComUsually it precedes the

governing verb, and is itself preceded by its
infinitive
plementary
l7ifi?iitive
subject and object
(if
expressed).
Rule. The subject of the infinitive, when separately

is put in the accusative.
expressed,
124.
Illustrative
Examples.
Aequum est respondere, it is right to reply.

Non aequum est Gallos bellum gerere, it is
the Gauls to wage war.
a.
In these sentences notice
(l) that
not right for
the infinitive
is
used as the subject of the verb est, (2) that neither

the- introductory for nor the representative subject
it is expressed in Latin by a separate word, and
(3) that the predicate adjective modifying the subject infinitive is neuter.
75
vocabulary.
125.
audeo, ere,
venture, dare.
coepi* (used in the perfect tenses only), began.

compel, force.
cogd, ere, coegi,*

constit-uo, ere, -ui,
determine.
cotidie (adverb),
daily, every day.
difficilis, e,
difficult,
facilis, e,
easy.
hard.
per-moveo, ere, -movi, influence; alarm.

perterreo, ere, ui,
terrify, frighten.
per-venio, Ire, -veni,
come.
Phrases
pervenio ad or in with ace, arrive
at,
reach.
discedo ab with abl., leave.
N.B. In compounds per has the force of (l) through,

and (2) more frequently of thoroughly completely.
,
EXERCISES.
126.
1
1.
Bellum
Romano
bant
est
g-erere constituunt
gerere non audemus.
bellum
2.
Ab
militesabsignisdiscederecoeperunt.
Romanos
perterrere.
4.
cum populo
signis
3.
discedeDifficile
Frumentum ex
agris
comportabant
5. Ad Airmen pervenimus ad flumen Rhenum pervenimus. 6. Non aequum
7. Legatum cum
est Gallos agros sociorum vastare.
omnibus equitibus locum tenere jussit. 8. Britannos
eotidie in castra
arma tradere coegit et obsides dare. 9. Non facile est

Cacsarem permovere. 10. Principes cotidie ad Caesaivm
veniebant.
In <M|iI,
syllables.
oc
is
a diphthong;
in cogI,
o and e belong to different
76
ii.
1.
The
cavalry began to lay waste the lands of the
allies.
2. Daily, with all (his) cavalry, Caesar laid
waste the lands of the Britons. 3. They determined to
send ambassadors to treat for peace
the envoys
reached the camp. 4. I determined to hasten to seek
;
safety
by
flight.
5.
It is difficult for
the scouts to find
He
ordered the soldiers to leave

the fortifications.
It is not easy to compel the
7.
legions to be obedient.
8. We began to be in great
danger. 9. It terrifies the chief men
it does not
out the
road.
6.
influence the king.

(their)
camp on
10.
They
did not venture to pitch
the bank of the river.
LESSON
XXII.
Pluperfect Indicative Active.

127.
Misi,
Illustrative
Examples.
Latin Lessons for Beginners,
77
Paradigms.
128.
PLUPERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE.

Second Conj.
First Con/.
Third Conj.
Fourth Conj.
Singular.
amaveram
monueram
rexeram
audiveram
amaveras
amaverat
monueras
monuera!
rexeras
audiveras
rexerat
audiverat
Plural.
amaveramus monueramus rexeramus audiveramus

amaveratis
monueratis
rexeratis
audiveratis
amaverant
monuerant
rexerant
audiverant
Paradigms.
129.
PERFECT OF
PLUPERFECT OF SUm.
SUII1.
Pur.
fuimus
Sing.
fill
Sing.
Pli
r.
fueram
fueramus
fuisti
fuistis
fueras
fueratis
fuit
fuerunt
fuerat
fuerant
VOCABULARY.
.130.
altitu-do, -dinis,
height, depth.
f.,
com-mitto, ere, -misi,
send or bring together.
dexter, tra, trum,
right.
fortitu-do, -dinis.
latitu-do, -dinis,
littera, ae,
letter,
f.,
letter (of
f.,
magnitu-d6, -dinis,
multitu-do, -dinis,
Phrase
alphabet)
or despatches,
longitu-do, -dinis,
sinister, tra,
bravery.
width.
f.,
trum,
f.,
f.,
in plural, a despatch,
tetters.
length.
greatness, extent, size.
large number, amount.

left.
proelium committo, Join (or begin) battle, engage.

N.B. The suffix -tudo is used to form from adjectives
abstract
nouns denoting quality or condition.
It
:
appears
in
English
in
the form -tnde.
78
EXERCISES.
131.
1.
I.
Itercognoverant.
2.
Litterasmiseram.
3.
Cotidie
ad Caesarem mittebamus. 4. Copias proelium

committere jtisserat.
5. Proelium equestre commlseratis.
6. Legionem a dextro latere oppugnaverant.
7.
Sinistrum latus vulneras dextrum latus vulneraveras.
8. Cum fortitiidine pugnaverunt
magfna cum fortitulitteras
dine
pxigfnaverant.
Propter
9.
latitudinem
fossae
murique altitudinem oppidum oppugnare non audebamus.

10. Magna cum multitudine equitum bellum
g-esseras.
peraverat.
11. Copiis cotidie

12.
Ex
imperat
principibus im-
nuntiis litterisque magnitiidinem
periculi cognoverant.
13.
Rex
fuerat
amici
fuistis.
ii.
1.
He has hastened
pitching (their)
We
3.
had
camp
he had hastened.
they had pitched
collected a large
had compelled the men
On
number
of
2.
men.
6.
camp.
4.
to surrender (their) arms.
You
5.
we had not reached

The chief man we called king. 7. They
account of the depth of the river
the island.
They were
(their)
Writing Implements and Materials.
79
they had had an abundance of

had grain and cattle
8. They had begun to join battle on
Irak) and cattle.
;
The
scouts had learned the length of

camp. 10. It is not right to surrender (one's) arms
we had surrendered (our) arms.
11. From despatches I had found out about the width
the
left flank.
9.
the right side of the
of the river
the
Rhine.
12.
On
account of the extent of
marshes we had determined
LESSON
to leave the place.
XXIII.
Fourth Declension.
132.
Nouns
declension have their

Most nouns of this declension
the nominative singular and are masculine
-u and are neuter.
of
the
fourth
genitive singular in -us.
end in -us in
a few end in
133.
80
vocabulary.
134.
adventus, us, m., arrival,
exercitus, us, m., army,

lacus, us, m., lake.
approach.
cornu, us, n., horn; (of an
peditatus, us, m., infantry.
army), wing-.
discessus, us, m., departure,
portus, us, m., harbor.
prlncipatus, us, m., leader-
withdrawal.
ship.
equitatus, us, m., cavalry.
senatus, us, m., senate.
N.B. Equitatus and peditatus are collective nouns,

used in the singular with the same meaning- as the
plurals equites and pedites.
EXERCISES.
135.
1.
i.
Omnem
omnibus
senatum convenire
jussit.
2.
exercitibiis convenire jusserat._ 3.
Legatos ab
In dextro
omnem eqttitatum collocat. 4. A" lacii ad^

anum contenderamus. 5. Caesari prmcipatum et
cornu
perium tradunt.
equitatusque ad
6.
Cum
omnibus
portum perveni.
Caesaris cogfnoveramus.
8.
copiis
7.
De
oce-
im-
peditatus
adventii
Post discessum exercitus
ad senatum misit. 9. Cum equitatii proelium

commiserant. 10. De magnitudine portuum cognoscit.
litteras
ii.
1. We hastened from the harbor to the lake.

2. The
plunder he had given to the cavalry. 3. With the rest
of the infantry he hastened to the right wing.
4. Few
harbors are suitable. 5. We had determined to await
Caesar's arrival. 6. He slew the leading men and all
7. He holds the leadership of Gaul.
the senate.
8.
He found out through scouts about the departure of
9. He gave orders daily to the armies.
the armies.
10. All
had come
safe to the harbors.
81
WORD
136.
LIST
B.
plenty
ABSTRACT NOUNS.
number
safety
scarcity
extent
peace
valor
length
amount
friendship
spirit
width
arrival
departure
wrongdoingnature
leadership
height
bravery
design
depth
aid
MISCELLANEOUS NOUNS.
man
river
marsh
king-
lake
road
chief
cattle
harbor
territory
senate
work
war
NOUNS.
army
scout
leg-ion
auxiliaries
standard
soldier
wing
left wing
Hank
column
march
arms
baggage
right
foot -soldier
horse-soldier
infantry
cavalry
fortification
winter quarters
cavalry battle
wound
MILITARY PHRASES.
pitch a
camp
leave (a place)
reach (a place)
send despatch
ask aid
await reinforcements seize
hold command
demand hostages
hinder the march
surrender hostages
defend
learn the plans
come
join battle
to treat for
give the signal
peace
pyforced marches establish friendship
lead back
fresh troops
VERBS WITH COMPLEMENTARY INFINITIVE.

onler
venture
determine
began
compel
hasten
82
et
83
Inlquum est,
Tullus nuntium audivit el respondit,
omnes incolae Italiae amici esse debent (ought). Sed
Romanus
bopulus
obtinere
Italiae
prmcipatum
neque
Sed facile
stituerunt
barere.
et
imperium omnis
et Albani Hberi esse con{and not) imperio populi Roman!
constituit,
est cxereitus a proelio revocare et
parvum numerum militum juberc pro
Hoe
(on behalf of,
with abl. case) reliquis de principatu pugnare."
prep,
(this) consilium
exercitu
Albani probaverunt (approved)
Romanorum
fuerunt tres
In
(three) fortes fratres,
quos (whom) appellabant Horatios. Hos (these) Tullus

pro reliquis Romanis pugnare. Albani parem
numerum fratrum delegerunt (chose), quos appellabant
jussit
Curiatids.
(Concluded in 163.)
Munis et Porta City Wall and Gate.

The Porta Ap,pia in the Aurclian Wall, Rome.
:

84
LESSON XXIV.
Principal Parts.
The
138. (a)
certain forms
verb
may be
Perfect Indicative Passive.
Parts of a Latin verb are

from which, as starting points, the wh61e
Principal
In the regular Latin verb the
inflected.
Principal Parts
are four in number, three of which
have already been met with in the preceding- lessons

(namely, the present indicative active, the present
and the perfect indicative active).
in-
finitive active
(b)
The
four Principal Parts of the model verbs of the
several conjugations are as follows

Conj.
I.
Conj.
II.
amo
moneo
rego
regere
rexi
audio
audire
audivi
Conj, III.
Conj.
IV.
The
amare
monere
amavi
monui
amatum
monitum
rectum
auditum
and second of these principal parts give the

and the conjugation the third gives the
perfect stem, from which the perfect active system is
formed the last gives the participial stem (or, as it is
also called, the supine stem), from which the perfect
first
present stem
passive system
139.
is
formed.
Illustrative
Examples.
Amatus sum, / have bee7i loved,

Amatus es, you (s.) have been loved,
Amatus est, he has been loved,
Amati sumus, tve have been loved,
Amati estis, you (pi.) have been loved,
Amati sunt, they have been loved,
or
/ was
loved.
or you were loved.

or
he was loved.
or
we were
loved.
or you were loved.

or
they were loved.
Monitus sum, / have been advised,
or
/ was
/ have been ruled,

Auditus sum, / have been heard,
or / was ruled.
Similarly,
Rectus sum,
advised.
or / was heard.
compound forms (known
In these
a.
85
as the Perfect
Indicative Passive) observe (l) the relation of the

first
element in each to the principal parts in 138

the use of the present indicative of
(2)
sum
to
complete the form

(3) the twofold translation.
Compare the twofold translation of the perfect
;
indicative active (lOl).

140.
Filia
Examples.
Illustrative
monita
Audltum
est,
est,
the
it
daughter was advised.
has been heard.
Copiae collocatae sunt, the troops were stationed.
Oppida firmata sunt,
the towns have been strengthened.
Observe how the form (known as the Perfect Participle Passive) which is combined with the verb
a.
sum
to
make
the
perfect
indicative
passive,
changes in gender and number to agree with the

subject.
There are no uniform or regular ways of formperfect indicative passive from either the
present or the perfect stem, and recourse must be had
141.
ing the
But, as a rule,
to the fourth of the principal parts.
have -atus sum,
-Itus sum,
m
-itus sum,
-ui
u
-tus* sum.
-si or -1
verbs whose perfect active ends in -avi

n
11
11
m -lvi
11
11
11
11
..
'i
11
"
'i
11
i!
The vocabulary which
follows gives
the
principal
which have occurred

in the previous lessons.
Compounds (like reduco and
For other words
committo) are like the simple verbs.
parts of the most important verbs
the pupil
is
referred to the general vocabulary at the
end of the book.

winic
HUM.
'
the verb
stem ends
In
;i
consonant,
-lu.s
often become*
hmuot
86
vocabulary,
142.
First Conjugatio7i.
The verbs
hitherto used, like amo, have
-5, -are,
-avl,
-atum.
But
datum.
do, dare, dedl,
Second Conjugation
Habeo and terreo, like moneo, have -eo, -ere,

But compleo, ere, complevi, completum,
-ui,
-itum.
jubeo, ere, jussl, jussum,
nioveo, ere, movi,
motum,
video, ere, vidi, visum.
Third Conjugation,
Cdgnosco, ere, cognovi, cognitum,
cogo, ere, coegi, coactum,
duco, ere, duxl, ductum,

gero, ere, gessi, gestum,
mitto, ere, misi, missum,

peto, ere, petivi, petltum,
pono, ere, posui, positum,

relinquo, ere, reliqul, relictum,
trado, ere, tradidi, traditum.
Fourth Conjugation.
Munio and impedio, like audio, have

But venio, Ire, veni, ventum.
-io, -ire, -Ivi,
-Itum.
EXERCISES.
143.
(a)
On
Conjugations
I.
I.
1.
Oppidum occupatum
and
II.
est.
2.
Agri vastati sunt.
Sigtium datum est. 5.

Belgae superati sunt. 6. Fossa completa est. 7. Vul9. Servos
neratus sum.' 8. Servi venire jussl sunt.
3.
Milites perterriti sunt.
4.
87
10. Revocati estis

audita es.
11. Consumus. 12. Proelia nimtiata sunt. 13. Hiberna
expugnata sunt. 14. Equus vulneratus est. 15. Eques
venire jussi.
vocati
vulneratus est.
sunt.
20.
Castra mota
Remotae sumus.
16. Viri visi sunt.
18. Britanni
permotl sunt.
17.
19.
Oppida oppugnata sunt.

ii.
1.
The province has been
men have been
2.
The leading
The
legions were
laid waste.
called together.
3.
recalled.
4. The army was terrified.
5.
Hostages
have been given. 6. The camp was filled. 7. We were
seen.
8. You have been ordered.
9. The lands were
seized.
10. They have been wounded.
11. The camp
was moved.
12. The allies were alarmed.
13. The
horse has been removed.
The cavalry were
14.
stationed.
15. The place (the town, the camp) was
attacked.
16. The armies (the troops, the reinforcements) have been conquered.
(b)
On
Conjugations III. and IV.

in.
1.
Consilia Cognita sunt.
Hiberna munlta sunt.
2.
Bellum gestum
est.
3.
Copiae reductae sunt.

5.
Multitudo coacta est. 6. Missus sum missi estis. 7.
Proelium commissum est.
8.
Reducta es
reductae
10.
sumus.
homines audit! sunt.
9. Auditum est
Praesidium relictum est; legiones relictae sunt.
11.
Ripa munlta est. 12. Obsides traditi sunt. 13. Auxilium petltum est. 14. Exercitus ductus est exuivitus
reducti sunt.
15. Iter impeditum est.
16. Auxilia
missa sunt
impedimenta missa sunt.
4.
88
IV.
Peace was sought 2.

Scouts have been sent.
1.
The
place has been fortified.
has been ascertained.

were
collected.
The
legions have been
6.
5. Troops
I was led.
letters were
led
7. A letter was sent
sent
we were sent. 8. Wars have been waged. 9.
The plunder was left the baggage was left. 10. The.
arms have been surrendered.
11. The envoys were
heard.
12. You have been compelled.
13. The footsoldiers have been hindered.
14. Messengers were
sent.
15. The column was led back
the camp was
pitched.
16. The children were surrendered.
3.
4.
It
LEvSSON XXV.
Ablative of Agent.
144.
Illustrative
Ablative of Means.
Examples.
Copiae agros vastaverunt, troops have laid waste the fields.
Agri a copiis vastatl sunt, the fields have been laid waste by
troops.
Caesar Gallos super avit, Caesar conquered the Gauls.

Galli a Caesare superati sunt, the Gauls were conquered by
Caesar.
a.
Observe that
object of
in
changing to the passive voice
(l)
the
the active verb becomes the subject of the
passive verb, and

is
(2) the subject of the active verb

expressed by the ablative case governed by the
preposition a (or ab).
This ablative
b.
is
called the Ablative of the Agent.
In what other way also

translated? (48).
is
the preposition a or ab

Illustrative
145.
89
Examples.
Fossa aqua completa est, the trench ivas filled with water.'
Locus fossa munitus est, the place was protected by a trench.
Magnitudine periculi permoti sunt, they were influenced by
the greatness of the danger.
Observe how the ablative without a preposition is

used to express that by means of which something:
This is called the Ablative of the Means
is done.
In English sometimes by and
or Instrument.
sometimes with is the preposition used.
In what other ways may with and by be translated
into Latin ? (47 and 144).
a.
b.
146.
Illustrative
Insula Britannia appellata
Magnus
(a)
est, the
is
an
island.
island was called Britain.
he was called great.
appellabatur,
Caesar rex non factus
Examples.
Britain
Britannia est insula,
Caesar was not made king.
est,
Observe that a predicate nominative (noun or adjective)
may
follow the passive voice of certain verbs,
such as verbs of calling, choosing, making and

(Compare 54.)
regarding, as well as the verb sum.
Fossa
et
Vallum
Trench and Rampart.
90
vocabulary.
147.
cedo, ere, cessi, cessum,
give way,
com-pello, ere, -pull, -pulsum,
drive {together).
con-cedo, ere, -cessi, cessum,
grant, yield.
e-duco, ere, -duxi, -ductum,
lead out.
e-mitto, ere, -misl, -missum,
send out.
ex-cedo, ere, -cessi, -cessum,
withdraw.
ex-pello, ere, -pull, -pulsum,
drive out.
pulsum,
pello, ere, pepuli,
re-pello, ere, reppuli,
vallum,
N.B.
l,
retire.
drive, defeat.
-pulsum, drive back, repulse.

wall, rampart.
n.,
Observe the use of
e or ex in compounds, with
Also note the difference in form
the force of out.
between
pello
and
its
compounds
in the perfect active.
EXERCISES.
148.
I.
Obsides a Gallis Caesari dati sunt obsides a Gallia

ad Italiam missi sunt. 2. Castra lato vallo et duplici
fossa a militibus munita sunt.
3. Ab opere revocatus
sum a principibus rex appellatus es. 4. Ex silvis ab
1
._
equitibus expulsi
sumus
Altitudine murdrum repulsi
Per servos * Caesar discessum Gallorum

cognovit.
A Caesare per exploratores cognitum
7.
est.
8. Fuga sociorum permoti sunt.
9. Copiaepulsae
sumus.
sunt
6.
cedere coactae sunt.
hominum ex
agrls coacta est.
10.
senatu multitudo
11. Jussi estis a legat5
ex proelio excedere. 12. Legio longo itinere f educta

magnis itineribus ad oceanum pervenit. 13. Cum
est
omni equitatu a rege emissus est. 14. Praeda militibus
;
Per with the accusative
is
frequently used to express the person through

It is so used with both
whom anything is done, that is, the secondary agent.
the active and the passive voice.

t The route by which one goes is included under the Ablative of Means.

concessa est.
15. In
flumen a Germams compulsi sunt.

est.
17. Jussus sum
Adventu copiarum perterrita

legato omnes copias ex hibernis
16.
91
ediicere.
ii.
they came from the

1. Envoys were sent by Caesar
were
filled
with men
the
The
walls
province.
2.
3. They were terrified
trench was filled by the men.
by the departure of the leading men. 4. They were
driven back by the cavalry they were repulsed by the
;
The troops repulsed the Britons from

the in6. The place was called Rome
the ramparts.
7. The land was laid
habitants were called Romans.
fortifications.
5.
waste by the Germans. 8. We have been called friends

9. We have been
by the senate of the Roman people.
driven out of (our) lands by the senate and the Roman
10. The town was fortified by the inhabitants
people.
with a wall and a trench.
11.
You were compelled by
the king's son to grant land to
all
the leading men.
12.
All the cattle have been driven out of the fields.
13.
The cavalry were led out by the
lieutenant.
14.
He
We
were not
ordered by Caesar to retire with the rest of the army.
16. All the towns were taken by storm by the Roman
armies.
17. We were alarmed by the scarcity of grain.
sent out the cavalry
by the
left gate.
15.
LESSON XXVI.
Imperfect Indicative of Sum.
PLUPERFECT
Indicative Passivk.
149. The Imperfect Indicative
sum has not the -ba- which in the
tions is characteristic of that ten-
of the irregular verb

four regular conjuga-
Latin Lessons for BeCxInners.
92
Paradigm.
IMPERFECT INDICATIVE OF SUm.

Singular.
1.
eram, I was
Plural.
(/
used
2.
eras,
you were.
3.
erat,
he {she or
150.
it)
eramus, we were,
to be),
was.
eratis,
you were.
erant,
they were.
Review the formation of the 'pluperfect indicaand of the perfect indicative passive
tive active (128)
(139) before learning- the following-
paradigms of the
pluperfect indicative passive.

Paradigms.
PLUPERFECT INDICATIVE PASSIVE.

First Conjugation
Singular.
1
2.
amatus eram (/ had been
Plural.
loved)
amati eramus

Observe the difference
a.
in translation according as
sum
the predicate of the verb

ciple passive or
93
the perfect parti-
is
an adjective or noun.
is
VOCABULARY.
152.
ad-duco, ere, -duxl, -ductum,
bring
influence.
circum-venio, ire, -veni, -ventum, surround.

con-sisto, ere, -stiti,
take up position, halt.
dubito, are, avi, atum,
hesitate,
factum,
facio, ere, feci,
do,
have doubts.
make.
impetus, us, m.,
attack, onset.
in-struo, ere, -struxi, -structum,
draw
militaris, e,
military.
arrange.
tip,
sus-tineo, ere, -tinui, -tentum,
withstand^ sustain, endure.
usus, us, m.,
experience.
Phrases
facio, *
impetum
make an
attack.
experience in war.
militaris usus,
EXERCISES.
153.
i.
Pax a scnatu facta erat senatus pacem fecerat.

Locus erat idoneus locus idoneus munitus erat.
Proelium committere dubitaveratis.
3.
4.
Inopia
irumenti adductus eram. 5. Militarem usum habebat.
1.
2.
7. Milites in dextro cornti

Fossa erat ante oppidum
Circumvcntl suimis
8.
cireuinventi
ramus. 9. Impetus ab omnibus equitibus factus erat.
6.
constitcrant.
lo.
Equitatum peditatumque Instruxerat; copiae equi-
tatus peditatusque instructae erant.
erant.
12.
Silva est inter fliimina.
fortitiidine sustinuimus.
14.
Homo
erat appellatus.
15.
difficile erat.
Coeperant
With
17.
this phrase
071 Is
11.
13.
Castra parva
Empetum cum
Vir fortis erat vir

sum.
16.
Facile
;
in
magno
fortis
est;
periculo esse.
to be translated bj In with the aeeu>ati\e.
94
ii.
slave was made king

He was
They had brought hostages to Caesar hostages had
been brought. 3. The column had been compelled to
halt.
5. The
4. He had had doubts about the column.
columns had been surrounded by the cavalry. 6. The
allies used to be free.
7. You had had great experience.
8. All the rest of the Belgians were in arms.
9. The
a slave
1.
the
2.
10. I had
draw up the forces the forces had been
drawn up. 11. We were in Caesar's army. 12. Messengers were sent from all the villages. 13. It was not
right.
14. It had not been done by the boys.
15. An
attack has been made; we made an attack.
16. You
had withstood the legions.
17. There was a great
abundance of cattle.
military standards had been left behind.
been ordered
to
Signa Militaria
Military Standards.
95
LESSON XXVII.
Ordinal Numerals.
Fifth Declension.
154. {a)
Nouns
of
genitive singular in
the
-el.
fifth
Nonns
declension have their

of this declension are
feminine, with the exception of dies and

meridies,
(b)
its
compound
which are masculine.
Most nouns of
this declension are
used only in the
lingular; a few are occasionally found also in the nomi-
native
and accusative
plural.
the complete declension.

155.
Dies and res alone exhibit
96
they qualify.
They
are
all
of the first
and second]
declensions, like bonus (65).

(6)
The
following- ordinals should
a more complete
primus,
a,
um,
list is
given in 524.
be learned
first
;|
97
ii.
1. The troops were influenced by the hope of plunder.

2. The forces had been led back to camp after the fourth
ay. 3. The second line has been surrounded. 4. He
had had great experience in the art of war. 5. They
do not withstand the first attack. 6. The tenth legion
has faith.
7. After midday a double line of battle was
8. The affair had been learned through
drawn up.
scouts.
9. They reached the camp before the eighth
hour of the day.
10. They had come into Gaul not
without great hope of booty.
11.
We
had been
fluenced by the want of everything {literally,

12.
all
in-
things).
Everything had been procured.
LESSON XXVIII.
Accusative and Ablative of Time.
159.
Illustrative
Examples.
Hora septima proelium commlsit, he joined
battle at the
seventh hour.
Tertio die ad Caesarern venerunt, the third day they

to
came
'oesar.
Adventu Caesaris legatos mlserunt, on Caesar's approach

they sent envoys.
Multos dies agros vastant, they lay waste the fields for
many
Omnem
days.
tertium diem pugnabant, all the third day they
fought.
Impetum paucas horas sustinuerunt,

attack (for) a
a.
Which
they withstood the
few hours.
when t Which
By what cases are these
of these sentences express time
express time how long f
ideas respectively expressed
in
the Latin sentences?
98
From
the above examples it will be observed that

Latin requires no preposition to express the idea
of time when or time how long, while in English,
b.
as a rule,
during)
various prepositions {on,
are used,
though
at,
in ; for,
sometimes they are
omitted.
VOCABULARY.
160.
annus,
I,
circiter,
m.,
year.
pars, partis,
adverb, about.
lux, lucis,
.,
temp-us,
-oris, n., time.
watch*
prima lux, daybreak, dawn.
media nox, midnight.
night.
Phrases
part.
lowing.
light.
medius, a, um, middle, mid.

nox, noctis,
f.,
posterus, a, urn, next,fol-
vigilia, ae, f.,
EXERCISES.
161.
1.
I.
Prima luce copias eduxit
reductae sunt.
2.
septima hora copiae
Postero die castra oppugnant.
3.
Multos dies pacem petunt. 4. Nocte ad flumen Rhenum

contendit.
5. Propter tempus anni bellum non gesserant.
6. A prima vigilia ad mediam noctem pugnaverant.
aciem mstruere coepit.
7. Ante meridiem
8. Certo anni tempore con venire jussi eramus.
9. Tertiam partem Galliae paucos annos obtinueramus. 10.
Discessu Caesaris hiberna oppugnare audent.
II.
On the third day they moved the camp
they moved
camp daily at daybreak. 2. For a large part of
year we waged war. 3. At midnight they withdraw
(their)
the
*
The Romans divided the daytime
time into four equal watches.
into twelve equal hours; the night-

from the village.
4.
99
In the second watch he sends out
5. We reached the
harbor the next night before dawn. 6. For many hours
wc were strengthening the place with fortifications. 7.
In the third year of the war they had seized the island.
8. We had withstood the cavalry's attacks from the
the troops with
all
fourth hour to the
the baggage.
first
watch.
of reinforcements the Belgians
They had begun
to
NOUNS
FIRST,
On
the
approach
way. 10.
first
to give
be unfriendly the next year.
WORD
162.
9.
began
LIST
III.
SECOND AND THIRD DECLENSIONS.
100
101
Sed Horatius magnum in re mllitari usum habuerat,

quoniam (since) ipse (he himself) integer erat et
Curiam omnes vulnerati erant, simulare (to feign) fugam
et
fconstituerat et Curiatios distrahere (to separate) .
[accordingly) propter gravia vulnera
erat tres
necare.
f rat res
Itaque
Albanorum,
facile
distrahere et singillatim (one by one)
Turn Horatius a Romanis incolumis ad castra
reduetus est.
Tomb
of Horatii
and
Curiatii at Alba.
LESSON XXIX.
Present Indicative Passive.
164.
In the perfect and pluperfect tenses the passive
voice in Latin, as has been observed, has
compound
forms (as in English), and the personal endings of the

auxiliary verb sum are those of the active voice
(139, 150); but in the present tense the difference
between active and passive is expressed by using
different personal endings.
102

Active.

103
vocabulary.
167.
audax,
bold, daring-.
-acis,
con-tineo, ere, ui, -tentum,
dictum,
dico, ere, dlxi,
exlstimo, are, avi, atum,

finitimus, a,
restrain,
hem
say,
speak.
tell,
in, enclose.
think, consider.
um, neighboring,
adjace?it ;
nom.
plur.
as substantive, neighbors.
nothing.
nihil, indeclinable, n.,
periculosus, a,
um,
dangerous.
potens, -ends,
powerful.
prohibeo, ere, ui, itum,
keep, prevent.
videor, passive of video,
1.
be seen ; 2. seem.
Prohibeo takes the present infinitive (comple-
N.B.
mentary, 123), to be translated by from with the gerund

in
e.g.
-ing,
prohibeor
venire,
/ am prevented from
coming.
EXERCISES.
168.
1.
I.
Revocatur, revocamur
pedior, impedimini
2.1m-
coguntur, cogens.
contineris, continentur.
3.
Acies
auditur.
4. DIcitur
muniuntur.
non est periculosum. 6. Nihil
5. Consilium est audax
Existimantur pacem
7.
dedimus
nihil habemus.
continemur. 9.
natura
pax petitur. 8. Loci
petere
10.
videntur
copiae
comparantur.
Copias comparare
11.
vastantur.
Multos
A finitimis agri Germanorum
12. Circurm cniniinl
circum
vicos habere dicimini,
14.
ventl estis.
13. Caesari, viro potenti, par&mis.
instruitur
castra
rat
mos
15. Pinitidesperare; desperare visus erat.

L6. Postero die castra
a t>r6s vastare prohibemur.

t
moventur.
17.
Paucas horas impetus sustinetur
;;;
104
ii.
He
orders, he
ordered; he compels, he is compelled. 2. They are stationing", they are being stationed;
they are surrounding-, they are being surrounded. 3.
You (s) are ordered, we are compelled, I am stationed,
you (pi) are being surrounded. 4. They give nothing;
nothing is given. 5. It is dangerous; we are safe;
there is a double trench.
6. We are enclosed by broad
and deep rivers. 7. You are awaited by the consul.
8. We are not alarmed by the departure of the allies.
1.
9.
The town
is
He
is
being-
fortified
it
is
announced
to
nothing had been said.

11. You are called bold and powerful men.
12. We
are prevented from sending messengers
messengers
are sent to Caesar.
13. You are considered to have
14. We do not wag-e war with (our)
great experience.
neighbors.
15. The troops are seen from the camp
16. The camp is
the army seems to be giving way.
being- pitched across the river. 17. Part of the adjacent
province is being laid waste.
Caesar.
10.
said nothing
LESSON XXX.
Regular Comparison of Adjectives.
169.
Illustrative
Positive.
Latus (gen.
lati),
broad
Fortis (gen. fortis),
brave
Audax
(gen. audacis),
bold;
Potens (gen. potentis),

powerful;
Examples.
Comparative.
latior,
broader
fortior,
braver
audacior,
bolder
potentior,
Superlative.
latissimus,
broadest.
fortissimus,
bravest.
audacissimus,
boldest.
potentissimus,
more powerful ; most powerful.

a.
The regular method

superlative
above.
is
adjectives
is
and
illustrated
substituted for the genitive end-
form the comparative ? What is

substituted to form the superlative ?
The superlative degree is frequently used in Latin,
as it sometimes is in English also, to indicate a
ing
b.
of forming the comparative
degrees of
What
105
(-1
or
-is)
to
high degree of the quality

it is most (or very) unfair.
170.
The comparative and
the positive, are declined,
as,
iniquissimum
est,
superlative degrees, like
and agree
in gender,
number
and ease with the substantives to which they refer.

The superlatives are all of the first and second declensions and are declined like bonus (65). The comparatives
îre of the third declension and are declined as follows :
Paradigm.
COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES.

106
a.
Examine
singular and the genitive

and also the nominative and
Are the endings like
accusative plural neuter.
those of the nouns of the third declension (83 and
the ablative
plural of all genders,
94), or like those of positive adjectives of the third
declension (113)
VOCABULARY.
171.
famous.
brevis, e, short, brief.
nobilis, e, ?wble,
densus, a, um, thick, dense.
novus, a, urn, new.
fidelis, e,
prudens, -entis, discreet.
faithful.
flrmus, a, um, strong.
Phrases
iter facio,
utilis, e, useful.
march.
certiorem facio
de,
inform
of,
literally
make
{some one) more certain about*
Novus has no comparative and the superlative

latest, as in novissimum agmen, the rear.
For newer, newest the comparative and superlative of
N.B.
means
last,
recens are used.
exercises.
172.
1.
I.
Fliimine
latissimo
et
iter fecerant.
4.
altissimo continentur.
2.
Per densissimas silvas

Tertio die ad flumen latius perveniunt.
Longiore itinere ducimur.
3.
socii non erant fideles.

Noctes sunt breviores
6. Viro nobilissimo et potentissimo filiam dat.
7.
Caesarem de novo consilio certiorem fecerunt. 8. In
novissimum agmen meridie impetus factus erat.
fossis miiniuntur.
10. Locus
9. Castra latioribus
11. Prudentissima est
firmissimis praesidiis tenetur.
12. Multae res Gallos
consilium est utilius.
puella
prohibent.
utiles amicos esse
5.
*ln this phrase certior agrees with the object of the verb in the active
voice ; but with the subject if the verb is passive.
107
n.
They sought denser
1.
seem to
creet
hem
forests.
in the allies.
Deeper rivers
2.
The daughters
3.
garrison
is
5.
left.
The time
night.
6.
time
very short.
is
of the noblest
the sons of the
We
is
are dis-
4.
A stronger
had marched the
rest of the
the daughters were most discreet.
short
the time
is
shorter
the
The hostages are the children

8. They give their daughters to
7.
men.
more powerful
chiefs.
informed of the king's departure.

legions are stationed in the rear.
He had been
9.
The bravest
10.
11.
For many years
he was a most itseful and faithful friend. 12. He was

informed by a famous soldier you are hemmed in by
;
a broader river.
LESSON XXXI.
Dative with Adjectives.
173.
Illustrative
he
Caesarl est inimicus,
Partitive Genitive.
Examples.
is
unfriendly
to
Finitimi sunt Galliae, they are adjacent
Populo Romano periculosum
est, it is
Roman people.
Observe how in these Latin
is
to
Caesar.
Gaul.
dangerous
to the
sentences the adjective
completed by a dative denoting that to which the
feeling or quality in question
is
directed.
This Dative with Adjectives is similar to the Dative

of the Indirect Object with verbs (39) and is similarly
translated.
The
adjectives so defined or completed are chiefly
those
meaning near friendly\

',
known, and their opposites.
like, useful,
agreeable,
108
174.
Illustrative
Examples.
Omnium Gallorum sunt fortissimi,
of all the Gauls they
are the bravest.
Partem provinciae vastant,
they lay waste part of the
province.
a.
Observe how the genitive is used in Latin to denote

the whole of which a part is taken. The genitive
thus expressing the whole is termed the Partitive
-
Genitive.
175.
Illustrative
Examples.
Reliquas legiones mittit, he sends the rest of the legions

{the
remaining
In medio flumine
m id-stream
{in
a.
legions).
est, it is in
the middle of the river
Certain relations, as the remainder, and such local

parts of anything" as the top, middle, bottom, begin-
by the
ning, end, Latin prefers to express not
par-
but by an adjective in agreement,

which regularly precedes its noun.
titive genitive,
VOCABULARY.
176.
dissimilis, e, imlike, dissimilar,
fra-ter, -tris,
m., brother.
incognitus, a,
um, ztnknown.
pa-ter, -tris, m., father.
publicus, a,
um, belong-
ing to the people, public.
inutilis, e, useless.
similis, e, like, similar.
ma-ter,
sor-or, -oris,
-tris, f.,
notus, a,
mother.
f., sister.
um, known, familiar.
Phrases
res publica, rei publicae,
f.,
the public interest,
public business, the state.
par esse, be a ?natch {for).
109
exercises
177.
1.
I.
Prater sorori incognitus erat.
Belgis erant.
Cacsari es
3.
fidelis.
2.
Galli fmitimi
4.
Potcntissimus
6.
brincipum est. 5. De re publica non desperamus.
Media circiter nocte ad reliquum exercitum perveniunt.
8. Caesari esse inimlci
7. Galli non pares sunt Bclgls.
fortissimi strains.
Omnium
Gallorum
existimamur. 9.
Consilium rei
parent.
11.
ct
matri
10.
Filii patri
12. Periculum commune
publieae periculosum est.
omnibus esse videtur.

14. Media insula
est.
militum
nihil
notum
13.
Italia Britanniae* dissimilis

15. Multis
incolis est inutilis.
erat.
ii.
They had sent the noblest of the Britons to Caesar.

They seem to be friendly and faithful to Caesar. 3.
The harbors were unknown to the Gauls. 4. The war
began to be dangerous to the state. 5. At dawn they
6. They had
joined battle in the middle of the forest.
marched for a large part of the day. 7. The daughter
1.
2.
is
8.
like* (her) father
the sons are like (their) mother.
Nothing was more useful to the senate.
9.
The
He
had
been informed by the more daring of the brothers.
12. The nights are
11. Peace is not similar to war.
brothers arc unfriendly to (their) sister.
unlike the days.

to
all.
Children
14.
13.
The
do not
The
slave's faithfulness
lakes .are
give
10.
like
orders to
large
(their)
is
known
rivers.
fathers
mothers.
After lite and unlike, the preposition
la
now generally omitted.
15.
and
110
LESSON XXXII.
First and Second Conjugations
Indicative Active.
178.
Illustrative
Pugnabit, he will fight.

Vocabis,
you will
call.
Future
Examples.
Videbimus, we shall
Tenebitis,
you will
see.
hold.
a.
What new element
b.
Notice the translation of these Latin forms, which,

like their English equivalents, are said to be in
is found in these Latin verbs

between the present stem and the personal ending- ?
the Future Tense.

Paradigms.
179.
FUTURE INDICATIVE ACTIVE.

Second Conjugation.
First Conjugation.
Singular.
1.
-a-b-6
2.
-a-bi-s
3.
-a-bi-t
monebo
monebis
monebit
Plural.
monebimus
-a-bi-mus
a.
-a-bi-tis
monebitis
-a-bu-nt
monebunt
Notice that in the first person singular i of -bi- is

omitted before -6, and that in the third person plural
becomes bu before
of the vowel in -bi- ?
bi
180.
-nt.
What
is
the quantity
In Latin, as in English, adjectives are often
used as substantives, especially in the plural, the

masculine denoting- a class of persons, the neuter a class
or
number
of things
as omnes, all people, everybody;

Ill
omnia, all things, everything ; boni, good people, the good ;

So multi, multa, pauci, reliqui,
bona, goods, property.
and many others.

N.B. In the genitive, dative, and ablative plural,
where the gender is not determined by the case-ending,
as, omnium
res should be used instead of the neuter
rerum, of everything.
VOCABULARY.
181.
cause, reason.
causa, ae,
f.,
de, prep,
with abl.,
1,
dozen from,
from ;
2,
con-
ceriiing.
de-duco, ere, -duxi, -ductum, lead
off,
de-pono, ere, -posui, -positum, lay
down
de-silio, Ire, -silul,
withdraw.
;
deposit.
-sultum, leap dozen.
deterreo, ere, ui, itum, (frighten off) deter, hinder.

de-tineo, ere,
m, -tentum,
detain, delay.
impero, are, avi, atum, demand, require.

locus,
I^m., place; in plural, loca, orum, n., places,
ground,
district.
per-tineo, ere, ui, -tentum, extend, tend.
Phrases with causa {notice the order throughout) :

multis de causis, for (literally from)
pads causa, for
many
reasons
the sake of peace (literally
from
the
reason of peace).
frumenti causa, for the purpose of (getting) corn /
to
get corn.
N.B.
denote
(6)
whom
(a)
(l)
The
down,
prefix
de
is
used in compounds to
(2) from, off.
With impero, the dative denotes the person
to
the accusative denotes that

orders are given
which is demanded or ordered as,
;
Equitibus imperat, he gives orders to the cavalry ;

Equites regi imperat, he demands cavalryfrom the king
112
exercises.
182.
1.
I.
Multis de causis in Gallia hiemabimus. 2. Rex

3. Nihil videbitis.
copiasparabit; copiaereglparebunt.
4.
Adventumauxiliorumnonexspectabo.
imperat
obsides Gallis imperabat
5.
Obsidibus
magnum numerum
Belgae pertinent ad
causa impetum
8. De omnibus rebus desperas
sustinebimus.
omnia
10. Omnia loca
9. Milites de vallo deducit.
relinquis.
occupabimus. 11. Amicitiae causa agros finitimis con12. Nihil exercitum detinebit.
cedere non dubitabis.
14. Ex equis ad
13. Multa Caesarem deterrebunt.
pedes desiluerunt. 15. Bonos necabunt bonanobilium
16. Belli causa copias comparabo.
17.
habebunt.
obsidum Gafliae imperabit.
Rhenum.
flumen
7.
Rei
6.
publicae
Imperium
deposuit.
ii.
1.
We
they will
shall not fight without reason.
move
the camp.
3.
2.
At dawn
shall give the signal.
You will have everything we shall have an abundance of everything. 5. For the sake of the common
safety they will give hostages.
6. They leap down
from the wall. 7. I shall demand cavalry and infantry
from the rest. 8. You will not venture to wage war
for a slight cause.
9. The forest used to extend to
the bank of the river Rhine. 10. The place is unknown
4.
the ground was known to everybody.

all
11.
Nothing will deter the senate and Roman people. 12.
Everything had been withdrawn from the fields. 13. It
to
will tend to (ad) the safety of the good.
to assist
him
{literally,
14.
He has many
15. On
for the sake of aid).
account of the lack of everything
we
shall not hesitate
Ruins of the Claudian Aqueduct.
Cloaca Maxima.

to lay
down
victory
from the
17.
16. You will not delay the

demand a large supply of corn
(our) arms.
He
will
113
kinsr's brother.
114
war.
halt

Ancus Marcius, rex quartus, Tullo
Numac
similior.
dissimilis erat, et
communis causa Romam

portum fecit apud (at) ostium
Saliitis
lovis muris firmavit et

{the
115
mouth) fluminis Tiberis.
Turn
Etruria
Tarquinius Priscus, qui {who) in urbem ab

rex creatus est.
Tarquinius in
pace nobilis erat.
Multa oppida occupavit et
(then)
pervenerat,
bello et in
agrum Romanum latiorem

Servius
Tullius,
omnium regum.
cepit (formed)
rex
Pauca
(juae
fecit.
sextus,
priidentissimus
bella gessit sed

sal utem
{which) ad
erat
multa consilia
rei
piiblicae
Pacem cum Latinis confirmavit et principatum omnium finitimorum populorum obtinebat. Seppertinebant.
tem
colles (hills) mag"nis et flrmls
(surrounded).
munitionibus cinxit
Post multos annos a Tarquinio,
filio
regis
quinti, necatus est.
Tarquinius Superbus, Septimus et ultimus (last)

regum, homo iniquus et audax erat. Filium habebat
quern (whom) vSextum appellabat.
Propter injiirias
ipsius (of himself) et Sexti, rex imperium deponere
coactus est et ex urbe expulsus est.
Post discessum Tarquiniorum, senatus et principes
rem publicam administrabant {governed), et Roman!
consules (consuls,
ace. case)
creare coeperunt.
LESSON XXXIII.
Third Declension
I-Stems.
185. The Third Declension includes also nouns whose

Item ends in i, instead of in a consonant as in Lessons
XIII. and XV.
The difference is observable chiefly in
enitive plural, which, in i-stems,*has -ium instead
of -um, and in the nominative and accusative plural of
116
neuters, which have -ia instead of -a.

ablative singular ends in
-I
Occasionally the
(regularly so in the neuter
nouns) and more rarely the accusative singular ends in

-im.
Otherwise the declension of consonant stems and
,
i-stems
186.
is identical.
Paradigms.
THIRD DECLENSION, I-STEMS.

Singular.
Nom.
117
former are consonant stems (see 86), as miles, eques,

(So also with nouns in -is.)
the latter are i-stems.
The only frequently occurring- neuter i-stem is
(e)
mare, the sea; Singular, Norn., Ace. and Voc. mare,
pes
Gen. maris, Dat. and Abl. marl. Plural, Nom., Ace.

and Voc. maria, Gen. only once found, in the form
marum, Dat. and Abl. maribus.
188. Certain consonant stems of the third declension
have been so far affected by the nearly similar declension of the i-stems that they may be classed separately
These include masculine and feminine
as mixed stems.
nouns of three kinds (a) nouns ending in -ns or -rs,
(b) monosyllables in -s or -x preceded by a consonant,
and (c) nouns in -tas. These are declined like conson:
ant stems in the singular
The nouns
in -tas,
like i-stems in the plural.
however, have both -um and -ium in
the genitive plural.

Paradigms.
189.
THIRD DECLENSION
MIXED STEMS.
Singular.
Nom. cohors
Gen
(cohort)
urbs
{city)
civitas (state)
118
190. (a)
Review the case-endings
third declension (113) which,
it
will
of adjectives of the
be seen, regularly!
follow the declension of i-stems.

(b)
Review
also
the rules for gender in the third
declension (95), to which should
lowing
now be added
the
fol-
Nouns in -is ^with many important exceptions), and

nouns in -es not increasing in the genitive, are feminine
nouns in -e, -al and -ar are neuter.
VOCABULARY.
191.
m.
civis, is,
f.,
civi-tas, -tatis, f.,
hostis,
citizenship ; state, country.
end ; in plural, borders,
m.,
finis, is,
citizen.
m. (usually
is,
territory.
in plural), enemy.
mare, is, n.,

sea.
mons, montis, m., mountain.
navis,
ship.
is, f.,
pons, pontis, m.,
Tamesis,
Tiberis,
bridge.
m. (ace. -im, abl. -i), the Thames.

m. (ace. -im, abl. -l), the Tiber.
is,
is,
Phrase
navis longa, war-ship, war-galley.
EXERCISES.
192.
i.
civitatem habeo.
1. Civis Romanus sum
2. De
navibus desiliunt.
3. In finibus hostium hiemabunt.
4. Propter altitudinem maris ex navi desilire non audent.
6. Mare est
5. Castra in altissimo monte posita erant.
utile; maria sunt utiliora.
7. Finitimis civitatibus
naves longas imperabit. 8. Magnis itineribus ad flumen
Tamesim hostes contendunt. 9. Postera nocte civibus
10. In oceano et in reliquis
fugam hostium nuntiavi.
11. Legati a
maribus multas naves longas habebant.
;

reliquis
civitatibus
14.
sustinent.
12.
Fines
latissimos
Res piiblica navi similis esse

Impetum hostium magnam partem die!
habere videntur.
dicitur.
venerant.
119
15.
13.
Multis civitas data
est.
ii.
1.
The
They assembled from
all
parts of the state.
2.
from the mountains to the sea. 3.

He collects a large number of soldiers and of war-ships.
4. The mountains had been seized by the enemy.
5.
The leading men of all the states assembled at midnight.
6. There was a bridge over {literally on) the
river Tiber.
7. We had marched from the enemy's
territories to the neighboring state.
8. They hasten by
night through the midst of the enemy. 9. The seas are
forest extends
thought to be dangerous. 10. The Romans called the

river Tiber.
11. On account of the scarcity of ships
they had made a bridge.
12. The sea is enclosed by
very high mountains. 13. On account of the height of
the mountains they left part of (their) baggage. 14. He
will carry
back the goods of the Roman citizens in the

15. I have said nothing about citizenship.
war-galleys.
Naves Longae
War- galleys.
120
LESSON XXXIV.
Irregular Comparison of Adjectives.
193. Adjectives ending- in -er (whether of the first and
second declensions or of the third declension) form the
comparative regularly (169), but form the superlative
by changing -er to -errimus as,
;
Comparative.
Positive.
.
llberior
liberrimus
acer
acrior
acerrimus
194. Six
-illimus
in -ilis form the comparative

form the superlative by changing -ilis to
adjectives
regularly, but
as,
Comparative.
Positive.
Superlative.
facilis
facilior
facillimus
similis
similior
simillimus
These adjectives are

gracilis
-ilis,
Superlative.
liber
[slender),
e.g.
nobilis
facilis, difficilis, similis, dissimilis,
humilis
and
Other adjectives in
(low).
utilis,
are-
regular
as,
nobilis,
nobilior, nobilissimus.
195.
Many
adjectives in
common
use are in Latin, as
in English, quite irregular in their comparison.
The
following are the most important of these :

Positive.
Comparative.
bonus,
good.
melior, better.
malus,
bad.
pejor,
magnus,
parvus,
greater, larger,
smaller,
greatest, largest.
minimus,
minor,
little.
best.
pessimus, worst.
maximus,
major,
great, large.
small,
worse.
Superlative.
optimus,
less.
multus, much, many, plus, more.
smallest, least.
plurimus, most.

196.
rare :
The
positive of the following
is
121
either lacking- or
122
vocabulary.
198.
more (than one).
plures or complures,
several,
prima lux,
proximus dies,
daybreak, dawn.
lit.
the 7iext day.
ultimus or extremus,
most distant, remotest.
superiora loca,
higher ground, heights.
superior annus,
the previous (or preceding) year.
summum
periculum,
the greatest (or extreme) da?iger.
summa virtus,
summus mons,
very great (or signal) valor.
Infimus (or Imus) mons,
the foot of the
the top of the
mountain (175).
mountain (175).
EXERCISES.
199.
1.
i.
Belgae proximi sunt Germanis.
parte fluminis pontes sunt plurimi.
omnium rerum
2.
3.
In inferiore
Summa
erat
Prima luce majorem multitudinem navium ab ulteriore portiimisit. 5. Proxima

nocte superiora loca occupant. 6. Superiore anno majus
oppidum minore cum periculo expugnaverant.
7.
Optimae res non sunt facillimae. 8. Complures sunt
pares.
tenebat.
inopia.
Omnes
9.
superiores
dies
summum montem
In extremis hostium finibus oppida sunt
10.
creberrima.
4.
11.
Primo impetii
repulsi sunt.
12. Iter
per proximas civitates facillimum erat.

ii.
2. They
1. The depth of the river is very great.
3. The previous winter he
hasten to the nearest ship.
had collected very many war-ships and very large forces.
4.
Nothing
the enemy.
5. It is the most distant town of

For the larger part of the year the
better.
is
6.
roads are very
difficult.
7.
It is
best to hasten to the

upper part of the island.
8.
On
123
his first approach
he
demanded hostages from several states. 9. The trench

extended from the foot of the mountain to the outer
10. The next day they fortified a smaller
fortifications.
camp on the higher ground. 11. On account of their
signal valor they are the freest and noblest of the
12. He had been informed by very frequent
citizens.
despatches.
LESSON XXXV.
Future
Indicative Active.
200.
Mittes,
Illustrative
you will send.
Mittemus, we shall send.

a.
Examples.
Audies,
you will hear.

you will hear.
Audietis,
Notice that in these Latin future forms, the present

stem has -e- changed to -e- in the third conjugation,
and -I- changed to -ie- in the fourth conjugation.
201.
Paradigms.
FUTURE INDICATIVE ACTIVE.

Third Conjugation.
Fourth Conjugation.
124
a.
What
letter replaces -e- as the sign of the future tense
What
in the first person singular ?
ending- in the first person singular
endings
b.
is -e-
changed
Compare the formation
is
to -e- (78. b.)
the personal
Before what
?
?
of the future tense in the first
and second- conjugations (178) with that

third and fourth conjugations.
in
the
VOCABULARY.
202.
swift, speedy.
celer, eris, ere,
celeri-tas, -tatis, f., swiftness, speed.
cohor-s,
cohort (one-tenth of a legion).
-tis, f.,
collis, is,
m.,
hill.
difficul-tas, -tatis, f., difficulty.
dux, ducis, m.,
leader, guide.
facul-tas, -tatis,
Hber-tas, -tatis,
f.,
pauci-tas, -tatis,
regi-6, -onis,
N.B.The
opportunity.
freedom.
f.,
i.,
fewness, small number

district, country, region.
f.,
suffix -tas is
used to form from adjectives
abstract nouns denoting quality or condition. It appears

in English as -ty.
EXERCISES.
203.
i.
omnia videbis. 2. Ab extremis

regionibus venient.
3. Hostes omnes colles tenent.
4. Propter paucitatem portuum summa erat difficultas.
6. Partem cohortis
5. Spe libertatis adductus eram.
A.
1.
emittit.
8.
Nihil audies
7.
Omnes
inimicos ex civitate
Primo impetu hostes
pelletis.
9.
expellemus.
Celerrimis hostium
facultas fugae datur.
B.
10.
Sine duce venire constituent;
venire dubitabunt.
11. In
sine ducibus
summocolle acieminstruam.
125
Communis
libertatis causa multos annos bellum

Navis cllcitur esse cclerrima. 14. Magna
15.
cum celcritate contendemus.
Majores copias ex
16. Reliquas cohortes
finitimis regionibus deducet.
in silvas collesque compellunt. 17. Plurimae difficultates
Caesarem impedient
12.
feeremus.
13.
204.
ii.
A.
1.
We
The
leading'
men
pitch (our)
of the district will assemble.
camp on
the top of the hill.

Several had been dismayed by the enemy's swift-
2.
$.
shall
He will not grant freedom to the citizens. 5.

withdraw out of the state. 6. He has been
informed of the difficulty by the guides. 7. We had
ascertained the small number of the cavalry and cohorts.
I shall withdraw the baggage to the nearest hill.
8.
9. Ships are swift; the horses were swifter.
ness.
You
4.
will
B.
10.
heights.
enemy.
He
The
fourth and seventh cohorts* halt on the
11.
Several have been surrounded by the
12.
The guides have found out
will lead out
14.
He
will
of) flight.
16.
On
all
give the rest an opportunity for
15.
Wc
shall hasten to lay
down
13.
{literally
(our) arms.
account of the speed of the cohorts, you will

17. They will leave
sea about midday.
reach
the
(their)
plunder across the river Thames.
C.
the road.
the cavalry with several cohorts.
Decline the following combinations
iter difficile,
homo
nobilis, vir nobilior,
navis longa,
mare magnum,
res publica CO, complures dies (/>/.),

major pars, flumen Tiberis CO, altius vallum, exercitus
er, aeies duplex CO, reliqui Belgae (/>/.).
castra majora,
plural
singular.
noun may
he.
modified by two (or more) adjectivea
tl^
126
LESSON XXXVI.
Irregu

(a)
127
Notice that while these adjectives have for the most

part the regular endings of the first and second
and dative singular

and have the same form in all
genders. The adjectives which show this irregularity arc nine in number, and are given in the
declensions, yet the genitive
are irregular,
vocabulary below.
206.
Illustrative
Examples.
Alia loca fossis, alia vallis muniebat, some places he
was
fortifying with trenches, others with walls.

Altera legio in Gallia hiemat, altera in Italia, the one
legion
is
wintering in Gaul, the other in Italy.
Reliquas (or ceteras) legiones in acie instruit, the other

legions he
a.
draws up
in line.
In these sentences observe (l) the force of alius and

alter
when repeated
in distinct clauses, (2) the use
of reliqui or ceteri for the others, the
means merely
others.
Navis Longa
War-ship.
rest,
while
alii
128
vocabulary.
207.
alius, a, ud,
alii
alter
ceteri, ae,
some
erum,
alter, era,
other, another.
alii,
others.
the bt'her (of two).
the one
alter,
the other.
(in plnr. only), the others, the rest.
neuter, tra, trum, ?ieither.
um,
um,
um,
um,
um,
nullus, a,
no, none.
solus, a,
alone, only.
totus, a,
ullus, a,
unus, a,
all,
one ; alone, only.
which (of two), used in questions.
uter, tra, trum,
N.B.
Notice that while
neuter and uter drop
has
the whole.
any I
-ius
it.
in all the other
alter retains e in declension,
The
g-enitive singular of alter
words the ending-
is -lus.
Notice also the additional irregularity in the neuter

singular nominative and accusative of alius. The
g'enitive singmlar of alius is alius (although alterius is
generally used instead), and the dative
alii.
EXERCISES.
208.
I.
A. 1. Alio tempore conveniunt. 2. Neuter ducum

proelium committere audebit.
3. Alteram partem vici
Gallis concedit, alteram cohortibus.
4. Sine ullo periculo castra muniunt.
5. Ab aliis audiunt; a ceteris
audient.
6. In utra fluminis ripa castra posuerunt?
8. Alia consilia
7. Tota castra hominibus complentur.
rei publicae sunt utilia, alia periculosa.
B.
10.
9.
Cum
Nulla
sdla
civitas
decima legione proelium committam.

obsides
mittet.
11. Toti
Galliae
Trajan's Column.
13.
12. Alterum
habemus nullum.
imperavit.
equites
Aliud
iter
legatos mittunt.
erat
facilius.
Belgae uni non
15. Ceteri portus aliis not! sunt, aliis
pcogniti.
16. Alter
Britannis.
17.
portus
Gallis
notus erat, alter
Neutra insula idoneos portus habet.
209.
ii.
A. 1. He
orders
iter
14.
129
some
walls.
3.
neither.
gives orders to the whole province.

to
fill
the
2.
He
trenches, others to attack the
To which is it more \iseful ? It is useful to

They made an attack from another part of
5. He places the baggage of the whole army
4.
the town.
on the other bank of the river. 6. No ship is swifter

none of the ships will reach harbor. 7. They hinder
8. He will give freedom to
others without any reason.
the ambassador only.
B. 9. He hastened to the other camp. 10. To which
camp (of the two) did the others hasten? 11. They
were fortifying* the heights during the whole of the
night.
12. Some will lay down (their) arms, others
will give hostages.
13. Neither line will begin the
battle.
14.
He
is
the brother of the one, the friend of
the other.
15.
They seem
alone.
He
is like
16.
to be unfriendly
no other leader.
to Caesar
Decline the following combinations: miles R6C.

manus, vulnus grave, aliud tempus, reliqua cohors,
minus periculum, rex solus, alia res; (in the singular
only) alter portus, nulla spes, media nox, militaris usus,
neutra insula, idoneus locus,
unum
latus,
neuter f rater,
dextrum cornu, nullum aliud iter, utra legio, novissimum agmen, summus mons, tota provincia, villa
civitas, tertia vigilia, prima lux, alius obses, altera ripa,
*
niillus
impetus
(in
the plural only) alia hiberna, ceteri
elves, superiora loca.
130
LESSON XXXVII.
Imperfect and Future Indicative Passive.
Paradigms.
210.
(a)
IMPERFECT INDICATIVE PASSIVE.

Third Conj.
Second Conj.
First Conj.
Fourth Conj.
Singular.
1.
amabar*
monebar
regebar
audiebar
2.
amabaris
mcnebaris
regebaris
audiebaris
3.
amabatur
monebatur
regebatur
audiebatur
Plural.
1.
amabamur
monebamur
regebamur
audiebamur
2.
amabamini monebamini
amabantur monebantur
regebamini
regebantur
audiebamini
audiebantur
3.
FUTURE INDICATIVE PASSIVE.
(b)
Singular.
1.
amabort
monebor
regar
2.
moneberis
monebitur
regeris
audieris
3.
amaberis
amabitur
regetur
audietur
1.
amabimur
monebimur
audiar
Plural.
amabimini monebimini
amabuntur mon^buntur
2.
3.
{a)
regemur
audiemur
regemini
regentur
audientur
Compare these forms with
audiemini
those, of the
and future indicative active
imperfect
(44, 89, 179, 201),
and
also with those of the present indicative passive

(164, 165).
-m by
*
A ma liiir
is
-r,
In particular, notice the replacing of
and of
translated
-bis
by
I was being
-beris.
loved,
(119).
t
Amahor is translated I shall be
loved.
I used
to be loved or
I was loved

Here
it
would be well
to
131
review in each conjuga-
tion the three tenses of the indicative (active
and
passive) formed from the present stem.
VOCABULARY.
211.
de-ligo, ere, -legi, -lectum,
choose.
di-vido, ere, -vlsi, -visum,
divide.
in-cendo, ere, -cendi, -censum, barn.

solvo, ere, solvi, solutum,
Phrases
loose, release.
navem or naves
in
fugam
solvo, set sail.
pat
do,
to flight.
EXERCISES.
212.
I.
A. 1. Mittimus, mittimur, mittemur.

2. Oppida
pppugfnantur hiberna expugfnabuntur. 3. Impediebatur, impediebar.
4. Expellebar, expellar.
5. Hostes
in fug-am dabimus.
6. Naves solvet
servus solvetur.
;
Dividitur, dividuntur.
7.
Locum
9.
tenetur
deligunt
Oppidum
8.
incendebatur.
leg-iones delig-ebantur.
imperium a Caesare obtinebatur
Mons
10.
impetus
sustinebitur.
B.
montibus continebantur
11. LegatI retinentur
naves detinebuntur.
12. Vocamur, convocabamur,
revocabiminl.
13. Castra moventur
castra ponentur.
;
Expelleris,
14.
repelleris.
15.
16.
Fidelis esse existimabar.
15.
vSuperabamini, superaberis.
eireumveniemur.
Rex
20.
213.
A.
2.
It
audieris.
Jubemini, jubebor.
19. Circumvenietur,
amicus appellabatur.
II.
camp
et
17.
Audiris,
1.
will
is
It will
be divided; they used to be divided.
be carried; we shall be carried baek.

the rani]) will be burned.
being- pitched
3.
4.
The
We
132
are being- surrounded
was
being- surrounded.
putting the troops to flight
is
They
the signal
is
they have set sail.

they will be summoned. 8.
called brother
you will be called brothers.
seem to be brothers you seemed to be sisters.
6.
will
are setting sail
be chosen
5.
He
given.
7. They
You are
9. You
B.
will
10.
be
We
fortified
hemmed
in by the
by the cavalry.
11.
are
rivers; the
camp
being
filled,
It is
was being filled, it will be filled. 12. It is being

it was being fortified,
it will be fortified.
13. I am led, I was being led out, I shall be led back.
it
fortified,
You used to be sent, we shall be sent out the battle

begun.
15. You (s. and pi.) were thought to be
unfriendly. 16. They are hindered, we shall be hindered
{use both deterreo and impedio).
17. I shall be surrounded, I shall be seen.
18. I used to be called free
I seemed to be a slave.
19. You will be surrounded
we were being surrounded. 20. You will seem to be
unfriendly you will be compelled to set sail.
14.
is
LESSON XXXVIII.
Cardinal Numerals.
214. In the following list of cardinal
numerals these
points should be carefully observed*:

(a)
the similarity in form of the cardinal and ordinal
(6)
the
numerals (156)
method of forming the numerals from
nineteen inclusive
(c)
eleven to
manner of expressing twenty-one, twenty -two,

hundred and one and similar numbers
the
*lt
is
not necessary at this stage to commit the whole
list
to
memory.
one

the different
((/)
ways
of expressing- eightee?i
133
i
nineteen,
and similar numbers

the ending- of the tens from 30 to 90 inclusive in
-ginta of the hundreds from 200 to 900 inclusive
twenty-eighty twenty -mne,
(e)
in -cent! or -genti.
cardinal numerals.
215.
fduodetriginta
2.
unus, one
duo, two
3.
tres, three
locto et viginti
4.
quattuor, 'four
fimdetriginta
1.
quinque
28. a viginti octo
novem
29.- viginti
Inovem
6.
sex
7.
septem
30. triginta
8.
octo
40.
quadraginta
9.
novem
50.
qumquaginta
10.
decern
60.
sexagfinta
11.
undecim
duodecim
70.
septuaginta
12.
tredecim
quattuordecim
13.
14.
quindecim
sedecim
septendecim
15.
16.
17.
80. octoginta
90.
octodecim
Idecem
et octo
fundevigintl
'
rt
centum
centum unus
f
"Icentum et unus
124. centum viginti
tuor
21
|
'
22.
200.
ducenti
300.
trecenti
400. quadringfentT
quingenti
aovendecim
500.
viginti
600.
sescenti
700.
septingenti
octingenti
(unus
nonaginta
100.
fduodeviginti
18.-
et vigintl
et viginti
_
viginti
unus
800.
duo
vlginti
900. nongent!
e1
wiginti duo
1000. mille
quat-
134
216. (a)
Most of the cardinal numerals are unsame form being used for all cases and
declined, the
The
genders.
following, however, are declined
from ducenti
duo, tres, the hundreds

sive,
(b)
(e)
and
unus,
to nongenti inclu-
mille.
The declension of unus has been given in 205.

The hundreds are declined like the plural of bonus,
as ducenti, ae, a.
(d)
(e)
The
declension of mille will be given in 230.
Duo and
tres are declined in the following section.
Paradigms.
217.
Masc.
Nom. duo
Gen. duorum
duobus
duos, duo
duo
duobus
Dat.
Ace.
Voc.
Abl.
&
Fem.
Neut.
duae
duo
tres
tria
duarum
duorum
trium
trium
duabus
duas
duae
duabus
duobus
duo
duo
duobus
tribus
tribus
tres
tria
tres
tria
tribus
tribus
Masc.
Fem.
Neut.
exercises.
218.
A. 1.
educet.
i.
Duas legiones
2.
Cum
ex hibernis
naves solvemus.
feceramus.
4. Ad
relinquet,
tres
sescentis equitibus
Dies circiter quindecim iter

Caesarem cum ducentis obsidibus veniebat.
viginti naves in unum locum coguntur.
3.
5.
6.
DuodeSigna
7. CenEquites circiter
militaria quattuor et septuaginta relinquuntur.
tum
viginti
triginta
B.
quinque vicos habent.
8.
mittentur.
Quattuordecim annos bellum gerebant.

9.
Quingentis equitibus magnam multitudinem hostium repellit. 11. Octo horas castra oppugnant nona
10.
Latin Lessons for Beginnhks.

hora castra expugnantur.
135
Romanis unis concedi-
12.
13. Legionem decimam quarta vigilia educam.

mus.
14. Quadraginta cohortium impedimenta relicta sunt.
15. Incolas trium vicorum necat.
219.
A.
with
ii.
1.
He sends four cohorts
four cohorts.
2.
They
he
will
will
send the cavalry
give five hundred
They were waging: two wars
at one time.
and about two hundred
villages.
5. An attack was made by four hundred and
6. They had collected twenty-eight
twenty cavalry.
ships.
7. Thirty-five soldiers will be chosen from the
whole army. 8. The village is divided into two parts by
a river. 9. About four hundred villages will be burned.
hostages.
4.
3.
They burn
10.
forty-three towns
Two
legions, the sixth and the seventh,

on the other bank. 11. On the fifth day,
five hundred and fifty -five horsemen had been collected.
They are giving up three hundred and sixty hostages
12
13. He left two legions in the camp, and with the
remaining six marched for nine days through the
neighboring states. 14. He orders the lieutenant to set
sail with two legions and one hundred and seventy
B.
will
be
cavalry.
220.
left
15.
We
are adjacent to three states.
136

ex
agfris
urbem convenerunt,
in
Roma
petiverunt.
alii
muris altissimis
137
proximas silvas
et flumine latissimo
muniebatur sed pons, qui (wAtcA) factus erat in (over)

Tiber!, ab exterioribus munitionibus ad portam urbis
Propter paucitatem civium videbatur facillipertinebat
;
mnm
esse
pontem occupare
et in
mediam urbem
exerci-
tum ducere.
Hac (this) de causa summum erat periculum. Ceteri
Roman! jam (now) de salute desperabant, sed unus
vir fortissimus, Horatius Cocles, communis libertatis
causa pontem defendere constituit. Cum duobus aliis,
Spurio Lartio et Tito Herminio, ad extremam partem
pontis contendit, et tres Roman! omnes hostium
impetus repellunt, dum (while) reliqui cives pontem
Post complures horas major pars pontis
pugna excedere
rescindunt.
rescissa est, et Horatius duos amicos ex

jubet.
Turn
factus est.
(then) a toto exercitu
Summa cum
fugam
virtute
impetus in Horatium
impetum
sustinuit et
ab hostibus paene (almost)

circumventus est. Tandem (at length) reliquam partem
Turn Horatius de ponte in
pontis resciderunt Roman!
medium fliimen desiluit et sine ullo vulnere ad alteram
pliirimos in
dedit, sed
ripamtransnavit.
Ita (t/ms) fortitudo un!us viri totl rei
publicae libertatem dedit.
Roman
Coin.
138
LESSON XXXIX.
Future Perfect Indicative, Active and Passive.
Paradigms.
222.
FUTURE AND FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE OF SUm.

Singular.
1.
ero (/ shall
eris
3.
erit
fuero (/ shall have been)
be)
fueris
fuerit
Plural.
a.
fuerimus
1.
erimus
2.
eritis
fueritis
3.
erunt
fuerint
Note
(l)
the relation in form to the imperfect and
sum (149, 129); (2) the difference in

the vowels before -nt in the two tenses.
pluperfect of
Paradigms.
223.
(a)
FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE.
First Conj.
Second
Co?ij.
Third Cony.
Fourth Conj.
Singular.
2.
3.
amaveris
amaverit
monuero
rexerd
monueris
monuerit
rexeris
audiveris
rexerit
audiverit
audivero
Plural.
1.
2.
3.
amaverimus monuerimus
amaverius
monueritis
amaverint
monuerint
Aiuaverft
is
translated
I shall have
rexerimus
audlverimus
rexeritis
audiverit is
rexerint
audiverint
loved.
140
the act referred to in the dependent clause must

be completed before the act referred to in the
principal clause, while in the third sentence this
What
not the case.
pendent clauses
b.
is
tenses are used in these de-
Here, as regularly in subordinate clauses, Latin is

more logical and exact than English in indicating
(l) whether the time of the action is present, past,
or future, and
(2)
whether the action
is
main verb, or concurrent with
that of the
prior to
it.
VOCABULARY.
225.
absum, abesse,
afui, be absent, be
far away,
be distant.
augeo, ere, auxl, auctum, increase.

con-sido, ere> -sedl, -sessum, encamp.
di-mitto, ere, -misi, -missum, send out {hi different directions), despatch, distniss.
dis-pono, ere, -posui, -positum, place at intervals, post.

distrib-uo, ere, -ui,
-utum, assign, distribute ; divide.
exploro, are, avi, atum, examine, reco?inoitre
in-venio, ire, -veni, -ventum, come upon, find.

reperio, ire, repperi, repertum, find, discover.
timeo, ere, \xl,fear, have fears.
N.B.
{a)
The
prefix dis- (or di- before certain con-
used in compounds to express the idea of

apart; compare also discedo, depaj't, withdraw. Divido
contains the same element, as do also the adjectives
dissimilis and difficilis.
sonants)
(b)
is
Reperio
is
used of finding, after inquiry or search

by chance or without effort.
invenio of finding
(c) Augeo in the active voice means increase (transitive

= make greater-) in the passive voice it means increase
(intransitive =be made or become greater).
;
141
exercises.
226.
i.
A.
i.
Numerus augebitur; numerus auctus
numerus major
erit;
numerus major
fuerit.
erit
Navem
2.
portu invenerunt; in idoneo loco consederint. 3.

copiae erunt dimissae. 4. In duas
Copias dimiserit
5. Germanos sine causa timuepartes distribiiti eritis.
in
ramus.
6.
dabitur.
7.
Cum omnis cxercitus dispositus
signum
omnia
erit,
Si socii erunt fideles, facillimum erit
itinera explorare.
$.
A periculo abesse videor
abero
afuero.
B. 9.
ram
Bellum gerimus
mus; misimus.
12. Bella brevia
13. Nihil reppereris
amiei.
10. Alte-
bella gfesserimus.
11. Mitteris
iter difficilius erit.
erunt
causam
miseris
;
mitti-
utiles fueritis
reperis
ab
hosti-
bus reperieris. 14. Cum ad infimum collem pervenerimus, considemus. 15. Si copiae hostium auctae erunt,
16. Si praesidia trans
difficile erit collem tenere.
Rhenum disposuero, Germanos Galliam vastare prohibebo.
227.
II.
A. 1. We shall find we shall have found we shall

2. It will be increased; it will be
have encamped.
found
it will have been found.
3. The matter has
been examined the roads will have been reconnoitred.
it will have been very easy.
4. It will be most useful
you will be absent we had been
5. They are absent
6. The forces have been increased
far away.
the
number had increased. 7. When \ discover the reason,
1 shall despatch
messengers to the neighboring states.
8. If the foot-soldiers fear the sea, the ships will be
;
assigned to the cavalry:
142
B. 9. They have encamped he had encamped I

have encamped. 10. The camp was pitched the
;
shall
pitched the camp will have been pitched.

have summoned the leading: men the lead12. They will have
ing- men will have been dismissed.
they will have seen everyone.
13. You
everything'
14.
it will be the freest of all the states.
will be free
When Caesar is absent they will attack the winter camp.
camp had been
He
11.
will
15. If the
number
join battle.
16. If
of the
enemy
you begin
increases,
we
to post gfarrisons,
shall not
we
shall
seek assistance.
LESSON XL.
Mille.
Accusative of Extent of Space.
228.
Illustrative
Examples.
Mille equites mittentur, a thousand horsemen will be sent.
Adventus mille equitum,
Cum
a.
mille equitibus,
the arrival of a thousand horsemen.

with one thousand cavalry.
like most cardinal numerals in

an indeclinable adjective, regularly used
Mille, a thousand,
Latin,
is
with a plural substantive.

229.
Illustrative
Examples.
Tria milia equitum mittentur, three
thousand
horsemen
will be sent.
Adventus sex milium equitum,
the arrival of six thousand
cavalry.
Cum
a.
duobus milibus equitum,
The
with two thousand cavalry.
plural of mille, milia or (as
it is
often spelled)
neuter noun followed by the partitive

genitive (174), tria milia equitum being literally
millia, is a
three thousands of horsemen.
143
Paradigm
230.
declension of
231.
milia.
Noni
milia
Gen.
milium
Dat.
milibus
Ace.
milia
Abl.
milibus
Illustrative
Mllle passus* pertinet,
it
Examples.
extends {for) a thousand paces
(or a mile).
Tria milia passuum abest, he
is
three thousand paces (or
three miles) distant.
Fossa est ducentos pedes longa, the trench
is
two hundred
feet long.
a.
Observe that distance how far or extent of space is

expressed in Latin by the accusative without a
Compare the accusative of time (159).
preposition.
VOCABULARY.
232.
agg-er, -eris,
auc-tor, -toris,
mound.
m.
(literally increaser), advocate, adviser.
auctori-tas, -tatis,
f.,
influence, weight.
defen-sor, -soris, m.,
defender.
impera-tor, -toris, m.,
commander
on-us, -eris, n.,
burden, weight.
passus, us, m.,
step, pace.
spatium,
distance, space.
I,
n.,
{in chief).
rooabulary, 232. The Roman passu* is the distance between two

successive positions of the same foot, that is, really two of our paees. A
thousand such paces therefore would be about 5,000 foet, or, roughly speak
iiiK. a mile.
144
N.B. The suffix -tor is used to form from verbs nouns

denoting the agent or doer of an action. The form, of
the noun closely resembles that of the participial (or
supine) stem of the verb, -tor becoming -sor in nouns
derived from verbs which have s instead of t in this
EXERCISES.
233.
A.
2.
i.
Milia
1.
Agger
passuum octo a
viginti tres pedes alto
muniunt.
4.
3.
Maximam
Majus onus sustinuimus.

rator aberat.
B.
9.
habere
auctoritatem
8.
7.
Locum muro
Si defensores idonei
delect! erunt, facile erit sine imperatore

5.
consederant.
castris
mille sescentos passus abest.
locum tenere.
existimantur.
Magnum
6.
spatium impe-
Filius imperatoris auctor erat consilii.
Sex milia peditum
et mille equites reliquit.
sex exploratorum dimisit. 11. Ex milibus

triginta tertia pars reducta erit.
12. Agger erat latus
pedes trecentos viginti, altus pedes septuaginta. 13.
10. Milia
Silva multa milia

trecentis
portabant.
passuum pertinebat.
militum
naves
16. Milia
hominum
234.
sol vet.
14.
15.
Cum milibus
Onera gravia
octoginta delecta sunt.
ii.
A. 1 They gave six thousand horses and a thousand

hostages to Caesar. 2. The camp had been pitched
three miles from the mound. 3. At daybreak he was a
mile from the camp.
4. He had learned from the
5. If you begin
scouts the small number of defenders.
.
to collect
an army, you
will
seem
to
be advocates of
* Compare also explorator, spectator, auditor, monitor, rector, inventor,

depositor.
Sometimes the suffix -tor is added to nouns, as gladiator
(primarily one who uses the sword) from gladlus.

war.
6.
The
lieutenant
145
was sent by the commander-
thousand foot-soldiers and a thousand

horsemen. 7. They had carried the burdens a great
distance.
8. He has' no influence with {literally among-,
in-chief with four
inter) the defenders.
Twenty-three thousand Gauls had come to

shall demand two thousand hostages
from the commander-in-chief.
11. The forests were
thought to extend two hundred miles. 12. The camp
will have been fortified by a trench twenty feet wide
and a rampart five feet high. 13. The right wing: of
the army extends a thousand feet, the left (wing) five
hundred paces.
14. The other legion is a greater
distance away
it was about a mile and a half away.
15. The burden was heavy
the burden will be heavier.
B.
9.
Caesar.
10. I
Imperator
Commander-in-chief.
{Augustus.)
146
LESSON
XLI.
Present Infinitive Passive. Adverbs Regular

Formation and Comparison.
:
235.
Illustrative
Examples.
camp
to
be attacked,
Castra mover! jussit,
he ordered the camp
to
be moved.
Castra poni jussit,
he ordered a camp
to
Castra muniri jussit,
he ordered a camp
to be fortified,
Castra oppugnari jussit, he ordered the
a.
Observe the method of formingthe present infinitive passive.

236.
in each conjugation
Compare
Paradigms.
PRESENT INFINITIVE.
Active.
be pitched.
123.

the genitive singular of the adjective
147
(-1
or
Adjectives in -ns form their adverbs in -nter

potens, gen. potentis,
238.
Positive.
late,
-is).
;
as,
adverb potenter, powerfully.
Illustrative
Comparative.
Examples.
Superlative.
148
exercises.
240.
A.
I.
Omnes acerrime
1.
et fortissime
2. Hostium impetum aegre sustinent.

pedes duodecim alto dlligenter muniri
lrberms et audacius.
5. Exercitum
jusserat.
6.
Graviter
7.
pervenit.'
8.
summo monte celeriter

totum montem hominibus compleri.
B.
10.
passuum
castris
12.
jubet.
4. Dicit*
latius
distribui
Imperator multis rebus impediri dicebatur.

vulneratus erat et aegerrime ad castra
Belgae a provincia longissime absunt.
Auxilia in
9.
pugnaverunt.
Castra vallo
3.
Omnia
diligenter facta erant
iter dilig-entissime fecerant.
ediici
collocari jussit et
jubet
et
Oppidum montibus
anno
proelium
altissimis
11
tria
milia
Equitatum ex
equestre committi.
videtur
contineri.
naves celerrime eogi

jusseramus. 14. Omnia oppida vicosque incendi jubet,
et mille ducentos obsides in provinciam adduci.
15.
13. Superiore
Longe
nobilissimus
pliirimas
omnium Gallorum
esse
existi-
mabatur.
241.
ii.
He
ordered the place to be fortified more carefully.

2. They began to fight more bravely and
fiercely.
3. He will speak* most freely;
he speaks
very seriously. 4. You are said to be feared by all.
5. The rest of the army will be three miles distant.
6. They will be farther distant from the rest of the
army. 7. We shall order the enemy's territories to be
laid waste far and wide.
8. The village is said to
be divided into two parts by a river twenty-two feet
deep.
A.
*DIcfl
1.
means speak
as well as say.
149
have far the greatest influence among

have ordered all the cavalry and ten
thousand infantry to be sent quickly. 11. The number
12. He orders
of the enemy seems to be increasing.
13. If the
all the other ambassadors to be summoned.
B. 9. He
the allies.
enemy
will
10. I
attack boldly,
hold the
14.
hill.
we shall with
He demands
the greatest difficulty
about a thousand ships

used to order the roads
from the other state. 15. You

be most carefully reconnoitred.
to
LESSON
XLII.
Ablative of
Quam with Comparatives.

Comparison.
242.
Examples.
Illustrative
Belgae fortiores erant

.
-.-,-
quam Galh,
z.
to
Belgae fortiores erant Galhs,

Altera Insula est minor
quam
Britannia,
Ad insulam pervenit minorem

quam Britanniam,
Ad insulam pervenit minorem
were
,.
braver than the
r
j-
Altera insula est minor Britannia,
the Belgians
.
the other island is
smaller than
Britain.
he came
to
an island
smaller than
Britain.
Britannia,
quam provinciae imperat, he demands

larger forces from the allies than front the Province.
Nihil est utilius quam amicos habere, nothing is more
Majores copias
sociis
useful than
to
have friends.
150
a.
Observe how, after comparatives, two methods are

used in Latin to express the comparison
:
quam
(1)
(meaning: than)
compared
being: put in the
instead of
(2)
is
used, two substantives
same case
or accusative, the ablative without
This
used.
quam, followed by the nominative
quam may be
called the, Ablative of Comparison.
is
VOCABULARY.
243.
con-suesco, ere, -suevi, -suetum, become accustomed
in perfect, be accustomed.
consuetu-do, -dinis,
custom.
f.,
continens, -entis,
broken
incessa?it,
continual,
un-
continuous.
continenter, adv.,
continually, continuously,
disto, are,
be apart.
lab-or, -oris,
m.,
toil,
labor.
prae-mitto, ere, -misi, -missum, send in advance.
surpass ;
prae-sto, are, -stiti,
quam),
sto, stare, steti,
terra, ae,
Phrases
praestat
(with
preferable, better.
it is
statum,
stand.
land.
f.,
ex consuetudine, according
to
custom
continens terra (or continens alone as fern.
noun, with abl. continent!),
the
main*
land, the conti?ient.
N.B.
(a)
The
prefix prae-
express the idea of before
is
this
used in composition to
appears in English as
pre-, as, predict.

(b)
The
perfect tense
of certain Latin
verbs
may
be freely translated by the English present tense, to

denote the present state resulting- from a completed
action
so, consuevi,
/ have become accustomed, I have
151
formed a habit = I am accustomed; cognovi, / have

(The pluperfect of these verbs will
learned = I know.
have the force of an imperfect = / was accustomed, I
m*ew.) Similarly circumvent! sunt may be translated,
surrounded; superatl sunt, they are conquered;
they are
divisum
est, it is divided.
exercises.
244.
A.
I.
1.
Agger altior est quam
ores sunt aggere.

3.
sunt
Breviores
noctes.
4.
steterant.
2.
Tamesis
5.
Britannia
in
Proximi
mums
stabant
Praestat
munitiones
alti-
dicitur esse longior Tiberi.
copias
in
quam
continent!
in
locis
superioribus
instruere
quam fuga
salutem petere. 6. In multis terrls sunt continentes

7. Impedimenta praemissa sunt et
silvae paludesque.
in
summo monte
passuum
collocat?.
distant.
est obsides dare
Non
9.
8.
populi
Insulae
tria
milia
Roman! consuetudo
obsides dare non consuevimus.
11.
10. Prudentiores estis quam bell! auctores.
B.
Insula circiter milia passuum triginta a continent! aberat.
12. Castra majora sunt quam consuetudo exercittis
Ex
quam
consuetudine majorem partem v!c!

14. Altitudo
concessit.
15. Altimiirl minor erat quam latitudo fossarum.
tudo fossae major erit quam fluminis. 16. Belgae cum
Germanls continenter bellum gerebant. 17. Nulla est
postulat.
13.
cohortibus
equitibus
sine labore salus.
18.
Circumvent! sumus
Gallia est
dlvlsa in partes tres.

245.
A.
is
ii.
1.
The land
larger than the
liberty.
3.
The
is
more useful than the sea
land.
2.
Nothing
is
the sea
better than
trenches were twenty-three feet apart.
152
4.
They had
other island
Britain.
(their)
8.
6.
toils.
They
ships.
stood continuously for six hours,

is
5.
The
farther distant from the continent than
The Romans
7. I know
are awaiting- the end of
the custom of
all
the Gauls.
are accustomed to send in advance the swiftest
We were
9.
accustomed towage incessant wars.
10. We fear a man more powerful than the king.

B.
11. According- to custom he had sent all the cavalry in
advance at daybreak.
tomed.
By
12.
incessant
toil
they had
camp more quickly than they were accusIt is easier to leap down than to stand on
fortified the
13.
the top of the wall.
14.
He
ordered a smaller portion
of the plunder to be given to the cavalry than to the

rest of the
army.
15.
preferable to laying*
call the
To defend the camp bravely is

down (our) arms. 16. They will
defenders of the bridg-e braver and more daring

17. It seems to be better
than the commander-in-chief.

to seek other lands.
18.
On
the mainland the towns
are not far apart.
LESSON
Adverbs
XLIII.
Irregular Formation and Comparison.

Quam with Superlatives.
formed from adjectives, accordLesson XLI., there

are not a few instances where certain case -forms of the
adjective are used as adverbs (as is regularly the case
246. Besides adverbs
ing- to
the methods described in
in the comparative degree).
In the following-, the accusative singular neuter of

is used adverbially :
the adjective
*
That
is,
'
is
better than to lay down.'
Latin Lessons for Beginner.
plurimum, most, very much.
multum, much.
solum,
only.
primum, first,
153
easily.
facile,
in
t lie
first place.
In the following*, the ablative singular neuter or feminine of the adjective
used adverbially :
is
brevi, in a short time, quickly.
primo, at first.
subito, suddenly (from the adjective subitus, a,
una (with cum)
at the
same
common
247. The following are adverbs in

have no corresponding; adjectives :
Comparative.
Positive.
long, for along time
diu,
um, sudden).
time, together, along (with).
saepe, often
use which
Superlative.
diutius
diutissime
saepius
saepissime
almost
fere,
248.
The
following- adverbs
show some
irreg-ularity
in formation (compare the corresponding- adjectives,

195) :-
Comparative.
Positive.
(magfnus) magnopere, greatly

little
(parvus) parum,
(bonus)
bene,
well
(malus)
male,
ill
prope, near, nearly

249.
Illustrative
Quam maximas
Examples.
copias coegit, he collected forces as large as
possible.
Equites
quam maxime
impediunt, they hinder the cavalry
much as possible.
Quam primum iter fecerunt, they marched as soon as possible.
a. Observe how quam with the superlative (both of
adjectives and of adverbs) is used to express the
as
highest
degree possible, the
taking- the
form as
regular translation
as possible.
154
exercises.
250.
i.
A. 1. Primo
copiae magnopere
Brevi causam reperiemus.

et inter pedites pugnant.
perterrentur.
2.
Saepe ex equis desiliunt

4. Una cum Caesare multos
annosfuerat. 5. Quam maximum numerum inimicorum
ex civitate expellam. 6. Facile pauci multos montem
3.
Non multum distant.

occupare prohibebunt.
7.
Facillime impetum hostium diutius sustinebimus.
B. 9.
10.
11.
Subito duabus portis
omnem
8.
equitatumemittit.
Diu prmcipatum totius fere Galliae obtinuerant.

Saepius ad senatum litteras mittemus. 12. Primum
13. Una
a proximis civitatibus auxilium petiverunt.
cum ceteris ex proelio excesserant. 14. Propter usum
militarem minime terreri videbantur.

rime ad mare pervenire contendit.
quam amicissimum habere
15.
16.
Quam
celer-
Praesidium
constitueram.
n.
251.
A. 1. They had
fought long" and vigorously. 2. At

first he does not venture to speak freely and boldly.
3. In the first place he ordered corn to be procured as
quickly as possible.
4. They will sustain the attack
more easily the attack will be sustained less easily.
5. He ordered as many ships as possible to be collected.
6. They hesitate to depart farther from the line of
march.
7. We shall not await the auxiliaries (any)
longer. 8. We had been greatly hindered by marshes.
;
B.
camp
9.
As soon
nearer.
began to move the

Suddenly almost all leaped down
as possible they
10.
from the ship along with the guides. 11. The harbor
was less suitable than the lake. 12. He is accustomed
to demand troops from as many states as possible.

13.
When
more
155
they learn of Caesar's arrival they will be

14. They determined to lay waste the
terrified.
neighboring territories as widely as possible.

are nearly surrounded.
16.
been carefully reconnoitred.
252.
Almost
all
15.
They
the roads have
156
divide
157
still >ant aegerrime Mucium comprehenderunt (seized) et ad regem adduxerunt.

Mucius minime perterreri videbatur libere et audacter
" Romanus sum civis
dixit.
Regem Porsenam necare
Milites (in! proxjmi
const itueram et
Non
dcrc.
popuhmi Romanum ab
totum exercitum e
non dubitabunt
alii
et
summa
sum
rei publicae
Praestat incendi
fese)."
Simul
Rex
et
ceteris
pericula adire
timed.
ignem
injuria defen-
Romanis. Si Porsena
finibus Romanis non ediixerit, trecenti
audacior
(at the
(to
quam
same
(fire) injecit (thrust),
causa maximos labores
encounter).
Mortem non
libertatem amittere
(to
manum
in
time)
dextram
qui a militibus factus erat.
Romanorum magnopere permotus est

jussit.
Pacem quam celerrime cum
Romano confirmavit et cum omnibus copiis e
Postea (afterwards)
Romanorum discessit.
fortitudine
Muciuin dimitti
senatu.
finibus
Mucius Scaevola* appellabatur, quod

solam manum habebat.
(because) sinistram
LESSON XLIV.
Relative Pronoun.
Quod.
Paradigm.
254.
THE RELATIVE PRONOUN

Singular.
qui.
Plural.
158
255.
Illustrative
Legatus, qui missus
has been sent
is
est,
Examples.
prudens
Legatus, quern miserunt, prudens

they have sent
est, the
ambassador zvho
prudent.
is
est, the
ambassador
whom
prudent.
Legionem, quae missa est, exspectamus, we are awaiting

the legion which has been sent.
Adventum legionis quam miserunt exspectamus, we are
awaiting the approach of the legion which they have
sent.
quarum adventum exspectabamus, pervenerunt,

whose approach we were awaiting, arrived.
German!, a quibus missus est, pacem petunt, the Germans,
by whom he was sent, are seeking peace.
GermanI, quibuscum bellum gerebat, pacem petunt, the
Germans with whom he was waging war, seek peace.
a. In connection with these sentences, observe :
(1) that the relative pronoun in Latin changes its
form to indicate gender, number, and case
(2) that the gender and number of the relative are
determined by the word (called the Antecedent) to
which it refers
(3) that the case of the relative is in no way determined by the antecedent, but by its relation to
the dependent clause to which it belongs
Legiones,
the legions,
(4)
that in the
first
noun
that could
which
four sentences the relative pro-
be used in place of who,
whom
or
second and fourth sentences the

might be omitted altogether in English,
something which never occurs in Latin
(5)
that in the
relative
(6)
it
that the preposition
governs.
The
cum is
accent
is
suffixed to the ablative
then on the penult
(13).

256.
Illustrative
159
Examples.
Oppidum, quod muniverant, expugnatum est, the town

which they had fortified has been taken by storm.
Timent quod oppidum expugnatum
est, they
are afraid
because the town has been taken by storm.
Quod hostes non longe aberant, signum

enemy were not far distant, he gave
a.
dedit, because the
the signal.
Observe that the same Latin word quod is used both

as a relative pronoun (neuter singular nominative
or accusative) and as a conjunction with the force
of because*
VOCABULARY.
257.
barbarus,
I,
barbarian.
m.,
centurion (an officer of

m.,
the Roman army).
com-moveo, ere, -movi, -motum, alarm, dismay.
demonstro, are, avi, atum, point out, mention ; make
centuri-6, -onis,
mention (of=de).
inhabit ; dwell.
in-cold, ere, -colui,
op-primo, ere, -press!, -pressum, overpozver ; burden.
premo, ere, pressl, pressum, press, harass,
beset.
above.
supra, adv.,
tra-duco, ere, -duxi, -ductum, lead across, take across.
transporto, are, avi, atum,
Phrase
premor, graviter premor, be hard pressed.
Trans (or
N.B.
carry across, bring over.
tra-)
is
prefixed to verbs with the
force of across or over.

K\ni
in
found thai
the pare oases \\ here either translation might ffiven, it will

lie context will determine which is the proper rendering.
t
'
160
exercises.
258.
I.
Quod vicus
duas partes flumine dividitur, alteram

partem Gallis concessit, alteram legioni. 2. Ad flumen,
3. Ad
quod victim in duas partes dividit, pervenit.
flumen, quo vicus in duas partes dividitur, pervenit.
4. Ex vico, quern Gallis et legioni concesserat, omnes
1.
discedere
Gallis
in
coeperunt.
5.
Ex
altera parte vici,
quam
omnes discedere coeperunt.
concesserat,
6.
Vicus, cujus partem Gallis concesserat, in duas partes
flumine dividitur.
cesserat,
discedere
vici concesserat,
7.
Galli,
quibus partem
coeperunt.
non
discessit.
vici con-
partem
8.
Leg-io, cui
9.
Quod partem
legioni concesserat, Galli discesserunt.
vici
Ex duabus
10.
partibus, in quas vicus flumine dividitur, alteram Gallis

concessit, alteram legioni.
ii.
1.
who
The Belgians
are nearest to (173) the Germans,

dwell across the Rhine (and) with whom they are
continually waging- war.
the Belgians are nearest,
2.
The Germans,
dwell across
to
the
whom
Rhine.
3. They are continually waging- war with the Germans,

because they are nearest.
4. The Gauls, of whom the
Belgians are the bravest, are waging- war with the
Germans.
5. They dwell across the Rhine, which
Germans from the Gauls. 6. They dwell

that divides Germany from Gaul.
7. They dwell across the river by which Germany is
divided from Gaul. 8. The districts which the Belgians
inhabit are nearest Germany.
9. Gaul is divided into
three parts, of which the Belgians inhabit one. 10. One
divides the
across
the river
part of Gaul, which the Belgians inhabit,
Germany.
is
nearest

in.
259.
A.
161
1.
Ab omnibus
barbarls, qui trans
Rhenum
inco-
Plurimas habemus
longas naves, quibus milites transportare consuevimus.
lunt legati ad
,
3.
Caesarem mittuntur
Frumentum omne, quod
in
oppidum centuriones
4. In
fines Germanorum,
comportaverant, reliquit.
qui proximi Belgis erant, copias quas coegerat traduxit.
5. Reliquum exercitum, quod longe aberat, non exspec6. Vir fortissimus delectus est, cujus pater
tabamus.
amicus a senatu. appellatus erat. 7. Auxilium a Caesare

petimus, quod graviter a Germanis premimur.
Fuga Gallorum, de qua supra demonstravimus,

quacum Caesar erat, commovebat. 9. Castra
quod sine impediments Caesar legiones
minora
erant
10. Omnem equitatum, quern ex omni
transportaverat.
B.
8.
legionem,
provincia coegerat, praemisit.
quod
Quod
inopia frumentl erat,
milites onere
11.
armorum
cultas
Summa
erat
diffi-
oppress! sunt.
12.
centuriones complures in
finitimas civitates friimenti causa dimisit.
decima legione, de qua non dubitabat,

260.
13.
Cum sola
discessit.
iv.
A. 1. They marched through the province because

He will collect all his
2.
they had no other road.
3. The cavalry
ships, of which he has a large number.
is sent in advance through the forest which has been
mentioned above. 4. They are alarmed because he left
everything that he had brought over. 5. As many ships
as possible were gathered to the harbor from which he
had determined to set sail. 6. The auxiliaries we are
awaiting have been suddenly overpowered by the barbarians.
Because neither army ventures to join
7.
his forces back to the camp.
leads
battle, Caesar
162
With two legions which had wintered in the

was about a mile
9. The king, with whom he had made peace,
distant.
had great influence in the states into which the armyhad been led across. 10. The other centurion, to whose
father the citizenship had been given by Caesar, was
overpowered by the enemy.
11. The camp that we
have mentioned above was beset by the barbarians,
12. There are
whose lands were being laid waste.
several islands, a majority of which are {literally the
greater part
is) inhabited by barbarians.
13. They
B.
8.
province, he hastened to a river that
are less suitable, because they fear the sea.
LESSON XLV.
Perfect Participle Passive.
261.
Illustrative
Examples.
Barbari, spe praedae adducti, in Galliam contenderunt,

the
barbarians
hastened
Copiae, in
i?ito
influenced by
unum locum
the forces,
the hope of plunder,
Gaul.
coactae, in provinciam mittebantur,
having
bee?i
gathered
to
one place, used
to
be sent to the province.
Copiae, in
unum locum
the forces,
coactae, in provinciam mittentur,
having been gathered
to
one place, will be
sent to the province.
Aciem instructam inveniet, he will find

drawn up.
a.
These Latin sentences

Participle Passive,
of the verb
sum
passive (140).
to
It
the line of battle
illustrate the use of the Perfect
when no longer used with
parts
form a tense of the indicative

is regularly translated by the
English passive participle,

having been sent.
e.g.
missus,
sent or
163
Contrast the following' sentences :

Barbari spe praedae adducti erant, the barbarians had been
influenced by the hope of plunder,
Copiae in
unum locum
gathered
to
Acies instructa
b.
coactae sunt, the forces have been
one place.
erit,
a line of battle
have been drawn up.
Notice that in these sentences the voice of the participle is passive, and that the time of the action
expressed by the participle is prior to that of the
principal verb, but
c.
zvill
The
is
not necessarily past time.
participle is a verbal adjective
action and has distinctions of tense
it
expresses
and voice
and
number and case with the

The perfect participle passive is
agrees in gender,
it
noun
it
modifies.
declined like bonus (65).

d.
Sometimes
this participle becomes little more than

an ordinary adjective, and may in fact be compared as, paratus, ready ; paratior, more ready or
better prepared ; munitissimus, best fortified, or well
;
protected.
262.
sive
is
freer rendering- of the perfect participle pas-
generally permissible and often advisable.
Thus
two sentences of 261, adducti might also be

translated being influenced, and coactae might be transin the first
lated after being gathered, or on being gathered.
Occasionally
possible
all
these methods of
translation
are
as,
'repulsed
Repulsi ab equitatu,
being repulsed
by the cavalry,
in castra contendunt,
having been repulsed

after being repulsed
they hasten to
jOn
being repulsed
the
camp.
164
vocabulary.
263.
surrender.
dediti-6, -onis, f.,
dedo, ere, dedidi, deditum,
surrender (transitive).
e-rumpo, ere, -rupi, -ruptum,
break out, sally out.
erupti-6, -onis,
sally, sortie.
f.,
embassy.
legati-o, -onis, f.,
oppugnati-6, -onis,
attack
{.,
assault.
per-rumpo, ere, -rupi, -ruptum, break through.
rumpo,
ere, rupi,
stati-O, -onis, f
telum,
Phrases
ruptum,
break, break down.

outpost,
guard.
weapon, missile.
n.,
l,
in deditionem venio, surrender (intransitive).
in statione, on guard, on outpost duty.
N.B.
The
suffix -tio
used to form from verbs
is
some
So munitio, like
abstract nouns (feminine) denoting- an action, or in
cases the concrete result of an action.
noun
the English
fortification,
may mean
of fortifying- or the works constructed.
either the act
This ending
appears in English as -Hon.

exercises.
264.
A.
i.
1.
Adventu Romanorum magnopere
copias reduxit.
2.
Ab
perterritus,
hostibus circumvent! de miini,
tionibus desihierunt et fuga salutem petiverunt.
nium rerum
miserunt.
5.
4.
3.
Om-
inopia adducti, legationem de* deditione
Paratum
et
Multitudine telorum
superioribus consistunt.
tores belli dedere.
7.
instructum exercitum inveni.

repulsae,
6.
Cum
cohortes
in
locis
Primo parati eramus aucsignum dederit, ex castris
8. Spe salutis adducti, per medios hostes

erumpent.
audacissime perruperunt. 9. Multitudine telorum vulnerati, aegre adt noctem oppug-nationem sustinemus.
* Compare
de pace,
99.
Translate
ad here by
'until'.

B.
Salutem petere
10.
eruptidncm
fecerunt.
jussi, subito
11.
Ex
165
omnibus
consuetiidine
portis
omnes
communem
eivitates
legationem mittent.
12. Omnia
enmt parata.
13. Magnitudine
celeritate Romanorum permoti, legatos
quae postulaveritis,
mfmitionum
et
14. Ab oppido quod erat maximunitissimumque in insula, non long-e aberant.

In omnibus collibus copias hostium Instructas vident.
Be deditione mittunt.
mum
15.
Pons, qui erat in flumine, ruptus erat. 17. Conors,

quae in statione erat, fuga reliqui exercitus perterrita,
in deditionem venit.
18. Barbari,
commoti quod
16.
pppidum
natiira loci
munitissimum expugnatum
erat,
majores copias parare coeperunt.

265.
A.
ii.
made
After being- driven back into the town, they

a sortie. 2. Being defeated by the first attack of
1.
the cohorts, they are compelled to surrender.
3.
The
cavalry sent out from the winter-camp, quickly put the
enemy
to flig-ht.
4.
On
being- recalled to the continent,
he hesitated for several days to set sail.

5. Havingbeen terrified by the larg-e number of the ships, the
enemy's troops withdraw from the sea. 6. vSix chosen
cohorts will be stationed on outpost duty.
7. The
war-ships seem to be better prepared than the other
(ships).
8. On being- informed of the approach of the
embassy sent by the Belgians, he recalled the cavalry
whieh he had sent in advance. 9. Caesar broke the
middle of the enemy's line.
B.
out.
tin-
The
10.
After being- drawn up in line we shall sally

repulsed by the fortifications and
On being
ii.
they withdrew as quickly as possible.

long awaited auxiliaries had reached the bridge the
missiles,
1
166
previous night. 13. The attack is hindered by many

circumstances.
14. If you break through the fortifica15. He found the
tions, you will easily reach the river.
guards posted.
16. After being called brothers by the
senate, they have been compelled to surrender all their
towns and to give hostages. 17. On the seventh day of
the assault, having been greatly harassed by the multitude of missiles, they sent ambassadors to Caesar to
18. Burdened by the heavy
treat for a surrender.
weight of their arms, the legions reached the camp
with the greatest difficulty.
Latin Lessons for BeCxInners.

a.
167
Of the double forms in the genitive plural of the

first and second personal pronouns, nostrum and
vestrum are used as partitive genitives (174)
otherwise of us and of you are nostri and vestri.
267.
Nos sunt amici, vos
estis inimici,
we are friends, you are
enemies.
Legionem,
quam mecum
habeo, mittam,
shall send the
I have with me.

Jussit eos impedimenta in uno loco collocare et eum
munire, he ordered them to put the baggage in one
legion which
place andfortify it.

Omnibus vobis utile est,
to you all).
it is
These Latin sentences

a.
useful
to all
of you (literally
illustrate the following points
The nominative of the personal pronoun is expressed

when emphatic, otherwise the personal ending of
the verb suffices.
b.
c.
The
preposition
cum
is
suffixed to the ablatives me,
(For the accent see 255, a. 6.)

te, nobis and vobis.
the
difference
between Latin and English
Because of
in the matter of gender, the pronoun it may frequently be represented by the masculine or the
feminine of is. Where also it is the subject of a
verb, the form of the Latin verb (or of a predicate
adjective) will vary according to the noun to which
thus, it was sent may refer
the pronoun it refers
to an army (exercitus), a legion (legio), a letter
(litterae), or to baggage (impedimenta), and would
;
d.
then be translated missus est, missa

sunt, and missa sunt respectively
The partitive genitive should not be
omnes, since the whole, not a part,
is
est,
missae
used
taken.
with
(174.)
168
vocabulary.
268.
or; aut
aut,
concilium,
aut, either
or.
n., meetings council.
l,
et,
and ;
etiam,
also ; even.
memini (found
et
in perfect
both
et,
and.
system only, with force of
present), remember.
memor,
mindful (with genitive).

memory.
neque, nor, and not ; neque
neque, neither
-oris,
memoria, ae,
f.,
sed,
nor.
but.
tim-or, -oris,
Phrases
m. fear.
,
memoriam depono, forget*

memoriam retineo, remember*
EXERCISES.
269.
A.
i.
1.
Pacem vobiscum
cum neque vobiscum

veniemur.
Memini
3.
fecerat
fecerat.
pacem neque
2.
Ab
eis
nobls-
circum-
Tu et mihi et rei ptiblicae iitilis

memor ero vestri. 5. Hiberna
fuisti.
ab eo
Consilium barbarorum non solum mihi, sed etiam tibi, incognitum erat.
7. Magnam inter eos auctoritatem habes
tu etiam
majorem auctoritatem quam ego habes. 8. Nihil a
vobis postulo. 9. Ab eo de periculo legionis cognoscit
et earn reduci jubet.
10. SI legationem de deditione
ad eum miseritis, ad concilium vos convocabit
B. 11. Equites quos tecum transportaveras, reducti
erant. 12. Hostes, timore perterriti, a nobis discedunt.
4.
id;
aberant milia passuum viginti.
6.
13.
*
Tui memoriam retinebo

These phrases, as their
the genitive case.
literal
memoriam
meaning would
vestri
non
indicate, are followed
by

deponam.
bunt.
equites aut frumentum els imad castra pervenerint, ea oppugnaTimor animos omnium occupavit timor
14.
15.
perabit.
16.
169
Aut
Cum
earn occupavit.
17.
Omnibus vobis
libertatem dedit
ceteris id
18.
Bos omnes opprimere constituit.
19. Amicitiae popull
cognovit, neque ego nuntiavL*
Roman! memoria moveor.

est
20.
Nuntius ad
me
missus
victoria mihi nuntiatur.
270.
ii.
A. 1. He will choose either me or you.

chosen not only a large part of us, but also
2.
all
He
has
of you.
4. He has'
3. He has learned the commander's plans.
compelled them to withdraw from the council. 5. It is
dangerous both to me and to you. 6. Because we do
not venture to carry the bag-gage with us, we are leav7. They have left to us neither
ing- it in the camp.
8. The cavalry I shall
(our) lands nor (our) liberty.
send before me, but the infantry I shall lead out with
me. 9. We slew a large part of them. 10. On account
of (their) fear of me, they are renewing the memory of
former friendship.
11. Having been informed of the recent victory,
12. Hostages will be
we sent ambassadors to him.
given up to you by us. 13. I did not fear him, but you
were terrified by fear. 14. We were eight miles from
him. 15. We shall demand from him not only corn but
16. He has forgotten even you.
17.
also hostages.
(our)
B.
He
orders them {referring to (a) the cohorts, (/>) the

the soldiers) to come as quickly as
(e)
auxiliaries,
possible.
summons
18.
all
not seem to
id
is
to be
Nor do
them
of
me
remember everything.
meeting. 20. And
to a
to be mindful of us.
understood as the object of unniiAvi
also.
19.
He
they do
170
LESSON XLVII.
Present Participle Active.
271.
Dum.
Paradigms.
PRESENT PARTICIPLE ACTIVE.
a.
First Conj.
Second Conj.
amans
monens
Third Conj.
regens
Fourth Conj.
audiens
In each of the four conjugations the present participle
ends in
272.
-ns,
and
is
formed from the present stem.
Paradigm.
DECLENSION OF THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE ACTIVE.

Singular.

273.
Illustrative
171
Examples.
Copias pugnantes video, / see the troops fighting.
Adventum
ejus exspectantes, castra munivimus, while {we
were) awaiting his approach,
Adventum
we fortified
the camp.
ejus exspectantes, castra muniemus, while (we
we shall fortify the camp.

pugnantem vulneraverunt, they wounded
the lieutenant while he was fighting bravely.
Legatum, dum fortiter pugnat, vulneraverunt, they wounded
the lieutenant while he was fighti?ig bravely.
Dum castra muniuntur, hostes impetum fecerunt, while
the camp was being fortified, the e?iemy made an attack.
These sentences illustrate the following points :
a. The present participle in Latin is found only in the
are) awaiting his approach,
Legatum
fortiter
active voice
the time denoted
present, but
is
is not necessarily
always the same as that of the
main verb.
b.
The Latin present
participle
active
is
translated
sometimes by the English imperfect participle

in -ing (so especially after verbs of hearing
seeing) ;
but more often by while (or
participle in -ing, or
by while
gressive form of the indicative
(or as)
;
and
with the
with a pro-
as)
so
coming
',
venientes
may
be
while comi?ig,
while
while
we (you,
we {you,
they) are
they)
coming,
were coming.
is also indicated in Latin by the conjunction

dum, which is regularly followed by the present
indicative, even when the reference is to past time.
(Dum should never be used with the participle).
Dum and the indicative supply the lack of a present
While
participle passive in Latin.
172
VOCABULARY.
274.
clam-or, -oris, m.,

fleo, ere, flevi,
shout, shouting.
fietum,
weep, bei?i tears.
frumentarius, a, um,
of ox pertaining
interim, adv., meanwhile\ in the meantime.
to
grain.
laboro, are, avi, atum, toil ; struggle, be in distress.
um,
um,
of a legion, legionary.
of burden for burdens.
legionarius, a,
onerarius, a,
resisto, ere, restiti,

tollo, ere, sustuli,
resist.
sublatum, raise ; remove, take away.
undique, adv., on all sides,
from
all sides.
Phrases: res frumentaria, provisions, supplies.

navis oneraria,
N.B.
The
suffix -arius is
transport (ship).
used to form from nouns

to.
This
adjectives signifying pertaini?ig or belonging

-
appears in English as -ary.
Navis Oneraria
Transport Ship.
173
exercises.
275.
i.
A.
cum
1.
Dum
Caesar naves long-as parat,
de deditione venerunt.
2.
legfati
Caesarcm
ad
leg-atis re-
Bpondentem audiveramus. 3. Fortissime pugnans, gra4. Tertiam legionem laborantem

vitcr vulneratus est.
5. Dum castra muniunt, niillus hostis interim
Vidit.
visus est.
6. Dum castra ineenduntur, subito clamor a
nobis auditur. 7. Auxilium Mens amepetivit. 8. Certo
anni tempore undique ad cum convenire consueverunt
B.
9.
Dum
naves onerariae quas imperaverat eo-
ûntur, interim consilium principum cogfnoscitur.
rugae
spes
vSi
11.
Interim
sublata
dum
erit,
equites
minus
facile
itinera explorant,
milites castra ponere coeperunt.
12.
10.
resistemus.
legfionarii
Graviter vulnerati
13. Naves et longae et

de salute desperare cocperant.
onerariae ineolumes ad eontinentem perveniunt.
14.
Dum
pedites castra fortissime defendunt, equitatum rei
frumentariae causa dimittit.

276.
ii.
A. 1. Weeping they sought peace and friendship

from him. 2. The soldiers of the legion, while resistingbravely, were surrounded by the cavalry.
3. In the
reinforcements,
he
is
awaiting'
meantime, while
he
begins a cavalry battle. 4. We made an attack on the
enemy while they were hastening- to the forest. 5.
Being surrounded by us on all sides, they began to be
in distress.
6. He gave the signal to us as we were
-
7. He heard the soldiers raising

despairing of victory.
a shout
he heard the shouting of the soldiers as they
;
were sallying out.

While the transports
8.
assembling, according to custom he summons
lieutenants.
are
the
174
B.
9.
number
leaping
was
The enemy, because they have a

of troops, will easily surround
down from
the transports.
10.
larger
you as you are

While the army
he saw the reinforcements withdrawing*.

11. If all fear is removed, they will not
12. While hesitating on
endure toil (any) longer.
account of the lack of provisions, he was informed of
13. While the cavalry withstood the
the assault.
enemy's attack, he meanwhile drew up the legionary
14. By incessant toil
soldiers on the top of the hill.
we shall overcome {use supero) everything.
being" led across,
Singular.
175
translated sometimes by the English

pronoun (himself themselves), sometimes
by the ordinary third personal pronoun (him, them)
that
it
is
reflexive
',
but that in either ease it refers to the subject of the

The English third personal pronoun when
verb.
not used reflexively
b.
Cum
is
is
translated
me and
suffixed to se as to
by
js (266).
te (267 b.).
Paradigms.
279.
POSSESSIVE PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES.

First Person.
Second Person,
meus, a um,
tuus, a,
um,
suus, a,
your, yours.
my, mine.
noster, tra, trum,
um,
his, her, hers, its.
vester, tra, trum,
suus, a,
your, yours.
our, ours.
a.
Third Person Reflexive,
um,
their, theirs.
These are all declined like regular adjectives of the

second declensions (except that the
first and
vocative singular masculine of meus is mi). Tuus is
used in addressing one person, vester in addressing
more than one.
280.
Illustrative
Meum adventum
exspectat,
Examples.
he awaits
my
arrival.
Nostrum adventum exspectat, he awaits our arrival.
Adventum
ejus exspecto,
Adventum eorum
(or
I await his
earum)
exspecto,
(or her) arrival.
/ await
their
arrival.
Me adventum suum
exspectare jussit, he ordered
me
to
await his arrival.
Me adventum suum
to
exspectare jusserunt, they ordered
await their arrival.
me
176
a.
The possessive pronominal adjectives agree in gender,

number and case with the noun which they modify.
main
and eorum (earum) are
Suus, like se (278), refers to the subject of the
verb of the sentence

used for his, her and
*
281.
Arma
Arma
ejus
their
Illustrative
when
not reflexive.
Examples.
Nostri se suaque defendunt,
they gave up their arms.

we gave up our arms.
our men are defending them-
selves and their possessions.

Adventum suorum exspectant,
they await the
tradiderunt,
tradidimus,
arrival of
their friends
a.
In Latin, possessives are seldom expressed except for

the sake of emphasis or clearness
the context
;
b.
being at other times a sufficient guide (55).

These possessives are often used substantively,
especially nostri, gen. nostrorum, our men ; sui, gen.
suorum, his men, their friends ; sua (neuter plural),
his or their possessions.
(Compare
180.)
VOCABULARY.
282.
ab-do, ere, -didl, -ditum,
hide, conceal.
con-jungo, ere, -junxi, -junctum, unite, join (transitive).

conspectus, us, m.,
conver-to, ere,
-ti,
sight, view.
turn (transitive).
-sum,
jungo, ere, junxi, junctum,
join (transitive).
osten-do, ere, -di, -turn, or ostensum, show, disclose.
tergum,
I,
back.
n.,
verto, ere, verti, versum,
Phrases
turn (transitive).
conspectum venio, come in sight.

signa converto, wheel about, face about.
in
terga verto, turn
and flee,
post tergum, in the rear.
take
to flight.

N.B.
Many English verbs may be used either transi-
tively or intransitively, as turn, surrender.
much
less frequent in Latin,
expressed by the
often
is
177
reflexive
pronoun
This
is
very
where the
intransitive use
transitive
verb with the
as,
Intransitive.
Transitive.
surrender, dedere
surrender, se dedere
turn,
convertere
turn,
se convertere
hide,
abdere
hide,
se abdere
more precise Latin translates he joined

cum Caesare conjunxit (or also se Caesari
Similarly the
Caesar by se
conjunxit), literally he united himself with (or
to)
Caesar.
EXERCISES.
283.
A.
i.
Eos suum adventum exspectare
1.
jussit.
2.
De
de eo dicet.
3. Fratrem tuum ad se vocat.
4. Bellas obs ides sibi dare coeg-it.
5. Se suaque omnia
ei dediderunt.
6. Vestro exercitui non pares sunt.
7. Eorum fugaeramus perterriti.
8. Repulsi anostris,
sese in proximas silvas abdiderant.
9. Nostro adventii
se dicit
cum
permoti, sese
hostibus
ferehostes terga verterunt.
conjung-unt.
11.
10.
Omnes
In conspectum agminis
nostri venerat.
B.
tus
Eum
12.
tin,
agri
certiores facti,
Vestrae
a se dimittit.
mei
13.
vastati sunt.
Galli legatos
ad
In conspectu exerci14.
eum
De
ejus adventii
miserunt.
15.
causa milites secum habet. 16. Auxilia

post tergum subito se ostenderunt.
17. Duae legiones
jungentur omnes adliicem sese convertunt. 18. Multisaliitis
suorum nostram acicm premet. 19.

adventus nostri et discessu suorum perterriti,
tudine
Celeritate
lcgfitos
ad
178
eum miserunt seque el dediderunt. 20. Legiones sese

conjungunt et convertunt signa.
21. Non solum in
suis* sed etiam in vestris fmibus vos superaverunt.
284.
A.
ii.
1.
He
before him.
hastens to them and sends

2.
On
My
his arrival the
all
the cavalry
Germans
joined the
by your
he has with him
into our province.
he
5. They surrender to him
orders them to send hostages to him.
6. The legions,
after being joined, wheel about in sight of the enemy.
7. They join battle with our men.
8. You have a
leader mindful both of you and of himself. 9. If the
Belgians.
senate.
3.
4.
He
father has been called friend
will lead the legion
legionary soldiers show themselves,
the cavalry
w ill
T
Everybody turned towards us. 11.

While Caesar was restraining his men from battle, a
shout was heard in the rear.
take to
flight.
10.
B.
12. After the flight of their friends they hid
themselves and all their possessions. 13. He resolved
14. They withstand
to lead out with him two legions.
the attacks of our men.
15. He remembers not only
16. If you send
your father but also my brother.
ambassadors to Caesar, he will order you to surrender
your arms to him.
17. They are waging war in your
territories
you marched through their territories.
19. They will
18. They hid out of sight of our men.
20. Some turned and
carry all the grain with them.
fled, others surrendered.
21. When the barbarians
;
come
*
in sight,
With
he will give the signal to his men.
snls, f In i bus is to be understood. English woxild rather put the

first adjective and leave it to be understood with the second.
noun with the
285.
WORD
LIST V.
179
180
READING LESSON
IX.
Camillus and the Schoolmaster of Falerii.

(394 B.C.)
vocabulary.
286.
Falerii,
Falisci,
Drum, m., Falerii, a town in Etruria.

drum, m., the Falis cans the people of Falerii.
,
justitia, ae, f.,
justice.
ludus,
school.
I,
in.
magister,
tri,
virga, ae,
f.,
Anno
dita*,
m.,
master, teacher.
szvitch.
circiter trecentesimo
Roman! cum
Faliscis,
sexagesimo ab urbe conqui
Falerios,
oppidum
Etruriae, incolebant, bellum gerere coeperunt.
Falisci
de adventu hostium certiores facti, primo propter timorem sese in oppido continebant {kept), et Camillus, qui
imperator erat Romanorum, agros eorum vastari jussit.
His {these, abl.) rebus adducti, Falisci partem copiarum
suarum emiserunt, et castra mille fere passiis ab oppido
posuerunt.
Camillus suos longiore itinere in loca
superiora nocte duxit, et prima luce Falisci hostes in
omnibus
datum
collibus Instructos invenerunt.
est.
sustinuerunt
Falisci
sed
Signum
non diu impetum
terga
proelii
Romanorum
et aegerrime ad
In oppidum repulsi,
resistere poterant {were
verterunt,
oppidum pervenerunt incolumes.
saepe eruptiones fecerunt et diu.

able), quod oppidum loci natura munitissimum erat, et
magna copia frumenti in miinitiones undique comportata
Tandem {at length) fortuna {chance) victor iam
erat.
Camillo dedit.
*
^
Literally
founding of
from the city founded ; this is the Latin idiom for after the
the city. Thus 360 a.u.c. = 394 B.C. For the ordinal numerals
181
Dum Roman! Falerios opptignant, magister ludi, ad

quern liberi piincipum oppidl mittebantur, ex consuetudine pueros ex urbe in agros cotidie ducebat.
Brevi
liberos
paulatim (gradually) longius
ducere
circumventi
sunt a militibus Romanls qui in statione erant collocati.
Ad imperatorem adductus magister consilium iniquum
a
portis
coepit, et post compliires dies liberi subito
ostendit.
civium.
"Dedo
tibi,
Camille, liberos nobilissimorum
Si eos detinueris,
oppidum
celeriter in dedi-
tionem veniet, quod patres eorum magnam inter elves

auctoritatem habent."
Camillus respondit " Nos bella
juste (justly)
non minus quam
gerere.
Non
sumus.
Roman!
fortiter
consuevimus
contra pueros sed contra viros missi

tibi
sunt dissimillimi.
Tu
injuria
Faliscos superare constituisti, nos virtute nostrorum."
Turn (then) et magistrum

oppidum eos reduci jussit.
et liberos a se dimisit, et
ad
Interim Rentes patres matresque liberorum auxilium

a dis (the gods) petebant,
tollitur.
in
Omnes
sese
cum
subito clamor ante portas
ad clamorem convertunt.
conspectum veniunt.
Mllites
Roman! maniis
Liberi
(hands)
magistri post (behind) tergum illigaverant (had bound)

et puerl eiira ad oppidum virgls agebant (were driving).
magnopere permotl, legatos ad

de pace mlserunt, et se suaque omnia el dediderunt.
Et legatio quae etiam ad senatum missa est dixit
" Su])erati a vobls et imperatore vestro, Roman!, nos*
FaliscI, justitia Camilll
cum
dedimus vobls,
desire).
et
pacem voblscum
facere cupimus
Non solum arma deponemus,
sed
vestrae justitiac semper (always) ivtincbimus."
See the footnote on page
171.
{ive
quam victoria.
etiam memoriam
Justitia vobls melior visa est
182
LESSON XLIX.
Third Conjugation
Verbs in
-id.
Certain verbs of the third conjugation end in

and have in the tenses formed from the present
stem many forms which are identical with those of the
fourth conjugationthose forms, namely, which have
two successive vowels (ia, ie, or iu). The tenses formed
from the other stems display no irregularity.
287.
-i5,
Paradigm.
288.
VERBS IN
-i6
OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION.
Active.
Passive.
Present Indicative.
1.
capio
2.
capis
3. capit
capimus
capior
capimur
capitis
caperis
capimini
capiunt
capitur
capiuntur
Imperfect Indicative.
1.
capiebam
capiebamus
capiebar
capiebamur
2.
capiebas
capiebatis
capiebaris
capiebamini
3.
capiebat
capiebant
capiebatur
Future Indicative.
capiebantur
1.
capiam
capiemus
capiar
capiemur
2.
capies
capietis
capieris
capiemini
3.
capiet
capient
capietur
capientur
Perfect System.
Perf. Indic.
cepi, etc.
Plupf. Indic.
ceperam,
Fut. Pf. Indic.
cepero,
captus sum,
etc.
etc.
etc.
captus eram,
captus ero,
etc.
etc.
Present Infinitive.
capere
capi
Participles.
Presentcapieris
Perfect captus
183
vocabulary.
289.
-ceptum,
ac-cipio, ere, -cepi,
receive.
captum,
capio, ere, cepi,
take, capture.
cdn-ficio, ere, -feci, -fectum,
end, finish, accomplish.
con-jicio, ere, -jeci, -jectum,
hurl, throw.
con-spicio, ere, -spexi, -spectum, see, observe.
do ; make, build.
factum,
facio, ere, feci,
fugio, ere, fugl, fugitum,

inter-ficio, ere, -feci,
arma
put
slay, kill,
to death.
hurl, throw.
-ceptum,
re-cipio, ere, -cepi,

:
-fectum,
jactum,
jacio, ere, jeci,
Phrases
flee, escape.
regain, recover.
capio, take Jip arms.
vulneribus cdnficior, be exhausted by wounds.

in
fugam
conjicio,
put
to flight.
proelium facio, fight a
battle.
se recipere, (l) betake one's self, retreat.

(2) recover, rally (intransitive).
to
In compound verbs, short a of the simple verb

commonly weakened to i before one consonant, and
e before two consonants
so with the compounds of
N.B.
is
capio, facio
and
and so also prohibed from habeo.

of the simple verb is weakened to i
jacio,
Similarly, short e
before a single consonant (except
r)
as,
premo, opprimo
teneo, retineo.
EXERCISES.
290.
A.
1.
1.
Nostri celeriter
jiciebamus.
3.
arma
capiunt.
Suos laborantes conspicit.
2.
4.
Tela conIn fugam
ad agmen receperunt.
5. Pauci interficiuntur sed multi vulnera accipiunt.
6. Certiorea 06s
facimus eum regem faciemus
multa proelia Eecimus.
conjecti, se
184
Ex
7.
valid tela jacitis.
aegerrime conficitur;
Iter
8.
vulneribus conficitur.
Sese ad suos recipiet
9.
in
provinciam fugiam.
10. Fugientes eos conspicimus.
11. Arma de muro in fossam jaciebantur.
12.
B.
Tela conjici jussit
Exhostium
nostros
impetum
facere
Ejus
Centurionem
compluribus confectum vulneribus circumvenimus et
interficimus.
16. Trans Rhenum se in fines Germa-
jussit.
13.
castris conspiciemini.
-adventu nostri se ex timore recipient.
norum
recipit.
17.
Conspiceris
14.
15.
interficieris
jeceris.
oppidum recepero,
pacem voblscum faciam.

Omnia oppida quae conspicimus incendemus omnia
SI
18.
19.
oppida quae conspexerimus incendemus.

accepit
ficitur
tempus fugit
capiuntur.
castra
20. Litteras
291.
ii.
We
announce, we flee, we come.

orders them to be summoned and put to death.
shall do nothing
we determine to do nothing.
A.
Inter-
21.
multis gravibusque* vulneribus confectus.
1.
were fleeing out of
sight.
We
5.
2.
He
3.
We
4. You
The weapons were being
many wounds few

They were betaking them8. We are seen leaping down out
selves to their camp.
I
9. The war will speedily be finished
of the ship.
10. Exshall finish the war as speedily as possible.
hurled boldly.
wounds are
6.
received.
receive
7.
hausted by their wounds, several soldiers are captured

11. He is throwing- himself into the
and put to death.
sea he was retreating: with us across the river.
;
B
you
12.
will
You
be
will fight a battle
killed.
13.
not to give, hostages.

*
We
14.
while fighting bravely
are accustomed to receive,
He was
building-
larg-er
In such sentences the English idiom omits the conjunction and.
185
they were marching through our province.

the rest are put to flight.
16. Exhausted by wounds, the enemy turned and fled.
17. We are taking* up arms for the sake of our common
18. If they
freedom; you were hurling weapons.
surrender, they will receive their freedom. 19. I am
being captured; I used to be seen; I shall be slain.
20. He kills a large number of our men as they are
fleeing.
21 While our men were taking up their arms,
the cavalry rallied.
vessels
15.
Several are killed,
186
293.
Illustrative
Provincia
that
mea haec
Examples.
est, ilia vestra,
this is
my
province,
yours.
(is)
Hos ad eum mittit, he sends these (or them) to him

Haec ab his nuntiis cognovit, he learned this from
these
messengers.
Eum
locum muniverunt, they fortified that place.

Eos qui fugiunt videmus, we see those who are fleeing.
Cum els legionibus quas reduxerat in fines Belgarum
contendit.
1111
sese in silvas recipiunt,
with those
had
led back, he
legions (or with the legions) which he
hastens into the territory of the Belgians.
They (or
these) betake themselves to their forests
These sentences
a.
Hie,
and
ille
is
illustrate the followingpoints
are used both as pronouns, and as
adjectives agreeing* with their nouns.

b.
Hie
is
ille
ordinarily to be rendered
by
that (pi. those).
by
this (pi. these)
Hie refers to something-
reg-arded as near the speaker or writer;
ille
to
something reg-arded as more remote.

c.
d.
Is
may be used as a quite unemphatic that or this,

and sometimes may even be best rendered by the
definite article the.
It is often used as the antecedent of a relative, as in the last two sentences.
is (267) but also at times hie and ille may
When so
be used as the third personal pronoun.
used, ille is more emphatic than hie or is, and is
used especially to mark a contrast, e.g\ to empha-
Not only
size a chang-e of subject, as in the last sentence.
N.B.
We may often translate hie by
(one); haec (neut. plur.)
by
this
(man) or
this, literally these
ea quae by what, literally those things which.
this
things; and
(See 180.)
187
vocabulary.
294.
happen, befall.
ac-cido, ere, -cidl,
cado, ere, cecidi, casum, fall.
captivus,
m.,
I,
prisoner, captive.
gero, ere, gessi, gestum, in passive, be done, take place.
Roman name.
Marcus a Roman name.
m.,
Marcus, I, m.,
Lucius, a
numquam,
never.
Lucius,
I,
>
adv.,
saepe, adv.,
often.
semper, adv.,
always.
stat im, adv.,
immediately, at once.
Phrase
res gesta, deed, exploit.
EXERCISES.
295.
i.
A. 1. De his rebus gestis ex captivis cognoscit. 2.

Hie f rater Marcus semper appellator, ille Lucius. 3. Ab
iis quos miserat haec cognovit.
4. Neque cum hac
legione neque cum ilia se conjungent.
5. Pauci ex iis
cadunt de equo in aquam cecidit
numquam cadet.
;
Praedam
6.
his et captivos
in Gallia gerebantur.
8.
distribuam.
illis
Hujus
loci
7.
haec erat
Haec
natiira.
His ex consuetudine agros dederant.

10. Ilium
11. Ea impedimenta quae secum
portare non audent, in hac silva deponent.
9.
statim interfecit.
12.
Si
illos
ceperimus,
Haec omnia etiam
13.
illis
hi
statim se
erant incognita.
ante id tempus saepe mihi acciderat
hoc tempus
Strant.
"
tibi aceidit.
Nostri
his legatis
With
15.
numquam
Res gestas
illius
Hoc
ante
demon-
subito tela in* hostes conjiciunt
statim terga vertunt.
Illi
dit
16.
dedent.
14.
17.
respondet.
Ad
18.
tela conjtclft, translate lu bj "/.
haec Caesar responhi de navibus
Dum
188
ill!
audacter tela conjiciunt.
19. Interim
haec in his locis geruntur, cum iis copiis quas
acceperat, in castra pervenit.
20. Rerum gestarum
desiliunt,
dum
populi
Haec
Roman! memoriam semper retinebimus.

ab
flens
296.
A.
that
21.
illo petit.
ii.
1.
After this battle they
place.
2.
Of
all
these,
move
the
their
camp from
Belgians are the
3. Nothing will
happen to him it never happens to them. 4. This*
was the cause of that war. 5. They hastened towards
those who were finishing these fortifications. 6. A
larger part of them had fallen her father fell
7 These
states used often to wage war with those.
8. We shall
defend those into whose territories Caesar has sent this
legion.
9. Alarmed by all these things, they send
ambassadors to him. 10. We learn this from prisoners.
11. The exploits of Caesar were unknown to him.
bravest; these are braver than those.

;
B.
12.
They call
this son Lucius, that (son)
Marcus.
Those who had inhabited that district they drove

out.
14. We often do this for the sake of peace.
15. He immediately gave this prisoner his freedom.
13.
When
he has put these to death, he will turn to

On being informed of these things, he
orders them to surrender
they hesitate to give up
their arms.
18. At that time he held the leading place
in this state.
19. It is always more dangerous to these
than to those he never gives more to this one than to
that.
20. This side of that island extends about a
mile.
all this
21. This is thought to be taking place
16.
them.
17.
had taken
place.
* In sentences like this, the demonstrative agrees in gender,

case with the noun. Compare 295, A. 8.
number and
LESSON
189
LI.
Ablative Absolute.
297. Review 261 and 262, noticing: especially the
Agreement of the participle, the voice of the perfect
participle, and the various translations possible.
Latin has no corresponding' perfect participle of the
active voice, and therefore such sentences as,
/faring repulsed the cavalry, we were led back to camp,

Having received hostages, he viade peace,
Having drawn up the army, he gave the signal,
cannot be literally translated into Latin.

298. Virtually the same meaning-, however, is given
by the so-called absolute use of the perfect participle
passive
as,
Equitibus repulsls, in castra reductl sumus, the cavalry
having been repulsed, we were led back to camp.

fecit, hostages having been
Obsidibus acceptis, pacem

ceived,
Exercitu Instructo, signum dedit, the
drawn
re-
he made peace.
up, he
gave
army having
been
the signal.
This absolute construction is in Latin in the ablative

and is very common, while in English it is in the
nominative ease, and is comparatively infrequent.
The participle is joined as a sort of predicate to a
noun (or pronoun) which is not the subject of the verb,
nor dependent upon any other word in the sentence
ease,
whence the name Ablative Absolute

299.
Corresponding to the various free translations
for the perfect participle passive suggested in 262,

"The ablative absolute phrase as a whole
modifying the predicate.
is
we
equivalent to an adverb
190
have the following free rendering's, by the active voice,

of the perfect participle passive when used in the
absolute construction :
-
'having said
His rebus
dictis,
saying
he withdrew.
after saying this,
discessit,
on saying
So
this,
this,
this,
may be
also the sentences in 298
rendered,
After repulsing the cavalry, we were led back
On receiving hostages, he made peace ;
Drawing up
the
to
camp ;
army, he gave the signal.
VOCABULARY.
300.
ab-jicio, ere, -jecl, -jectum,
throw away.
a-mitto, ere, -misi, -missum, lose.
calami-tas, -tatis,
disaster, defeat.
f.,
de-stringo, ere, -strinxi, -strictum, draw, unsheathe.

e-jicio, ere, -jeci,
-jectum,
throw
out.
frango, ere, fregi, fractum,
break, shatter, crush.
incommodum,
misfortune
I,
6rati-o, -onis, f
6r-do, -dinis,
n.,
m.,
loss
order ; rank.
perturbo, are, avl, atum,
Phrases
',
speech.
throw into confusion, disturb.
se ejicere, rush out.
orationem habeo, make {deliver) a speech.
calamitatem accipio, suffer
incommodum
defeat.
accipio, suffer loss.
EXERCISES.
301.
A.
Hoc
I.
1.
Vicis hostium incensis, copias reduxit.
2.
exercitum reducit.
3.
Clamore
audito, arma statim capiunt.
4. Eruptione facta, ad
flumen Rhenum contendimus. 5. Hac oratione habita,
proelio
facto,

concilium dimisit.
6.
Hac
191
oratione adducti, acriter
Aeie Instructa, signum equitibus dat.

9.
8.
conjecti, multos ex suis amiserunt.
His rebus odgnitis, naves solvimus. 10. Armisabjectis,
se ex castris ejecerunt. 11. Hoc incommodo perturbati,
sededcreconstituunt. 12. His proeliis calamitatibusque
fracti, obsides dare coacti sunt.
B.
13. Cohortes repulsae in locis superioribus consistunt.
14. Cohortibus repulsis, in locis vSiiperioribus
consistunt.
15. Gladio destricto, subito se ex oppido
ejecit.
16. Re frumentaria comparata, castra movet.
17. Impedimentis relictis, eruptionem subito fecerunt.
18. Omnibus equis ex conspectii remotis, proelium
19. Celeritate nostrorum permoti, legatos
commisit.
ad Caesarem dededitione miserant. 20. Multis amissis,
pugnaverunt.
In
7.
fngam
se
in
agmen
receperunt.
21.
Ab
hostibus repulsi,
magnam
calamitatem acceperamus.
22. Hostibus repulsis, oppida incendimus agrosque vastavimus.
23.
Equitibus praemissis, castra muniri jussit. 24. Primis
ordinibus hostium hoc impetu perturbatis, brevi omnes
in
fugam conjicimus.
302.
A.
ii.
1.
Having pitched the camp, they determined
await Caesar's arrival.
2.
to
Sending- ambassadors, they
from him. 3. After laying- waste (their)

he compelled them to give hostag-es. 4. Having
slain a few, they had thrown the rest into confusion.
5. Drawing- their swords, they seized the gates.
6. On
soug-ht peace
fields,
procuring supplies, we shall set sail. 7. After fightingseveral battles, they sent envoys to Caesar. 8. Having
lost all their ships, they surrendered to Caesar.
9. On
learning this, he sent the third Legion in advance.
10.
Sending scouts in advance, he learned the order of the
192
11. On being: informed of his arrival,

line of march.
they betook themselves to the marshes.
12. Having
suffered a great defeat, they will lay down their arms.
B.
13.
Hearing- the shouts in the rear, they rush
out of the camp.
14.
On
being ordered to throw away
their arms, they at first hesitated.
15. Collecting larger
back our cohorts. 16. Having taken

several towns by storm, he sent this despatch.
17.
Being exhausted by wounds, they with difficulty withstand our attack.
18. After receiving many wounds,
they determine to await reinforcements.
19. After
20. Making an
delivering this speech, he withdraws.
21. Having
attack they threw the ranks into confusion
suffered this loss, they will make peace with us.
22.
The ships being shattered are useless.
23. The ships
being shattered, we have sought aid from you.
24.
forces, they drive
After hurling their missiles, they drew their swords.
Orator.
(Cicero addressing the Senate.)
LESSON
193
LII.
Perfect Participle Passive

Demonstrative Pronouns
:
(continued).
Ipse, Idem.
303. Various ways have been suggested in 262 and

299 for translating the Latin perfect participle passive,
Whether it be in agreement with the subject or in the
ablative absolute construction.
many
In
when
after,
cases also a dependent clause introduced
or
as*
is
a proper equivalent
by
as,
Repulsl ab equitatu, in castra contenderunt, as they had

been repulsed by the cavalry\ they hastened to the camp.
Equitibus repulsls, in castra reducti sumus, when the cavalry
had been repulsed, we were led back to camp ;

we had repulsed the cavalry we were led back
or, after
to
',
camp.
304. It should be noticed that the free renderings

when,
suggested in 299 are sometimes impossible
namely, the agent or doer of the action expressed in
the participle is not the subject of the main verb as,
Obsidibus ab hostibus datis, Caesar pacem fecit, hostages
having been given by the enemy, Caesar made peace.
Dato signo, facta est eruptio, the sig?ial having been given,
a sortie was made.
;
In such cases the translation by a dependent clause

can always be resorted to as, after the enemy had given
hostages, Caesar made peace ; when the signal was given,
a sortie was made.
;
305.
Rule.
The Ablative Absolute
is
used to define
the circumstances of an action.
With the absolute
participle as with the participle in
tnent with the subject
(261), the exact
relation
*For ".s-, its equivalent rinde may often )>e substituted. Clauses
duced by if OT although may also be used, but, limeli more rarely.
intro-
194
(whether of time, cause, situation, means or condition)

not expressed in Latin and must be gathered from
the general sense in the English rendering this relation
should, as a rule, be indicated.
is
306.

307.
Illustrative
195
Examples.
Equitibus praemissis, ipse aciem instruxit, sending the cavalry in advance, he hi ni self drew u/> the line of battle.
Gallls ipsls certior factus est, he

C
was informed by
the
ia u Is tin in st i: 'es
te ipso died, lam speaking of you yourself

Se defendunt, they defend themselves.
Se ad eadem castra recepit, he betook hi m self to the same camp
De
Idem
same thing.
faciunt, they do the
Observe
with these sentences, tnat :
in eonnection
and idem (the same) are used both as pronouns and as adjectives
a.
ipse (-self)
b.
ipse is
used to emphasize or distinguish and is not,

like se, a reflexive pronoun
ipse may be used in any person, being- translated
,
c.
himself,
myself, yourself,
herself,
which
it
ourselves,
itself,
yourselves, themselves, according to the
word with
agrees.
VOCABULARY.
308.
ac-cedo, ere, -cessi, -cessum,
draw
administro, are, avi, atum,
manage, attend
summer.
autumn.
aes-tas, -tatis, f.,
autumnus,
expedio,
I,
m.,
ire, Ivi,
hiems, hiemis,
itum,
near, approach.
set free ;
make
to.
ready.
winter.
f.,
probo, are, avi, atum,
approve favor
,
pro-video, ere, -vldi, -visum, foresee ; provide, secure.
tempes-tas, -tatis,
storm ; weather.
f.,
spring.
ver, veris, n.,
Phrases
legid expedita, a legio?i in light

ordt v
primum
i.e.
7<
marching
ithout baggage.
ver, the beginning of spring.
196
exercises.
309.
i.
Eodem tempore eruptionem faciunt. 2.

A. 1.
Caesar ipse idem fecit. 3. Ejusdem legionis centurio
se interfecerat.
4. Remissa legione, ipse in Italiam
contendit.
5. Ipse dux hostium captus est.
6. Haeca
civibus ipsis audiverat.
7. A vere ad autumnum noetes
sunt brevissimae.
8. Prima luce equitatus ad munitiones nostras accedit. 9. Proxima aestate fines hostium
vastat, ipsosque interfecit.
10. Eadem de causa frumentum ante hiemem pro visum non erat. 11. Propter
mag-nitudinem tempestatis, difficile erat naves administrare.
B.
Deditione facta obsidibusque acceptis, copiae
12.
se in hiberna recipient.
13.
Quod ad hostium
accedebat, legionem expeditam ducebat.

ipse
relict5,
15.
in provinciam
Reliquam partem
ipsi
non probabamus.
te ipso concessos.
18.
eodem itinere contendit.

magnae tempestates
16. Omnes idem probant;
17. Agr5s dicitur habere a
aestatis,
nostras a piigna prohibent.
hoc
castra
14. Praesidio
Hoc
consilio probato, celeriter
expediunt proeliumque committunt.

19.
Reliquae naves tempestates oceani ipsius aegre sustinebunt.
20. Id quod ipsi aegerrime fecerant, ille fecit
Galli
sese
facillime.
310.
ii.
The same night
the camp was moved. 2.

drawn up, he himself gfave
the signal.
3. They betook themselves to the same
camp. 4. The two sons of the king- himself surrendered
themselves at about the same time. 5. These are the
same enemies with whom you yourself have often
A.
When
1.
the troops had been
waged war.
6.
197
Several states arc adjacent to the same
This place he had approved for many

8. In one summer Caesar had himself finished
reas< >ns,
two very gTeat wars. 9. While this was taking- place, it
had begun to be spring. 10. He himself approaches
nearer, with three legions in light marching- order and
two thousand cavalry.
11. As the storm had been
foreseen, there was not the same difficulty.
province.
7.
B . 1 2 We ourselves had set sail at midnight from the

same harbor. 13. As several ships had been shattered,
14. When this was
great loss had been suffered.
learned, even the soldiers themselves were alarmed.
15. For the same reason, the nights are longer in
winter than in summer.
16. If everything- is provided
before autumn, they will easily defend themselves.
17. When this fact (res) was announced, they were
ordered to get their arms ready as quickly as possible.
18. According: to his custom, when the winter was
ended he collected as many troops as possible.
19.
.
After carefully attending to these matters, he himself,

at the beginning of spring, hastened to the army.
20. The legion itself was sent back to the same harbor
from which it had set sail the preceding summer.
Sarcinae
Soldier's Pack.
198
LESSON
LIII.
Deponent Verbs.
311.
A considerable number of Latin verbs
no longer
retain the active voice, but use the passive forms with
an active meaning. Such verbs are called Deponents .*

As there is no perfect active stem, the principal parts of
deponent verbs are but three in number e.g.
;
Conj.
I.
Conj.
II.
conor, ari, conatus sum,
sequor,
Conj. III.
Conj.
attempt.
vereor, eri, veritus sum, fear.
IV.
secutus sum,
I,
follow.
sum, allot.
passussum,
allow.
sortior, Iri, sortltus
Conj. III. (in-ior), patior,
312.
I,
Examples.
Illustrative
Conantur,
they attempt.
Conatus,
after attempti?ig.
Verebamur,
Veritus,
we feared.
fearing.
Secuti erant, they
hadfollowed.
Sequi coepit, he began
to follow.
Sortitur,
he
Patitur,
he allows.
allots.
Observe the translation of these forms and note

especially that, with deponent verbs, the difficulty
mentioned in 297 does not exist, as these verbs
have a perfect participle with active force.
a.
313.
A few verbs (called Semi-depone?its) are
in the perfect system only
for example,
deponent
audeo, ere,
ausus sum, venture.

*
From deponO, lay
forms.
aside, because they
have
laid aside their active

314.
199
200
vocabulary.
315.
conor, ari, atus sum,
moror,
ari,
nanciscor,
try, attempt.
atus sum,
I,
delay, wait.
nactus sum,
get, obtain.
sum,
passus sum,
eri, itus sum,
orior, oriri, ortus
patior,
I,
polliceor,
arise, rise.
allow.
promise.
proficiscor,
I,
profectus sum,
progredior,
I,
progressus sum, advance, proceed.
sequor,
I,
secutus sum,
set out.
follow.
vereor, eri, itus sum,
fear.
EXERCISES.
316.
i.
A.
1.
Interfectus est, profectus est; jussi eramus,
passi eramus.
4.
2.
Cognoscitur, nanciscitur
relinquetur,
Timent, verentur timuerat, veritus erat.

Oriebatur, moramini, conaberis.
5. Equitatu prae-
sequetur.
misso,
3.
ipse
cum
legionibus
expeditis
sequitur.
6.
Auxilium Gallls pollicitus, haec ab iis cognovit. 7.

Ante mediam noctem clamor orttfs est. 8. Dum in his
locis Caesar moratur, legati ad eum venerunt. 9. Equites
eosdem secum proficisci jubet.
10. Legatos interfici
non patiar.
11. Inopiam frumenti veritus, constituit
non progredi longius. 12. Praeda quam nacti erant
relicta, se in castra recipere conati sunt.
Non hostem
veremur, sed magnitudinem

progressi, ex equis desiliunt.
15. In aquam progredientes, audacter tela conjichmt.
16. Id, quod polliciti erant, facere conabantur.
17. Si
statim profecti erimus, hostes non diutius morabuntur.
18. Rhenus oriri dicitur in montibus.
19. Multi amicitiae causa Caesarem secuti erant.
20. His rebus
B.
13.
silvarum.
14.
In
aquam
201
administratis, paucds dies rei frumentariae causa mora-
bantur.
Ea quae
21.
proficisci ausi
hicme, in* Britanniam

Orto clamore, omnes se ex
seeiita est
sumus.
22.
oppido ejicere conantur.
23. Legatos, conantes dicere,
Naetus idoneam tempestatem, ipse tertia

naves solvit, equitesque in alterum portum pro24.
dimisit.
vigilia
gredi et se sequi jussit.
n.
317.
A. 1. We venture, we have ventured. 2. We were

advancing, you were promising. 3. I shall attempt,
we shall set out. 4. She

we have feared, you had
allowed.
5. He was attempting- to follow us.
6. You
had promised us corn. 7. They fear everything; they
we
shall delay, I shall follow,
had obtained,
has arisen,
it
are thought to fear nothing.
8.
Having attended
everything, he sets out for the army.
to
After advancing seven miles from that place, he reached the same
river.
10. Great losses will be suffered
great mis9.
After waiting several days,

and getting a supply of corn, he will set out for the war,
B. 12. Fearing the danger, he has not ventured to
advance. 13. Drawing their swords, they attempt to
follow.
14. He orders this same legion to set out and
come to him as quickly as possible. 15. All this I
promise you. 16. If they promise this, he will allow
them to wait longer. 17. Setting out from this harbor,
the ships proceed about ten miles. 18. They will attempt
to march through our province.
19. Storms followed
fortunes will arise.
11.
several days.
20. Having left a garrison, he
himself set out against the enemy.
21. The shouts of
those who are following arise.
22. If he demands help
for
from
ns,
\tt.
we
shall
iroii-i*<or,
promise a larger number of ships.
lu with the accusative
is
to
i<-
tranalated/or.
202
318.
WORD
LIST
E.

NEGOTIATIONS.
embassy
203
204
agros eorum obtinebant. Post multos annos bellum

inter hos Gallos et populum Romanum ortum est.
Hujus belli haec erat causa. Brennus, rex'Gallorum,
cum finitimis Etruriae civitatibus bellum g-erebat.
compluribus
Etrusci,
Romanis petiverunt.
auxilium
superati,
proeliis
Illi,
periculum
veriti,
quod Galli
propius accedebant, constituerunt non auxilium polliceri

Itaque (accordsed bellum componere (to settle) conari.
ad exercitum Etruscorum miserunt

sed multis de causis difficillimum erat pacem facere, et
post complures dies proelium commissum est. Leg"ati
ingly) tres leg-atos
ubi
(when)
Etruscos
cum
captis, se
laborantes
armis
conspexerunt,
Etruscis conjungunt, et iinus ex ducibus
Gallorum
interiicitur.
stituerunt
Romam
Galli hac injuria adducti, con-
oppugfnare, et statim profecti sunt.
De eorum adventu certiores facti, Roman! copias

quam plurimas coegerunt, et ad flumen Alliam, quod
iindecim milia passuum ab urbe aberat, progress! sunt.
Ibi (there) proelium factum est et Roman! raagnam
calamitatem acceperunt. Clamoribus barbarorum perterrit!,
primo impetii perturbat! sunt.
Timor animos
omnium occupavit, et armis abjectis terga verterunt.

Maxima pars exercitus ad proxima oppida fug"it multi
;
vulneribus confecti cadunt, aut fugere conantes interficiuntur

pauci se trans Tiberim in urbem recipiunt
;
incolumes.
Dum
haec g-eruntur,
Galli,
urbem contendunt.
eodem die ad Tiberim
ad
Iter
praeda omni distribute,

celeriter
perveniunt.
conficitur,
Equites,
et
qui
praemissi erant, portas apertas (open) invenerunt, neque

ulla statio pro (before) portis collocata erat.
causa insidias (an ambush)

progfredi
longius,
sed,
veriti,
castris
Hac de
constituerunt
positis,
extra
non
(outside)
205
Interim Roman!, hac calamimunitiones morabantur.

fracti, urbcm defendere non conantur, sed cum
conjugibus {wives) et liberis se in arcem rccipiunt.
Postero die, Brennus de timore Romanorum per exploratores certior factus, barbaros in urbem ducit et
tate
Romam
incendi
numquam
jubct.
Tanta
ante id tempus populo
LESSON
calamitas
great)
(so
Romano
acciderat.
LIV.
Accusative and Infinitive.

320. After passive verbs of saying- and thinking,
both Latin and English reg-ularly use the infinitive as,
;
Dlcitur esse inimicus,
he
is
Iter facile esse existimatur, the
said
road
to
is
be unfriendly.
thought
to
be easy.
In the active voice such verbs are, in English, only

occasionally followed by the infinitive (with a subject in
/ believe them to be innocent ; I

More frequently, in English,
verbs of saying, thinking, knowi?ig and perceiving are
followed by a clause introduced by that ; but Latin after
the objective case)
know him
to
as,
be honest.
such verbs always uses the infinitive with a subject in

the accusative case
Dicit
Romanos
Existimat
me
as,
venire, he says that the

esse
amicum, he thinks
Videt nostros castra ponere,
Romans
that
are coming.
am
a friend.
he sees that our
men arc
pitching their camp.

321.
(a)
In each of the Latin sentences just given,
notice that the time of the
two verbs
other words that the original
would
be
put
in
the
is
identical
in
statement or thought
present
veniunt, est amicus, castra ponunt.
tense,
viz.,
Roman!
206
(b)
Besides the present infinitive, Latin has also a

and a future infinitive, to express respectively
perfect
time before and time after that of the main verb as,
Dicit Romands venisse, he says that the Romans have come.
Videt nostros castra posuisse, he sees that our men have
pitched their camp.
;
Dicit
Romands venturos
esse, he says that the
Romans
zvill
come.
Existimat
me futurum
esse
amicum, he thinks
be friendly
322.
Paradigms.
THE INFINITIVE ACTIVE.
that
I shall

a.
As
the infinitive, unlike the indieative, has
207
no per-
sonal endings, the pronominal subject (representingb.
l yoU,
%
he, etc.)
should be expressed.
Notice that the reflexive pronoun sui is used in the

accusative and infinitive clause for he or they,
when denoting- the same person as the subject of
the main verb
to denote a different person the
;
proper form of
should be used.
is
VOCABULARY.
324.
audio, hear.
existimo, think.
certidrem facio, inform.
memini, remember.
cognosco, learn, ascertain;

in perfect tenses,
know,
demonstro, point out, explain, mention.
polliceor, promise.
respondeo, reply, answer.
dico, say.
N.B. These words,
nuntio, announce.
ostendo, shoiv, declare.
video, see ; passive, seem.

all
occurring in previous Lessons,
are followed by the accusative and infinitive.
EXERCISES.
325.
i.
Demonstrat altitudinem fluminis esse magnam.

Nihil videtur esse facilius.
2.
3.
Hostes finitimam
partem provinciae vastavisse audit. 4. Pollicentur sese
in deditionem numquam venturos esse.
5. Video eos
ex equis ad pedes desiluisse.
6.
Nuntiant magnas
hostium copias convenisse neque longe abesse.
7.
Alemini eum fuisse fidelissimum amicum. 8. Omnium
rerum copiam habere existimamur. 9. Dicit se alteram
partem vicl Gallis concessurum esse, alteram cohortibus.
Respondent se aliud iter habere nullum.
10.
11.
Caesarem certiorcm faciunt sese non pares essc> eC-tei-is.
12. Cognoscit toti Galliae equites Caesarem imi)erare.
A.
1.
208
Existimat eos ex navi desilire non audere.

nihil fecisse.
15. Vident illud con14.
16.
Magnam inter
silium sibi* fore periculosum.
Gal 16s auctoritatem eum habere cognovi. 17. Finitimae
civitates obsides se daturas esse pollicentur.
18. Respondet se de re publica non desperare. 19. vSine ullo
perieulo proelium fore demonstrat.
20. Dicit alios
21. Respondet se
discedere, alios prop his accede re.
B.
13.
Ostendunt se
obsides accipere, non dare, consuevisse.
Audiunt
22.
Belgas proximos esse Germanis, fortioresque esse quam

reliquos Gallos. 23. Silva dicitur pertinuisse a flumine
Tamesi ad mare. 24. Nuntiant sese castra positiiros
summo
esse in
colle.
326.
ii.
A.
He
1.
announces that Caesar
will
come
quickly.
3.
He
had great experience. 4.

hear that the leading men have assembled from
We
2.
He
thinks that these cohorts are less brave.
points out that you have

sides.
6.
He
He
5.
They promise
that they will
says that they have reconnoitred
do
all
all
all
this.
the roads.
has been informed that the Britons have seized

7.
answers that he is a Roman
heights.
8. He
the
citizen.
9. He sees that we hold all the hills.
10.
They remember that they are free. 11. I learn that he
has been unfriendly to you alone. 12. The war-ships
seem to be very swift.
13.
promise that
part of the citizens.
common
to all of us.
I shall
grant freedom to a large
He thinks that the danger is

15. He explains that on account
14.
of the height of the mountains they are leaving
baggage.
* If
16.
Summoning
for sibi, eis be read,
all
their
the soldiers, he declares
what different meaning
will the sentence
have?
209
17. We have heard that

he has demanded hostages from the senate. 18. I say19.
that the time for {literally of) victory has come.
They answer that they will easily withstand the fiercest
20. He sees that the other road is very easy.
attack.
21. He has been informed that there is a bridge over
22. You are thought to
(literally on) the river Tiber.
be the bravest of all the Gauls. 23. He has ascertained
that this is not the custom of the Roman people.
24. The daughter is said to have been very like her
mother.
that he will be their leader.
LESSON LV.
327.
Illustrative
(continued).
Examples.
Roman! veniunt, the Romans are coming.

Romanos venire, he says that the Romans are coming.
Dixit Romanos venire, he said* the Romans were coming.
Roman! venerunt, the Romans have come.
Dicit Romanos venisse, he says that the Romans have come.
Dixit Romanos venisse, he said that the Romans had come.
Roman! venient, the Romans will come.
Dicit Romanos venturos esse, he says* the Romans will come.
Dixit Romanos venturos esse, he said* the Romans would
Dicit
come.
These sentences
a.
illustrate the fact that in indirect
assertions, in English, the tense of the verb in the
subordinate clause
is
no such changes occur

*
In English, that
is
by the tense
influenced
the principal verb of saving, etc.
of
while in Latin
in the infinitive.
frequently omitted after verbs of saying, etc.
210
of the principal verb may be, in

Latin the rule holds that the present infinitive
represents the same time as that of the principal
verb, the perfect infinitive time before that of the
Whatever the tense
principal verb,
and the future
infinitive time after
that of the principal verb.

therefore, the original statement or thought would
be in the present tense, the present infinitive
should be used
if in a past tense (imperfect,
perfect, or pluperfect), the perfect infinitive
and
If,
if
in the future tense, the future infinitive.
328.
Illustrative
Examples.
sunt se esse venturos, they promised that they

would come, or they promised to come.
Sperat se regem futurum esse, he hopes that he will be
PollicitI
king, or he hopes to be king,

a.
Observe that after verbs signifying

in English the simple infinitive
of that
and a
finite verb,
to hope or promise,
may be used instead
but that in Latin only one
construction prevails, the accusative with the future

infinitive.
VOCABULARY.
329.
arbitror, ari, atus
sum,
think, consider.
renuntio, are, avi, atum,
report,
bring back word.
scrlbo, ere, scrips!, scriptum, write.
spero, are, avi, atum,

suspicor, ari, atus
hope.
sum,
suspect.
EXERCISES.
330.
A.
i.
Omnem
exercitum discessisse renuntiaverunt.

2. Scripsit paucos portus esse idoneos.
3. Suspicati
sunt nostrds in hunc locum esse venturos. 4. Legatis
1.

missis, obsides se daturos* polliciti sunt.
5.
211
Exnuntiis
6. Nunadventum nostrum exspectare. 7.

Renuntiaverant Gallos adventum nostrum exspectare
8. Sperabant Caesarem Germanos agros
constituisse.
9. Demonstravimus eum milivastare prohibitum m.
ptterisque cognovit magtias eopias convenire.
Gallos
tiaverant
tarem usum habere. 10. Nobis te fidelem fuisse arbiIdem superioribus diebus accidisse
11.
trabamur.
12. Speraverat sibi Gallos principatum
suspieabantur.
tradituros esse.
B.
Renuntiavit flumen ab castris non longfe

id flumen omnes hostes consedisse.
13.
abesse et trans
14.
Respondimus magnam Caesarem injuriam
facere.
15. Arbitratus erat se bellum celeriter esse eonfecturum.
Subito certior factus est ex vico omnes discessisse,

17. Sperabam eos in deditionem
polliciti sunt se in deditionem venturos.
venturos*
16.
montesque tenere.
;
18.
BreViores esse in Britannia
aestates scripsit.
sociorum vastare.
proxima nocte.
331.
A.
the
quam
in
continent!
Respondit non aequum esse agros

20. Sperabamus nos naves soliituros
19.
II.
1.
He answered
following night.
would move his camp

The same day Caesar was
that he
2.
informed that the enemy had fled.

3. He suspected
mat they would always be hostile to him. 4. He wrote
.that he had abundance of corn and cattle.
5. They
used to consider that this had been the cause of the war.
6. We hoped that the other road would be easier.
7. They reported that the commander-in-chief did not
despair of safety.
8. He promised to examine the
in
change
tii.-
of
future infinitive, esse
meaning.
la
very frequently omitted, without any
212
matter.
9.
He
wrote that for this reason he had said
10. It was announced that the enemy's

nothing
11. They suscavalry had surrounded the column.
pected that he was hastening- to the right wing.
12. We declared that we should neither send ambas-
sadors nor surrender our arms.
B. 13. I had been informed through scouts that you

had led the troops across. 14. He wrote that Caesar
was increasing the number of hostages.
15. They
reported that the enemy, after taking the town by
storm, had slain a large number of the inhabitants.
16. He said that they were sending despatches to Caesar
daily.
17. We suspected that the leading men had
determined to wage war with us.
18. From the same
guides he ascertained that a town, protected by woods
and marshes, was not far distant from that place.
19. I (he, they) had hoped to receive my (his, their)
freedom. 20. Thinking* that this was a suitable place,
we determined to encamp.
LESSON
LVI.

332.
(continued).
Paradigms.
PRESENT AND PERFECT INFINITIVE PASSIVE.
The
a.
perfect infinitive
passive
perfect participle passive
is
made up
and the
Illustrative
of the
infinitive esse;
the former of these agTees in gender,

case with the subject of the infinitive.
333.
213
number and
Examples.
Agri vastantur, the
la /ids are bring laid waste.

agros vastari, he announces that the lands are
Nuntiat
being laid waste.
Nuntiavit agros vastari, he announced that the lands were

being laid waste.
Agri vastati sunt, the la?ids have been laid waste.
agros vastatos esse, he announces that the lands
Nuntiat
have been laid waste.

Nuntiavit agros vastatos esse, he aimounced that the lands
had
been laid waste.
be seen from these sentences that the same

rules apply in the passive voice as in the active,
It will
a.
for the use of the present
and perfect
infinitives
after verbs of saying, etc.*

Paradigms.
334.
INFINITIVE OF DEPONENT VERBS.

Perfect.
Conj.
HI.
The
a.
(in 4or) pati
conaturus esse
veritus esse
veritiirus esse
secutus esse
seciiturus esse
sortitus esse
sorttturus esse
passus esse
passurus esse
present and perfect infinitives of deponent verbs
are formed in the

of
infinitives
infinitive
Future.
conatus esse
is
the
same way
passive
bsl
it
their
future
like that of the active voice (322).
Tin- |>assi\ 6 voice has also a future inlinil
care occurrence
as the corresponding
voice
is
omitted
in
i\ c,
which
heee Lessons.
is,
however, of HUt'h
214
335.
Illustrative
Examples.
Dicit hostes sequi, he says that the
enemy are following
Dixit hostes sequi, he said that the enemy were following
Audit eos profectos esse, he hears that they have
set out.
Audivit eos profectos esse, he heard that they had set out.
Pollicetur
se
secuturum
esse,
he promises that he will
follow (or tofollozv).

Pollicitus est se
follow (or
a.
secuturum
esse, he
promised that he would
to follow).
As is shown by these
sentences, the use of the various
tenses of the infinitive of deponent verbs in the
accusative and infinitive construction
according
is
to the general rule.
VOCABULARY.
336.
credo, ere, credidl, creditum,
believe.
intellego, ere, -lexi, -lectum,
understand, be aware.
nego, are, avi, atum,
deny, say
scio, ire, IvI,
sentio, ire, sensi,
not.
know.
Itum,
sensum,
feel, perceive.
EXERCISES.
337.
A.
esse.
i.
1.
Certior
2.
Scimus
f actus
est oppida
litteras
expugnata
et incensa
a^Caesare ad senatum missas
montibus oriri.
3. Intellegimus Rhenum in
Sperabant se praedam nacturos esse.
5. Omnem
exercitum premi niintiaverunt.
Cum majoribus
6.
copils Caesarem esse profectum audiverant.
7. Credimus omnia dilig'enter facta esse. 8. Negavit se diutius
moraturum.
9. Senserunt reliquos equites se sequi.
11. Intel10. Suspicatur vos ausuros esse progredi.
esse.
4.
leg'it
impetum minus
facile
sustineri.
castra valid decern pedes alto munita esse.
12.
Scripsit
215
13.
14.
Arbitrator milites periculum vereri.
proelium equestre commissum esse.
15. R6manos pulsos superatosque esse renuntiaverunt. 16.
Undique bellum renovarl videt
suos interfici vidit.
17. DIxerunt naves onerarias jussas esse se sequi.
19. Scimus
18. Negat se passurum esse nos discedere.
eum multis rebus impedlri. 20. Credidit omnes inimicos
ex civitate expulsos esse. 21. Obsides profectos esse et
frumentum comportari respondit. 22. Legiones collo-
B.
Sentit
catas esse in hibernis cognovit.
23.
Intellexerat auxilia
sjummo monte collocari et totum montem hominibus

24. Centurionem superiore proelio multis
compleri.
confectum esse vulneribus demonstravimus.
in
338.
A.
ii.
1.
He
says that the troops have been led out of
winter quarters.
2.
They hoped
out for the war at once.

place
was
being"
carefully
that Caesar would set
He was aware that

fortified.
4. He was
3.
the
in-
formed that the enemy's territories had been laid waste

5. He perceived that the Britons were
far and wide.
6. He thinks all the
reinforcements have followed as quickly as possible.
advancing- boldly into the water.
She has promised to follow on the same day. 8. We

that the troops had been greatly impeded by the
extent of the forests and marshes.
9. I deny that we
have been terrified by your arrival. 10. He had written
that storms had followed for several days.
7.
knew
I remember that he was called king and

by the senate of the Roman people. 12. He
answered that they had been compelled to give hos13. He suspected that great losses were being-
B.
11.
friend
suffered.
14.
They
see that our
men
are advancing
216
farther.
15.
He announced
that they were attempting
march through our province. 16. I knew that a very

great storm had arisen. 17. He showed that the commander had set out for the nearest camp. 18. We
believe a very large part of the whole army has been
slain.
19. They will hear that many battles have been
to
20. He denies that the danger

he said the danger had not increased.
fought.
LESSON
Questions.
339.
(a)
Some
is
increasing;
LVII.
Interrogative Pronoun.
questions seek an answer which has
word (or group of

this
words) placed at the beginning of the question
answer is never "yes" or "no" as, Who has done
especial reference to an interrogative
this f
Whom
At what
do you see f
How many
slaves has he f
time did the messenger come f
Other questions seek a

yes " or
no " answer
to the whole question
as, Have you done this f
Do you
Has he many slaves f Did the messenger
see the king f
come at noon ?
'
(b)
'
'
'
(c) If tjiese questions be compared with corresponding

statements (e.g. You have done this, I see the king, He
has many slaves, The messenger came at noon) it will be
seen that in interrogative sentences in English
(1)
the subject (unless itself an interrogative word)
comes
verb
(2)
after either the
whole or part of the
the verbal phrases with do or did are preferred

to the simple present
and past
tenses.

In Latin there
those
points
of
is
217
nothing corresponding- to either of

between statements and
1
difference
questions.
340.
Questions of the
first class
mentioned above are
introduced in Latin, as in English, by interrogative
pronouns, adjectives or adverbs

Quis haec fecit ?
Who
Quern vides ?
Whom
Cur nuntius venit ?

Quo tempore venit ?
Why
as,
has done this f
do yon see ?
did the messenger come ?
At what
time did he come ?
may be either a
complete sentence or a portion of a sentence as, Ego
feci, / have done (it) ; Ego, // Regem video, / see the
king ; Regem, the king.
In Latin, as in English, the answer
Paradigm.
341.
THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN,

Singular.
quis.
Plural.
;
.
218
342.
(a)
Questions of the second class ("y es or
questions) have in Latin
appended
the
interrogative
an emphatic word, which
to
beginning- of the sentence*
is
word
no"
-ne
placed at the
as,
Do you see the king f

Multosne servos habet ? Has he many slaves f
Questions of this sort may be answered by repeating the
verb as, Video, / see {him) ; Non video, / do not; Habet,
he has ; or by one of the many words equivalent to yes
Videsne regem ?
or no A
may also begin with nonne

which invites the answer yes, or with num,
which invites the answer no ; as,
Nonne habet multos servos ?
Has he not manp slaves ?
{b)
Questions of this class
(non-ne),
(or,
Num
He
has
many
s laves
has he not?)
regem vides ? Surely you do not

You do 7iot see the king, do you f)
king ?
(or,
VOCABULARY.
343.
hie, adv.,
here, in this place.
hue, adv.,
ibi,
see the
adv.,
hither, here, to this place.

there, in that place.
eo, adv.,
thither, there, to that place.
ubi, adv.,
where, in which place, in what place.
quo, adv.,
whither,
where,
to
which place,
to
what
place.
unde, adv., whence, from which place, from what place

cur, adv.,
why.
quantus, a, um,
uter, tra,
trum
how
(205),
large,
how great.
which {of two).
* Words like -ne and -que,' which are always appended to some other
word, are called Enclitics. -Ne must not be used when the sentence contains
some other interrogative word, that is, with questions of the first class.
t Such words are etiam, even so ; certe, certainly ; sane, to be sure
lion, no; in 1 nl in T-, by no means.

219
N.B. Ubi, quo and uncle are used both as interrogative

adverbs and as relative adverbs; as, Ubi est? In e6
Where is hef In the place where
loco ubi legio hie mat.
The twofold meaning" and
the teg ion is wintering.
words where, here and
translation of the English
there
should be carefully noted.
EXERCISES.
344.
i.
A.
Nmn
Cur non respondes ? Nonne respondere audes ?
dubitas respondere?
denmt
se abdi-
Quanta est hujus fossae

Marce ? Habitasne hie ?
3.
?
4. Ubi habitas,
Navesne profectae sunt?
latitiido
5.
Qua de causa*
2.
Multis de causis.
Unde
profectae
sunt?
E6 pervenerunt primo vere.
Quo progrediuntur ? 6.
Quo tempore profecti sunt?
autumno,
alii
media
aestate.
gravissime vulneratus
eum
est.
Alii superiore hieme, alii
pugnans,
7.
Ibi fortiter
quo vulneratus
est
Legatus
8. Uter
Navibus amissis, quo se conNonne hue se recipient? 10. Quibus ex
vertent?
regionibus* venistis quasque ibi res cognovistis ? 11.
Quid petunt aliudt Romani ?
Qnis
vulneravit
paret.
imi)eratori
alter! paret
9.
13. Cui
12. Nonne haec onera gravia sunt?
B.
omnia haec incognita erant ? 14. Hie concilium prineipum habebo.J 15. Ibi conspicit defensores laborantes.
17. E6
16. Hue omnia pecora compellere coeperant.
eum Caesar ipse venerit, animos omnium confirmabit.
19. Quanta multi18. Nonne natiira loci continemur ?
20. Quid
tudo ibi eeeidit? Trecentine ceciderunt?
21. Pedestres
postulatis? Cur imperium postulavistis ?
i
This is the regular order when the Interrogative modiiN-s a noun

a preposition.
governed
( Translate iMbeft her* b]
'hold.'
tUterall] other thing,' freelj 'else.'
l>.\
'
220
copias
22.
hlberna
in
proficisci,
Nonne proelium
proelii
illms
illud
deposuisti?
ibique
meministl
hiemare
jubet.
Num memoriam
Memor sum,
et
memoriam
all
the ships?
semper retinebo.
345.
A.
Which
ii.
1.
How
large
is
the swiftest of
Who
Why
is more
more daring:?
do we
3.
hesitate to throw away our arms? 4. Did not Caesar
announce that he would quickly come thither ? 5. Have
the enemy come in sight ? Have the guards been posted
of the
two ships
is
the swifter?
2.
powerful?
What
there?
Surely you are not awaiting the approach
of the
6.
is
7.
They
men would come here the next
night.
legionary soldiers here,
suspected that our
are
you?
For what reason have the ranks been thrown into

confusion? 9. With whom are they continually waging
war ? 10. Where are the foot-soldiers betaking themselves? Where have you come from? 11. Where were
the rest of the troops ? They were wintering in the
province where the barbarians had renewed the war.
8.
B.
12. At noon they were led back to the lake from
13. He himself
which they had set out at dawn.
hastens hither by forced marches. 14. Do you see the
place where we are accustomed to assemble ? 15. Had
16.
not a large number of cattle been found there?
Which of the two embassies is the larger? 17. To
whom has he given more ? 18. After seizing the gates,
he stations a garrison there. 19. Fearing this danger,
he sent two cohorts there at once. 20. Surely you do
not approve Caesar's speech, do you? 21. Do you
deny that the enemy's line was put to flight? 22. Are
you not aware that we inhabit this island ?
LESSON
221
LVIII.
Active and Passive Periphrastic Conjugations.

Strictly speaking", the
346.
periphrasis
',
term 'periphrastic' (from
a round-about expression) might be applied
to any compound form of the verb, that is, to any form

which is obtained, not by a mere change of ending,
as mlserat, but by compounding a participle with the
But the term is usually
verb sum, as missus erat.
restricted to two sets of forms :
a.
The
Active Periphrastic conjugation,
made up
of the
future participle active and the verb sum.

b.
The
Passive Periphrastic conjugation,
made up
of
a form called the gerundive and the verb sum.
The
is
future participle active ends in -urus
formed from the
(138)
as,
participial (or supine)
-um) and
stem in -um
(-a,
amaturus, moniturus, recturus, audfturus.
The gerundive ends in -ndus (-a, -um), and is formed

from the present stem
as, amandus, monendus, re;
gendus, audiendus.
347.
Paradigms.
(a)
ACTIVE PERIPHRAvSTIC conjugation.

Indicative.
Present
Imperfect
Future
Perfect
Pluperfect
Future Perfect
amaturus sum, es, est

amaturi sumus, estis, sunt
amaturus eram
amaturus ero
amaturus fui
amaturus fueram
amaturus fuero
Infinitive,
Present
Perfect
amaturus esse
amaturus fuisse
222
(b)
passive periphrastic conjugation.

vocabulary.
349.
nemo
223
(neminis), m., no one, nobody.
noctu, adv., by night,
omnino, adv., altogether, in all ; with negatives, at
all.
prope, adv. (248), near; nearly, almost.
quaero, ere, quaesivi, quaesitum, ask, inquire,

rursus, adv., again.
simul, adv., at the

tantus, a,
um,
turris, is,
f\
same
time.
so great, such great.
(ace. im, abl.
I),
toiuer.
una, adv., together, along (generally used with cum).
Phrases
bellum pard,
pontem
prepare for war.
in flumine feicio] build
flumen ponte jungo
N.B.
The
larly, for
declension of
nemo
is
a bridge over
a river.
Regu-
defective.
the genitive and ablative, and often for the
dative, the corresponding cases of nullus (205) are used.
EXERCISES.
350.
i.
A. 1. Proelium committendum est; proelium renovandumerat. 2. Proelium facturi sunt signum proelii
daturas erat. 3. Hostes sunt noctu opprimendi bellum
paraturi suiit. 4. Simul clamor rursus ortus est. 5. Una
mecum profecturus fuerat. 6. Nihil omnino facturi
ramus; pontem in illo flumine facturi eramus. 7. In
tres omnino partes peditatus distribuendus erit.
8. Intellect nostras turrim propius moturos esse
negat
;
turrim
rursus
movendam
fuisse.
neminem ex pugna excessurum
esse.
9.
Sperat prope
10.
De fortitudine
militum quaerere consuevit. 11. Cur tantum

spatium aggeres distant?
12. Quanta erit turrium
et virtiite
altitudo
224
B.
Simul ab duobus lateribus impetus acerrime
13.
faciendus
est.
Num
14.
rursus terg-a versiiri estis?
Quis se vobiscum conjuncturus est ? Nemo omnino.

16. Flumen ponte jungi jusseram, et copias, quae
coactae erant, traducturus eram.
17. Copiae, quas
coegeramus, una nobiscum erant traducendae. 18. Dato
signo, cohortes ex castris noctu erupturae erant.
19.
Summa erat difficultas, quod omnia uno tempore faci20. Tanta celeritate commotae, prope
enda erant.
15.
omnes civitatesobsidesdaturae sunt. 21. Num propter

paucitatem defensorum et inopiam rei frumentariae, de
salute desperaturi
sumus?
22. SI
causam ex
captivis
ipse quaes! veris, dicent liberius.

351.
A.
ii.
1.
going- to
The enemy must be driven back; we are

drive the enemy back.
2. The cohorts should
be sent out
he
about to send out the cohorts.

no one will resist more
fiercely.
4. The towns had to be attacked by nigfht.
5. The camp will have to be fortified by a double wall,
and a bridge built over the river. 6. He was g'oing to
compel us to give three hundred hostages in all. 7. All
the horses ought to be removed out of sight at the same
time.
8. The next year, having- set out again, they
were going- to carry all their grain with them. 9. He
answers that you must be surrendered along- with the
10. From whom shall I ask about
rest of the slaves.
the height of the towers ?
3
Almost
is
all resist
vigorously
B.
11.
them.
happened
reason.
No
12.
to
14.
lands at all should have been granted to

Before this time, so great a disaster has
no one.
13.
They think
approach nearer by
nig\ht.
Almost daily he asks the

no one will venture to
that
15.
The advocates
of this
La
tin
Lessons for Beginners.
plan ought to have been given up at once.
225
16.
the other part of the village be granted to the
army?
Which
Must
same
part of the village is Caesar going

Neither
part.
18. At the same time,
to grant to us?
which
Caesar
ships
in*
was going to carry back his
the
19. Is he not
army were being delayed by storms.
going to attempt to lead all his men back again?
20. The scouts had to be recalled along with those who
were hurling their weapons from (de) the tower.
352.
17.
226

VERBS.
abjicio
227
Camillus, de quo supra demonstravimus, in exsilinm

ab inimlcis suls expulsus erat, et eo tempore in oppido,
quod Ardea appellabatur, habitabat.
Certior factus
Romam occupatam et incensam esse, et agros Romanos
vastari, tncolas Ardeae eonvocavit et hanc orationem
" Nonne audivistis, cives, Gallos accedere?
habuit
Qua de causa veniunt? Quid petunt ? Sperant se
Romanos soeiosque Romanorum aut interfecturos esse
Num. populum Romanum a
aut ex civitate expulsuros.
:
barbaris
superari
passuri
auxilium mittimus?
estis?
Cur non
statim
Arbitror occasionem {opportunity)
non amittendam esse."
Simul
pollicitus est se
eorum fore, bellumque celeriter confecturum

omnes bonos cives se sequi jussit.
ducem
esse, et
Hoc consilio probato, nuntius ad arcem missus est et

Romanis, qui ibi obsidebantur, nuntiavit Camillum cum
maximis auxiliis celeriter venturum esse, et jubere
Romanos de re publica non desperare. Hie nuntius
locum nactus est ubi, propter difficilem ascensum, hostes
non diligfenter custodiebant {were keeping guard) et
noctu magrno cum periculo {at great risk) in arcem
Interim omnes bellum parare coeperunt,
ascendit.
et plurimi Romani, qui ad proxima oppida fugerant,
undique ad Camillum convenerunt.
,
Dum
fait.
haec geruntur, interim arx in
Namque
conspexerunt in ea parte
et,
suspicati
magno
periculo
{for) Galli vestigia {footprints) hominis
id
quod
conari constituerunt.
collis ubi
nuntius ascenderat,
acciderat, eodem ascensu sequi

Nullum praesidium ibi a Romanis
nemo credebat hostes ascendere

conaturos esse, et Galli, media nocte profecti, prope ad
collocatum erat, quod
summum
collem
in-rvenerant,
cum
anseres
sacri {the
sacred geese) qui in tcmplo J ononis {the temple of Juno)
228
erant,
hostes accedentes
(outcry) sublato
Romanos
celeriter captis, hostes de
audiunt,
et
statim clam ore
excitant (arouse).
muris jaciunt,
armis
iterum (a
HIT,
et
second time) Gallos repellunt.
Sed propter paucitatem defensorum et inopiam rei

frumentariae perlculum cotidie augebatur, et RomanI
prope de salute desperabant cum exercitus Camilli in
conspectum venit. Proelio facto, Galli superati et ad
untim (to a man) interfectl sunt.
Ne nuntius quidem
calamitatis relictus est.
Camillus propter has res
gfestas
a senatu populoque Romano de exsilio revocatus est, et

pater patriae (of his country) et conditor alter (second)
urbis appellabatur.
Haec omnia acciderunt anno trecentesimo sexag-esimo

quarto ab urbe condita.
LESSON
Dative of Agent.
LIX.
Dative with Special IntransiAblative with utor.
tive Verbs.
354.
Illustrative
LegatI a rege missi sunt,
Examples.
envoys were sent by the king.
Legati regi mittendi sunt, envoys should be sent by the king.
Locus ab exercitu munitus

by the army.
Locus exercitu! muniendus
erat, the place
had
erat, the place
had to
been fortified
be fortified
by the army.
a.
Notice that in the passive periphrastic conjugation,

the dative is used with the g-erundive to denote the
person on whom the duty of acting; rests. This is
called the Dative of the Agent.
Contrast the
ablative of the agent with ab used with the
ordinary passive forms of the verb (144).

b.
229
Latin periphrastic forms
Notice further that the
expressing" duty or obligation are in the passive
and that therefore if an English sentence

expressing this idea is in the active voice, it should
be changed (mentally) to the corresponding passive
voice,
before being translated
by the Latin passive
peri-
Thus, the sentences given

above would correspond also to the king should
said envoys, the army had to fortify the place.
phrastic conjugation.
355.
Regl parent,
they obey the king.
ExercituI imperat, he
Caesarl resistunt,
a.
Examples.
Illustrative
commands
the
army.
they resist Caesar.
Notice that these Latin verbs translated by obey,
command and
resist,
The English verbs

equivalents
are
by a direct
by the dative.
are followed, not
object as the English verbs are, but
are transitive, but the Latin
and might
intransitive,
more
properly be rendered, they are obedient, he gives

orders, they offer resistance, so that the dative quite
naturally follows.
b.
To
this class
belong
many
verbs denoting advantage
or disadvantage, or disposition towards
verbs meaning to
help, favor,
their Opposites, also to believe,

suade, resist,
and
c.
Notice
verb
how
is
tmst,
command,
for
all such verbs are

example, jubeo.
the vocabulary indicates that
of this elass.
and
obey, per-
But not
spare.
followed by the dative
including
please,
Latin
230
356.
Illustrative
Hoc
and does
case,
he uses this szuord.
gladiS utitur,
The deponent verb
a.
utor
is
followed by the ablative
like the
riot,
a direct object.
Example.
more
be, he helps himself by
English verb
use,
literal rendering-
means of
this
take
would
sword.
VOCABULARY.
357.
appropinquS, are, avi, atum, approach (with dat.)
sum,* trust (with dat.)
cSnfidS, ere, -fisus
imperS, are, avi, atum, command, govern (with dat.)
damage (with
-cum, -cursum, meet (with dat.)
noceS, ere, ui, itum, harm, ijijure,

occurrS, ere,
dat.)
parco, ere, peperci (or parsl,) parsum, spare (with dat.)
pareo, ere, ui, itum, obey (with dat.)
persuadeo, ere, -suasi, suasum, persuade (with dat.)
(with dat.)
resists, ere, restiti, resist, oppose
utor,
I,
usus sum, use (with abl.)
EXERCISES.
358.
A.
i.
Interim naves Britanniae appropinquabant.
1.
Decimae
2.
Multas
Omnia
4.
Facilius
rendus
hostibus
sunt
gfladiis
est.
providendum
Caesar
legionl
horas
vobis
diligenter
utentur.
7.
erat.
semper confidebat.
aegferrime
6.
Ab
Ante hiemem
8.
nostri
3.
resistunt.
administranda.
5.
hoc consilio deter-
frumentum Caesari
Populus Romanus multis
civita-
imperabat.
9. Ceteris spe libertatis persuasit.
11. Nonne haec
10. Caesari hue venienti occurrunt.
ponti nocebunt ? 12. Communis salutis causa, eis qui
nobis parent parcemus.
tibus
Confido
is
a semi-deponent verb
(313.)

B.
Parem numerum militum
13.
231
finitimae civitati
suos ab hostibus premi. 15.

Equites, quos Caesar secum transportavit, tibi educendi
16. Confidebant sese incolis persuasuros esse.
sunt.
impcrabit.
17.
14.
Impetus
in
Sentit
novissimum agmen huic legion!
faeiendus erat.
18.
populi
Liberi
injuria defendendi sunt.
19.
Galliae mihi
soli
ab
Integris copiis hostium
Mall elves semper rei publicae nocent.

cedunt et in densissimas silvas
fugiunt.
22. Armis captis, per medios hostes perrumpere conati sunt. 23. Dum haec geruntur, flumen
oeeurrerunt.
21.
20.
Timore
perterriti
ponte jungendum erat.
impedienda
359.
24.
His rebus oppugnatid non
est.
ii.
By
speech he easily persuades the Belattacked again by the

3. Who does not know
that the Gauls were conquered by Caesar? 4. We use
wider ships in this sea. 5. He will injure no one; he
will spare all.
6. You must not lose the military
standards; we must prepare for war.
7. All lands
obey the rule of the Roman people. 8. In the first
place, a good king governs himself.
9. At first he
himself will resist us.
10. You should choose the
A.
1.
this
The camp must be

whole army at the third hour.
gians.
2.
noblest and most discreet men.
11.
While they were
approaching the fortifications, they met the cavalry that

Caesar had sent in advance. 12. He is going to summon the chief men whom he always trusts.
13.
The
which they used were larger.

persuade the other daughter. 15.
At the same time, he demands three thousand horsemen
from the whole province.
16. I think that you should
not take away the hope of safety altogether. 17. Caesar
B.
14.
ships
It is difficult to
232
had
to
hill.
withdraw all the troops by night to the nearest

The rampart seems to me to be higher than
18.
the town.
19. If
we
soon be surrounded.
The
left
rounded as quickly as possible.

these things,
we
wing will
wing must be sur21. Influenced by all
halt there, the right

20.
shall resist the senate itself.
22.
The
boys and girls are with difficulty prevented from approaching the banks of this river. 23. Grain has to be
brought by us from the remotest parts of the mainland.
24. He hopes to finish this work without any toil.
C. Decline the following combinations eadem nox,

tua oratio, hie labor, vir ipse, quae res, haec turris, ille
agger, is ager, hoc ipsum tempus, quanta calamitas, ilia
:
pars,
utrum
eadem
latus
qui dies, exercitus suus,
castra, id iter,
(s),
idem
illud ver
Oppugnatio
(s),
nostra consuetudo
Attack.
(s).
233
LESSON LX.
Subjunctive of Sum.
The
subjunctive
Indirect Questions.
mood
has four tenses

It is sometimes used in independent sentences, but is far more
often found in dependent or subordinate clauses of
360.
Present, Imperfect, Perfect
various
The
kinds.
in Latin
and Pluperfect.
translation of
the
subjunctive
varies considerably according- to these different uses,
but most
commonly
it
is
rendered by the
English
indicative, as in the present lesson.*
361.
Paradigms.
SUBJUNCTIVE OF
SUD1.
Present.
Perfect.
sim
simus
2.
sis
sitis
3.
sit
sint
Imperfect.
1
essem
2.
esses
essetis
3.
esset
essent
essemus
Notice in these forms :

(a)
The
(b)
the resemblance of the imperfect subjunctive to the
regularity of the personal endingfs
present infinitive (esse) and of the pluperfect subjunctive to the perfect infinitive (fuisse)
the almost complete
(r)
junctive
identity of the perfect sub-
and the future perfect
indicative.
Even
matter of quantity, the resemblance often

caused the Romans to shorten the I of the subin the
junctive forms.
The difficulty of
the Latin subjunctive Is Indeed largely due to the fact

that Ideas regularly expressed by the English Indicative require, In Latin,
sometimes the Indicative and sometimes the suhjunotive. That is, Latin
distinctions of
Is in places where English does not.
234
362.
Illustrative
Quae
What
est causa ?
Quaerit quae
sit
is the
he asks what
causa,
Quaesivit quae esset causa,
is
reason f
the reason.
he asked what was the reason,
Where have they been f

I k?ww where they have been.
/ heard zvhere they had been.
Ubi fuerunt ?
Scio ubi fuefint,
Audivi ubi fuissent,

a.
Examples.
In these Latin sentences the indicative
mood
is
used
in the actual direct question, but the subjunctive
mood when
rogative
b.
the clause introduced by the
word
is
inter-
dependent on another verb.
subordinate clause in Latin introduced by an
word is called an Indirect Question

Dependent Question), and has its verb in the
subjunctive mood.
interrogative
(or a
c.
The
various tenses are translated like the corre-
sponding" tenses of the indicative, and as in English
are influenced by the tense of the principal verb.
The Latin perfect subjunctive, however, it should

be observed, is usually to be translated by the
perfect with have, rather than by the simple past
tense.
d.
important to notice that the verb of

may mean not only ask, but
The term
also learn, know, tell, or perceive.
indirect question, then, does not necessarily imply
that a question has actually been asked and
is
being quoted, but merely that a question
exists in the mind or at least may easily be conceived as, / saw what he was doing, I know what
It is especially
the principal clause
he will say.
235
exercises.
363.
I.
quaerit quae
Quanta esset insulae mag^nitudo
3. In utra ripa essemus certior factus erat.
ieperiebat.
4. Quanta fuisset virtus militum demonstravit quantum
1
lint
Quaerunt quae*
maxima castra.
sit
firmissima civitas
2.
tuisset
incommodum
ostenderunt.
5.
Quantum
sit
tpatium nuntiant. 6. Quibuscum esses seiebam. 7. Ab

8. Quaerit
his quaesivit quae civitates inarmisessent.
Scisne
ex nobis cur non fideles sibit fuerimus.
9.
nuacum legione sim? 10. Renuntiaverunt qui ager
esset optimus totius Galliae.
11. Uter fuerit utilior
amicus intellegimus. 12. Quibus in locisj sit Caesar ex
captivis quaerunt.
13. Quis cum iis una fuisset
14. Quaesivit quid illl simile bello esset.
jjmdiverat.
ii.
He asked which cohort had been on guard

reported what harbors were suitable. 3. You
1
They
how
see
great is the danger. 4. You saw in what (literally how

gnat) danger we were. 5. They understand for what
reason we have been unfriendly to them.t 6. He suspected what had been the cause of that war. 7. He
has been informed where we are and where we have
been. 8. He asked what was the custom. 9. He asks
what is easier. 10. He shows how great the difficulty
has been. 11. He asks the envoys what town is nearest
to these territories.
12. He knew who had been the
advocates of that war.
13. He learns what (literdlly
how great) is the length of this side. 14. We had heard
for what reasons you were in arms.
The Interrogative may bo translated which as well as who o> what.'
tin indireol questions, as in the accusative and Infinitive construction
(.tj:i). the reflexive pronoun sui in the dependent clause
a ed to refer to the
'
'
'
'
'
subject of the main verb,

\ For the order of wonU tee the footnote on page
J19.
236
Latin Lessons for BeCxINners.
LESSON
LXI.
Subjunctive Active
Paradigms.
364.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD, ACTIVE VOICE.

First Conj.
Second Conj.
Third Conj.
Present.
Singular.
Fourth Conj.

a.
Observe that
in
237
each conjugation, as in sum (361), the

may be formed directly from
imperfect subjunctive
the present infinitive active, and the pluperfect
subjunctive from the perfect infinitive active, and

the
that
perfect
subjunctive
is
almost identical
with the future perfect indicative.

b.
Notice further that the present subjunctive has in

first conjugation the characteristic vowel -e-,
tthe
and
the
in the second, third
acteristic
c.
and fourth conjugations

-a-.
What
is
For the translation of the various tenses
The subjunctive
-io is
the char-
vowel of the present subjunctive of sum
questions see 362

d.
vowel
characteristic
in indirect
c.
of verbs of the third conjugation in
similarly formed, viz.,
Present.
Imperfect.
Perfect.
Pluperfect.
capiam
caperem
ceperim
cepissem
VOCABULARY.
365.
animadverto, ere,
-verti,
-versum,
doceo, ere, ui, doctum,

fluctus, us,
teach, explain.
m.,
fluo, ere, fluxi,
pars, partis,
wave.
fluxum,
jlow.
part; direction,
f.,
perspicio, ere, -spexi, -spectum,
Phrases
notice, observe.
in earn partem,
side.
see clearly, perceive.
in that direction\with
verbs
omnes partes, in all directions of motion.

una ex parte,
on one side.
ex omnibus partibus, on all sides.
magno cum. periculo, at great risk.
in
238
exercises.
366.
i.
Per exploratores cognovit quae hostes faNuntiabo quo se recipiant. 3. Docent qua
4. Quinto die quae* ibi perde causa se abdiderint.
spexisset renuntiavit.
5. Quaerit in utram partem fluat
Intellegebat qua de causa ea dicerent.
flumen.
6.
7. Quaerunt quibus ex regionibus veniamus quasque
ibi res cognoverimus.
8. Reperire jussus est quern
A.
1.
cerent.
2.
usum belli t haberent
Britanni.
9.
Quae*
ipse intellegat
Quaerit cur non respondeas quaerit cur

respondere dubites. 11. Animadvertit naves fluctibus
ostendit.
10.
compleri.
qua de causa discessissent

Docuit cur existimaret hoc flumen per
provinciam fluere. 14. Ex nobis quaesivit cur in suam
provinciam venissemus.
15. Animadvertunt quam in
partem hostes iter faciant. 16. Quaesivit qua de causa
nuntios in omnes partes dimitterent. 17. Videtis quanta
sit magnitudo fluctuum.
18. Suspicor quid postuletis
suspicor cur imperium postulaveritis.
19. Quanto cum
periculo eruptionem fecisset, ostendit.
20. Quaerit
quid petam aliud.
21. Ex omnibus partibus oritur
clamor. 22. Virtutem alterius, fidem alterius perspiciet.
B.
12. Certior factus est
hostes.
13.
367.
A.
ii.
1.
He
asked
why
they were coming- to him.
They informed us where they had found
2.
the enemy.
understand at what risk you have done this. 4.

why they despair of safety. 5. Are you not
aware who inhabit this island ? 6. He perceives how
large an army the enemy have.
7. He observed from
3.
He
*
t
asks
Translate what' ; literally what things"

Translate 'in war
literally of war.'
'
'
'
'
(293,
N.B.).
239
what direction they were approaching". .8. He learned

where the enemy's forces had encamped. 9. He explains why they have hesitated to leap down into the
waves.
10. He explains that they have hesitated to
leap down.
11. He asked why the waves were larger
there than in our sea.
B.
12. They explain what they have heard or learned
13. Caesar understood for what
about these matters.
reasons they had said this. 14. He was ordered to find
out in what direction Caesar was leading: his army.
15. I do not know why they are waging war with us.
17. They pointed
16. We do not know what they fear.
out to Caesar what the Gauls were saying" about him.
18. He had noticed that the Gauls were fleeing in all
19. He perceived whither the Gauls were
directions.
20. We shall find out where {literally whither)
fleeing.
you are accustomed to assemble. 21. He asked whom
he asks which (of the two) I believe. 22.
I believed
He teaches the boys that the Rhine flows between -Gaul
and Germany.
tit e
j~*'i
T*A
Roman Aqueduct
in Gaul.
240
LESSON
Subjunctive Passive.
LXII.
Subjunctive of Result.
Paradigms.
368.
.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD, PASSIVE VOICE.
First Conj.
Second Conj.
Third Conj.
Present.
Singular.
1.
amer
Fourth Conj.

In the subjunctive
369.
mood
241
the passive voice
is
related to the active precisely as in the indicative :

a.
In the present and imperfect tenses of the passive

the personal endings -r, -ris, -tur, -mur, -mini,
b.
In the perfect and pluperfect tenses the passive is

formed by combining- the perfect participle passive
-ntur are substituted for those of the active voice.
with the present and imperfect subjunctive, respectively, of the verb sum.
370.
(a)
The subjunctive passive
third conjugation in
-io,
of verbs of the
and the subjunctive of deponent
verbs, are similarly formed, viz.,

Present.
Perfect.
Pluperfect.
captus sim
captus essem
conatus sim
conatus essem
veritus sim
veritus essem
secutus sim
secutus essem
sim
passus sim
passus essem
sortitus
The
(b)
junctive,
is
using- the subjunctive of
sum
Present.
Imperfect.
amaturus sim
amandus sim
amandus essem
Illustrative
est
essem
periphrastic conjugations also have a sub-
formed by
371.
Tanta
sortitus
as,
amaturus essem
Examples.
militum virtus ut hostes terga vertant, so great
the valor of the soldiers that the e?iemy turn andjlce.
Tanta erat militum virtus ut hostes non resisterent, so

great was the valor of the soldiers that the enemy did
not resist.
Accidit ut nostris id esset incognitum,
it
happe?ied that that
242
a.
Observe that dependent clauses with ut {that) and

the subjunctive are used in Latin to express a
result or consequence, and that in such clauses
the present and imperfect subjunctive are used
to express the English present and past tenses
b.
This Subjunctive of Result is found chiefly after words

meaning- so, such (as tantus)
and after verbs of
happening and resulting (as accidit).t
respectively.*
VOCABULARY.
372.
adorior,
coorior,
ita,
-ortus
iri,
-ortus
Iri,
adv., thus ;
natio, -onis,
revertor,
I,
sum,
sum,
attack, assault.
arise,
so.
f., tribe,
break out.
sic,
-versus sum, return
adv., thus ;
so.
tarn, adv., so.
nation.
.
vix, adv. scarcely, hardly.

,
N.B. With adjectives and adverbs tarn (or ita) should

be used for so ; with verbs sic and (more often) ita.
EXERCISES.
373.
A.
i.
1.
Tarn subito impetum fecerunt ut pedites terga
verterent.
2.
Celen'ter hostes
nemo.
in
fug-am dat
sic
ut
Ostendunt quae in concilio Gallorum

de eo sint dicta. 4. Ibi ex captivis cognoscit quae in
hostium castris gerantur. 5. Sic accidit ut ex tanto
numero vix ulla navis amitteretur. 6. Tanta tempestas
coorta est ut naves circiter triginta frangerentur.
resistat
7.
Quaerit
cur
3.
tarn
celeriter
revertantur.
8.
Ita
* Occasionally the perfect subjunctive is used to express the English

simple past, but this is rare in the best Latin. Of course the perfect and
pluperfect subjunctive would be used to translate the English perfect and
pluperfect tenses with have and had ; but these do not often occur.
t In the former case the dependent clause is an adverbial clause, in the
latter a substantival or noun clause.
243
animadverterat quanta incommoda saepe orta essent.

9. Accidit lit hae nationes majores copias compararent.
10. Nostri tarn acriter adorti sunt ut hostes ex oppido
fcxpellerehtur.
B. 11. Ex
locis
superioribus quae res in nostris
castris gererentur facile perspexerunt.
12.
Tantus
fuit
timorut reverti vix auderemus. 13. Sentit quanta cum

virtute bellum sit gestum. 14. Tarn celeriter eruptionem
faciunt lit compilings circumveniantur.
15. Castra
natura loci sic mfmiebantur ut oppugnare non auderemus. 16. Ita si Roman! se recipere coeperint, agmen
ab tergo adoriemur. 17. Tanta est multitudo ut rerum
omnium inopia esse videatur. 18. Tarn audacter in
itinere nostros adorti sunt ut impedimenta Caesari
relinquenda essent. 19. E6 die accidit ut Caesar longe
20. Tantus
ab agmine discedere neminem pateretur.
subito timor exercitum occupavit ut omnium animi
magnopere perturbarentur
374.
ii.
A. 1. It happened that this village was divided by

a river into two parts. 2. He explains what is being
done (gero) in Gaul. 3. So large are the enemy's forces
that we do not venture (do not attempt) to attack.
4. So great was the storm that scarcely a fourth part of
the ships returned safe.
reasons that
all
5.
happened for many

renew the war.
by Caesar's approach
Tims
it
the tribes were going to
They have hwn so terrified

numerous embassies are being sent
i.
lat
irrender.
7.
to treat for
So great a storm had arisen that few
8. He asks whence
and whither we are proceeding*. 9. He
iked whence we had set out and whither we were
the ships had reached the land.
'e
have
set out
roceeding.
244
B.
10.
Such
{literally
so great) storms followed that
11 They often asked

the assault was greatly hindered.
12. Thus we
in what direction they were being- led.
.
learned
how
great a
number
of soldiers these nations
So great is the panic {literally fear)

that I do not venture to draw up the line of battle.
14. Such was the speed of the other messenger that he
15. It so happens
returned before the third watch.
smaller
ships
use
it
happened
never
that war
that we
had scarcely broken out. 16. They pointed out how
much plunder they had obtained. 17. So great is the
valor of the soldiers that he is going: to join battle at
18. The enemy were so terrified by this recent
once.
victory that they fled to their most distant territories.
19. Thus we had foreseen what had to be done.
had promised.
13.
LESSON
375.
LXIII.
The Compounds of Sum.

The verb sum is compounded with many
of the
most cases without any irregularity as,

absum, abesse, afui. But possum, / am able, a compound
of the adjective potis, able, and sum, is more irregular.
prepositions, in
Paradigm.
376.
Possum, posse, potui, be

INDICATIVE.
able.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Present.
1.
possum
possumus
possim
possimus
2.
potes
potestis
possis
possitis
3.
potest
possunt
possit
possint

ll'RE.
I'l
potero, poteris,
245
etc.
Perfect.
potui, potuisti,
potuerim, potueris,
etc.
etc.
Pluperfect.
potuissem, potuisses,
potneram, potueras, etc.
Future Perfect,
potuero, potueris,
etc.
etc.
INFINITIVE.
Present.
Perfect.
posse
potuisse
PARTICIPLE.
Present.
potens {used as
adjective).
t is changed to s before s, and that, as

compared with sum, the perfect stem does not
Notice that
a.
contain
377.
__
Illustrative
f
Haec facer e possum,
Examples.
/ am
able to do this.
.
\ T
J ,.
\/ can do this.
(I was not able
Haec facere non poteram,
y was unable
\l could not do
L-
..
x.
Dixit se haec facere posse,
to
do
do
to
this.
this.
this.
(he said that he was able
.,,,,,
to
do
this.
,,,,,.
\he said that he could do this.

se haec facere potuisse, he said that he could have
done
Iixit
uperari
.
non possunt,
this.
they cannot be conquered.
how possum is completed

(compare 123), and how it
Notice in these sentences
by a present
is
infinitive
translated in the various tenses.
by
can or could
is
The translation
generally preferable, and with

246
vocabulary.
378.
absum, abesse, afui, be away, be distant.

adsum, adesse, adfui, be present, be at hand.
desum, deesse, defui, be wanting, be lacking.
negotium,
patior,
I,
business ; affair.
n.,
I,
passus sum, endure, suffer
possum, posse, potui, be
allow.
powerful.
potens, -entis,
potestas, -tatis,
praeficio,
able, can.
f.,
ere, -feci,
power ; opportunity.
-fectum, set over, put
in
command
{charge) of (with dat.).
praesum, praeesse, praefui, be over, be in command (charge)

of, command (with dat.).
N.B. Praesum and praeficio take the dative of the

person commanded, while praeficio has also the person
placed in command as a direct object in the accusative.
For
prae-, before, at the head, in composition, see 243.
EXERCISES.
379.
i.
Ab
non possunt. 2. Impedimenta secum portare non poterant.

3. Nuntiat R6manos adesse. 4. Tempus defuerat. 5. Arbitratus est
6. Tanta
negotium celeriter confici posse (potuisse).
A.
1.
his se defendere
tempestas coorta est ut opus conficere vix possemus.

7. Auxilia sex milia passuum absunt.
8. Equitatui
legatum praeficit; omni equitatui quern praemiserat
legatum praefecit.
9. Civitati potent! praeest civitati
potentissimae praeficitur.
10. Docent
cur potestatem postulent. 11. Aderant omnes qui huic negotio
;
praefuerant.
13. Revert!
non
12.
Vobis possumus utiles esse amici.

quod naves erant inutiles. 14. Si
potui,
Caesar aderit, hostibus resistere poterunt.

B.
15. Null! civitati
247
persuadere potestis.
Haec
16.
quis pati potest? Quaerit quis haec pati possit.
17.
In
patrem celeriter adfore.

18. Legiones
magnum spatium aberant. 19. Accidit ut naves solvere
20. Ex hostium castris conspici
noetu. non possemus.
21. Quaesivit quis rei frumentariae
non poteramus.
litteris scribit
praefuisset
tiirus
essem.
strat.
23.
24.
quaesivit quern rei frumentariae praefec22. Omnia negotia rei publicae adminiEquites longius progredi non potuerant.
Diutius sustinere
impetum non poterimus.
Potestas nobis non deerit

defore.
26.
Tantam
intellexit sibi
auctoritatem
potentes amicitiam petant.

conati,
copias
habet
ut
25.
non
reges
Oppidum oppugnare
27.
expugnare non potuerunt.
380.
ii.
A. 1. You cannot march through the province. 2.

He has been unable to persuade me. 3. They could
not withstand the attacks of our men. 4. You are in
my power you are powerful 5 Nothing is wanting
.
everything is lacking. 6. He was in command of the

cavalry which had been sent in advance. 7. He asked
whom they had put in command of the army. 8. He
thinks that he can do this without any danger. 9. He
perceived what they could do.
10. Another town is
said to have been farther distant.
11. Having finished
12. We had not been
this business, he can return.
able to use our swords.
13. They cannot defend their
own territories. 14. This alone seems to have been
lacking. 15. They thought Caesar himself was present.
B.
16.
On
account of the scarcity of corn, he will

17. He reported that he had been
not be able to wait.

unable to learn this.
of this business.
18.
put my son in charge

be dangerous to spare the
I shall
19. It will
248
most powerful of the leading men. 20. The children

could not be restrained by their mother. 21. We can
very easily prevent them from injuring you. 22. He
trusted the lieutenants whom he had put in command
23. He was aware that cavalry and ships
of the legion.
were wanting to the Romans. 24. For the same reason
the camp could not be pitched. 25. He learns for what
Two
brothers
The storm was
so great
reason they cannot take up arms.
command
these legions.
that two ships
had not been able
WORD
381.
VERBS OF
announce
27.
26.
to reach the harbor.
LIST
F.
SA YING, THINKING, PERCEIVING.

NOUNS.
business
direction
where
whence
here
there
where
thus, so
near
249
250
copils
ab urbe profectl sunt,
et
prope pontem consederunt
qui flumen jungebat {spanned). Compltira levia proelia

facta sunt, sed neuter exercitus repelli poterat. Tandem
(at length)
corporis
et
unus ex
pontem progressus
magnitudinem
ad
fortissimum Romanorum ad
Gallls, cui propter
fortitudinem
est et
nemd
resistere potuerat,
" Sic " inquit (said he)

" omnes intelleg-ent utra natio sit melior." Sed tantus
fuit timor Romanorum ut neminl persuadere posset.
pugnam
provocavit (challenged).
Tandem Titus Manlius, adulescens

Romanorum appropinquavit
peratori
nobilissimus, imet dixit " Si
mihi
potestas facta"* erit eg-o huic Gallo occurram et ostendam

,
quanta sit virtus militis Romani." Potestate facta,

Manlius se ad pug-nam expedivit.
Neque diii pug-naverunt, nam (for) ita acriter et audacter Manlius hostem
adortus est ut Gallus gladio uti vix posset et brevi interficeretur.
Hostes hac victoria ita perterriti sunt ut
postera
nocte
castra
moverent,
neque rursus
exercitu Romano proelium committere auderent
cum
Manlius
ad castra a militibus reductus est, torquem g-erens

(wearing) quern de corpore Galli detraxerat
et hac de
causa semper post id tempus Torquatus appellabatur.
;
Post multos annos bellum coortum est inter Romanos

Romani. Consules Titus Manlius Torquatus, qui ter (thrice) consul
factus erat, et Publius Decius exercitum Romanum
eduxerunt et castra posuerunt non long-e ab exercitu
et Latinos, qui diii socii fuerant populi
Latinorum
Turn (then) equites in omnes partes dlmissi sunt, sed,
quod multl in duobus exercitibus fuerant amlci, jussl
sunt solum cognoscere quae in hostium castrls g-ererentur, sed non proelium committere neque ullam inju*The phrase potestateui facio means
give opportunity, give permission.

riam facere.
Complures horum equitum, quibus Titus
Manlius, consulis
filius,
praefectus erat,
Latmorum appropinquant,
et is
251
dum
castris
equitatui hostium occurrunt
qui equitatui praeerat, ubi (when) perspexit quis

Manlium, quern diu cognoverat, ad pugnam
accederet,
provocavit.
Ira
(by
anger)
neque memor
adductus,
imperii patris, Manlius, destricto gladio, statim hostem
adortus est et interfecit.
Turn anna de corpore ejus detrahit
et
celeriter
qastra revertitur, et patri quid fecerit reniintiat
"
:
ad
Haec
spolia, pater, capta ex hoste interfecto tibi porto." His

rebus auditis, consul milites convocavit et haec dixit:
Titus Manlius, filius meus, cum hoste pug-navit neque
1
imperio consulum parebat.

Communis saliitis causa,
imperator militarem disciplinam {discipline) solvere (to
dest/oy) neminem pati potest.
In hoc bello tan turn est
perieulum ut praestet filium amittere quam rei publicae
nocere."
Hac oratione habita filium interfici jussit,
neque ab hoc consilio deterreri potuit.
.
Torquis
Collar.
The Dying Gaul. J
252
LESSON LXIV.
Genitive and Ablative of Quality.
383.
Illustrative
Examples.
Sunt homines magnae virtutis,

Sunt homines magna virtute,
Bono animo sumus,
Dierum decern habent frumentum,
a.
\ they are men of great

/
valor.
we are of good
courage.
they have ten days' grain.
In these sentences observe how phrases composed of

a noun and a modifying adjective, in either the
genitive or the ablative case, are used to describe
some quality or characteristic of a person or thing-.
-
This construction
is
known
as the
Genitive or
Ablative of Quality*
b.
When
the description refers to number, the geni-
must be used physical

be expressed by the ablative
tive
the genitive or the ablative
characteristics should
;
in other cases either
may be
used.
VOCABULARY.
384.
adulescens, -entis, m.,
young man.
classis, is, f.,
fleet.
corpus, -oris, n.,

efficio, ere, -feci,
genus,
-eris, n.,
incredibilis, e,
body.
-fectum,
make ;
incredible.
ingens, -entis,
huge, vast.
triduum,
three days.
l,
n.,
Phrase
construct, build.
kind, sort.
magnitudo
corporis, stature.
* This usage is known also as the Descriptive Genitive (or Ablative), and
as the Genitive (or Ablative) of Characteristic.
253
exercises.
385.
I.
Filium, summa virtute adulescentem, ad eosmittit.

Montibus undiquc continentur magna altitudine.
4. Classem
3. Ab his paucdrum dierum iter aberant.
5.
navium ducentarum superiore aestate effecerat.
Anna omnis generis habemus omne genus armorum
habemus. 6. Hi German! erant ingenti magnitudine
7. Tridui* iter procorporum et incredibili virtute.
1.
2.
gress!, rursus revertuntur. 8. Lucius, adulescens

fide,
ex
deligitur.
9.
silvis ejiciunt.
auctoritatis.
11.
saque duodeviginti
Novo genere pugnae

10.
Haec
Castra
civitas est firma et
pedum duodecimt
pedum munituri
sunt.
summa
perterriti, se
magnae
vallo fos12.
Hujus
generis hostibus resistere non poterant.

II.
They have
built ships of an incredible size.

2.
hundred ships of the same sort must be built.
3. A forest of vast size extends through the midst of
These trenches are of the same
4.
the territory.
They marched for three days through
depth.
5.
marshes of vast extent. 6. He put Marcus and Lucius,
young men of very great influence, in command of this
8. The
fleet.
7. They are men of an unfriendly spirit.
1.
About
six
towers are of such great height that they cannot be

moved. 9. They hurled missiles of every sort at the
huge bodies of the barbarians.
10.
The legion advanced
a three days' journey in light marching order.

Men of such great valor will never surrender.
11.
* Triil ui being a compound noun = irium li<Frimi. we have hefe only an

apparent exception to the rule that the genitive or ablativo of quality must
be a noun wit b a modifying adjective.
t The height <>l" a wall and the width of a trench aro the important
dimensions and In Latin, these words are often left to bo understood.
254
LESSON LXV.
The Subjunctive
386.
in Clauses of Purpose.
Illustrative
Conveniunt
ut bellum gerant,
Examples.
they assemble
may wage war

may wage
'that they
in order that they
war.
wage war.
wage war.
in order to
\to
Convenerunt
they assembled
;
(that they might wage war,
ut bellum gererent,
\ in order to wage war.
\to wage war.
Arma
np arms,
they take
capiunt,
{that
ne hoc accidat,
may
this
Arma
ceperunt,
they took
ne hoc accideret,
not happen,
happen,
lest this
up arms,
might not happen.
[that this
\lest this should happen,
Statim
he leaps down at once,
desilit,
ne capiatur,
(that he
may
not be taken.
in order not to be taken.

^so as not to be taken,
Statim
he leaps
desilit,
ut non capiatur,
These sentences
is
down
at once, so that he
not taken.
illustrate the following: points
a.
Subordinate clauses with the subjunctive are used in

Latin to express purpose.
b.
These clauses of purpose are introduced by ut, or if

negative by ne, while ut non is used to express
result, not
purpose (see the
last
sentence above).
255
In Latin, as in English, the tense of the dependent

verb is influenced by the tense of the principal
verb
the present subjunctive being: used where
English would use /nay, the imperfect subjunctive
c.
whore English would use might.
The
d.
idea of purpose
expressed in English in a
is
variety of ways, one of the
commonest being: by the
with to. But the infinitive should not be

used in Latin to express purpose.
infinitive
387, (a) The principle by which the tense used in a

dependent clause is influenced by the tense of the main
verb is known in Latin Grammar as the Sequence of
Tenses.
1.
The general
rule is as follows
The
Primary Sequence.
perfect indicative (called the
present, future and future

Primary Tenses) are followed
by the present or the perfect subjunctive.

2.
Secondary Sequence.
The
imperfect, perfect
and
pluperfect indicative (called the Secondary or Historical
by the imperfect or the pluperfect

But the perfect indicative, when translated
may take primary sequence, and the historical
Tenses) are followed
subjunctive.
by
have,
present (59, fn.) secondary sequence.

(b)
These rules apply generally
to all kinds of
depen-
In most cases the Latin

sequence corresponds so closely to English usage that the
tense of the English is a sufficient guide (362 c; 371 a.).
dent subjunctive clauses.*
388.
Illustrative
Legatos mittunt
qui pacem petant,
Legatos miserunt
Examples.
(they send envoys to seek peace,

\(literally,
\
qui pacem peterent, (literally,

\
*In clauses
who are
to
seek peace).
they soil envoys to seek peace
of purpose, only the present
who were
to
seek peace).
and Imperfect benses are used.
Latin Lessons for. Beginners.
256
a.
Notice that the subjunctive expressing purpose may

be used in a relative clause. The relative pronoun
replaces ut, and has of course an antecedent.
This usage occurs chiefly after mitto and its com-
pounds
sometimes also after relinquo and
deligo.
VOCABULARY.
389.
commeatus,
consequor,
msequor,
us,
I,
I,
m.,
supplies, provisions.
-secutus sum, overtake ; attain, acquire.
-secutus sum,
follow up, pursue.
magistratus, us, m.,

praefectus,
l,
magistrate.
m.,
officer,
commander
(especially of cavalry).
slavery.
servitiis, -tutis, f.,
subsequor,
tribunus,
N.B.
I,
I,
-secutus sum, Jollow closely, follow after.
m.,
tribune (a military officer).
Roman army had
its
(imperator), its staff officers (legati)
tribunes
and
its
(tribuni)
commander-in-chief
in each legion six
;
and sixty centurions
(centuriones)
cavalry officers (praefecti).
EXERCISES.
390.
i.
A. 1 Commeatus causa moratur moratur ut copiam

commeatus nanciscatur. 2. Ut hostes consequi posset,
pontem in flumine fecit. 3. Hostes insequi non audet
.
4. Magnam partem
regem insequeretur. 5. Omnes ex
conspectu removit equos ut spem fugae tolleret. 6.
ne
magnam
calamitatem accipiat.
equitatus misit quae
Magistratus deligunt qui
incommodum
subsequi
civitati praesint.
acciperent, cohortes
jussit.
secum
7.
Nenostri
partem
in earn
The Forum, Looking
East.
The Forum, Looking West,
Restoration.
{Restoration.)
257
quam scrvitutem pad. 9.

tribunosque jussit copias longiore itinere
10. Tandticere, ne ex hostium castris conspicerentur.
tam auctoritatem consecutus est ut prmcipatum obtineat
B. 8.
Praestat interfici
Praefectos
Galliae.
totius
11.
Legatum cum legionibus
tribus
subsequi jussit ut novissimum agmen hostium adori12. Legati ad Caesarem missi sunt qui dicerent
retur.
se paratos esse
praemisit quae
vastaret.
14.
13. Partem copiarum

minora oppugnaret, agrosque
Caesar in Britanniam proficiscetur, ne
obsides dare.
castra
ex his nationibus auxilia in Galliam mittantur.

391.
ii.
A. 1. He reconnoitres all
may march without danger.
the roads in order that he

2.
He
sent the cavalry in
advance that they might reconnoitre the roads and seek

supplies.
3. The leader of the Gauls restrains his men
4. He sends the officers
lest we learn of his approach.
of the cavalry in advance to choose a suitable place.
5. He makes the camp so large that it cannot easily be
surrounded
he makes the camp larger that the enemy
may not be able to surround it. 6. They fought bravely
for the sake of freedom
they fought bravely to attain
freedom they fought bravely that they might not be
;
held in slavery.
7.
He summons
the centurions in order to explain
the tribunes and

what must be done.
B, 8. He sends the cavalry to pursue the enemy; he

determines to follow the enemy closely
he hopes to
rtake the enemy.*
9. They sent envoys to promise
that they would lay down their arms.
10. In order not
to be prevented from setting sail, he determined to set
without supplies.
11. The magistrates and leading
;
Bee
886, 123
to.'
and
328 for
varkms ways
of translating the present infinitive
258
men
Gaul suspected that Caesar was taking them
of
across to Britain in order to kill
them all
there.
12.
He
sends an officer in advance to see in what direction the
enemy
are marching-.
13.
He
left
the lieutenant on the
continent to find out what was taking place in Gaul.
They began
captured.
to
throw away their arms so as not
14.
to
be
;.
259
participles.
Present
ferens
Perfect
Future
laturus
Gerundive ferendus
393.
Ferd
(a)
latus
irregular in the present indicative,
is
present infinitive
and imperfect subjunctive.
other forms fero
is
In all the
conjugated precisely like verbs of
the third conjugation, allowing- for the peculiarity of

the principal parts.
(b)
The
prepositions with which fero
is
compounded
often undergo changes to harmonize their final sound
with the
for
initial letters
example ad and
fero
(f,
and
make
1)
of the three stems
affero, attuli, allatum.
VOCABULARY.
394.
confero, ferre, contuli, collatum, collect, gather.

defero, ferre, -tuli, -latum,
carry douni ; bring ; report*
fama, ae,
rumor, report.
f.,
fero, ferre, tuli,
bear, carry ; endure, stand.
latum,
infero, ferre, intuli, illatum,
bring ; cause,
perfero, ferre, -tuli, -latum,
{carry
to
report*
refero, referre, rettuli, relatum, carry
Phrases
inflict.
bring
the end),
;
bear, submit to.
back; report*
auxilium fero (w. dat.), bring {give, lend) aid.

bellum infero (w. dat.), make war (on or upon)
slgna infero (w. in and ace.) advance against
or on (literally bear omvard the standards)
famam perfero, bring a

pedem
refero,
report.
fall back, give way.
of those who disclose or voluntarily report something ; rcfVrfi of

as part of their duly bring back Information; iMrfVrft with
to the point reached by the report. All three words are followed
land the A.co.
* i>~fVio
pose who
Ience
Vith Iiifrro
tin-
person on or
upon whom something
is
inflicted is
260
exercises.
395.
i.
arma fertis. 2. Frumenfrumentum confertur. 3. Multa

vulnera intulerunt; multa vulnera illata sunt. 4. Has
litterae ad eum
litteras servus ad Caesarem defert
deferuntur.
5. Celeriter fama ad omnes Galliae civiA.
1.
Auxilium ferimus
turn conferri jubet;
Legati haec se ad suos relaturos

Negant se populo Romano bellum
intulisse.
8. Quantus est numerus eorum qui arma
9. Tanta tempestas subito coorta est
ferre possunt?
ut omnes fere naves ad Galliam referrentur. 10. Magna
tates perferetur.
esse dixerunt.
6.
7.
illata calamitate,
alias terras petunt.
11.
Frumentum
ex agris cotidie in castra conferebatur.
B. 12. Ea
ad Caesarem; haec statim

Legiones sese conjungunt et signa in
14. Eis qui premi videntur auxilium
hostes inferunt.
ferendiim est.
15. Consilio Caesaris cognito et perlato
ad Britannos, a compluribus insulae civitatibus ad eum
legati veniunt.
16. Si bellum intulerit, quid veremini?
17. Ne haec res deferatur, niintium necarit.
18. Hue
Caesar omnes obsides et impedimentorum magnam
partem contulerat. 19. Impeditis hostibus propter ea,
quae ferebant, onera, nostri subito eruptionem fecerunt.
20. Commisso proelio, nostrorum militum impetum
res defertur
deferemus.
13.
hostes ferre
non potuerunt.
396.
ii.
A. 1. You are bringing aid; you had brought aid.

He is said to have brought aid while bringing aid,
they were slain.
3. He asked who was bringing aid
he asked to whom aid was being brought.
4. They
2.
said that the grain
was being
collected.
5.
Exhausted
261
by wounds, they began to give way. 6. Young" men of

such valor ought not to submit to slavery. 7. The ships
were carried down to the lower part of the island. 8.
lie promised to make war neither upon them nor upon
9. Do you not see what great disasters
their allies.
they have borne?
be gathered to
10.
seeking peace, you have
B. 12. He
The
military standards used to
one place.
11.
After
made war on me without
cause.
(literally
sets out at
into)
once in order to bring- aid
they join battle at once lest aid be brought.
13
Alarmed
14. The left

by these things the barbarians fell back.
wing was ordered to advance, because the right wing*
seemed to be hard pressed. 15. On this being: reported
(defero) to the magistrates, they determined to make
war.
16. Meanwhile a report is brought to the fleet of
(de) Caesar's victory.
arms have been
17.
collected
They report (refero)
that the
and hostages 'g'iven up.
18.
Ships of this sort will stand the storms more easily.

19. They understood how great a disaster they had
brought (infero) upon the state they understood how
;
great a disaster had been brought upon us.

the allies
fall
20.
When
back, the legionary soldiers will advance.
LESSON LXVII.
Subjunctive with Cum.
397.
Cum
exercitum cogeret, legatos miserunt, when fie was

an army, they sent envoys.
Hoc cum dlxisset, ex navi desiluit, when he had said this,
collecting
he leaped
Cum
id
down from
nuntiatum
the ship.
esset, statim profectus est,
was announced, he
set out at once.
when
this
262
Cum
naves essent inutiles, revert! non poterat, as (or

were useless, he could not return.
since) the ships
These sentences
Cum
a.
illustrate the followingpoints
(translated sometimes when, sometimes since or
as)
is
used with the imperfect and pluperfect
subjunctive to express in some cases the time, in

others the cause of an action in the past.
In such clauses referring to the past, the imperfect

subjunctive is used when the time of the dependent
-
b.
verb
is
perfect
the
same
when
it
as that of the
main verb, the plumain
earlier than that of the
is
verb.
The
c.
subjunctive with
cum is
translated
by the English
Notice particularly that in English

after when, etc., the simple past tense is often
equivalent to the pluperfect, and that in such cases
indicative.
the subjunctive with
When cum
d.
it
will in
cum should be in the pluperfect.
with the subjunctive
is
translated when,
most cases be found not merely
to express
the time but also to describe the circumstances or

situation.*
An
emphatic word or word of connection may precede the conjunction cum, although forming: part
of the cum clause, as in the second sentence.
e.
N.B.
It will
further be seen, on reviewing 303, that

-
cum with the pluperfect subjunctive could be used to

express any of the participial phrases there given.
used also with the indicative in Latin, chiefly in the following
to express mere time; as, When Caesar conquered Gaul, it was
inhabited by three races ; (2) to express time, circumstances, or situation in
present or future time (224) ; (3) when
has the force of whenever.
"
I'uiii is
cases:
(1)
In the sense of since or as,
cum
cum always takes the subjunctive.
263
vocabulary.
398.
apertus, a, urn, open, clear.

instituo, ere, -ui,
ûtum, undertake,
set
about ; build,
establish.
now, by
jam, adv.,
mors, mortis,
f.,
this time, already.
death.
nondum, adv.,
not yet.
via, ae, f
way, road, route, journey.
Phrase: latus apertum, the unprotected flank {i.e., the

right side, unprotected by the shield).
N.B.
(123)
Instituo
as,
may
Haec facere
/ set about doing
take a complementary infinitive

instituo,
I undertake
to
do
this, or,
this.
EXERCISES.
399.
A.
I.
1.
Cum jam
appropinquarent Britanniae, tem-
pestas subito coorta
est.
2.
E6 cum
pervenissent,
paucos dies ibi morati sunt. 3. Cum legati ad Caesarem

venissent, ex consuetudine obsides imperavit. 4. His
cum persuadere nondum potuissent, hac via iter facere
non ausi sunt. 5. Cum esset Caesar in hibernis, certior
factus est Gallos celerrimas naves instituere.
6. Cum
jam tridui viam progressi essemus, de morte imperatoris
certiores fact! sumus.
7. His rebus cum iter impediretur, copiae in loco aperto constiterunt.
cum se in
9. Hos cum
B.
10.
castra
reciperent,
8.
Nostri
hostibus occurrerunt.
reliqui conspexissent, subsecuti sunt.
Cum
milia
passuum
tria
Caesar abesset,
barbari oppida incenderunt et pecora in silvas compu11. Caesar cum constituisset in continent!
hiemare, frumentum in Britannia non provisum erat.
lcrunt,
12.
Cum jam
meridies appropinquaret, ad ea castra,
264
quae supra demonstravimus, contendit. 13. Cum se

suaque omnia in oppida contulissent, bellum parare
14. Cum jam miiro turres appropinquainstituerunt.
vissent, Galli flentes
pacem petere coeperunt.
15.
Cum
mortis periculo territi essent, in fluctus desillre dubita16. Equites cum multitudine hostium castra
bant.
compleri nostra vidissent, fuga salutem petere conten17. Ibi cum alii fossas complerent, alii tela
derunt.
conjicerent, nostri subito eruptionem fecerunt.
agmen ex
via excesserit,
ab
400.
18.
Cum
latere aperto adoriemur.
ii.
A. 1. When he was bringing aid to his brother, he

was himself surrounded. 2. When we had marched for
three days through their territories, we came to a lake
of great width.
come
3.
When
he ordered
to him, they did not obey.
4.
all the senate to

Since he could not
overtake the army, he recalled the cavalry. 5. When

there, larger forces of the Britons had already
assembled. 6. As the winter was not yet ended, he
he came
could not set about the work.

{literally
when he had found
7.
out)
Having found out

by what road they
were marching, he sent the cavalry in that direction.

8. Thinking {literally since we thought) that after his
death it was dangerous to set out, we approved this plan.
B.9. When he had approached (accedo) nearer, he

was ordered to throw away his arms. 10. As he believed
the rest of the army was following closely, he drew up
his line of battle on open ground.
11. On learning that
Caesar was going to set out that night, they determined
to await his departure.
12. When the Gauls saw that
our legions were being hard pressed, they hastened
towards the camp.
13. As the enemy's troops seemed
265
he set about posting garrisons. 14.

he reported what was being done on the left wing,
15. As the
these cohorts were ordered to advance.
open ground did not extend far, our men scarcelyventured to pursue.
to
be
increasing-,
When
LESSON
Volo, Nolo,
401.
Malo
LXVIII.
Dative of Purpose and Interest.

Paradigms.
Volo, velle, volui,
be willing, wish.
Nolo, nolle, nolui,
be tmwilling.
Malo, malle, malui, prefer.
266
Imperfect

the case of a
(4)
word
267
in the predicate referring- to
the subject of the main. verb.

404.
Illustrative
Locum
oppido deligit, he chooses a place for the town.
Caesar timet cohort!,

a.
The
Examples.
Caesar fears for the cohort.
sometimes to be translated by for

rather than by to, chiefly with a few phrases to
or, again, to denote
signify purpose or intention
that in which interest or concern is felt.
dative
is
VOCABULARY.
405.
ago, ere, egi, actum, drive, Dioveforward; do.

consulo, ere, -sului, -sultum, consult ; take thought*
adv. and indeclinable adj., enough
satis,
; sufficiently.
studeo, ere, ui, be eager, be zealous.
Phrases
ago cum, treat or confer with.
diem
constituo, fix (or appoint) a day.
facio, satisfy, with dative

enough for).
novae res, change, revolution.
satis
(literally do
exercises.
406.
i.
Audire volumus se dedere nolent discedere

2. Reduci nolueramus
incogfniti esse malemus visne adesse ? 3. Posterum diem piignae constituit. 4. Munitioni castrorum tempus relinqui volebam.
5. lis le.îonibus, quas una cum legato mi serat, timebat.
lis de rebus te consulere vult
6.
tecum agere malo. 7.
Rel publicae boni cives semper consulunt. 8. Ostendit
id sibi satis futurum esse.
9. Hi tibi student, ill! mihi.
A.
1.
malebant.
4onMiir, when meaning consult, takes the aeeusatlve;

take thought (for), h< .lat \ .-.
l
when meaning
268
quod post tergum hostem

Quid ageretur deferre nolle
Quaerit quibuscum agcre velim.
dubitabat
Proficisci
10.
nolebat.
relinquere
videbantur.
12.
11.
B. 13. Defensores oppido idonei

Omnes fere Galll novis rebus studebant
tutem perferre mavultis?
auxilia
partes
proficisci
causis navibus veritus est.

nolo.
19.
16.
15.
17.
14.
Num ser vi-
Demonstravimus
vellemus.
18.
deliguntur.
.
qiias in
Ita multis
de
Diem concilio constituere
Caesari omnia uno tempore erant agenda.
20.
Mons quern a legato occupari voluisti, ab hostibus tene21. Hoc praesidium huic rei satis esse arbitratur.
22 Se senatui populoque Romano satis facturos
bantur
.
.esse
24.
polliciti sunt.
Huic
rei
23.
Amici existimari volebamus.
homo summae
407.
fortitudinis deligendus est.
ii.
A. 1. You wish to be Roman citizens you do not wish

2. He asked
to be a soldier
we prefer to dwell here.
why we did not wish to return here he asked where we
;
he asked where we wished to be

sent.
3. He had fixed a day for the cavalry battle.
5. He wishes to do
4. It is scarcely enough for me.
nothing else he prefers to do nothing at all. 6. They
said that they wished to treat with him about these
preferred to dwell
matters.
7.
follow him.
He
asks
They
8.
how
number wishes
large a
to
are unwilling to take thought for
they prefer to take thought for themSince they are eager for a change, they
collect as large a fleet as possible.
10. He sends scouts
the whole state

selves.
in
9.
advance
to choose a suitable place for a
camp.
B. 11. They fear the sea without cause. 12. He

has fears for the safety of the legion he feared for the
legions.
13. Since he wished to constilt the chief men,
;

he appointed a day for this business.
willing to leap
down
into the water.
269
He is unHe felt that

16. All men
14.
15.
they had been unwilling to satisfy him.

wish to be free; everyone is eager for freedom. 17.
Have our men chosen a place for the camp? 18. I
suspected for what reason they had wished war to be
waged. 19. He says he had rather be killed than be
20. He was aware why they had
severely wounded.
preferred to
encamp
across the river.
V
Soldiers Crossing a Bridge of Boats.
(From Trcyan's Column.)
270
LESSON LXIX.
Subordinate Clauses in Indirect Discourse.
408.
Illustrative
Examples.
Copiae quas exspectat pervenerunt, the troops -which he

is
awaiting have arrived.
Audit copias quas exspectet pervenisse, he hears that the

troops which he is awaiting have arrived.
Dixerunt copias quas exspectaret pervenisse, they said that

the troops which he was awaiting had arrived.
Commoti sunt quod copiae missae sunt, they are alarmed
because troops have been sent.
Credit eos commotos esse quod copiae missae sint, he
believes they are alarmed because troops have been sent.
Negaverunt se commotos esse quod copiae missae essent,

they denied that they were alarmed because troops had
been sent.
Jussus est copias quas coegisset mittere, he was ordered
send the troops which he had
to
collected.
Quaesivit quis coegisset copias quae mitterentur, he asked
who had
collected the troops
These sentences
a.
which were being
illustrate the following
sent.
points:
Relative and other subordinate clauses which ordin-
have the indicative, have the subjunctive

when dependent on a clause which is itself
dependent on some verb of saying, thinking,
knowing or perceivi?ig, order big or asking.
arily
instead,
b.
This rule holds not only of indirect statements, but

of indirect questions and commands, all of which
are included under the term Indirect Discourse.
The indicative in fact has no place in the indirect
quotation of another's words or thoughts.

e.
The
271
tenses of the subjunctive follow the rules for the
sequence of tenses (387). It should be observed

that in English the tense of the dependent clause
similarly influenced
is
by
that of the
main verb.
VOCABULARY.
409.
circumdo, dare, -dedi, -datum, surround, enclose.

m. plur., the Helvetians (a Gallic
Helvetii, drum,
tribe dwelling in
what
is
now
impetro, are, avi, atum, obtain one
Switzerland).
s request, obtain.
reddo, ere, reddidi, redditum, give back, restore.
Phrase
N.B.
ad salutem contends, hasten
The
compounds
to
a place of
safety.
of do with monosyllabic pre-
positions arc regularly of the third conjugation like

But
reddo*; compare abdo, dedo, trado ( = trans-do).
compounds with dissyllabic words are of the first con-
jugation like do
itself,
as circumdo.
exercises.
410.
i.
A. 1. Obsides, quos habemus, reddemus. 2. Polli3.

centur se obsides, quos habeant, redditiiros esse.
esse.
quos
haberent,
reddituros
obsides,
Polliciti sunt se
4.
Obsides qui accept! sunt, redditi sunt.
obsides qui accept! sint, redditos esse.
qui accept! essent, redditos esse.

qui ea loca incolerent expulisse.
7.
8.
6.
5.
Dicit
Dixit obsides
Scripsit se Gallos
Intellegebat
eum
locum, unde Helvetii discessissent, provinciae nostrae

finitimum esse. 9. Arbitrantur facile fore se defendere
quod prope ex omnibus partibus locus flumine et palude
cireumdatus sit. 10. Id cum impetravissent, t polliciti
sunt sein fines suos unde essent profecti reversuros esse.
*The prefix
t The object
re- has the form red- before vowels, as well as with -dA.
can often bebesl rendered by an adjective modifying the word request ; as, hftc liupctro, I obtain tin's requett.
of Impetre'
272
-11.
legatos miserunt qui dicerent se

provinciam facere, quod aliud iter haberent
nullum. 12. Audiverant id, quod ipsi aegerrime fecis13. Credunt in acie praesent, ilium fecisse facillime.
B.
Helvetii"
velle iter per
stare interne!
quam libertatem quam acceperint amittere.
ea quae audivissent ad Helvetiosdeferre.

Renuntiavit montem quern a legato occupari voluerit,
14. Jussi sunt

15.
ab hostibus
teneri.
polliceantur
facturos?
16.
Num
17.
creditis Gallos ea
Scripsit
summam
quae
fuisse
quod omnia uno tempore essent agenda.

Quaerit cur ea quae acceperint reddere nolint. 19.
difficultatem,
18.
Cognovit Helvetios, eruptione facta, eisdem itineribus

quibus eo pervenissent ad salutem contendisse.
20.
Ostenderunt Caesarem, quod ad hostium castra accederet, expedites legi5nes ducere.
411.
ii.
A. 1. They have surrounded with a double wall the

town which they are defending. 2. He learns that they
have surrounded with a double wall the town which
they are defending. 3. He found that they had surrounded with a double wall the town which they were
defending.
4. The towns which they have taken by
storm are surrounded* by forests. 5. He reports that
the towns which they have taken by storm are surrounded by forests. 6. He wrote that the towns which
had been taken by storm were surrounded by forests.
7 He replied that he had fears for the prisoners whom
they were unwilling to restore.
8. The Helvetians
hope to obtain from him what they have been seeking.
9. He said that he preferred to be left on the continent,
because he feared the sea.
10. He was ordered to
.
Use the perfect tense
(243
N. B.).

return to the
army had been
camp where
273
the baggage of the whole
left.
B. 11. He announces that he will lead the legion he

has with him into our province. 12. They thought that
it was easy to obtain what they wished.
13. They
promised to do what he had required. 14. He orders
the prisoners whom they are holding in slavery to be
given back.
15. They saw that the Helvetians had
been thrown into confusion because they had been surrounded by the cavalry. 16. He points out that these
are the same enemies with whom we have often waged
war. 17. He asked who was in command of the forces
that were being sent.
18. He perceives that the Helvetians are hastening towards those who are finishing
these fortifications.
He
19.
learns that the ships which
these nations use are smaller.
20.
He
learned that
had been carried back to the same harbor

from which {literally whence) they had set out.
several ships
412.
WORD
LIST
VII.
NOUNS.
aduleseens
fluetus
natio
classis
negdtium
servitus
com meatus
genus
magi stratus
pars
tribunus
corpus
mors
potestas
fama
praefeetus
trkluum
via
ADJECTIVES.
apertus
incredibilis
ingens
potens
ADVERBS.
ita
nondum
sic
jam
satis
tarn
vix
satis
274
absum
275
Romanos ab lateribus duobus subito adorirentur. Cum

jam maxima pars exercitus in vallem silvis circumdatam
progrressa esset, fama ad consulem perfertur hostes
Ille sensit
adesse.
summum esse periculum, quod
RomanI prope circumvent! essent, sed, cum nollet
hostem post tergum relinquere, exercitum signa convertere jubere dubitabat.
Dum
exercitui timet,
neque
scit
quid faciendum
sit,
adulescens summa virtute,

appropinquavit et haec dixit " Hostes adventum reliqul
exercitus exspectare videntur, et cum novissimum agmen
Publius Decius tribunus,
conspectum venerit, non diutius morabuntur sed

impetum facient. Una est spes salutis. Videsne
collem ilium, quern hostes nondum occupaverunt ? Ex
in
statim
illo colle
hostes a tergo adoriri poterimus,
impetum
facere conati erunt.
si
in nostros
impetus impedietur,
neque Samnites audebunt vos insequi, ne magfnum
incommodum ipsi accipiant. Paucas cohortes huic rel
satis fore arbitror.
Ita
Nos volumus
interne! ut reliqui ex
valle excedant."
Hoc
consilio
probato,
consul
Decium cum paucis
cohortibus expeditls misit qui collem occuparet.
cum
Ipse
reliquis copiis, iisdem itineribus quibus eo perve-
nerat, ad saltitem contendit.
crat periculo.
Nam
hostes
Interim Decius in magfno

animadvertissent quid
cum
agferetur, !ra (by anger) adducti,
omnes
se a leg-ionibus
ad Decium convertunt.
Collem muro circumdare Jnstituunt ut omnes RomanI caperentur.

Sed cum jam nox
appropinquaret neque tempus munltioni relinqueretur,
posterum diem oppu&*nationi constituerunt sed media
nocte RomanI, eruptione facta, per medios hostes audacissime perrumpunt incolumesque omnes se ad suos
;
recipiunt.
276
Propter has res gestas Decius magnam inter Romanos

auctoritatem consecutus est, et post tres annos consul
factus est, eodem anno quo Manlius Torquatus, alter
consul,
de quo supra demonstravimus,
f ilium
suum
Post mortem adulescentis illius, proelium commissum est. Superiore nocte uterque (each)
consul somniaverat (had dreamed) se virum videre
interne! jussit.
ingenti magnitudine corporis, qui nuntiaret*
"Alter
exercitus imperatorem, alter victoriam amittet."
Proelio commisso, Decius animadvertit Manlium, qui

dextro cornii praeerat, hostes repellere, sed sinistrum
cornii, cui ipse praefectus erat, premi ab hostibus et
pedem
Itaque (accordingly) ne
referre.
rentur, se pro
(o?i
behalf
of,
Romani
supera-
w. abl.) exercitii devovere
constituit, et statim in medios hostes se conjecit ut

auxilium laborantibus suis ferret. Ibi fortiter pug-nans
brevi cecidit, multis vulneribus confectus. Hoc cum
reliqui conspexissent, subsecuti sunt et hostes in fugam
dederunt.
Ita
illis
bant.
temporibus cives
rei publicae
Htijus generis militibus
nemo
semper consule-
resistere poterat.
LESSON LXX.
Ablative of Specification. Ablative of Manner.
414.
a.
Illustrative
Examples.
Erant virtute pares, they were equal in valor.

Omnia oppida, numero duodecim, incendunt, they bum
all their towns, twelve in mimber.
The ablative without a preposition is used, as in
these sentences, to show in what respect a statement or term is to be taken as applicable. This
usage is known as the Ablative of Specification.
*For the mood see
408, a.,
soninio being a verb of thinking or perceiving.

41
Illustrative
Summa
277
Examples.
ad castra contendunt, with the utmost
celeritate
swiftness they hasten towards the camp.
Magno cum
periculo et
magna cum
virtute res sunt ad-
ministrate, operations have been conducted at great

risk and with great valor.
Consuetudine sua desiluerunt, according
to their
custom
they leaped dozen.
The
Ablative of Manner, both with and without the

preposition cum, is used to express the manner or
a.
the attendant circumstances of an action.

exercises which follow,
cum should
In the
not be used
except with the words diligentia and periculum.*
The
ablative is also used without a preposition, to

denote that in accordance with which something- is
done, as in the last sentence.
b.
VOCABULARY.
416.
diligentia, ae, f.,
care, diligence.
modus, I, m.,
nomen, -minis, n.,
manner ; means
praesto, are,
-stiti,
kind, sort.
name.
-statum or -stitum, be superior
surpass (with dative).

ratio, -onis, f.,
method ; manner', way*
studium,
zeal, eagerness.
I,
n.,
supero, are, avi, atum, surpass, excel.
tumultus, us, m.,
noise, uproar,
valeo, ere, ui, itum,
be strong.
vox, vocis,
voice ; cry.
Phrases :
f.,
magna voce, in a loud voice ; (s<

communi consilio, by common
plurimum
No general rule
manner can bo given
'
also with clamor).

consent
(lit.
plan).
valeo, be very strong, be strongest.
(or tin- use or omission of
wit h
>
commotion,
advantage at
nun
with the ahlat ivo of
this slugo of tin; pupil's progress.
278
exercises.
417.
I.
Interim ad legatum incredibili celeritate de

2. Haec ci vitas longe
victoria Caesaris fama perfertur.
3. Aduleplurimum totius Galliae equitatu. valet.
4. Disscentem, Lucium nomine, equitibus praeficit.
A.
1.
magna cum diligentia munitiones

Hostes maximo clamore novissimum
agmen adorti sunt. 6. Summo studio viginti naves
praesidiis,
positis
defendunt.
hiijus
5.
modi
instituunt.
7.
Hie vir
ceteris
virtute
et
9.
Magna voce causam

Eadem ratione omnia communi
Cum summa
diligentia milites in castris con-
usu. rei militaris praestabat.
tumultus quaesivit.
8.
consilio facta erant.
B.
10.
eorum permotus vocibus, portas

occupari jubet. 12. Neque hac recenti victoria neque
nomine populi Roman! deterreri possunt. 13. Quod hos11.
tinet.
Simul
tibus appropinquabat, consuetudine sua Caesar legiones
expedites diicebat.
edticerentur,
14.
Quam in partem aut quo consilio
quaerere coeperunt.
imperium
15.
Sic
communi
16. Requod haec ci vitas hominum

multitudine-superaret, sescentos omnino obsides imperare.
17. Omni mod5* huic rei studebimus, ne opprimamur.
18. Sese paratos esse demonstrant omnibus
consilio
totius -Galliae
obtinebat.
spondit se constituisse,
rationibus* Caesari satis facere.

418.
A.
2.
Our
alone.
leaped
ii.
1.
They were
said to excel the others in valor.
ships are superior to the enemy's fleet in speed

3.
When
down
he had said
into the waves.
this in a loud voice,

4.
He
he
perceived at what
* These expressions have the same meaning, by every -means or in every

way.

{literally
first
how
great) risk they
had done
279
this.
the river flows with very great swiftness.
5.
6.
At
First
they collected all their infantry forces, in which they

were very strong". 7. He ordered the camp to be moved
8. War should
at daybreak with less commotion.
have been waged according to another method. 9.
With the same zeal they began to fortify their camp
according to our custom.
B.
was
10.
called
This was the name of the island

Britain.
11.
An
island
of
the island
vast extent,
by name, was not far distant from Gaul. 12.

midnight amid {literally with) great commotion.
13. By common consent the other bank had
been granted to the allies. 14. The camp had not been
fortified on this side with the same care.
15. He orders
all the cavalry, fifteen thousand in number, to assemble
at the beginning of spring.
16. He remembered that
he had come with another purpose (consilium). 17.
They surpass us in everything. 18. They can by no
means overtake you.
Britain
They
set out at
280
lverim or
Perfect
lvi or
Pluperfect
lveram or ieram
11
lenm
ivissem or iissem
Future Perfect Ivero or iero.
participles.
INFINITIVE.
ire
Present
iens, (ge?i. euntis.)
Perfect
ivisse or iisse
Future
iturus
Future
iturus esse
Present
a.
eo, while very irregular, belongs on the

whole to the fourth conjugation, the stem vowel
i, however, becoming e before a, o and u, as in eo,
Notice that
eunt, earn, euntis, but iens
the future indicative
formed after the model of the
first
is
and second con-
jugations.
b.
In the perfect system the forms without v are those

commonly used, both in the simple verb and in its
compounds.
Paradigm.
420.
Flo,
fieri,
factus sum, be made, become.

in the present infinitive
The vowel
b.
is long",
281
and imperfect subjunctive.

fit and before -er.
except in
is used as the passive of facio, which has the

regular passive forms only in the perfect system.
The compounds of facio with prepositions have their
passives throughout formed regularly from the
Flo
voice
active
sum
as,
interficior,
interfectus
interne!,
sum.
conficior, confici, confectus
VOCABULARY.
421.
adeo,
Ire,
aditus, us,
exeo,
m.,
or
eo, ire, ivi
advance ; approach, visit.

approach; means of approach.
itum,
ii,
ii,
itum,
go, advance.
itum, go forth ; leave (with ex
ire, ii,
and
abl.).
fio, fieri,
factus sum,
be made, be done ; happen
ineo, ire,
ii,
itum,
enter} enter upon, begin,
redeo, ire,
ii,
transeo, ire,
Phrases
itum,
ii,
retur?i.
itum,
cross; cross over.
consilium ineo (or capio),/^rw (adopt) apian.
inita aestate, at
beginniyig of
the
summer
(ablative absolute).
N.B. Adeo, ineo and transeo may be used transitively

and govern the accusative case. As transitive verbs,
they have passives formed in the regular way from the
active
as adiri, initus, transeundus (gerundive)
EXERCISES.
422.
A.
2.
I.
Hac
1.
Rhenum
sueverunt.
eatis.
.4.
poterat.
fiebat.
non poterant
navibus transeunt
eadem
Rhenum
via ibant.
transire con-
scio quo
3. Quaesivit unde rediremus
Propter paucitatem nostrorum nihil fieri
;
5.
6.
via ire
Eodem tempore ab
Inita
hieme
in
latere aperto Impetus

provincial e Gallia exibunt.
282
Insulam adire
7.
aditus
et
Peditatu repulso,
cognoscere volebat.
equestre proelium
fit
8.
sine labore
opus efncitur. 9. Exploratores jussit quid fieret cognoquid fiat cognoscent. 10. Scripsit se duabus de
scere
causis Rhenum transiisse.
11. Liberius et audacius de
;
12. Equites, in castra redeuntes,
bello consilia inibant.
hostibus occurrunt.
B.
13. Tertia
potuerant,
cum nuntio. 14. Quid

Omnes vicos quos adire
16. Hoc idem reliquis fit
hora exit una
ostendit.
vellet,
fieri
15.
incenderant.
Quid faciendum esset, providerat.

18.
Proximo anno constituit sibi Rhenum esse transeundum.
diebus.
17.
19.
His
20.
Cum
friimentum ex agrls comportant.

nuntiavit se aditum repperisse.
21. Duas legrones praemisit ut undique uno
tempore in hostes impetus fieret.
22. Ipse, eodem
itinere quo hostes ierant, triduum progressus est.
23.
Tanta
initis consiliis,
ad su5s
rediisset,
celeritate milites ierunt ut hostes
nere non possent.

leg-ione iturum,
24.
Caesar dixit se
sola
susti-
decima
de qua non dubitaret.
423.
impetum
cum
ii.
They were
by that road; they will go

account of the scarcity of
ships, they have not yet crossed
they cannot cross
because ships are lacking.
3. He orders a sally to be
made; he orders them to be put to death. 4. Meanwhile they are informed of his death. 5. They are
reconnoitring the roads that they may go forth from
A.
1.
by another road.
going-
2.
On
their territories.
he
6.
We
shall often visit these nations
remaining states before autumn.

7. They had left the town at the beginning, of the
second watch.
8. He was aware what was happening.
9. They believed that no one would cross over into
is
going to
visit the

Britain.
He was
10.
informed that those
crossed the river had not yet returned.

that the
he
he
is
camp has an easy approach.
283
who had
They report
They believe
11.
12.
returning: (has returned, will return)
they hear
is restoring* (has restored, will restore) the prisoners.
B.
13.
plan.
14.
Influenced by this speech they form a new

We shall not allow the Helvetians to go
through our territories. 15. If he returns, he will be

put to death when he returns he will be made king-.
16. That river the Helvetians were already crossing.
17. Outposts should be stationed lest a sally be suddenly
made. 18. Alarmed by the approach of so great a
multitude, they determine to prevent the Germans from
;
crossing-.
19.
wounded by a
done
While
spear.
{literally to
be done).
He
the river
is
the
points out
21.
also in the adjacent districts.
crossed
marsh he was
what he wishes
This same thing- is done
crossing20.
22.
The
river cannot be
crossed with difficulty.
ships are detained here
23. If the
by storms, a surrender
will be
be finished in a short time.
24. They posted g-arrisons with the greatest care, that
the Germans might not cross over.
made; the business
will
Coin of Hadrian.
284
LESSON LXXII.
Substantive Clauses of Purpose.
424.
Illustrative
Examples.
Nobis persuadet ut ad hostes secum transeamus, he persuades us to cross over to the enemy with him.
Suis imperavit ne tela conjicerent, he ordered his
men
not
left
(or
hurl missiles.
to
Petivit ut in Gallia relinqueretur, he asked to be

that he
might be
left)
in Gaul.
In connection with these sentences note the followingpoints
a.
After verbs meaning- ttrge, ask or command, Latin

uses dependent clauses with ut or ne and the
subjunctive, where English has the infinitive (or,
less frequently, a dependent clause with that).
b.
The
ut or ne clause
telling-
what
is
is urg-ed,
a substantive or noun clause
asked or commanded.*
Jubeo furnishes an important exception to the g-eneral
c.
rule.
The sequence
d.
of tenses
is
the same as in clauses of
purpose, the present subjunctive being- used after
primary tenses, the
imperfect
after
secondary
tenses, t
The
e.
reflexives sui
and suus
in the subordinate clause
will refer to the subject of the
main verb,
forms of indirect discourse (323
b.
as in all
363, fn.).
* Latin conceives this as something willed or desired, and accordingly

uses the same form of expression as in the ordinary clause of purpose (386).
t
(59, fn.) may take either primary sequence

form), or secondary sequence (according to its meaning).
427, sentences 2 and 5, or 14 and 15.
The historical present in Latin
(according to
Compare
its

425.
285
Here may profitably be reviewed the sections

ways of expressing- in Latin the
which explain various
English infinitive with

123.
to
Complementary
infinitive
with audeo, coepi,
cogo, conor, constituo, consuevi, contendo, dubito,
jubeo, patior, possum, volo,
320.
With passive verbs

with videor {seem).
32S.
With
polliceor
and
etc.
of sayi?ig
and thinking and

>
spero.
386. Adverbial clauses of purpose.

388. Relative clauses of purpose.
424. Substantive clauses of purpose.
VOCABULARY.
426.
atque or ac, conj.,
and; and also.
sum,
hortor, an, atus sum,
imper5, are, avi, atum,
moneo, ere, ui, itum,
oro, are, avi, atum,
persuaded, ere,-suasi, -suasum,
encourage, urge, exhort.
cohortor, an, atus
encourage, urge.
order, <:6>;//;//tf7^(withdat.).
advise,
warn.
beg, entreat.
persuade, zW/^(withdat.).
peto, ere, -ivi(or -il),-itum, ask, request (with
N.B.Atque
ab and abl.)*.
used before vowels or consonants, ac

Of the four Latin words for
and, et simply connects -que joins more closely than et
terms which naturally go together, or related clauses
and phrases atque and ac add something- of importance,
something to be more or less emphasized.
is
before consonants only.
)i-t Inguish clearly i>h ween prio wit h a substanl Ive clause of purpose
ask or request with the infinitive) and q micro with an Indirect Question
k or inquire followed by an Interrogal i\ e clause).
]
286
exercises.
427.
i.
A. 1. Helvetiis persuasit lit de finibus suis cum

omnibus copiis exirent. 2. Monet centuriones ne signa
3. Suis ut idem faciant imperat.
in hostes mferant.
4. Audacius resistere ac fortius pugnare coeperunt.
5. Hac oratione his persuadet ne diutius morarentur.
6. Hortatur pedites ut simili ratione per medios hostes
perrumpant. 7. Petunt atque orant ut sibi parcamus.
pollicitus
8. Monui legatum ut celeriter reverteretur
celerius reverti non
est se quam celerrime reversurum
ausus est. 9. Cohortatus milites ut ipsum Caesarem
;
adesse existimarent, dat signum proelii.
10.
Legato imperavit ut quae gererentur cogndNos orat ne h5c consilium ineamus. 12.
Servo spe libertatis persuadebit ut litteras ad Caesarem
deferat.
13. Auctores belli jussit capi atque interfici.
14. Monet ut omnia longe lateque oppida incenderentur.
15. Belgas hortatur ut communis libertatis causa arma
capiant.
16. Flentes a Romanis petebant ne sibi nocerent.
17. Milites cohortatus est ne perturbarentur
hoc incommodo. 18. Petebant ut equites qui praemissi
B.
seeret.
11.
essent* revocarentur.
428.
ii.
A. 1. He urged his men to renew the battle; he

urged his men not to give way.
2. They persuade
their neighbors to set out along with them.
3. He
man to visit the nearest states. 4.

advised the leading men and the senate to despatch
embassies in all directions. 5. He asks and urges that
orders this young
He
we
fix
a day for the meeting.
*For the subjunctive see
408 a.,
&.
6.
After encouraging
287
warned them not to lose the militaryare begging Caesar to give them
they were begging (me)* to give them aid. 8. He
aid
ordered (jubeo and impero) the scouts to find an easier
the soldiers, he
standards.
7.
They
approach he sent scouts to find the easiest approach

they hoped to find a less difficult approach. 9. They
seem to despair of themselves and of the state.
;
B.
10.
nearer.
They requested Caesar not
11.
He
to niove his camp

ordered the leader of the Germans not
to injure the allies of the
Roman
people.
12.
He
ex-
bravely the enemy's

onset.
13. He promised to induce them to allow the
Helvetians to go through these territories.
14. They
horts
the troops to withstand
begged the commander not to advance further. 15. He

prefers to be called king and friend by the senate and
Roman people. 16. The tribunes and centurions should
be advised to take thought for their own and the
soldiers' safety.
17. We wish to persuade you not to
cross the Rhine.
18. According to his custom, he
urged the troops to attend carefully to everything.
LESSON
LXXIII.
Review of Genitive and Dative Cases.

429. (a) The genitive case as used in these lessons
may be classified under five heads Partitive Genitive
:
Quality (383), Possessive Genitive,

Subjective Genitive and Objective Genitive.
(174), Genitive of
(b)
The
Possessive Genitive is
denote the owner
as, agri
used with a noun to
Helvetiorum, the lands of the
Helvetians ; impedimenta nostri exercitus, the baggage of

our army ; filii regis, the king's sons.
*The person
is
clearly Indicated
l>y
the subject, of the following verb.
288
The
(c)
Subjective Genitive is
pressing action or
acts or feels
as, Caesaris adventus,
militum studium, the zeal of the
The
used with nouns ex-
to denote the person
feeling*,
who
Caesar 's arrival
soldiers.
used with nouns express(d)

ing" action or feeling", to denote that to which the action
or feeling is directed ;. as, timor belli, the fear of war 1
Objective Genitive is
munitio castrorum, the fortifying of the camp ; spes salutis,

the hope of safety.
The
is used also with many adjecmeaning, especially with adjec-
objective genitive
tives to complete their
tives denoting desire knowledge or ignorance ; as,

',
memor
vestri, mi?idful of you.
The
430.
be
Object
(39),
case as used in these lessons may

under four heads the Dative of Indirect
dative
classified
the Dative of the
Interest (404)
Agent
and the Dative
(354), the
Dative of
of Purpose (404).
Of
special importance is that variety of the dative of indirect object
found with certain intransitive verbs which

by English transitive verbs
are ordinarily rendered
with a direct object (355).
Closely related to the dative
of indirect object
the dative completing the
meaning
Illustrative
magno
to the
Has
is
of certain adjectives (173).
431.
Gallis
also
Examples.
erat impediments,
it
was a great hindrance
Gauls.
cohortes castris praesidio relinquit,

cohorts as garrison for the
camp
he leaves these
(or to guard the camp).
Auxilio Caesari veniebant, they were coming
to
Caesar's
aid (more literally, as aid for Caesar).

a.
In these sentences the dative of purpose (impediments, praesidio, auxilio) is used in the predicate

to denote the purpose served (that
b.
289
which something:
is accompanied
intended to be), and
tends to be or
is
by the dative
of interest (Gallis, castris, Caesari).
This usage (sometimes called the Double Dative) is

confined to a few nouns with such verbs as sum,
mitto, venio
and
relinquo.
With sum the dative of
purpose has almost the force of the ordinary predicate noun.
VOCABULARY.
432.
um,
cupidus, a,
desirous, fond {of); eager (for), (with
genitive).
um, inexperienced
imperitus, a,
unacquainted
(in) ;
(with), (with g-enitive).
peritus, a
um,
skilful,
skilled
(in) ;
acquainted
(with), (with genitive).
subsidium,
I,
support, reinforcements.
n.,
Phrase: usui sum, be useful, be of service

for an advantage)
N.B.
(literally be
The objective genitive, whether with nouns or
adjectives,
may
preposition than
by some other
but this will always be a preposition
often require translation

of,
equivalent to as regards.
EXERCISES.
433.
A.
I.
1.
Vallo
pedum novem hiberna
circumdat.
2.
Hac de causa mihi Rhenus est transeundus. 3. Nostris

laborantibus subsidium fert. 4. Hoc magno sibi usui
fore arbitrabantur.
5. Viros summae virtutis ac rei
militaris peritissimos huic negotio deligunt.
6. Neque
ad concilia veniunt
7. Frater
regis
auctoritatis.
neque imperio Caesaris parent.
cupidus
8. Milites
imperii
est
et
cohortatus est ut
vir magnae
harum victo-
290
9. Tantus erat timor

riarum memoriam retinerent.
mortis ut fugae similis discessus copiarum esse vide-
10. Milites qui praesidio castris relicti erant, cum

retur.
clamores barbarorum audivissent, subsidio suis ierunt.
11. Hie rel frumentariae commeatiisque causa

B.
12. Magnam multitudinem hostium
moraturi sunt.
fugientium interfecerunt. 13. Monuit f ilium ut memor
ille pollicitus est se nobis semper fidelem
nostri esset
14. Caesari decima legio praemittenda erat, cui
fore.
;
maxime
confidebat.
15. Milites
legionum duarum quae
novissimo agmine praesidio impedimentis fuerant,

jam in conspectum hostium venerant. 16. Num tantaa.
altitudinis turrim sese moturos esse confidunt?
17.
in
partis harum regionum imperium diu. obtinebat.

Tarn nostrae consuetudinis imperiti erant ut Caesari
19. Num recentium injuriarum
obsides dare nollent.
memoriam deponere possum? 20. Oppidi oppugnatio
Magnae
18.
loci
natura impediebatur.
434.
A.
ii.
1.
Influenced by the hope of booty, they have
made war on
us.
2.
He
the rest of the baggage.
left
3.
a guard of five cohorts for

On being informed of the
flight of the allies, he sent all the cavalry to the assistance of his men. 4. He found that a large part of the
5. We ought to burn
state was eager for a revolution.
the town, that it may not be of service to the Romans.
6. On the top of the hill he drew up a line of four
legions.
7. Our men were so inexperienced in this
kind of fighting that they were no match for the enemy.

B.
8.
He
sent large forces of infantry and cavalry
men. 9. They persuaded

10.
Caesar not to give the Germans lands in Gaul.
This seems to me to be unlike that. 11. The bravest
to the
town
to support our
291
and most skilful of the centurions of this legion

pave fallen in sight of their commander. 12. Who
was in command of the cavalry that the Gauls had
sent to aid Caesar
13.
The
exploits of the
Romans
none of us (are known to all of us). 14.

forest of vast size extends through the middle of the
are
unknown
to
province.
C.
15.
of service
Everything was lacking to us which was

they reported to Caesar that there was the
was of
greatest scarcity of everything that
service.
16.
He
assigned the warships to the legions, the transports

to the cavalry.
17. On account of the length of the
column, he feared for the whole army. 18. They had
who were coming to

two does he obey? He
not yet heard the shouts of those

(their) aid.
is
19.
Which
of the
obedient to the rule of neither.
three thousand
horsemen from the
20.
He demanded
rest of the state.
LESSON LXXIV.
Review of the Accusative and Ablative Cases.
The
435.
may be
accusative case as used in these lessons
under six heads
classified
Direct Object of
Predicate Accusative (54), Accusative with Prepositions (97, 98), Subject of Infinitive
transitive verbs (32),
(complementary 123, indirect discourse 320), Accusaof Duration of Time (159) and Accusative of
Extent of Space (231).
tive
The
accusative
is
used not only with the prepositions
ad, ante, contra, in, inter, per, post, propter
and
trans,
but with several others, of which the most important

are apud, circum, intra, ob, praeter and sub.
292
436.
be
The
ablative case as used in these lessons may-
classified
Ablative of Means (47,

with utor (356) Ablative
under nine heads
145), including; the ablative
with Prepositions (97, 98), including: the ablative of

agent (144) Ablative of Time When (159) Ablative of
Comparison (242) Ablative Absolute (298, 299, 303)
Ablative of Quality (383)
Ablative of Specification
Ablative of Manner (415)
and Ablative of
(414)
Separation (437).
;
The
used not only with the prepositions

and sine, but with several others,
of which the most important are pro and sub.
ablative
is
ab, cum, de, ex, in
437.
Illustrative
Agris expulsi, in
Examples.
Galliam transeunt, being driven from
their lands, they cross over into Gaul.
Inimicos ex finibus expellunt, they drive their enemies out
of the
Ex
state.
finibus excedunt,| they withdraw from their territories,
Finibus excedunt,
a.
or, they leave their territories.
The
ablative in these sentences is used both with

and without a preposition, to denote that from
which there is removal or exclusion. This usage
is
b.
The
called the Ablative of Separation.
idea of separation
is
commonly expressed by the
ablative with ab, ex or de, especially in the literal

local sense.
With
certain verbs, such as excedo,
expello, egredior, prohibed, intercludo, dejicio

desisto the preposition
omitted
with
verbs
may
of freeing,
depriving
lacking (such as libero) the preposition
omitted.
and
either be used or be
is
or
regularly
293
vocabulary.
438.
among.
apud, prep. w. ace,
with,
circum, prep. w. ace,
around, 'about.
dejicio, -ere, -jeci, -jectum,
cast
desisto, ere, -stiti,
egredior,
go forth,
egressus sum,
I,
down
; dislodge.
cease; aba?idon (with abl.)
-stitum,
leave.
intercludo, ere, -clusi, -clusum, cut off.

intra, prep.
w. ace.,
atum,
wit// in.
libero, are, avi,
ob, prep.
w.
praeter, prep.
pro, prep.
free.
on account of because of
ace.,
w.
except.
ace.,
w. abl.,
before,
i?i
sub, prep. w. abl., under, at foot of;
Phrases
front of
w.
ace., close
to.
ob hanc rem, ob hanc causam, for this

reaso?i
sub noctem, at nightfall.

sub lucem, just before dawn.
itinere prohibeo (or intercludo), keep from
marching
keep
from
adva?ici?ig.
navi (or navibus) egredior, land, disembark.

spe dejicio, disappoint in a hope (literally
cast
down from a
hope)
exercises.
439.
A.
i.
1.
Locis superioribus occupatis, itinere exercitum
prohibere conantur.
certior
factus est
2.
Eodem
hostes sub
passuum ab Romanis
octo.
3.
die ab exploratoribus
monte consedisse milia
Omnes
praeter
Romanos
pacem cum
Germanis confirmaverunt, quibuscum multos annos convirlute atque usu belli superamus.
4.
vSIc
tinenter bellum gesserant.

5. Barbari, ea spe dejectl,
oppu.^natione desistunt. 6. Centurio ipse pro castrig
Eortissime
pugnans
interficitur
reliqui sese incolumea
294
7. Docet ingenti magntintra munitiones recipiunt.

tudine corporum Germanos esse et incredibili virtute.
Confecto sub lucem itinere, sub altissimo

9. Ob has causas eisdem navibus
exercitum reportavit quibus superiore aestate iisus erat.
10. Romanos re frumentaria intercludi posse confide11. Accidit ut hie vir apud Helvetios longe
bant.
nobilissimus esset ac potentissimus.
12.
Crebris
B.
8.
monte consederunt.
nuntiis
litterisque
dubitare coepit.
13.
commotus,
de
Non aequum
fide
est
finibus egfredi atque in Galliam transire.
trantur agfg-erem altiorem esse muro,
aggerem vix pedes duodeviginti

C.
15.
Omni
Belgamm
Germanos
alii
suis
14. Alii arbi-
demonstrant
esse altum.
periculo liberabit eos qui sub imperio
16. Dum haec apud Helvetios

per exploratores cog-noscit hostes magnum
spatium abesse. 17. Servitutem alio nomine appellant
servitutem deditionem appellant.
18. Prima nocte e
castris egressi, eodem quo venerant itinere ad Rhenum
contendunt. 19. Pecora deducere suaque omnia ex
agris in oppida conferre instituunt, eo consilio* ut fru-
populi
Romani
sunt.
gferuntur,
mento commeatuque nostros prohibeant.

20. Tanta
omnes suos intra castra continebat, ut hostes
suspicarentur nostros neque numero neque virtute sibi
diligentia
pares esse.
440.
ii.
At the beginning of the second watch, they

left the camp amid (literally with) great commotion.
2. He learned that this island, Britain by name, was
A.
1.
smaller than Gaul, but that the Britons were equal to

3. For this reason he filled with
the Gauls in number.
* Translate With this design, explained by the following substantive

clause of purpose, in apposition with cousilio.
295
wide (and) of the same

boys sons, and girls daughters.
5. The soldiers who had been stationed on guard before
the gates of the camp, throwing* away their arms, took
6. Being dislodged from the wall and tower,
to flight.
they suddenly made a sortie from {literally by means of)
all the gates.
7. He said that Caesar was doing more
than he had promised.
water two trenches
depth.
4.
We
fifteen feet
call
After waiting for several days, he set sail

he proceeded by night eight miles
just
before dawn he reached the harbor
at daybreak he
disembarked.
9. Being freed from this danger, he
B.
8.
at nightfall
ordered
all
the legions except the tenth to take up their
10. They will by no

who are wintering about that
town from marching. 1 1 They said they had marched
twenty miles the preceding day before noon. 12. They
position at the foot of the wall.
means keep the
legions
are going to free the children whom they have been

keeping with (apud) them in slavery. 13. Exhausted by
their wounds, they withdraw (excedo) from the battle.
14.
These towers were about two hundred feet

As the enemy had hidden themselves in their
thickest forests, he abandoned this plan.
16. He
always has a large number of slaves about him, that he
may be freed from all toil {literally toils). 17. They
asked Caesar to keep the cavalry from fighting for three
days.
18. At the first attack the enemy are thrown
into confusion on the right wing, and are driven within
their walls.
19. Burdened by the heavy weight of their
arms, the legionary soldiers whom he had brought over
hesitated to disembark.
20. Being unable to throw our
C.
apart.
15.
ranks into confusion by this kind of fighting, they sud*

denly began a cavalry battle.
296
WORD
441.
N.B.
Words
LIST
marked with an
remaining- Lessons
LXXV.
commander-in-chief
staff officer
to
LXXX.
WAR.
make war
advance
fall back
centurion
cavalry officer
cut off
bring- {or give) aid
enclose
support (noun)
dislodg-e
encourage
pursue
supplies
dawn
*season
"înterval of
be of service
be strongbe superior
*forag-e (verb)
disembark
*sail
at nig-htfall
just before
adopt a plan
fleet
overtake
unprotected flank
ôbtain plunder
*carry out a plan
*pillag'e
follow closely
keep from
marching-
*fig-ht
tribune
G.
asterisk occur in the
TIME.
already
not yet
fix
a day
three days
"beginning-
at the beginning- (of
summer,
MISCELLANEOUS NOUNS
vig-or
rumor
time
magistrate
young- man
stature
name
revolution
voice
commotion
death
way, route
approach
slavery
kind, sort
zeal
method
means
^violence, force
by common consent
body
care
etc.)
ADJECTIVES AND PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES.

incredible
hug-e
skilful
desirous
loud
inexperienced
occupied
open
any
each
enough
some
"certain

miscellaneous verbs.
297
298
Roman! cum jam imperium
totius fere Italiae conse-
bellum Tarentinis, qui in inferiore parte

Tarentini legatos ad
Italiae _incolebant, intulerunt.
regem Epiri, Pyrrhum nomine, miserunt^qui peterentut
auxilium contra Romanos sibi ferret. Epirus illo tempore longe plurimum omnium civitatum Graeciae
cuti essent,
Graeci milites omnibus ceteris virtute et

praestare existimabantur. Pyrrhus,
vir summae virtutis ac belli peritissimus, pollicitus
est se auxilium quod peterent legati laturum esse,
valebat,
usu
et
rei militaris
atque in Italiam non solum magnas copias equitatus

peditatusque transdiixit sed etiam complures elephantos
(elephants)
quibus
Roman!
in
bello
uti
non cdnsue-
verant.
Hujus generis ptignae Roman! tarn imperiti erant ut

primo hostibus non pares essent. Ingenti magnitudine
elephantorum perterriti pedem rettulerunt, et ordinibus
perturbatis, magnus numerus militum captus atque
Sed tarn acriter restiterant ut Pyrrhus
interfectus est.
post proelium diceret se,
facile
cum
orbem terrarum superare
militibus tantae virtutis,
posse.
de victoria desperavisse videtur, atque

rare
instituisse.
Pyrrhum de
iniit,
Nam
(for)
Ob hanc causam
alia ratione supe-
cum Roman! legatos ad

novum consilium
captivis misissent, rex
atque ut amicitiam popul! Roman! consequeretur,
respondit se captivos quos haberet sine pretio reddi-
turum.
Hujus
legationis
fidelissimus
prmceps
fuit
ac prudentissimus,
Caius Fabricius, vir

qu! consul fuerat et
magnae inter c!ves auctoritatis erat.

magno sibi usu! fore arbitrabatur.
Fabricium ad se vocat atque quid
hortatur
eum
ut
Hunc virum
fieri velit
Romanos moneat
rex
Itaque (therefore)
ut
ostendit
pacem secum

atque ex
faciant,
parte Italiae
ilia
Sed
Simul
praemia daturum
discedant.
pollicitus est se Fabricio incredibilia

esse.
299
omnino modo Fabricio persuadere
niillo
poterat, atque ea spe dejectus, hoc consilio destitit.

Atque legati, qui ad senatum ab rege missi erant, renun-
tiaverunt
Romanos pacem numquam cum
els facturos
esse qui suls finibus egress! essent atque in
agrum
Romanum
transiissent.
Proximo anno Roman!

conjecti
praestare
riirsus pulsi sunt et in fug-am
sed Pyrrhus tarn multos ex suis amisit ut vix

videretur
proeliis factis, tertio
superare
anno
belli
quam
His
superari.
Fabricius consul
fit
et
Pyrrhum cum exercitu inita aestate proficiscitur.

Dum RomanI bellum parant, medicus Pyrrhi nocte ad
Fabricium venit et demonstrat se paratum esse Pyrrhum
" Si satis magnum praemium " inquit (said
interficere.
he) "mihi dederis, eg;o in castra hostium redlbo atque
regem, qui de fide mea non dubitat, veneno necabo."
Hunc Fabricius statim ad Pyrrhum reduci jussit, et
una cum eo nuntium misit qui has litteras ad regem
contra
deferret
'
Tii,
videris, bonis
hominibus confidere
Consul Romanus te monet
diligentia saluti tuae consul as.
Hie
Pyrrhe,
bellum
malis
Infers.
ut majore cum
medicus tarn nostrae consuetiidinis imperitus erat ut non
seiret
Romanos
nulla alia ratione
quam
virtute hostes
His litteris acceptis, Pyrrhus

superare cdnsuevisse.''
magna voce dixit facilius esse solem a eursu avertere
(to turn aside) quam Fabricio persuadere ut injuriam
ullam face ret.
Post complurcsannos,
cum jam Romani nullo modo his

commoveri viderentur, Pyrrhus, tertio proelio
superatus, ab Italia discedere constituit, neque postei
victoriis
(thereafter)
populo
Romano helium
inferre ausus est.
300
LESSON LXXV.
Gerund.
Paradigms.
443.
GERUND.
Ge7iitive.
Dative.
Accusative.
amandi *amando amandum

monendi monendo monendum
Conj. II.
regendi regendo regendum
Conj. III.
audiendi audiendo audiendum
Conj. IV.
Conj. Illiu -iocapiendl capiendo capiendum
Fero
ferendl
ferendo
ferendum
E6
etmdi
etindo
eundum
Conj.
I.
Ablative.
amando
monendo
regendo
audiendo
capiendo
ferendo
eundo
Deponents.
conandi conando conandum

Conj. II.
verendi verendo verendum
Conj. III.
sequendi sequendo sequendum
Conj. IV.
sortiendi sortiendo sortiendnm
Co?ij. III. in-iorpationdl patiendo patiendnm
Conj.
a.
I.
The Gerund
is
conando
verendo
sequendo
sortiendo
patiendo
a verbal noun found only in the
and ablative singular.

formed from the present stem and belongs to
the active voice, being" one of the few active forms
possessed by deponent verbs.
Of the irregular
verbs, only fero and eo have the gerund.
genitive, dative, accusative
It is
444.
Illustrative
Examples.
Pugnandi cupidi sunt, they are fond offighting.

Pugnandl causa progrediuntur, they advance for
pose offighting (or, in order
Ad pugnandum inutiles erant,

Ad pugnam inutiles erant,
)
)
the pur-
to fig hi).
they were useless

fighting.
for
The Latin gerund corresponds
a.
English
301
closely in use to the
gerund or verbal noun in -ing*
It
seldom occurs except in the genitive with adjectives and nouns (especially with causa), and in the
accusative with the preposition ad, meaning- with a
view
to,
for.
VOCABULARY.
445.
make war.
atum,
dimico, are, avi, atum,
fight, engage.
frumentor, arl, atus sum, forage.
bello, are, avi,
initium,
I,
beginning.
n.,
and ace. - to).
navigo, are, avi, atum,
sail (with in
praedor, an, atus sum,
plunder, pillage.
Phrases: facultatem dare, )

,
m
(Sive an opportunity
notestatem facere
.
finem facere, make an end of put an end
to
(with genitive).
initium facere, bethefirstto, set the example
t
of (with genitive).
EXERCISES.
446.
i.
A. 1 Reliquas naves paratas ad navigfandum invenit.

praedandi frumentandique
2. Cognovcrat equitatum
3. Sperabat fore
causa trans (lumen missum esse.
.
between the participle and the gerund, both ending in

English in -i>i(/, though with different endings in Latin, should be carefully
observed. Contrast the following:
*The
distinction
Gerund.
Participle.
//c so
m them fleeing.
Riding
We
ear///,
lost sight
The}/ are
we set out at once.

of those crossing
the
The nominative
(121)
is easy).
Rising early will be beneficial.

We lost much time in crossing the
river.
river,
t
the.
asha med offleeing.
as,
gerund Is replaced in Latin by the present inflnihnee facere, doing this is easy (literally to do this
of the
Facile csl
302
nullam fugiendi facultatem. 4. Copias bellandi causa

5. Hunc ad egrediendum idoneum locum
6. In mediis Belgarum finibus hiemandl
arbitratur.
traduxerat.
7. Altera pas exercitus itinere proCaesar omnibus obsidibus qui apud se

erant discedendi potestatem fecit. 9. Cum hostes transeundi initium non fecissent, Caesar suos intra castra
10. Monet eos ut finem orandi faciant.
reduxit.
-causa consederat.
hibenda
B.
est.
11.
8.
Ea quae ad oppug-nandum
parare coepit.
tendi erant.
collocat.
14.
usui erant, comfrumentandi causa praemit13. In his locis legionem hiemandi causa
Cur non flendi finem faciunt ? 15. Spe
12. Equites
bellandi dejecti erant.
16.
Potestas revertendi deerat.
17. Helvetii erant tarn bellandi cupidi ut continenter
finitimis
bellum inferrent.
18.
Cotidie iustructa acie,
Cum
finem oppugnandl
nox fecisset, legati de deditione ad eum venerunt. 20.
Quinque cohortes, quas non satis firmas ad dimicandum
piignandi potestatem
19.
facit.
esse existimabat, praesidio castris reliquit.

447.
A.
ii.
1.
They had been summoned
consulting".
2.
the rest were useless for sailing-.
camp
the
for the purpose of
Several ships had been shattered, and
in order to pillag-e.
returning- here.
5.
4.
They
3.
He
is
ag-ain left
desirous
of
After that time there will not be
an opportunity of coming-. 6. The example of fleeing

by the cavalry. 7. They are equal neither in
number nor in zeal for* fighting. 8. These nations are
eager for making war, but they are not ready for (ad)
is set
war.
10.
He
9.
No
opportunity of leaping
perceived that those
in order to forage
*See432,N.B.
who had
down
is
given.
crossed the river
had not yet returned.

B.
11.
303
For these reasons the difficulty of sailing" was

12. He had now got suitable weather for
very great.
13. The spirit of the enemy is so ready

engaging, that time is lacking for these matters.
14. This was the reason for {literally cause of) crossing.
15. They have not yet put an end to the pursuit
{literally made an end of following").
16. Which of the
two was the first to set out? 17. Larg'e forces had
assembled for the purpose of making- war. 18. Suddenly making a sally, they left the enemy no opportunity of finding" out what was being" done.
19. They
are skilled both in resisting and in pursuing.
20. They
scarcely ventured to send an embassy for the purpose
setting* out.
for
of persuading" Caesar not to advance.
Portus et Classis
Harbor and
Fleet.
304
LESSON LXXVI.
Gerundive Construction.
In the sentences of the previous lesson no
example occurred of a gerund with an object in the accu448.
sative,
such
as,
His potestatem
facit
legatos
mittendi,
This
he gives them the opportunity of sending envoys.
construction is found in Latin, but as a rule is avoided
(invariably so after prepositions).
In preference to the gerund governing" the accusative,

Latin uses the gerundive construction (449).
449
Illustrative
Summa
\
erat difficultas
the difficulty of building the
faciendi pontis,
bridge was very great.
\ (faciendi pontem),
Legatos ad eum miser unt
f
Examples.
they sent envoys to
pads petendae causa,
the
purpose
him for
seeking
of
X (pacem petendi causa), peace.

Naves sunt inutiles ad copias the ships are useless for
portandas,
carrying troops.
a.
In all such sentences as these, Latin prefers not to

use the gerund governing a substantive in the
accusative (as in the phrases in parentheses), but
instead, puts the substantive in the case in
which
the gerund would have been, and uses the gerundive in
agreement with
it.
This usage
is
termed
the Gerundive Constructio?i*

450. (a)
more
literal
rendering of the Latin sen-
tences in 449 would be as follows :
The difficulty of the b?Hdge to be built was very great

They send envoys to him for the sake of peace to be sought ;
The ships are useless with a view to troops to be carried.
*With
intransitive verbs, including those like
the dative case
(355),
persuaded which take
the gerund, not the gerundive construction,
is
used.
One should
305
however, translate the gerundhe would the corresponding" construction with the gerund, i.e. by a verbal noun in
ung in the active voice followed by an object.
same meaning is thus expressed by two
{/>) The
widely differing grammatical constructions :
The gerund is a verbal noun, of the active voice,
governing its object the gerundive is a verbal adjective,
of the passive voice, agreeing with its substantive.
451. It should be observed that the gerund and the
gerundive with causa or with ad furnish additional ways
of expressing purpose in Latin
these constructions are
confined, however, to short clauses.
Thus the sentence,
They sent envoys to him for the purpose of seeking peace,
may be translated
in all cases,
ive construction as
petendae causa (449)

ad pacem petendam (449)
fpacis
eum miserunt
Legatos ad
ut
pacem peterent
(386)
qui pacem peterent (388)
(For a
N.B.
Here
fifth
method see
also should
conjugation,
periphrastic
470.)
be reviewed the passive
the
other
common
use of
the gerundive (346-348).
VOCABULARY.
452.
occupatus, a,
spatium,
Phrases
I,
um,
n.,
occupied, busy, engaged.

space, time, interval.
praedam facio, obtain plunder.

tempus anni,
season, time of year.
res conficio, complete arrangements, carry out
pla?is.
N.B.
left for
Spatium
is chiefly used of the time required or

doing something, or of an interval of' time.
306
exercises.
453.
i.
A. 1. In agris vastandis occupati erant. 2. Rursus

ad insequendos hostes proficlscitur. 3. Caesar in his
4. Quanta
locis navium parandarum causa morabatur.
praedae faciendae facultas daretur demonstraverunt.
5. A Caesare petebant ut ad has res conficiendas sibi
6. Spe expiignandi oppidi adtridui spatium daret.
ductus, majores copias cogere coepit.
7.
quae ad pontem faciendum usui erant.
Omnia deerant
8.
Praedandi
ac belli inferendi causa transierant.
B.
Ad _eam
9.
emisit.
10.
dabitur.
11.
regionem
vastandam
Ejus
loci
Naves
latiores faciendae sunt
relinquendi
dinem equorum transportandam.
equitatum
facultas
12.
paucis
ad multitu-
Neminem
belli
inferendi causa in Britanniam transiturum confidebant.

13.
Nonne
tissimos?
dixistis vos esse

14.
ad bellum gerendum paraet de flumine
De expiignando oppido
transeundo hoc consilium inierat. 15. Ad eas res conficiendas negant triduum sibi satis esse.
16. Multis de
causis acciderat ut subito Galli belli renovandi populoque
Romano resistendi consilium caperent.
454.
A.
ii.
They assemble from
all sides to defend the

camp, the province, the fortifications,, their
allies).
2. The next day he set out for the province
in order to ask aid.
3. On account of the season he had
no opportunity of waging war. 4. They had formed this
plan of injuring the enemy. 5. They are occupied in
fortifying the camp and in foraging.
6. Time had not
been given them for (ad) drawing their swords or hurling
their missiles.
7. He answered that this legion should
be sent for the purpose of seeking supplies.
town
1.
(the

B.--9.
Gauls
is
young man
chosen
to
of
307
^reat influence among" the
carry out these plans.
10.
The
opportunity must not be given them of marchingthrough the province. 11. Raising: a shout, they hasten
to the edge {literally beginning) of the woods in order
to give aid.
12.
He
sends several scouts in advance

13. In forming- their plans
thought for themselves. 14. The
to ascertain these thing's.
they
never take
season was scarcely suitable for

|5.
As time had not been
the
battle.
camp
16.
for drawing-
He
to
sailing-
Britain.
for encouraging- the
he at once gave the signal for
soldiers,
joining-
left
{literally of)
chose a suitable place before
up the
line of battle.
LESSON LXXVII.
Review of Pronouns.
Paradigm.
455.
the indefinite pronoun,

Singular.
quis.
Plural.
308
456.
(a)
Certain compounds also of quis or qui are
used as indefinite pronouns.

aliquis, aliqui
aliqua
Such are :
aliquid, aliquod
quisquam
quisque
quaeque
quidam
quaedam
qui vis
quaevis
quidquam (quicquam)
quidque, quodque
quiddam, quoddam
quidvis, quod vis
and the forms with quod are used

should be further noticed that only
aliquis have qua in the nominative singular
and nominative and accusative plural neuter
(b)
Aliqui
tives.
It
as adjec-
quis
and
feminine
the other
compounds have quae.

(c) Aliquis is declined in every respect like
quis.
Quisquam, quisque, quidam and qulvis are declined like
quis or qui with the syllables -quam, -que, -dam and -vis
respectively suffixed to each form.
But quisquam has
only the masculine and neuter singular in use, and in
the declension of quidam, as in that of idem (306), m
becomes n before d, e.g. quendam for quemdam.
(d)
Another
indefinite
pronoun
is
uterque, utraque,
utrumque, a compound of uter, and declined like
it
(205, 208).
457.
Illustrative
Cohortem
ibi collocavit
Examples.
ne quis flumen transiret, he
sta-
tioned a cohort there lest anyone should cross the river.
Negat
se
cuiquam nocuisse, he denies that he has injured
anyone.
Negat se ulli civitati *nocuisse, he de?iies that he has injured any state.
Ad quemvis numerum hostium adire audent, they dare to
advance against any number of the enemy.
309
Of the various Latin words meaning a?iy, quis is used

after si, nisi, ne and num
quisquam is used as a
pronoun and ullus as an adjective, in negative sentences*, where the idea of no one or ?io?ie is
quivis (meaning anyone yon wish) is
suggested
used in affirmative sentences, where the idea of
any and every is suggested.
-
458.
Examples.
Illustrative
Aliquis reperietur,
some one will befomid.
Nonnullos ex suis amittunt,
they lose some of their men.
Quidam Gallus
deligitur,
Gaul
certaifi
chosen.
is
means some or other, as

opposed to none, but quite indefinite. Nonnulli
(generally plural) has the force of some few, a
number. Quidam means some, or a certain number,
of what is not specified, but might be specified
Aliquis (generally singular)
a.
more exactly
if
459.
Some
necessary.
be translated by
alii
Illustrative
others is to
alii (207).
Examples.
Militum quemque consistere jubet, he orders each of the

soldiers to take
up
his position
In utraque ripa fluminis dimicabant, they were fighting
on-
each bank (or on both banks) of the river.
Of the two Latin words meaning each, quisque

used when more than two are spoken of, and
a.
especially frequent with the reflexive!
means
both.
'
t'ulque.
uterque
each of two, and thus, by a free translation,

Compare uter and neuter (208).
This will Include clauses containing such wOrds as
QuisqiK-
is
is
regularly follows
tin-
reflexive, as
tii
Mgrf ami .sine.

gaenque* muuu
i\,
310
460.
The various classes of pronouns should now be

The pronouns are classified as follows :
reviewed.
Personal pronouns (266, 267).

Reflexive pronouns (277, 278).
Possessive pronouns (279-281).
Demonstrative pronouns (292, 293

Relative pronouns (254, 255).
Interrogative pronouns (340, 341.)
Indefinite pronouns (455-459)j
306, 307).
exercises.
461.
A.
i.
1.
Stationes positae sunt
ne qua subito eruptiS
quemque consulere
jussit.
3. Cuidam
secum proficiscatur. 4.
Neque obsides vobis dabimus neque cujusquam imperio parebimus.
5. Sic accidit ut neque hoc neque
superiore anno ulla omnino navis amitteretur. 6. Ali-
fieret.
ex
2.
Sibi
equitibus
persuadet
ut
quos ex utraque navi egredientes conspexit. 7. Consilio eorum probato, ipse eodem itinere in provinciam
nostram revertitur.
Accidit ut nonnulll mllites
8.
praesidio relicti essent. 9. Postulasne a me ne quam
multitudinem hominum ex Germania in Galliam traducam ?
10. Equites post fugam suorum se in fines
Germanorum receperant, seque cum iis conjunxerant.
B.
11. Ob earn rem eundem numerum obsidum
cuique civitati imperat.
12.
Clamore' sublato, ab
utroque latere impetum fecerunt. 13. Cum quibus-
dam
principibus vult agere.
omnes convertunt.
15.
14.
Ad hunc
se
Praestat quidvis pati
ab
illo
quam
nos dedere. 16. Si qua in parte nostri laborare aut

17.
gfraviter premi videbuntur, vos subsidio mittam.
Quantam quisque multitudinem ad id bellum pollicitus

esset,
311
18. E suis aliquem ad te mittet.

bellum sine ullo labore et periiculo
Acerrime reliqui resistebant neque
cognoverant.
19. Alii sperant se
confccturos.
20.
quisquam proelio excedebat.

462.
i.
A. 1. He says that he cannot give any lands to us.

For that reason he summoned to him the leading men
3. The leaders of both armies {literally
of each state.
each army) are unwilling- to set the example of recalling
the cavalry. 4. On the same day a means of approach
was observed by a certain soldier. 5. We hope to have
some opportunity of following. 6. He ordered all the
horses to be removed, lest any hope remain {literally
7. Embassies were sent to him from
be left) in flight.
some (other, the other, certain, these, the same, both,
no) states. 8. Some, were unwilling to give up their
arms, others preferred to surrender. 9. Scarcely anyone visits that island except sailors.
2.
B.
to
10.
stand
that
all
You must
build the ships sufficiently strong
any storm.
He
11.
himself informed us
the other Belgians were in arms, and that the
Germans had joined them. 12. Certain of these came

him that same day. 13. They asked him to choose
some place for the meeting they ask me not to choose
anyone for this business. 14. They compel us to report
to
what each of us has heard about each matter.

anyone learns anything, he will .report (it)
15.
to
If
the
16. Our men are hard pressed and no

and not any) reinforcements can be sent. 17.
He begged that they should injure no one (literally that
they should not injure anyone). 18. He advised them
magistrates.
{literally
to say nothing.
312
LESSON LXXVIII.
Imperative.
Subjunctive in Independent Clauses.

Paradigms.
463.
THE IMPERATIVE MOOD.

(a)
Active Voice.
Singular.
Irregular Verbs.
Singular. Plural.
(b)
Plural.
ama
mone
amate
monete
Sum
es
este
Nolo
noli
nolite
Conj. III.
rege
regite
Ed
IV.
audi
audite
Fero
fer*
ferte
Conj. III. {in -id) cape
capite
Con/,
I,
Con/.
II.
Conj.
Passive Voice.
(c)
Singular.
Conj.
I.
Conj.
II.
Plural.
ite
Deponents.
(d)
Singular.
amare amammi
conare
monere monemini verere
Plural.
conammi
veremini
sequimini
Conj. III.
regere
IV.
audire
audimini
sortire
sortimini
Conj. III. (hi -ior)capere
capimini
pater
patimini
Conj.
regimini
sequere
In the case of the regular verbs, notice the relation
a.
form of the endings of the singular of the im(active, passive and deponent) to the
endings of the present infinitive active (122), and
in
perative
also of the endings of the plural of the imperative
(passive
and deponent)
to the endings of the second
plural present indicative passive (165).

464.
Illustrative
Examples.
Mihi crede,
believe
Egredere ex oppido,
leave the town.
Noli ex oppido egredi, do

Nolite cedere,
*
The imperative singular

and f'ac.
to die, dfte
?iot
me.
leave the town.
do not yield.
of dlco, dffcco
and facio
is
similarly shortened
313
The simple imperative is used, as in these sentences,

to express commands and entreaties, while in prohibitions (i.e. negative commands and entreaties)
the imperative of nolo
is
used with a complementary
infinitive
465.
Illustrative
Examples.
Redeamus,
let
us return.
Captlvus interficiatur,
let
the pri'sorter be
Ne
let
them not venture
redlre audeant,
put
to death.
to return.
While the subjunctive in Latin is most commonly

found in dependent sentences, it is also used
in independent sentences with varying- meaning's.
One such usage is illustrated in these sentences,
namely, that which is sometimes termed the Voltthe Subjunctive (from volo, / will). The volitive
is used in the present tense (a) in the
first person (plural) to express an exhortation, and
(b) in the third person (singular or plural) to express a command. The negative is ne, not non
the subject is of course in the nominative (contrast
subjunctive
the English construction).*

466.
Illustrative
Facultas nobis detur,
Incolumes redeatis,
Ne hoc
accidat,
Examples.
may an opportunity be given vs.

may you return in safety.
may this ?iot happen.
The present subjunctive
is also used independently

wish that something- may or may not
take place, the negative being ne. This usage is
termed the Optative Subjunctive (from opto, /desire).
a.
to express a
When the subjunctive expresses an exhortation, II is often termed the

Sortatory Subjunctive, and when expressing a command the Jussive Sub
junctive, from
hortorandJubeO
respectively.
314
exercises.
467.
i.
A.
silite,
Magna voce
1.
veniamus.
accipiant.
Auxilium n5bis
4.
milites.
5.
3.
de-
fluctus
Ne
Ne quod incommodum
in deditionem
referte,
"In
suds hortatur,
Nolite dubitare navi egredi."
milites.
Caesar;
fer,
Omnis senatus
necetur.
2.
pedem
Hoc
6.
sit.
7. Adorimini agfmen novissimum.
Signa convertite signa inferantur. 9. Noli perturgladium destringe.
10. Aliud consilium ineabari
mus. 11. Ite redite revertimini. 12. vSibi quisque
utrique usui
8.
consulat.
B.
14.
13. Tertia inita vigilia, loca superiora
Finem
facite
dimicandi
15. Alter equitatui praesit, alter cohortibus.
nos praedam facere.
meam.
Romani
tarum
18.
Omni
Has
litteras defer
semper
intercludamvir.
retineatur.
22.
Harum rerum
20.
memoriam deponere
16. Patere
ad matrem
19. Inimici populi
periculo liberer.
civitate expellantur.
nolite
nostrae
17.
occupentur.
nolite initium facere fugrae.
memoria
Re
21.
ges-
amicitiae
frumentaria ne
Aliquam facultatem nobis da

24. Haec,
23. Bono animo es.
praedae faciendae.
quae petimus, impetremus.
468.
A.
ii.
Let us await the fleet there. 2. Let us not

delay here (any) longer.
3. Do not make war on us.
may they not suffer
4. May they not be put to flight
defeat.
6. Be prudent
do
5. Set out along with us.
not be bold. 7. May you attain your freedom. 8. Let
someone be present. 9. Spare us do not injure anyone.
10. At the same time let an attack be made on
the unprotected flank.
11
Let us not despair of safety
1.

do not despair of the state.
increased
may
number
the
12.
315
Let the forces be
of defenders increase.
Let ns not turn and flee. 14. Appoint a day

15. May your influence be very strong
with them. 16. Set sail at midnight; disembark just
17. Let the legion be led thither in light
before dawn.
marching order. 18. Follow closely the Gauls fleeing
towards the river do not give them any opportunity of
19. Let us take tip arms at the
fleeing into Germany.
beginning of spring. 20. May we not be disappointed
21. Do not fear for the ships.
22. Let
in this hope.
us keep the Romans from marching. 23. Abandon the
assault.
24. Let bad citizens lose their citizenship.
13.
P>.
for the meeting".
LESSON LXXIX.
Supine.
Review of Verb-Forms.
469.
Paradigm.
THE SUPINE.
Conj. I.
Conj. II.
Conj. III. Conj. IV.
Conj. III.
{in -id.)
Ace.
amatum monitum
Abl.
amatu.
a.
The Supine
monitu
is
rectum
auditum
captum
rectu
auditu
captu
a verbal noun" (with active force) of the
fourth declension, and found only in the accusative
and ablative singular.

b.
The
principal parts of the verb include one which
is
form with the supine, and which is

But as
therefore said to furnish the supine stem.
the supine is a form of rare occurrence in Latin,
identical in
many grammars
prefer to
regard this principal
part as the neuter singular of the perfect participle

passive, and
t<>
speak therefore of the participial
(not the supine) stem.
316
470.
Illustrative
Legatos ad
to
him
The
Examples.
eum mlserunt pacem
petitum, they sent envoys
to seek peace.
Facile est factu,

a.
it is
easy
to
accusative supine
do (literally in the doing).
is
used, as in the
first
sen-
tence, to denote purpose, after verbs of motion,
b.
such as venio, mitto, eo.

ablative supine is used, as in the second sentence, to state in what respect a statement or term
The
is
applicable.
factu
Compare the
This usage
(414).
ablative of specification
found chiefly with the supines

after such adjectives as facilis,
is
and dictu,
and optimus.
difficilis
c.
The
accusative supine furnishes a
frequent)
to those
471. (a)
mode
fifth
(though in-
of expressing purpose, in addition
given in 451.
With the exception
of the comparatively rare
future imperative (active and passive) and future infinitive passive, all the -regular
have now been studied, and
forms of the Latin verb

be reviewed at this
may
stage.
(6)
two
The Latin verb has :
and Passive (Deponent verbs being

an important exception)
voices, Active
four regular conjugations (including the verbs of the

third conjugation in
-io)
in addition to the regular
conjugations, there are also the active and passive

periphrastic
conjugations,
and
certain
verbs, especially sum, possum, fero, eo,

nolo
irregular
fio,
volo,
and malo.
the indicative
mood
(active
and passive), with
six tenses
(present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect
future perfect)
and
;;
mood
317
and passive), with four

and pluperfect)
imperative mood (active and passive), with two
divisions sometimes called present and future
infinitive (active and passive), with three tenses
(present, perfect and future)
the participles, including: the present and future participles of the active voice, and the perfect participle
and the gerundive of the passive voice.
the gerund and the supine of the active voice.
472.
VOCABULARY.
subjunctive
(active
tenses (present, imperfect, perfect
nisi, if not
unless, except.
rogo, are, avl, atum,
ask*
vis, irregular, f., in singular, force, violence,
might;
in plural, strength, vigor.
N.B.
Vis has in the singular the nominative vis,
accusative vim, and ablative vi, in

plural
is vires,
common
use
the
virium, vlribus, vires, vires, vlribus.
exercises.
473.
i.
A. 1. Dum ea gcruntur, legio ex consuetfidine una

frumentatum missa est.
2. Facilius est dictu quam
3. Naves factae sunt ad quamvls vim perfcfactu.
rendam.
4. Legatos ad eos mittit, rogatum ut sibi
5. Vi coacti erant commeatum
militibusque parcant.
ad cum portare. 6. Negant se quidquam nisi eommfml
Prineipatu dejecti,t novis
acturos esse.
7.
8. Pedestres copias educturus est
rebus studebant.
ab hoc consilio deterrendus est. 9. Respondet optimum}
10. Vires militum
factu esse flumerj ponte jungere.
consilio
integrae esse videntur.

'
t
I
Bogfl la used like both petjD and qnaerO(486,

Translate djlelfl here i>.\ deprive.
Translate the beat thing to do ; similarly r.i.
fn.).
318
11.
cum, haec animadvertissent, su;

12. ScTsne quo eas ?
Num terreminl ? Nonne utilissimum erit? 13. Dato
eruptionem faciant eruptio
signo, e castris erumpant
B.
omnia
Ceteri,
in oppida
contulerunt.
Eum
locum, quern probaverat, duplici muro

firmare instituit.
15. His rebus permoti, magnopere
perturbabantur navibus verebar. 16. Ubi habitatis ?
Incolimus extremos fines Belgarum.
17. Gallia est
14.
fiat.
divisa in partes tres.
18.
Monitum venimus
te,
non
Facile factii est propius accedere.
19.
oratum.
20.
Legati vobis ad Caesarem satis faciendi causa mittendi
erant.
474.
ii.
A. 1. He sends out five cohorts to forage. 2. Nothing is easier to say. 3. They ask what is best to do.
4. Being unable to defend themselves, they sent envoys
5. So great a storm has arisen
to Caesar to ask aid.
that we cannot endure the violence of the waves.
6.
What do you wish except to seize our lands by (per)
violence.
7. No one has yielded; some have fallen.
we were approaching
8. We shall be seen by someone
the sea. 9. We found the soldiers occupied in pitching
the camp. 10. They met the foot-soldiers fleeing.
11.
This report will be borne to the most distant regions.
;
B. 12. They had rushed out of the camp that they

might not be surrounded. 13. The swiftest of the
warships had been shattered; a shout arises. 14. Let
us dare to endure anything we shall go out (exeo)
;
we hear anything. 15. He put his brother in

command of the left wing he himself was in command
of the right.
16. They remember that this will be
very difficult to do. 17. The commanders of cavalry
lest
had not vet perceived what was being done
(use both

ag"6
and
He
18.
facio).
in strength of body.
said to
is
They
19.
319
have been superior

surround (use both
will
they will restore

circumvenio and cireumdo)
they
redeo and revertor). 20. On his
approach they send envoys to ask reinforcements, that
they may be able to withstand the might of the enemy.
;
will return {use both
LESSON LXXX.
Review of Subjunctive.
Conditional Sentences.
complex sentence cona subordinate clause containing- some supposition, and introduced usually in
English by if or unless, in Latin by si or nisi ; (b) a
principal clause containing: the conclusion which follows
475.
sisting of
condition a/ sentence is a
two clauses
the supposition.
(a)
These clauses are termed respectively
the Protasis and the Apodosis.
In conditional sentences in Latin both the indicative
and the subjunctive are used, but regularly the same
mood
occurs in both clauses, that
either both clauses
is,
have the indicative or both have the subjunctive.

476.
SI
Illustrative
Romanus
citizen^
SI
civis
he
est,
Examples.
liber
est,
if
he
is
Roman
is free.
hoc fecerunt,
inimlcl
erant,
if
they
did
this,
they
were enemies.
a.
These
a form of conditional
sentence referring to present or past time, which
states what logically follows upon something: which
may or may not be true. The indicative mood
in both English and Latin, the tenses
is used
sentences
present
having their usual values.
'
\.
320
477.
Illustrative
Examples.
Si Caesar adesset, acrius pugnarent, if Caesar were present

they
would fight more vigorously

had
Si Caesar adfuisset, acrius pugnavissent, if Caesar
been present, they would have fought more vigorously

a.
These sentences also refer to present or past time,

but they do not deal with a supposed case which
may or may not be true. Rather, it is implied
that as a matter of fact Caesar was not present,
and therefore the fighting- was not so vigorous.
In conditional sentences contrary
to fact,
Latin
uses the subjunctive in both clauses, the imperfect

subjunctive for present time, the pluperfect subjunctive for past time.
478.
(1) Si
Illustrative
obsides
miserint,
hostages,
we
Examples.
pacem faciemus,
make peace.
if they
send
shall
SI amici esse videbuntur, copias reducet, if they {shall)
seem
to
be friendly
he will lead back his troops.
pacem faciamus,
we should make peace.
(2) Si obsides mittant,
hostages,
if they
were to send
Si amici esse videantur, copias reducat, if they should
seem
a.
to
be friendly 3 he
would lead back
his troops,
All these conditional sentences refer to the future.
The two groups
of suppositions
same
and conclusions
but the latter

group (2) refers to them less simply and directly
than the former (l), treating them rather as conceivable cases. These two groups are often distinguished as the more vivid and the less vivid
form of future conditions.
relate to the
state of affairs,

b.
It will
321
be noticed that in the more vivid future con-
ditional sentences, English ordinarily uses shall or
and in the less vivid, should or would or were

and further that in the protasis of the more
vivid form Latin has the future or future perfect
Willi
to;
indicative (for the use of these tenses review 224),
and
both clauses of the less vivid form the
in
present subjunctive.
479.
Two methods
conditional sentences
a.
of classifying* these four kinds of
may
be suggested :
method
(Simple
n . rpTime! f
Present or Past
First
t>
("More vivid (478,
.
^
Future Time
.
b.
(476).
Second method
-/..,_*
Contrary to Fact (477).

T
.,
,.,
Less vivid (478,
1).
,
2).
Present or past time (476).

Logical
Vputure time (478, 1).
f
Ideal (478,
Unreal
480.
2).
(477).
The
following uses of the Latin subjunctive
have now been studied :

In indirect questions (362).
In clauses of purpose^
adverbial, with ut or ne (386).
relative,
with qui (388).
substantive, with ut or ne (424).
In clauses of result (37 1).
With cum, causal or temporal
(397).
In subordinate clauses in indirect discourse (408).

In conditional sentences (477, 478).
In independent clauses of exhortation,
wish (465, 466).
command
or
322
exercises.
481.
A.
I.
1.
Magna praedae
faciendae facultas dabitur,
Romanos castas expulerimus.
2.
viribus corporttm praestitissent.
3.
esse existimas, cur
roget ?
4. Si
feremus.
non aliquem
Si hoc
si
fecissent,
SI periculosum hoc
qui auxilium
primi ordines graviter prementur, auxilium
5.
Si
mittis
hanc rem impetret, omni periculo
noctu missum esset,

non
potuissemus.
7.
diutius vim hostium sustinere
Etiam si acerrime factus erit impetus, pedem non
liberetur.
6.
Nisi subsidium
8. Si
referemus sed pro castris pugnantes cademus.
Caesari
dentur,
ut
ea
quae
polliceamini
vobis
obsides a
vos facturos intellegat, pacem vobiscum faciat. 9. Hunc

collem si tenebunt nostri, hostes aqua commeatuque prohibebunt. 10. Si hoc fiat, omnin5 spes fugae tollatur.
B.
11.
Hac
oratione
quam
in concilio habuerat, per-
suaserat Helvetiis ut finibus suis exirent.
12.
Cum jam
conspectum agminis nostri venissent, fuga destiterunt.

Primo perspicere non possunt unde aut quam in
13.
partem hoc flumen fluat. 14. FInem subsequendi faciamus, ne ab nostris intercludamur. 15. Morte suorum ita
perterriti erant, ut summo tumultu ad alteram ripam
transiissent.
16. Respondit adulescentem summa fortitudine delectum esse, Lucium nomine, qui apud Gallos
magnam auctoritatem haberet. 17. Si prudens fuisset,
in
sensisset quid hie ageretur.

est ut ante
19.
autumnum
ejus
18.
Primum nos
modi classem
cohortatus
efficeremus.
Reniintiant se tela intra miinltiones conjicere non
potuisse,
quod castra fossa
cumdata
essent.
scripsimus,
20.
plurimum
Cum
incredibili
latitudine
cir-
haec natio, de qua supra
totius fere Galliae equitatii valeat,
longe lateque circum se fines vastaverunt.

482.
323
ii.
happens, I shall return here at

2. If anything- should happen, I should return
once.
3. If you can hear their voices, they are
there at once.
A.
1.
If anything:
4. If you were to set out at dawn, you

5. Unless you do
would reach the lake at nightfall.
I
shall go alone.
6. If they had been inthis,
experienced in sailing they would not have reached
not far distant.
land so easily.
7.
Since the lower part of the island
faces the continent, the inhabitants
would often cross
they were skilled in sailing-. 8. If they should

prefer to cross the Rhine, lands would be given them
in Gaul.
9. If the number of the enemy increases, the
over,
if
Gauls will gather all their property into one place.

Thus, even if they are fond of making war or of
10.
pil-
laging, opportunity is lacking.
B.
11.
Since Caesar himself
more eager
for fighting.
12. If
is present, they are

Caesar himself is pre-
13. He begged
For these reasons,
sent, they will fight with greater zeal.
them not to seek

they had attempted to cross by (per) force, we
should have prevented (them). 15. Because of the
season, let them not attempt to visit the most distant
nations.
16. These reported that they had found all
safety in flight.
14.
if
who had
commands
the
He
17.
baggage.
the
guard
left to
tribunes, centurions and officers of cavalry to seize the
approaches and roads in a similar manner. 18. Unless
19.
the magistrates satisfy me, I shall spare no one.
If he should ask me what is the best thing to do, I
should urge him not to set the example of flight. 20.
Since all men are by nature eager for freedom, we wish
the troops occupied in foraging, except those
been
to be
made
324
483.
WORD
LIST
VIII.
325
READING LESSON XV.

The Story of Regulus.
(256 B.C.
250 B.C.)
VOCABULARY.
484.
Africa, ae,
f.
Africa.
Carthaginienses, ium,
m.
the Carthaginians (in-
pi.,
habiting- the city of Carthag'e in
catena, ae,
f.
North Africa).
chain, fetter ; in plur. freely, prison.
conservo, are, avi, atum, keep.

crudelis, e, cruel.
Graecus,
I,
m., Greek.
Punicus, a, um, Punic, Carthaginian.

senectus, -tutis,
uxor,
f.,
old age.
-oris, f., wife.
Nono annoprimi
Piinici belli,
quod populus Romanus
Roman! consilium
contra Carthaginienses gerebat,
Africam transeundi inierunt
belli inferendi causa.
in
Ad
has res conficiendas classis trecentarum triginta. navium

effecta est, et plurimi milites, spe praedae faciendae
adducti, ad
portum convenerunt.
Regulus consul, qui
huic class! praefectus erat, idoneam ad navigandum
tempestatem nactus, inita aestate naves solvit, et classe

Ibi
Carthaginiensium superata, ad Africam pervenit.
milites, navibus egfressi, complura proelia fecerunt et
multa oppida ceperunt. Primo Carthaginienses neque
virtute neque studio pugnandi Romanis pares erant.
Multis incommodis acceptis, cum se defendefe mm
possent, legatos ad Graecos miserunt rogatum ut sibi
auxilium ferrent, et aliquem mitterent qui exercitui
praeesset.
Dux quidam,
peritissimus,
jam
Xanthippus
missus
Carthaginienses
est,
ad
nomine, rei militaris

proximo anno, cum
atque
dlmicandum
paratoe
esse
326
arbitraretur, copias suas contra
Romanos
eduxit, qui in
commisso,
calamitatem
acceperunt
ut
fere
omnes
tantam
Roman!
aut caperentur aut intern cerentur. Vix duo milia se ad
mare receperunt, et Regulus ipse ab hostibus captus et
agris
occupati
vastandis
Proelio
erant.
in catenas conjectus est.
Sed Roman!
consilio desistere
ac finem dimicand!
facere nolebant, at que majoribus copiis coactis bellum
Post quinque annos Carthaginienses,
renovaverunt.
magna
accepta calamitate, legationem ad senatum de
pace mittere constituerunt. Simul Regulum adeunt et

certiorem eum de hoc consilio faciunt
Legatos missuri sumus Romanis persuadendi causa utpacem faciant.
Visne una cum illis proficisci et populo Romano ostendere quid optimum sit factu ? Atque si senatus quosdam
'
adulescentes nobiles,
qui capti sunt, nobis non red-
hue statim ipse redibis ?

facturum pollicitus eris, non te
diderit,
te
Cum
Regulus
cum ad urbem
ingredi
'
Nam
(for) nisi
haec
patiemur."
ire
pollicitus esset, legati profecti sunt, sed
venissent, Regulus noluit in miinitiones
(to enter),
quod
civis esse
Romanus
destitisset.
Sperabant Carthaginienses Regulum, ut ipse liber fieret,

Romanos moniturum esse ne captivos retinerent, sed
pacem cum hostibus confirmarent.

Sed cum senatus
quosdam misit qui cum eo agerent, haec dixit
Monitum vos, Patres, veni, ne pacem faciatis.
Carthaginienses, proeliis fracti, vix ullam spem habent neque
quisquam eorum diiitius bellandi est cupidus.
Bono
animo este
cives ne de victoria desperent.
Nolite
'
'
captivos reddere
vires cujusque illorum integrae sunt
ego, senectute confectus, usui esse rei publicae nullo
modo possum. Nolite mihi timere

quam rei publicae nocere."
pati
praestat quidvis
Hac
327
oratione senatui persuasit ne quern captivum
jdderet.
At que cum nonnulli eum retinere conarentur,
amicos ut finem flendl et orandi facerent,

quo captus esset, civitatem amisisse.
Lm (then) uxorem et liberos a complexii (his embrace)
jmovit, et ad Africam rediit, nulla vi coactus praeter
Tamen (and yet)
idem (pledge) quam dederat hosti.
:iebat se ad certissimam mortem et ad crudelissimos
>stes se reverti, sed fidem esse conservandam existi>rtatus est
dixit se illo die,
Labat.
la
sset ?
Sed
si sibi
consuluisset,
non
rei publicae,
num
tantae fortitiidinis ad ultimas regiones perlata
328
SUPPLEMENTARY READING LESSONS.

Caesar's First Campaign in Gaul,
(b.c.
{a)
485.
num
The
War.
Helvetii proximi sunt Germanis, qui trans Rhe-
incclunt
reliquos
fere cotidianis proeliis
undique
58.)
Helvetian
loci natiira
G alios
virtute praecedunt,
quod
cum Germanis
continentur
contendunt. wSed
una ex parte est flumen
altera* ex parte mons

Jura altissimus tertia ex parte flumen Rhodanus noHis de causis
stram provinciam t ab Helvetiis dividit.
Helvetii non late vagari poterant, nee facile finitimis
bellum inferre. Itaque, cum essent homines bellandi
cupidi, angustos se fines habere arbitrabantur.
His
rebus adducti, oppida sua omnia vicosque incendere et
de finibus suis cum omnibus copiis exire constituerunt
Rhenus
altissimus et latissimus
et optimam partem totius Galliae occupare.

Itineribus
omnino duobus domo exire poterant
quorum unum
erat per Sequanos, angustum et difficile
alterum per
;
proyinciam nostram, multo facilius. Caesar, cui provincia Gallia eo anno decreta erat, audivit Helvetios per
provinciam nostram iter facere conari. Statim ab urbet
proficiscitur et in Galliam pervenit.
486.
Ubi de ejus adventu Helvetii
sunt, legatos ad
eum
certiores
facti
mittunt
sed Caesar negat se
per provinciam dare. Relinquebatur una
;
posse iter ulli

per Sequanos via. Mox Caesari renuntiatur Helvetios
per agrum Sequanorum iter in Santonum fines facere,
qui non longe a provincia nostra absunt. Intellegebat
Translate by a second (524).
Since 118 B.C. the southern part of Gaul had been a Roman province.
(Hence the modern name Provence.) See map facing page 1.
*
Rome is meant.
329
periculosum provinciae fore, si homines bellicosi, populi

Roman! inimici, provinciae finitimi essent.* Ob eas
duas ibi legiones concausas in Italiam contendit
cum his quinque
scribit, et tres ex hibernis ediicit
jegionibus in Galliam per Alpes ire contendit. Helvetii
jam per fines Sequanorum suas copias traduxerant, et
in Aeduorum fines pervenerant, eorumque agros populabantur.
Itaque ne omnes forttinae sociorum consiimerentur, Caesar e castris profectus ad Helvetios pervenit.t
Tres jam partes Helvetiorum Airmen Ararim transierant;
;
magnam partem eorum occidit, reproximas silvas abdiderunt. Hoc proelio

facto, ut reliquas copias Helvetiorum consequi posset,
pontem facit, atque ita exercitum traducit. Turn per
multos dies Caesar Helvetios insequitur, novissimumque
ceteros aggfressus,
liqui sese in
agmen
lacessit.
487.
Tandem
ut rei frumen tariae prospiceret, iter ab
Helvetiis avertit, atque ad
mum et
copiosissimum
oppidum Aeduorum maxiHelvetii Romanos
ire contendit.
timore perterritos esse et discedere a se existimabant.

Itaque, itinere converso, nostros insequi ac lacessere
coeperunt.
suas in
Postquam
id animadvertit, Caesar copias
proximum collem
Helvetii impedimenta in
subdiicit,
aciemque
unum locum
instruit.
contulerunt
ips!
sub primam nostram aciem successerunt. Caesar, coDiu atque acriter

hortatus suos, proelium commisit.
Sed cum diutius sustinere nostrorum
ptignaverunt.
impetus non possent, Helvetii legatos de deditidne ad
Caesarem miserunt. Caesar Helvetios in fines suos,
unde profecti erant, reverti jussit, et oppida vicosque
'Translate by should (or were (<>) be. si vritb ti<' Import or pluperf.
subjunctive mas represent future conditions put Ln indirect dlsooursc (408).
t
Translate by came up with.
330
restituere.
domo
Helvetiorum trecenta
exierant
et sexaginta octo milia

vix centum et decern milia domum
redierunt.
(6)
488.
Hoc
The War with
Ariovistus.
bello confecto, totius fere Galliae principes
ad Caesarem convenerunt atque petierunt ut sibi auxilium ferret contra Ariovistum, regem Germanorum, qui
multa milia suorum in Galliam traduxisset optimumque
agrum occupavisset, atque Gallos ex finibus pelleret.
Demonstrant Ariovistum Gallorum copias proelio vicisse
et nunc crudeliter imperare atque obsides* nobilissi-
morum
neque posse ejus imperium

His rebus cognitis, Caesar Gallorum
animos confirmavit, pollicitusque est se Galliam ab
Ariovisti injuria defensurum.
Hac oratione habita
principes dimisit.
Simul Germanos consuesceret in
Galliam transire populo Romano periculosum esse
videbat, ne, cum omnem Galliam occupavissent, in provinciam exirent atque inde in Italiam contenderent.
Itaque constituit ad Ariovistum legat'os mittere qui
ab eo postularent ut aliquem locum colloquio diceret.
liberos poscere
diutius sustineri.
489.
Quodj cum
eum Caesar
nollet Ariovistus facere, iterum
legatos mittit qui postularent
ad
primum ne
amplius Germanos trans Rhenum in Galliam tradiiceret

deinde ut obsides Gallis redderet neve bellum iis inferret.
Ad haec Ariovistus respondit se Gallos vicisse
atque jure belli uti constituisse
se obsides redditurum
non esse, neque Gallis injuria bellum illaturum si im;
Translate by as hostages; for the case see
54.
See 124.
I To emphasize the connection with the preceding words, Latin often uses
qui for hie or is, placing it even before a conjunction. Here translate by
this, literally which.
Translate by wrongfully (415).
For parerent and vellet see 486, f n.
t

perio suo parerent
gredi,
atque
si
331
Caesar vellet secum coninvictorum
intellectnrum quanta esset virtus
Germanorum.
490. Eodem tempore Caesar certior factus est Germanos, qui niiper in Galliam transportati essent, fines
Aeduorum popular!, et magnam multitudinem Sueborum
ad ripas Rheni venisse, qui Rhenum transire conaQuibus* rebus Caesar vehementer commotus,
rentur.
maturare constituit, ne nova manus Sueborum cum
veteribus copiis Ariovisti sese conjungeret.
frumentaria
quam
Itaque re
celerrime comparata, magnis itineri-
bus ad Ariovistum contendit. Cum tridui viam processisset, niintiatum est ei Ariovistum cum suis omnibus
copiis ad occupandum Vesontionem, quod est oppidum
maximum Sequanorum, contendere. In eo oppido
omnium rerum quae ad bellum iisui erant summa erat
Hue
facultas, idque natiira loci egregie miiniebatur.
Caesar contendit, occupatoque oppido ibi praesidium
collocat.
Dum
paucos dies ibi rei frumentariae causa

falsis rumoribus magnopere perturbati
sunt.
Nam Galli ac mercatores Germanos ingenti
magnitudine esse corporum, incredibilique virtiite praeCaesar cum animadvertisset milites propter
dicabant.
491.
moratur, milites
timorem castra movere ac signa contra hostes ferre

nolle,
convocato concilio, demonstrat Germanos saepe
:ib
tamen pares esse exereitui

Romano non potuissent. Turn affirmavit se proxima
nocte quarta vigilia castra moturum, atque si praeterea
nemo sequeretur, tamen se cum sola decima legidne
Hac oratione habita,
iturum, de qua non dubitaret.
Helvetiis superatos esse, qui
See
489, f n.
332
summa
alacritas et cupiditas belli gerendi innata est,
atque quarta
exercitu.
vigilia,
ut* dixerat, profectus est
cum omnl
Septimo die ab exploratoribus certior factus
est Ariovisti copias milia
passuum quattuor
et viginti
abesse.
Cognito Caesaris adventu, Ariovistus legatos ad

cum Caesar propius
simul postulabat
accessisset, colloqui cum eo jam velle
ne quern peditem ad colloquium Caesar adduceret, sed
vererit se ne per
ut uterque cum equitatu venire t
Planities erat magna
insidias ab eo circumveniretur.
Eo uterque cum
inter castra Ariovisti et Caesaris.
equitatu ad colloquium venit atque cum paucis equitibus
in mediam planitiem progreditur. Reliqui equites medi492.
eum
mittit qui dicerent Ariovistum,
ocri intervallot constiterunt.
493. Caesar initio orationis ostendit quanta a se

senatuque beneficia Ariovistus accepisset simul docebat
;
Aeduos diu socios populi Roman! fuisse. Postulavit

Ariovistus respondit se
deinde eadem quae legati.
rogatum esse a Gallis ut Rhenum transiret non sese
;
Gallis sed Gallos sibi bellum postea intulisse
atque
iniquum esse exercitum Romanum in suos fines venire.

Postulavit igitur ut Caesar decederet et liberam possessi-
onem
Galliae sibi traderet.
Dum
haec in colloquio
geruntur, Caesari nuntiatum est equites Ariovisti propius accedere, et lapides telaque in nostros conjicere.
Caesar loquendi finem
fecit,
seque ad suos recepit,
suisque imperavit, ne quod omnino telum

*
Vt in the sense of as takes the indicative.
Indirect discourse, the verb of saying being understood,
The
ablative, as well as the accusative,
Translate here by
Translate by
at.
made the same demands as.
is
in
hostes
used to express distance.
333
ne pulsi hostes dicere posscnt se in colloquio

circumventos.
Quibus rebus cognitls,
multo majus studium piig-nandi exercitul injectum est.
rejicercnt,
per Insidias
494.
Post
paucos
dies
Ariovistus,
castris
motls,
praetor eastra Caesaris suas copias tradiixit et milibus
passuum duobus* ultra eum eastra fecit, eo consilio ut

jrumento commeatuque Caesarem intercluderet. Trim
dies continuos quinque Caesar pro castris suas copias
Ariovistus autem, etsi
produxit et aciem mstruxit.
dimicandi potestas non deerat, his omnibus diebus exercitum castris continuitt, et equestri proelio cotidie conUbi eum castris se tenere Caesar intellexit, ne
tendit.
commeatu prohiberetur, ultra eum locum ubi

German! consederant, circiter passus sescentos ab iis,
castris idoneum locum delegit, acieque triplici instructa
ad eum locum venit. Primam et secundam aciem in
armis esse+, tertiam eastra munire jussit. Turn copias
Ariovistus misit quae nostras muni done prohiberent.
Caesar tamen, ut antea constituerat, duas acies hostem
diutius
tertiam opus perficere jussit.

Munltis
duas leg'iones reliquit et partem auxiliorum,
quattuor reliquas in eastra majora rediixit.
propulsare,
castris,
495.
Proximo die Caesar e
castris utrlsque copias
suas ediixit, paulumque a majoribus castris progrcssus
aciem Instriixit, hostibusque pugnandl potestatem fecit.

Ubi ne turn quidem eos prodlre intellexit, circiter meridiem exercitum in eastra rediixit. Postero die praesidio
utrlsque castris quod satis esse visum est reliquit, atque
triplici Instructa acie usque ad eastra hostium accessit.
Turn demum necessario GermanI suas copias ediixerunt,
*
For the ablative see 492, fn. t

Translate by kept in camp.
X Translate by to remain under arms.
t
334
omnemque aciem
redis et carris circumdederunt, ne

E6 mulieres impoqua spes in fuga relinqueretur.
suerunt, quae in proelium proficiscentes milites flentes
implorabant ne se in servitutem Romanis traderent.
496. Caesar a dextro cornu, quod earn partem minime

firmam hostium esse animadverterat, proelium commisit.
Ita nostri acriter in hostes, signo dato, impetum fecerunt,
itaque* hostes celeriter procurrerunt, ut spatium pila in

hostes conjiciendi
non daretur. Rejectis
pills,
comminus
Cum
hostium acies a sinistro cornu

pulsa atque in fugam con versa esset, a dextro cornu
vehementer multitudine suorum nostram aciem premegladiis pugnant.
bant.
Id
cum
animadvertisset Publius Crassus, qui
equitatui praeerat, tertiam aciem laborantibus nostris
subsidio misit.
Ita
omnes hostes terga

stiterunt
proelium restitutum
quam ad flumen Rhenum
loco circiter quinque pervenerunt.
reppererunt
int his
fuit
atque
milia
ea
passuum ex eo
qui
salutem
naviculam
profugit.
Reliquos
Ibi perpauci
Ariovistus,
deligatam ad ripam nactus,
omnes consecuti
est,
verterunt, neque prius fugere de-
equites nostri interfecerunt.
proelio trans Rhenum nuntiato, Suebi qui ad

Rheni venerant, domum reverti coeperunt. Caesar
una aestate duobus maximis bellis confectis, matiirius
paulo quam tempus anni postulabat, in hiberna in+
Sequanos exercitum deduxit. Hibernis Labienum lega-
Hoc
ripas
tum
praefecit
ipse in citeriorem Galliam profectus est.
Itaque here = ita + que ; contrast ltaque,

Translate here by among.
Translate here by
among ;
487,
1.
5.
the phrase modifies a verb of motion.
The Story of
{Chiefly from Ritchie
',
335
Ulysses.
Fabulae Faciles.)
The Trojan War.
Olim Paris, fflius Priami regis Trojanorum,

Graeciam mare transiisset, Helenam, uxorem
Menelai regis Spartae, abduxit. Itaque Menelaus omnes
497.
cum
in
reges Graeciae convocavit, et oravit ut auxilium sibi
Mox, classe mille ducentarum navitim coacta,

magnis cum copiis profectus est ut injuriam ulcisceretur.
Agamemnon, Menelai frater, toti exercitui Graecorum
praefectus est et una cum his duobus regfibus Achilles,
qui omnibus hominibus virtute praestabat, et Ulixes,
ferrent.
vir
summae
prudentiae, naves solverunt.
Trojam vallo fossaque circumdare non conati sunt, sed in litore non longfe a
Inter mare et urberri planities
navibus consederunt.
erat magna, atque ibi Trojani, acie instriicta, saepecum
Graeci, navibus egressi,
proelia committebant.
Post novem annos
plurima oppida expiignaverant, quae circum
Trojam socii Priami habebant, et tanta incommoda
Trojani acceperant ut minus saepe proelium facere
Graecis
Graeci
auderent.
498.
Decimo anno
Agamemnona*
incensus,
et
belli,
controversia
Achillem orta
pugna abstinere
est,
magna
inter
atque Achilles, ira
constituit.
Trojani,
cum
haec cognovissent, Graecos audacius adorti sunt, atque

naves eorum incendissent, nisi Patroclus, qui Achilli
amicissimus erat, eum rogavisset ut auxilio Graecis
veniret.
Neque Achilli persuadere potuit ut ipse in
*Some nouns of the third declension, borrowed from the Greek, have
the Greek ending -a in the accusative singular.
336
proelium rediret
sed Achilles arma et equos suos
Patrocld dedit et milites suos subsidio Graecis labo-
Adventu. eorum Trojani repulsi sunt

sed Patroclus ipse ab Hectore, fortissimo ex filiis Priami,
Turn Achilles, mag-no dolore affectus,
interfectus est.
rantibus misit.
mortem amici
ulcisci contendit, et, rursus armis captis,

medios hostes irruit atque Hectora interfecit. Sed
post paucos dies ipse, a Paride vulneratus, cecidit, et
Graeci de victoria jam desperare coeperunt.
in
499.
Cum jam
multi hortarentur ut in Graeciam
reverterentur, Ulixes Graecis persuasit ut aliud con-
Equus Hgneus
silium inirent.
ingenti mag'nitudine est
effectus atque viris armatis completus est.
Turn
reliqui
Graeci in naves conscenderunt et se in Graeciam navigare simulabant. Trojani, non insidias suspicati, equum
in
urbem
eum
traxerunt,
cum
arbitrarentur Graecos miineri
Sed noctu Ulixes et Menelaus

ceterique qui se in equo abdiderant, egressi sunt et
custodes portarum necaverunt.
Turn reliqui Graeci,
dels
reliquisse.
signo dat5, in
urbem ex navibus
irruperunt.
aut interfecti sunt aut in servittitem abducti
Trojani
;
Troja
ipsa incensa est.

500.
Tandem
constituerunt.
Graeci, longo bello fessi,
Omnibus
igfitur
domum redire
rebus ad profectionem
paratis, naves dediixerunt et idoneam ad navigandum

tempestatem nacti magno cum gaudio naves solverunt.
Ulixes, qui
regnum
antequam cum
insulae Ithacae obtinuerat, paulo
ad bellum profectus est,

puellam formosissimam nomine Penelopen"* in matrimonium duxerat. Nunc igitur, cum jam decern annos
reliquis Graecis
* Some nouns of the first declension, borrowed from the Greek, have (in the
singular) -in the nom., -es in the gen., -en in the ace., and -e in the abl.

quasi in exsilio consumpsisset,
magna
337
cupiditate patriae
vidondae ardebat.
Postquam tamen pauca
milia passuum a litore Trojae progress! sunt, tanta
lempestas subito coorta est, ut nulla navium cursum
Navis autem
renere posset, sed passim disjicerentur.
ilia, qua ipse Ulixes vehebatur, vi tempestatis ad meridiem delata, deeimo die ad litus Libyae pervenit.
et uxoris
The Lotus
501.
Ancoris
Bociis in terrain
jactis,
Eaters.
Ulixes
cxponere, qui
constituit
nonnullos e
aquam ad navem
refer-
rent et qualis esset natura ejus regfionis c6g"noscerent.
Hi igfitur e navi egress! imperata facere parabant. Dura

tamen fontem quaerunt, quidam ex incolis occurrunt
atque hospitio acceperunt. Accidit autem* ut miro quodam fructu quern lotum appellabant hi homines viverent.
Quern cum Graeci g-ustavissent, patriae et sociorum
statim oblitT, affirmaverunt semper se in ea terra mansuros, ut dulci illo cibo in perpetuum fruerentur.
502.
Ulixes,
exspectavisset,
cum ab hora septima ad'vesperum

veritus
net
socii
in
periculo
essent,
cognoscerent.
quae causa esset morae,

Hi igitur in terram expositi, cum ad
vieum qui non
long-e aberat pervenissent, socios suos
nonniillos e reliquis misit, ut,
reppererunt, atque eis persuadere

conabantur, ut secum ad navem redirent. Illi tamen
resistere ac manii se defendere coeperunt, saepe claquasi vino ebrios
mitantes se
ita
numquam ex eo loco
t
\
Quae cum
ad Ulixem redierunt. His

Ulixes ipse cum omnibus qui in navi
essentl, nuntii re infecta
rebus cognitis,
*
discessuros.
Translate aiiloiii by now, and Irfirlfi by on, literally by

After
verb ol fearing, n" tneana lest <>r th<tt.
Translate freely by muttr these circumstances.
;i
means
of.
338
et socios frustra. hortatus

sunt ad locum venit
ut sponte sua redirent, manibus eorum post terga vinctis,
Turn, ancoris sublatis,
invitos ad navem reportavit.
relicti
quam
navem
celerrime e portu
solvit.
The Giant Polyphemus.

503.
Postero die postquam totam noctem remis con-
tenderant, ad terram Ignotam pervenerunt.
Turn, quod
naturam ejus regionis Ignorabat, ipse Ulixes cum duodecim e sociis in terram egressus loca explorare conPaulum a litore progress! specum ingentem
stituit.
invenerunt, quern, etsi intellegebant se non sine periculo
Ibi magnam copiam lactis
id facturos, intra verunt.
invenerunt in vasis ingentibus conditam. Dum omnes
mirantur quis eum locum incoleret, subito monstrum
horribile conspexerunt, humana quidem specie et figura,
sed ingenti magnitudine corporis.
Hunc gigantem
cum animadvertissent unum omnino oculum habere in
media fronte positum, intellexerunt hunc esse unum e
Cyclopibus, de quibus famam jam acceperant.*
504.
Graeci igitur, ubi monstrum viderunt, timdre

partem speluncae confugerunt.
perterriti in interiorem
Polyphemus autem
(id
sua in speluncam egit
enim gigantis nomen

;
turn
cum saxo
erat) pecora
ingenti portam
ignem in medio specu fecit. Mox cum

Graecos animadvertisset, magna voce clamavit. " Qui
estis homines ?
Turn
Mercatores ant praedones ?
Ulixes respondit sej neque mercatores esse neque praedandi causa venisse
sed e Troja redeuntes vi tempestatum a. cursu depulsos esse.
Oravit etiam ut se sine
obstruxisset,
'
'
had heard.
an is used with
Translate by
In double questions
Translate by they; Ulysses speaks for himself and his comrades.
the force of or.
Turn Polyphemus, nullo

corripuit et membris
injuria discedere pateretur.
dato responso, duo e Graecis
eorum
divulsis
339
manu
carnem devorare
coepit.
505. Dum haec geruntur, Graecorum animos tantus

tenor occupavit, ut, omni spe salutis deposita, mortem
Polyphemus autem huml
praesentem exspectarent.
prostratus,
somno
se dedit.
Quod cum
vidisset Ulixes,
tantam oceasionem non amittendam arbitratus, in animo

Sed cum saxum animadhabebat gladio interficere.
vertisset, quo introitus obstructus erat, nihil se profecturum* intellexit, si Polyphemum interfecisset. Tanta
enim erat ejus saxi magnitudo, ut ne decern quidem
homines movere possent. Prima luce, Polyphemus jam
core somno excitatus idem quod superiore die fecit
reptis enim duobus e reliquis viris, carnem eorum sine
;
mora
cum
devoravit.
Turn,
cum saxum
pecore e specu prog:ressus
omnes oves
exierunt,
saxum
The Device
in
est,
locum
removisset, ipse
atque postquam
restituit.
of Ulysses.
Ulixes vero qui, ut supra demonstravimus, vir
506.
magnae
fuit prudentiae, etsi intellegebat
quantum
esset
nondum omnino desperabat, sed hoc cepit

Sub noctem cum Polyphemus ad specum
consilium.
rediisset et eodem modo quot antea cenavisset, Ulixes
periculum,
utrem vini prompsit, quern forte secum habebat, et

giganti dedit. Polyphemus, qui numquam antea vinum
gustaverat, statim hausit.
Hoc facto quaes! vit quo
nomine Ulixes appellaretur. Ille resiôndit se Neminem
appellari. Quod cum audivisset, Polyphemus italocutus
est:
"
lane
tibi
gratiam pro tanto beneficio referam
From
Translate by as; compare
prfiiiclft. DO<
from
proll<-Is-or
493, fn.,
|.
note the quantity,
340
te
ultimum omnium devorabo.
gravatus, brevi
His
'
'
somno oppressus
'
convocatis dixit
'
Habemus
dictis, cibo
est.
vinoque
Turn Ulixes
sociTs
quam
peti-
facultatem
Turn postquam quid fieri vellet ostendit, sudem

praeacutam conquirebat. Quam cum repperi.sset, igni
calefecit, atque oculum Polyphemi dum dormit transhoc facto, omnes in ultimas speluncae partes se
fodit
mus."
abdiderunt.
507. Turn ille subito illo dolore e somno excitatus,
clamorem maximum sustulit, et dum per speluncam
errat, Ulixem et socios manu comprehendere conabatur.
Cum tamen jam omnino caecus esset, nullo modo hoc
efficere potuit.
Interea reliqui Cyclopes clamore avidito
undique ad speluncam convenerunt et quid gereretur
quaesiverunt, et quam ob causam tantum clamorem
sustulisset.
Ille respondit se graviter vulneratum esse
cum tamen ceteri quaesivissent quis ei vulnus intulisset
respondit ille Neminem id fecisse. Quibus rebus auditis,
;
iinus e Cyclopibus dixit:
"Si nemo
te vulneravit, ap-
paret consilio deorum, quibus resistere nee possumus
nee volumus, hoc supplicio
te afhei."
His rebus
dictis
discesserunt Cyclopes, eum in insaniamincidisse arbitrati.
The
508.
Escape.
Polyphemus, ubi socios suos discessisse
sensit,
Ulixem iterum quaerere

coepit. Tandem cum portam invenisset, saxum removit,
ut pecus ad agros exiret. Turn ipse in introitii sedit et
ut* quaeque ovis ad locum venerat, tergum ejus manibus
furore atque amentia im pulsus
tractabat,
cum
ne
viri
Quod
inter oves effugere possent.
animadvertisset Ulixes, hoc
iniit
consilium
intel-
Translate as in 491, fn. although the clause here refers, not to manner,
(\\t = whenever).
The pluperfect following should be translated
by the English simple past.
*
but to time
omncm spem
salutis in dolo magis quam in

Primum tres pingruissimas ex ovibus
quas cum inter se* conexuisset, unum sociorum
enim
lexit
poni.
virtute
delegit
341
ventribusf earum
ita subjecit,
hominem secum
ut omnino lateret. Deinde
ad portam egit.
Id
quod fore} suspicatus erat. Polyphemus enim,
postquam mantis tergfist earum imposuit, oves exire
passus est. E6dem modo Ulixes omnes socios emisit
oves,
ferentes,
accidit
ipse ultimus evasit.
His rebus ita confectis, Ulixes magnopere veritus

dolum sentiret, celeriter cum sociis ad
Polyphemus
lie
contendit
quo cum venissent, ab els, qui navi
fitus
509.
praesidio relletl erant,
Turn Ulixes non

maneret,
quam
magna cum
laetitia accept! sunt.
satis tiitum esse arbitratus si in
celerrime proficisci constituit.
omnes in navem conscendere

paulum a litore in altum provectus
igitur
eo loco
Jussit
et ancoris sublatis
Turn magna
est.
" Tu, Polypheme, qui jura hospitii

et debitam poenam solvisti."
Hac voce
audita, Polyphemus Ira incensus ad mare se contulit et
ubi intellexit navem paulum a litore remotam esse,
saxum ingens maim corripuit atque in earn partem
ponjecit, unde vocem venire sensit. Graeci autem, nullo
voce clamavit,
spernis, justam
accepto incommodo, cursum tenuerunt.
The
Island of Circe, the Enchantress.
BrevI intermisso spati6, Graeci Insulae cuidam

appropinquaverunt quam Circe, fllia Sol is, incolebat.
510.
'
Translate by to one another, literally
having
compound verbs, where
t
Tin- dative,
by the
t
prefix,
Literallj
See
th<>
it
among
la
would
t.
be, freely
is
often used with
freely translated bj the preposition buj
line innfrr (suit), and on <ln>.
502, fn.,
themselves,
Force of with reference to,
would oocur.
342
E6 cum
pervenissent, Ulixes friimentandl causa navi
egredi constituit
cognoverat enim frumentum quod in
Sociis igitur ad se connavi haberent jam deficere.

quid
fieri vellet, ostendit.
loco
res
esset*
et
vocatis, quo in
Cum
tamen omnes memoriam retinerent criidelis mortis

eorum qui nuper in terram Cyclopum egressi erant,
nemo repertus est qui hoc negotium suscipere vellet.
Tandem res ad sortem revocatur, atque Eurylochus
cum duobus et viginti sociis in interiorem partem insulae
Vix poterant ei qui in navi relicti erant
proficiscitur.
lacrimas tenere credebant enim se socios suos numquam
;
iterum
511.
dam
ciijus
visiiros.
Illi
interea aliquantum progressi ad villain quan-
pervenerunt,
summa
ad januam cum
summa cum
benignitate
magnificentia aedificatam
adiissent,
omnes
invitavit ut introirent.
Eurylochus autem, insidias suspicatus,

constituit
reliqui
rei
ipsa Circe exiit et
novitate
foris exspectare
adducti intraverunt,
atque convivium magnificum invenerunt omnibus rebus

instructum.
Sed Circe vinum medicamento quodam
miscuerat quod cum illi bibissent, gravi sopore omnes
statim oppressi sunt.
Turn Circe baculo aureo quod
gerebat capita eorum tetigit quo facto I omnes in porcds
Interea Eurylochus ignarus quid
subito conversi sunt.
ageretur ad januam sedebat postquam tamen ad solis
;
occasum frustra exspectavit, ad navem solus reverti

constituit.
*
Translate freely by
how matters
stood.
Translate qui vellet by who was willing or to be willing.

relative
clause with the subjunctive is often used to characterize the antecedent as
belonging to a class.
t
Translate by whereupon, more literally this having been done.
Translate here by
at.
343
Ulysses Comes to the Rescue.
Ulixes
512.
cum
intellexisset socios suos
in peri-
culo esse, gladio correpto, Eurylocho imperavit, ut sine
domum monstraret. Ille tamen

Ulixem complexus obsecrare coepit,
ne tantum periculum susciperet. Ulixes autem respondit se neminem invitum secum adducturum
ei licere,
si mallet, in navi manere
se ipsum sine ullo auxilio
mora viam ad
cnm
multis
illam
lacrimis
rem suscepturum.
Hoc cum magna voce
dixisset, e
navi desiluit.
Aliquantuin progressus subito conspexit adnlescentem

forma pulcherrima, aureum baculum manii gerentem.
Hie rogat
Quo proficisceris ? Nonne scis hanc esse
Circes domum? Hie inclusi sunt amici tux, ex humana
Num vis ipse idem malum
specie in porcos con vers!
pati ?
Ulixes simul ac vocem audivit adulescentem
nullo tamen modo ab
esse deum Mercurium sensit
consilio deterreri potuit. Quod cum Mercurius sensisset,
herbam quandam ei dedit, quam contra carmina plurimum valere dicebat. "Hanc cape," inquit, "et ubi
'
'
'
'
Circe te baculo
tetig-erit,
destricto gladio,
impetum
in
earn fac."
The Enchantress
Foiled.
Brevi intermisso spatio, Ulixes ad omnia peri-
513.
cula subeunda paratus ad villain pervenit atque ab ipsa
Omnia eodem modo quo

Circe benigne exceptus est.
Mox, ubi fames cibo depulsa est,
antea facta sunt.
Ille,
Circe poculum aureum vino repletum Ulixi dedit.
venenum sibi paratum esse, poculum
Quo facto, Circe, postquam caput ejus baculo
etsi suspicatus est
exhausit.
tetigit,
ea verba locuta est quibus socios ejus antea in
porcos converterat.
atque
ilia
speraverat.
Res tamen omnino aliter evenit

Tanta enim vis erat ejus herbae
344
quam dederat Mercurius, ut neque venerium neque

verba quidquam efficere possent-. Deinde Ulixes, slcut
jusserat Mercurius, gladio destricto, impetum in earn
fecit et
mortem minitabatur.
artem suam
nihil
valere,
Turn
multis
Circe,
cum
cum
lacrimis
sensisset
eum
obsecrare coepit, ne interficeret.

514.
Ulixes autem ubi sensit earn timore perterritam
mora in humanam speciem

minus*, ostendit se statim earn necaturum.
His rebus Circe vehementer commota ad pedes ejus se
projecit et multis cum lacrimis pollicita est se, quae ille
imperavisset, omnia factiiram. Ita sociis receptis Ulixes
nuntium ad navem misit, qui reliquis Graecis quae facta
esse, postulavit ut socios sine
reduceret
si
essent niintiaret.
Atque multa alia pericula Ulixes subiit sed tandem

inpatriam suam ipse pervenit incolumis, omnibus sociis
amissis, atque ibi uxorem Penelopen vivam et salvam
repperit, atque cupide reditum suum exspectantem.
;
Translate si
minus by otherwise
or if not.
Coin of Antoninus Pius.
APPENDIX.
517.
347
348
adjectives.
Adjectives of First and Second Declensions.
520.
(a)
bonus, bona,
bonum
65,
(b)
liber, libera,
liberum
72,
(c)
aeger, aegra,
aegrum
acre
(a) acer, acris,
113,
(6)
fortis, forte
113,
(c)
felix
113,
(d)
prudens
113,
page
"
"
"
67
68
68
68
Declension of Comparatives.
522.
(a) fortior, fortius

(b)
For
72,
Adjectives of Third Declension.
521.
523.
page 37
170,
plus
197,
page 105
" 121
Irregular Adjectives of First and Second Declensions.
unum
(a)
Gnus, una,
(b)
neuter, neutra,
list of* adjectives
205, page 126
neutrum
with gen. in -lus and
"
205,
dat. in
-I,
126
see 207, page
Numerals.
524.
CARDINAL.
1.
2.
unus
duo
primus
secundus or alter
3.
tres
tertius
4.
quattuor
quartus
5.
quinque
quintus
6.
sex
sextus
7.
septem
septimus
8.
octo
octavus
9.
novem
10.
decern
11.
undecim
duodecim
nonus
decimus
undecimus
duodecimus
12.
128.

13,
349
350

PRONOUNS.
526.
Personal, Reflexive and Possessive Pronouns.
351
TLURAL.
SINGULAR.
Cm.
fijusdem
eadem
eaedem
Uidem
Bjusdem ejusdem eorundem earundem eorundem
Dai.
eldem
eldem
Xom. idem
An\
AN.
>adei
eandem
eadem
eundem
eodem
eidem
/eisdem,
eisdem,
uisdem
eosdem
iisdem
iisdem
easdem
eadem
f eisdem,
eisdem,
eisdem,
Uisdem
iisdem
iisdem
eisdem,
Relative Pronoun.
SINGUL
PLURAL.
u;.
NEUT.
FKM.
NEl'T.
MASC.
FEM.
quae
quod
qui
quae
quae
cujus
cujus
cujus
quorum
quarum
quorum
quibus
quas
quibus
quae
IfASC.
Xom. qui
)).
feidem,
idem
eodem
528.
Ch
idem
J)af.
cui
cui
cui
quibus
Ace.
quern
quam
Abl.
quo
qua
quod
quo
quos
quibus
quibus
quibus
Interrogative Pronoun.
529.
SINGULAR.
MASC.
Xom. quis
(qui)
FEM.
NK1T.
quae
quid (quod) qui
MASC.
FEM.
NEUT.
quae
quae
quorum
<!< a.
cujus
cujus
cujus
quorum
quarum
Dot.
cui
cui
cui
quibus
quibus
quibus
Ace.
quern
quam
Abl.
quo
qua
quid (quod) quos

quibus
quo
quas
quibus
quae
quibus
530.
page 307
(a)
quis (qui)
qua (quae)
quid (quod)
455,
(b)
aliquis (aliqui)
aliqua
aliquid (aliquod)
456,
308
(c)
quisquam
quidquam
456,
808
quidque (quodque)
quiddam (quoddam)
quid vis (quodvis)
utrumque
456,
808
456,
308
456,
808
456,
.'{its
{d)
(e)
quisque
quidani
(/) quivis
(g)
uterque
quaeque
quaedam
quaevis
utraque
352

VERBS.
531.
Indicative Active.
532.
Indicative Passive.
Present.
First Conjug.
353
354
533.

534.
355
356

53
357
358
545.
DEPONENT VERBS.
Indicative, 314, page 199.

'
Subjunctive, 370, page 241.

PLUPERFECT.
ftteram
fueramus
fuissem
fuissemus
fueras
fueratis
fuisses
fuissetis
fuerat
fuerant
fuisset
fuissent
FUTURE PERFECT.
fuerO
fuerimus
fueris
fueritis
fuerit
fuerint
359
360
IMPERF.
361

The Appian
553.
Way
(Via Appia).
(age
363
17.)
" He drove abroad, in furious guise,
Along the Appian way."
The Romans were the most skilful builders of enduring roads the
world has ever known. The most celebrated highway constructed
by them is the Appian Way, which even at the present day well
merits its ancient title "Queen of Roads." It was built by Appius
Claudius Caecus about 312 B.C. and extends some 350 miles south-east
from Rome to Brindisi, the ancient Brundisium, the regular port of
departure for Greece. The road-bed is paved with stones, and is
about 16 feet wide.
Tomb
554.
"
On
of Caecilia Metella.
(Page 32.)
Thus much alone we knowMetella died,

The wealthiest Roman's wife : Behold his
each side of the Appian
love or pride."
Way, near Rome, were tombs of famous
citizens.
One of these tombs is that built in the time of Julius
Caesar in honor of Caecilia Metella, the wife of the triumvir Crassus.
It stands about two or three miles from the city gate, and is an
immense circular pile about 70 feet in diameter, built of great blocks
The marble with
of hewn stone on a quadrangular foundation.
which the basement was formerly coated was removed about three
centuries ago to make the fountain of Trevi in Rome.
The
555.
Pantheon.
(Page
" Sanctuary
Of
art
64.)
and home
and pietyPantheon /pride of Rome."
The Pantheon
(the temple of all the gods), the best preserved

Romans, was built by Marcus Agrippa 27 B.C.,
as an inscription on the portico still bears witness.
It is now the
Church of Sta. Maria della Rotonda. Its diameter is about 140 feet
and its height practically the same. The vast rotunda is lighted by
a circular opening, 27 feet in diameter, at the apex of the dome. In
front is a splendid portico, 1 10 feet wide and 45 feet deep, composed
of 16 Corinthian columns of granite 13 feet in circumference and
39 feet high.
edifice of the ancient
556.
The Colosseum
(Flavian Amphitheatre).
(Page 81.)
" While stands the Coliseum, Rome shall stand,

When falls the Coliseum, Rome shall fall."
The Colosseum, of which only about one-third remains, is the

largest theatre and one of the most imposing structures in the world.
It was begun by the Emperor Flavins Vespasianus, and oompleted by
Since the 8th century it has
his son Titus in the year 80 A.n.
generally been called the ( 'olosseom, after the colossal statue of Nero
364
which formerly stood close by. It is more than 600 feet long and
The arena was about 280 feet by 175. The encircling
500 wide.
In the Colosseum
wall rises in four stories to the height of 156 feet.
took place gladiatorial combats and fights with wild beasts. It was
capable of holding 87,000 spectators seated, or about 100,000 in all.
557.
The Claudian Aqueduct.
(Page 113.)
This famous aqueduct was built by the Emperor Claudius about

50 a. d. It was constructed for the purpose of conveying water to
Rome from the lakes and springs in the Alban hills, a distance of
about 45 miles. Its ruins are now a striking feature of the Roman
Between 300 B.C. and 300 a.d. fourteen aqueducts were
Campagna.
built to supply Rome, and others were constructed in various parts of
the Empire, such as the one at Nemausus (now Nismes, or Nimes)
in southern Gaul (page 239).
Cloaca Maxima.
558.
(Page 113.)
" The Great Drain," which is about half a mile in length, was constructed in the time of Tarquinius Priscus, the fifth king of Rome
(about 600 B.C.), for the purpose of rendering habitable the low
After an
ground which formed the site of the Roman Forum.
extremely tortuous course it empties into the Tiber a little below the
Island.
Several natural streams of water are collected in this drain
and still run through it. Near its mouth it is formed by three tiers
of arches, one within the other, the innermost being a semicircular
vault about 12 feet high
elsewhere it has a single arch with
;
occasional bands.
559.
Trajan's Column.
(Page 128.)
This column, which stands in Trajan's Forum, is of marble, and

was erected in 114 a.d. It is about 130 feet high, including the
base, with a diameter of 11 feet at the bottom and 10 feet at the top.
It was formerly crowned by a statue of Trajan, but this was replaced
in the 16th century by one of St. Peter.
A series of bas-reliefs representing scenes in Trajan's Dacian campaign, forms a spiral, 3 feet
wide and 660 feet long, round the shaft of the pillar. The reliefs are
2 feet high at the bottom and gradually increase in size as they go
upward, thus making the figures at the top and bottom seem of equal
size.
One of these scenes is represented on page 269. It is said that
the bones of Trajan were buried under the column.
560.
Triumphal Arches.
(Pages 160, 273.)
These arches, so characteristic of the ancient Romans, were erected

in the most frequented streets to commemorate the victories of
generals or emperors.
According to the space available, they had a
single arch, or three arches, a large one in the centre for carriages,
and two smaller ones for foot-passengers. Ancient writers mention
21 such arches in Rome. The arch of Septimius Severus (75 feet high
and 82 feet broad) was erected in honor of that emperor and his two
365
sons in \. d. 203 to commemorate his victories over the Parthians and

Arabians.
The arch of Constantine, the best preserved of these
struct inrs, was erected by the Senate and the people of Rome after
the defeat of Maxentius in 311 a.d., when Constantine declared
himself in favor of Christianity.
561.
The Baths
of Caracalla.
(Page 177.)
Many
magnificent baths {thermae) were constructed at Rome by

various emperors, among them those built by Caracalla about 215 a.d.
These were of sncb extent as to accommodate 1,600 bathers at one
time.
The magnificent suite of marble halls devoted to the various
baths, gymnasia and galleries, was surrounded by a belt of gardens;
the halls were richly decorated with statues, columns, bas-reliefs and
mosaics.
These baths covered a space 360 yards square; to-day
they form the largest mass of ruins in Rome, except the Colosseum.
562.
The Roman Forum.

"Now thy Forum roars
fallot
(Pages 209, 224, 256.
no longer,
every purple Caesar's dome."
The Forum, originally the open tract lying between the Capitoline
and Palatine hills, was afterwards closely surrounded by temples,
In the Forum the citizens assembled to discuss
shops and basilicas.
affairs of state and to transact private business; there justice was
administered, and there, from the rostra, orators harangued the
people.
It was, in a word, the heart of the Roman Empire.
According to an old tradition, it was in the Forum that the Sabine women,
in the days of Romulus, intervened to make peace between the
Romans and the Sabines (page 65).
563.
The
Basilica of Constantine.
(Page 321.)
The Basilicas of ancient Rome were splendid public buildings

(commonly adorned with columns and statues) which served both as
halls of justice and as business exchanges.
The basilica became
the ty|>e of the earliest buildings for Christian worship, and the name
is still given to the larger churches in Rome.
The Basilica of Constantine, built about 312 a.d. had a nave and two aisles, and was
320 feet in length and 235 feet in breadth. There remain now only
time gigantic arches of the north aisle.
,
564.
The
Spoils of Jerusalem.
(Page 336.)
Spanning, the Sacred Way is the arch of Titus, erected to 0001

memorate the conquest of Judea by Vespasian and his son Titus in
7<> B.C.
On the inner side of the single arch are has relict's, rcpre
senting on the one side the triumph of Titus, and on the other the
spoils taken from the temple at Jerusalem, including the seven
branched golden candlestick, the golden table and the silver rumpets,
spoils which had been brought to Home and deposited in one of its
t
temples.
VOCABULARIES
LATIN-ENGLISH.
[The numbers refer
to sections.]
adventus,
a, ab, prep, with abl.,
from by on.
abd5, ere -didl, -dltum, hide, con
;
ceal.
abdficft, ere, -duxi,
away, carry
-ductum, carry
off.
-jectum, throw
away.
abstine5, ere, nl, -tentum, hold
aloof, abstain.
absum, abesse,
afiil,
be away, be
distant, be absent.
ac, conj., and,
and
also.
accedo, ere, -cessl, -cessum, approach,
draw
near.
accidd, ere, -cidi, happen, befall.
Acbilles,
is, m., Achilles,
um,
a,
aestas, -tatis,
build.
fair, right.
v.,
summer.
afflclo, ere, -lecl, -fectuni,

affect,
visit, overcome.
affirmo, are, avl, atum, declare.
Agameninfiii, -onis, m., Agamemnon, a Grecian king.
ager, agrl, m., land,
field, territory.
agger, -eris,
m.,
aggredior,
-gressus
I,
mound.
sum,
attack.
n., line of
march,
column.
ago, ere, egl, actum, drive,
the hero
forward
of Homer's Iliad.
acies, 1,
atum,
aegre, adv., with difficulty,

scarcely.
agmen, -minis,
acclpiS, ere, -cepl, -ceptum, re

ceive ; suffer.
arrival, approach.
Aedul, orum, m. plur., the

Aedui,
a tribe in central Gaul.
aequns,
abjicift, ere, -jecl,
f.s, m.,
aedifico, are, avl,
do
alacritas, -tatis,
f., line (of battle).
aliquantum,
move
treat, confer.
p.,
adv.,
ardor, activity.
some
acriter, adv., fiercely, vigorously.

ad, prep, with ace, to,
towards,
against with a view to, for
allquis(-qul), -qua, -quid (-quod),
adduce,
a liter, adv., in another
bring
someone, something [456].
until.
ere,
-dfixi,
-ductum,
influence, induce, move.
adeo, Ire,
approach,
-ii,
.,,,,
advance;
aditus, Us, m., approach,

means of
approach.
adorlor,
Irl,
-ortus
ftvl,
sum,
alter, era,
alt
atum,
-esse, -ful,
at hand.
adulescens, -entis,
II
I,
be present, be
young man.
366
n.,
altum,
as noun, the sea.
amentia, ae,
f.,
frenzy, madness.
a illicit la, ae,
f.,
friendship.
amicus,
m.,
erum, the other [207].
iido, -dials, f., height,

depth.
altus, a, urn, high, deep
attack,
assault.
adsnm,
way; allter
atque, otherwise than.

alius, a, ud, other, another
[207].
Alpes, lum, f. plur., the Alps.
visit.
administro,
Are,
manage, attend to.
distance.
a,
um,
friendly; superl.,
closest or dearest friend.

amicus.
I,
angeo,
M., friend.
am pit us. adv., co m parative,fuvther,

aurora, no,
angustus,
au cm,
anchor.
P.,
a, urn,
, .
aut, either.
I,
M.,
aiixlllum,
I,
n., aid,
help; plur.,
auxiliaries, reinforcements.
animus. I, m., spirit,

annus, I, M., year.
Averts, ere,
heart.
anlo, prep, with arc, before.

uutcfi, aih:, before, previously.
aiitcquam.
inn. open, clear
a,
baculum,
I, n., staff,
barbarus,
I,
Belga, ae,
m., Belgian.
aside.
wand.
m., barbarian.
un-
um,
hclllrftsus, a,
appareo. fre,
ill.
Hum. be clear.be
appropinquo, are,
avl,
alum,
ap-
proach, with dot.
F.,
beiieffclum,
be n In ne.
m.,
Arar, a riter
kindness, favor.
I, n.,
courteously,
adv.,
with
kindness.
benlg alias,
water.
war.
bene, adv., well.
apud, prep, with arc, with, among.

Arar, Araris,
I, N.,
warlike.
alum, make war.
bellft, Are, Avl,
helium,
evident.
appel 10. are, Avl, alum, name, call.
aqua, ae,
sum, turn
-tl,
conj., before.
protected.
-lalls,
f.,
kindness,
courtesy.
in
bibo, ere, blbl, drink.
(ia ul.
sum,
alus
arbltror. Art,
think,
consider.
bonus,
um,
a,
good.
brevl, adv., soon, in a short time.
Ardeo, ere, ArsI, arsum, burn, be

tired.
brevis,
e, short, brief.
Britannia, ae,
Arlovlslus,
I,
M., Aiiovistus,
a Ger-
It
rif
annus,
Britain.
p.,
I, M.,
Briton.
king,
anna, orum, N. pi in:, arms.

armalus, a, urn, armed.
eado, ere, cceldl, easuni,
ars, arils,
caecus, a,
p.,
ait.
conj., and,
atquc.
and
also.
aiictor, -lorls, m., advocate, adviser.
auetoritas,
weight.
-tails,
P.,
influence,
audax,
fall.
hlind.
Caesar, -arls, m., Caesar, c^prrially

Caius Julius Caesar, /"" 44 B,V,
calamltAs,
-lAtls, v., disaster, de-
ealct'arlft, ere, -reel, -racliun, heat
-Arts, hold, daring.
audio, fro, ausus sum, venture,
cap 10, ere, ccpl, eapluui, take,

capt in-.- take up adopt, form.
;
capilvus,
[813].
audio. Ire,
um,
feat.
audftctcr, adv., boldly.
dare
or.
autumn.
a illiniums,
notice,
however.
conj., but,
-sum,
-II,
observe.
man
golden.
narrow, scanty.
animadvertft, err,
apertus,
um,
aureus, a,
in-
N.B.].
[225,
ant, conj., or ; aut
any more.
auclnm,
anxl,
rrc,
crease
a mi Ho. ere, -mlsl, -nilssum, lose.
367
IvI,
Hum,
hear.
I, m.,
prisoner, captive.
caput, capitis. v,
liead.
368
carmen, -minis
n.,
song; charm,
incantation,
[125],
cSgnSscS, ere, cSgnSvI, cSgnltum,
faro, mrnls.
f., flesh.
earrus,
cart,
I, M.,
coepl, Isse, began
learn, find out, ascertain
perfect,
know.
wagon.
eastra, oriim, N. plur., camp.

abl.
causa, ac, f., cause, reason
causa, for the sake (of), for the
purpose (of) [181].
cogo, ere, coegl, coactum, collect;

compel, force.
ccssnm, give way,
ceild. ere, cessl,
cohors, cohortls,
hill.
celer, erls, ere, swift, speedy.
col loco, arc, avl.
celerltas, -tat Is, f., swiftness, speed.
colloquium,
quickly,
celerlter, adv.,
speedily, soon.
cend, are,
iivi,
swiftly,
Alum,
n.,
station.
interview, con-
-locutus sum, have
I,
an interview, confer.
a I inn, dine.
co in in cat us, us, m., supplies, provisions.
centurion.
-dn'ls, m.,
I,
ference.
colloquor,
cent nm, a hundred.
centurid,
cohort.
urge, exhort.
col I Is, Is, m.,
retire.
f.,
cohortor, art, iitus sum, encourage,
cerl us, a, nm, fixed, certain

tiorem faclo, inform.
cer-
cCterl, ae, a, the others, the rest.
co in in In us, adv., hand to hand, at

close range.
commlttS, ere, -mis!, -mlssum,

join, engage entrust.
co m moved, ere, -indvi. -indium,
;
dims,
m., food.
I,
lrc5, ?s.
P.,
Circe,
a sea-nymph and
sorceress.
clrclter, adv.
and
prep, with ace,
about.
e,
common,
surround, enclose.
circumvents,
clvis, is, m., citizen.

-t fit
Is, f.,
citizenship
state,
country.
clamlto, are, avl, at nm, cry out.
clamd, are, avl, atiim, shout, cry

out.
clamor,
-oris, m., shout, shouting,
outcry.
classls, Is, f., fleet.
-pull,
-pulsum,
I,
-plexus sum, em-
brace.
compleS,
nearer
('tterlor
Pallia, liither Gaul, south of the
Alps and north of Italy.
-oris,
citerlor,
ere,
get
drive.
complector,
Ire, -venl, -vent nm,
surround.
atiim,
are, avl,
together, procure.
compellS,
clrcumdo, dare, -dedl, datum,
general,
public.
comparS,
with ace, around,
clrciim, prep,
about.
clvltils,
alarm, dismay, disturb, excite.
communis,
ere, evl, ctuni,
fill.
complfires, a {gen. -iiim), several.
comports, are,
avl,
together, collect.
alum, bring
comprehends, ere, -hendi, -hensum, seize, catch.

co ncedd, -ere, -cessl, ecssum, grant,
yield.
concilium, I, N., meeting, council.

condd, ere, -dldl, -dltum, store, put
away; found.
cdnect 5,
-neviii,
ere,
fasten together.
-nexum,

odnferd, forre, couliilT. collaliim.
collect, gather, convey; se conferre, betake one's self, go.
spend
ere, -tend!, -tenliim.

strive; hasten; contend.
contliicns, -en lis, incessant, continual unbroken, continuous.
dot
sum, trust,
contciidd,
accomplish con feci us, exhausted.

ere, -flsus
with
[3131
coul incus, -en I is,
coiirirmo, arc avi. fiiimi, strengthen encourage, arouse establish

;
coiijircdlnr,
-fftjsi, flee,
-gr CM iM
I,
sum,
en-
gage, fight
coiitliiciitcr, adv., continually, con-
conl hied, ere, ul, -lenluiii, confine,

restrain, hem in enclose, bound.
;
conl limns,
eonjlcld, ere, -jccl. jocluin, hurl,
throw.
unite, join [282, X.H.].
-venl, -veiilum,
Ire,
together, assemble.
come
ediiscendd, ere, -srendl, -scensuni,
eon vlvliim,
embark.
cdiiscrlhd. ere, -scrips!, -scrlptuiii,
attain, acquire.
I,
-verll,
N., feast,
banquet.
alum,
avi,
sire,
-vcrsum,
N.B.].
[282,
call to-
summon.
out.
-sedi,
f., plenty, supply, abundplur., forces, troops.
edpia, ae,
ance
MtMUV, en
cdpidsus. a, u m, rich.
camp.
consilium.
I,
.\\,
communl
pose
mon
consent.
cdnslsid, ere,
plan, design, pur-
cdnsllid,
-si 111,
by com-
take up posi-
halt.
conspectus,
m., sight,
k.,
<
rassus,
I,
lira,
a,
um,
m.,
-repliim.
daily.
Crassus, a
Roman
brum, frequent, nunier
consult
rrftld, ere, -did!,
eriUMlte,
e, ci in
erndriiter,
custom.
ere, -ul, luui,
take thought.
wing.
mis.
cdnsuescd, ere, -siicvl, -siicliiui,

become accustomed [243, N.B.].
cdnsiild,
body.
corrlpld, ere, -rlpul,

snatch up, seize.
ere her,
appoint
cdnsiictudd, -din Is,
N.,
name.
cdnslllud, ere, -ul, Alum, deter

tix,
horn
lis, N.,
corpus, -oris,
cotldlc, adv., daily, every das
view.
see, observe.
corn a,
colldlanus,
lis,
ere, -spexi, -spcrluiii.
rdiisplcld,
mine
eoiivocd,
gether,
-sccutus sum, over-
cdnsldd, ere,
ere,
change
turn,
eoorlor, Irl, -ortus sum, arise, break
enrol, enlist.
I,
quarrel, dis-
con veil Id,
attempt
try.
eonverld,
ennsequor,
f.,
pute.
roiiquTrd. ere, -qulsivl, -qiilsltuin.

look about for.
tion
successive.
con Ira, prep, with ace, against.
ere, -jun\I, -jniietiiiu,
eonor. arl, alus sum.
um,
a,
conl rdversla, ae,
conjuugd,
mainland, con-
tinuously.
cdnfugid, ere,
take
F.,
tinent.
declare.
climb
um,
-sumps!, -slimpl
exhaust, destroy.
rdiisiiuid, ere,
ednfletd. re, -feci, rectum, finish,
con lido,
369
-dllum. believe.
1.
adv.,
cruelly,
cruelty.
;
cum,
prep, with
ttibL,
with.
with
370
cam,

con*.,
when;
df-mum,
since, as.
densns,
cupide, adv., eagerly.

cupldltfts, -tatis,
F.,
eager,
away, drive, remove.

depono, ere, -posuf, -posllum. lay
down; deposit; put away, abandon.
fond.
dcsllio, Ir, -sllui, -sultum, leap
cur, adv., why.
down.
ciirsns, us, m., course.
custos,
thick, dense.
depello, ere, -pull, -pulsum, drive
desirous,
urn,
a,
um,
eagerness, long-
ing.
cupldus,
adv., at length.
a,
guard, keeper.
-fulls, m.,
Cyclops, -opls, m., Cyclops, one of

a fabulous race of giants, in Sicily..
dfslsto, ere,
-si ill.
-si It
um.
cease,
abandon.
desperfi, are, avl,
alum,
despair.
destringo, ere, -strlnxl, -strlctmn,

draw, unsheathe.
tie,
prep, with abl., down from, from,

concerning, about, of.
down
debit us, a, urn, due, proper, well

deserved.
decedo, ere,
draw.
-cessum, with-
-cessl,
be lacking.
ul,
Hum,
deter,
df'iiiieo,
ere, ul,
-tentum, detain,
I,
m.,
a god.
devoro, are, avl, alum, devour,
nm,
deditio, -onis,
tenth.
surrender
f.,
[263].
df do, ere, -didl, -ditum, surrender
dictum,
dlco, ere, dlxl,

appoint, fix.
say,
speak
dies, el, m., day.
dediied, ere, -dfixl, -ductmii, lead

off, withdraw draw down, launch.
dlfiicultas, -talis, f., difficulty.
defends, ere, -fendi, -fensnm, de-
diligenter, adv., carefully.
fend.
defender.
m.,
dCncio, ere,
give out.
-feci,
-fectmn,
fail,
ere,
-jeel,
dislodge
jectnm, cast
disappoint.
deligd, are, avl, alum,
tie,
moor.
dellgo, ere, -legf, -tectum, choose.
deinonstro, are, avl, alum, point

out, explain mention, make men;
care, diligence.
fight, en-
gage.
dimltto, ere, -misi. -mlssum. send

out, despatch dismiss.
;
disccdo, ere, -cessl, -cessum, withdraw, depart, leave.
delnde, adv., then, next.
f.,
dlmico, are, avl, atuni,
defero, -ferre, -full, -latum, carry

down bring report.
tion.
dillgens, -enlis, careful, diligent.
diligentia, ae,
defensor, -oris,
down
difllcllis, e, difficult, hard.
N.B.].
dejlclo,
eat.
dexter, tra, trnni, right.
cree, assign.
a,
ere,
hinder.
deus,
decernfl, ere, -crevl, -cretum, de-
decimus,
deterreS,
delay.
decern, ten.
[282,
desum, deesse, deful, be wanting,
dlscessns,
drawal.
tts,
M., departure, with-
disjicio, ere, -jeci, -jectnm, scat

ter.
dispono,
ere, -posni, -posllum,

place (at intervals), post.
dissimilis,
e,
dissimilar, unlike.

dlsto, Are, be apart.
ere,
lisi rlbiio.
-ill,
distribute, allot
Pjlelft,
-Alum,
-vulsum, tear
tlhiilo. ere, -visi,
visum, divide,
separate.
e nl m. conj., for.
docco. ere,
111.
cqiiltls,
horse-soldier;
m.,
ex-
equesler, tra,
Iruiii.
cavalry,
of
cavalry.
dolor, -oris,
I,
MM
equltatiis, As, M., cavalry.
pain, grief.
cunning;
M., craft,
trick.
home dohome, towards home; do-
dooms,
house,
ns, v.,
muiii.
mo, from home,

dormlo, Ire, IvI. itum, sleep.
duhllo, Are, Avi, Alum, hesitate;
have doubts.
two hundred.
dueo, ere, dfivi, duelum, lead.

e,
o,
I,
m., horse.
rriiiiipo.
while
[273].
-ru pi,
ernpllo, -mils,
et, conj.,
and
etsl, conj.,
rnpliim,
f., sally, sortie.
ct
. .
both
et,
and.
even, also.
although.
Eiiryloclius,
Eurylochus, a
m.,
I,
companion of Ulysses.
e"
two.
atum, wander.
ere,
break out, sally out.
sweet pleasant.
conj.,
duo, ae,
equiis,
erro, are, avi,
el lam, adv.,
diicentl, ae, a,
diim,
go.
plur., cavalry.
plain.
dulcis,
Hum,
eo, adv., thither, there, thereon.
eques,
datum, give.
doctum, teach,
do, dare, dedl,
-mlssum, send
ere, -mfsi,
eo. Ire, II (IvI),
asunder.
dolus,
ere, -jeel, -jeeliim, throw

sC fjleere, rush out.
out.
diA, adv., long, for a long time.

dlvellfi, -ere, -velll,
cm It to,
divide.
out
assign,
371
vado, ere, -vAsI, -vasum, escape.
eveulo, Ire, -vCnl, -vcutuiii, turn
duodeelm, twelve.
out.
duodevlglutl, eighteen.
ex, prep, with abl., out
duplex,
exefdfi, ere, -eessl, -cessuiu, with-
twofold, double.
-Iris,
dux, duels,
m., leader, guide.
e,
ceive,
ex. prep, with "hi., out of, from, of.
chrlus,
a,
mil, drunken.
edAco, ere, -dflxl, -duetum, lead

out.
-feel,
eflTiiglo, ere, -fAgl,
escape,
from ago.
ego, mel.
-efpl,
-ccptiim, re-
welcome.
exellfl, are, avi,
exeA, Ire,
-II,
alum,
arouse.
-Hum. go
out,
go
forth, leave.
exhaurlA,
Ire,
I,
land.
egreglc, adv., excellently.
-11111181,
-liaiisliim,
drain.
exlslluio. Are,
consider.
cxprdlft, Ire,
I.
-gressus sum, go forth,

disembark.
lea\ e
forth
egredlor,
issue
of.
exerelliis. As, m., army.
-ledum, effect,
accomplish, make; construct, build.
eftlelo, ere,
egl,
from,
draw.
cxelplA, ere,
of,
make
read]
marching
Avi,
IvI,
;
Alum,
Hum,
evpedllus,
set
think,
free,
in light.
order.
expcllft, ere, -pull, -|ulsum, drive
out.
372
fled,
exploriitor, -toris, m., scout.
expldro,
fire,
Pvi,
ere,
etuiii,
reconnoitre.
Hurt us,
put
out In terrain expono, land, put
flfimen, -minis,
cxpdnd,
ere, -posul, -posltuiii,
ashore.
wait
ilre,
(for)
extrf in us,
wave.
n., river.
flud, ere, tliixl, fluxiim, flow.

m., river.
i,
fons, font Is, m., spring, fountain.

foris, adv.,
out of doors, outside.
forma, ae,
P.,
n., exile.
i,
exspeeto,
M.,
fls,
fluvius,
expfigno, are, avl, atum, storm,

take by storm.
cxsilluiii,
weep, be in
tears.
atum, examine,
avi,
alum, await,
avl,
expect
a, urn,
fdrmdsus,
wait.
outermost
most
form, appearance.
um,
a,
beautiful.
by chance, as
forte, adv.,
it
hap-
pened.
distant, remotest.
fortis, e, brave.
fortiter, adv., bravely, gallantly.

I01I
faeile, adv., easily.
if
u do, din Is,
p.,
farills. e, easy.
farlo, ere, feci, far* urn,
do
make,
I'ai-u lias,
-1:11 is,
p.,
opportunity
fossa, ae, P., trench.
shatter
crush.
abundance.
frsiter, -tris, m., brother.
lalsiis, a, inn, false.
from, front is,
fa ma, ae, f.,
rumor, report.
fructus, us, m., fruit.
fames,
hunger.
is, p.,
frii
fer, adv., almost, nearly.
ferox ferre, lull, latum, bear, carry,

bring endure, stand.
;
fessus, a, inn, wearied.
lldes,
el,
faithfulness,
frnmciitum,
i,
flgiira, ae, P., shape, figure.
fllia, ae, p.,
i,
end
P.,
enjoy, with
flee, es-
territory.
sum, be made be
;
happen.
t.allia, ae, F., Gaul.
<<allHs,
i,
gaudlum,
genus,
i,
firmus,
Germanus,
11m, strong.
n., joy, rejoicing.
-erls, n., kind, sort.
<-
rni
a Gaul.
m.,
f Irino, arc, avi, alum, strengthen.

a,
sum,
flight [211, 289].
phir., borders,
flnitimus, a, 11111, neighboring,

adjacent as noun, neighbor.
[271].
grain, corn.
n.,
frflrtus
furor, -oris, M.,rage, frenzy.
m., son.
fio, fieri, faetiis
of grain
fugld, ere, fflgi, fiigltum,

cape.
daughter.
finis, is, m.,
11111,
frfisf ra, adv., in vain.
fuga, ae,
fidelity.
I,
nienl fir I ns, a,
abl.
faitlf,
P.,
forehead.
f.,
frfimentor, siri, atus sum, forage,

get provisions.
fruor,
ttilells. e, faithful.
done
re-
franco, ere, fregi, fractum, break,
build.
f ilius,
bravery.
fortune plur.,
sources, possessions, property.
fortfiiia, ae, f.,
nia. ae,
i,
Germany.
German.
P.,
m.,

gvrd, ore, gessl, gestmu, carry,
conduct carry on, wage ; passive,
be done, take place; rts gesta,
exploit, deed,
hosulllmii,
host is,
I,
is, m.,
n., hospitality.
enemy.
hfte, adv., hither, here.
human.
hfliiiuiiiis, a, urn,
glgfta, -anils,
giant.
.m.,
tin
Kladlus,
I,
if.,
Graeela, ae,
sword.
v.,
373
ml, adv., on the ground.
Greece.
I
(iraccus,
I,
m.,
Greek.
Ihl, adv., there.
gratia, ae, v., gratitude; grftiiam

refer*, make a return.
gravis,
deep.
e,
idem, eadem, Idem, the same.

Iddiieus, a, urn,
heavy, severe, serious;
fit,
suitable.
Igltur, adv., accordingly, therefore.
gru 'titer,
culv., seriously,
iguuriis, a, urn, ignorant, not
severely.
grave, Are, AvI, Atuiii, overcome
Ignis,
gravAtus, heavy.
m., Are.
in,
Igndrd, Are, Avi, Alum, not know,

be ignorant (of).
gusld, are, avi. alum, taste.
Igiidtus, a, inn,
H
liahro, ere, hi, limn,
have
hold.
habiio, are, avi, Alum, dwell.
11 le, a,
unknown,
n.,
hindrance;
Hum
hinder, im-
I,
plur., baggage.
liaurid. Ire, hausi. haiislum, drink
Imped Id,
Ire, IvI,
pede.
off.
-pulsum,
Heelor, -oris, m.. Hector, the greatest

of the Trojan icarriors.
lui-nelld, ere, -null,
Helena, ae, k.. Helen, the fairest

woman of Greece.
Impcrfitor, -Idrls, m.,
Helvetil,
drum,
n.plur., the Helve-
cite, drive,
herha, ae,
in-
impel.
commander
(in chief).
1
m pe rAl
ii
command,
in, I, n.,
order,
bidding.
tians.
f.,
plant, herb.
hlberna, orimi, n. plur., winter

camp, winter quarters.
hie, haee, hoc, this; the following;
he.
Imperil us, a, urn, inexperienced,

unacquainted.
Imperliim, I, n., command, control,

rule, sway, supremacy, so\ ereignt y.
lmperd, Are, Avi, Alum, give orders,
command,
hie, adv., here.
hiciiid, are, avi,
alum, winter, pass
the winter.
m pel rd. Are,
demand [181,
N'.H.].
alum, obtain
Avi,
(a
request).
lileuiM, lilemls, k., winter.
-luls, M.,
order, rule, govern, with
dat.; require,
I
man
plur., people.
liora, ae, v., hour.
liorrlhiiiH, e, terrible, dreadful,
horlor, Aii, Atus sum, encourage,

urge.
strange.
ud, that, he.
Impediment urn,
liasla. ae,. p., spear.
homo,
know-
ing.
;
Impetus,
As,
If.,
attack, onset.
liupldrd, Are, Avi,
Impdnd,
ere,
Alum
-pusul,
beaeoofa.
-posllum.
place upon, place.

In,
pn/>. irith ad/., in, on,

ace, into, In, 00.
irith
among:
374
Inrendff, ere, -eendi,

burn inflame.
-<'<~ii.su
in,
Instltuo,
take
-iirixnn, shut
up, imprison.
ere,
set
-ul,
about
-utmii,
[398]
under-
build, estab-
lish.
In< ldo, ere, -cldl, -easiim, fall into.

lii<*ialo, ere, -elfisi,
Instruo, ere, -slrfixi, .strfkctum,

draw up, arrange ; equip, furnish.
Incognit us, a, urn, unknown.
Insula, ae,
Incola, ae, m., inhabitant.
Intellego, ere, -lexl, .leetiim, understand, be aware, perceive.
Inrolo, ere, -colul, dwell, inhabit.
iiirolumls,
unharmed,
safe,
e,
in-
I ii <-o
in
loss,
mod u in,
n.,
I,
misfortune,
Inde, adv., thence

Ine6, -Ire,
upon, begin
In feet us,
Interest., adv.,
then.
-Hum, enter;
-II,
adopt, form
enter
[421].
done
a, 11111, ftot
re In-
fecta, abl. absol., without accomplishing one's purpose.
Inferior,
Infers,
bring
-firls,
lower.
ferre,
Inluli,
lllatiim,
cause, inflict 1394].
liiluilcus, a, mil, unfriendly, hostile;
Inlllum,
I,
beginning
Injuria, ae,
inspire,
f.,
wrong
arouse
sum, spring
up,
dis-
Intra, prep, with ace, within.
alum,
-II (-IvI)
enter.
-Hum, enter.
Hint His,
e, useless.
alum,
Hi Vitus, a,
unwilling, against
11111,
Ira, ae, f., anger, wrath.

111-
sum, follow
Irrumpo,
burst
ere,
in,
rush
-riipt,
Insldlae, Arum,
treachery ; per insldlas, treacher-
ambush,
Is,
ea, Id,
Ita, adv.,
he
upturn,
(in).
Irruo, ere, -nil, rush
up, pursue.
f. plur.,
invite, urge.
Ipse, a, urn, himself, he himself.
-seen t us
Invito, are, avl,

(one's) will.
want, scarcity.
ae, f., madness

In
sanlam ucldo, become mad.
ously.
interval,
n.,
luvlctus, a, 11m, unconquered, in-
iiisfiniu,
I,
I,
doing, wrong,
Hi quit, defective verb, said he.
insequor,
liitervalliiiii,
lnvenld, Ire, -veni, -ventuin, And,

come upon.
be aroused.
f.,
Interior, -oris, inner, interior.

liitermltto, ere, -mlsl, -mlssum,
ptit between passive, elapse.
vincible.
I, iifiliis
Inopla, ae,
the
(in),
injury, violence.
liinascor,
in
kill,
lntroltiis, us, m., entrance.
[445].
Injlelo, ere, -jecl, -jeetum, put in
impart (to),
with dot.
meanwhile.
Interim, adv., meanwhile,

meantime.
Introeo, -Ire,
urn, unfair, unjust.

N.,
between,
'terflclO, ere, -feel, -fectuiu,

slay, put to death.
Intro, are, avl,
as noun, enemy.
a,
ace,
tance.
lugens, -mils, huge, vast.
lnlquus,
with
among.
IntereludS, ere. -Hiisi, .rlfisum,
cut off [438].
damage.
lncr<~dlbllls, e, incredible.
m.,
Integer, gra, grunt, fresh.

Inter, prep,
tact.
island.
v.,
(in).
that, this, the.
thus, so, in such a
Italia, ae, f., Italy.
way.

iiaque, adv., accordingly, therefore.
itvr, itliicris. \.,ioa(l, route;
march;
passage, right of passing,
item in.
adv., again,
island
liber d, are, avi, atuni, free.
Hbertas,
jaelo, cre, jeel, jactiuii, hurl, throw,
jam, ad v. now, by this time, already.

,
door, entrance.
ae,
permitted,
is
render freely
wooden.
llgiicus, a, urn,
jubed, f re, jussl, jiisMiin. order.
[349J.
Libya, North Africa.
f.,
with dat. and infin.

by may, might.
liltera,
jmigo, ere, juuxl, juiictuiii, join
freedom.
tails. P.,
5re, llcult, it
licet,
oast.
p.,
undisturbed.
Hberl, drum, m. plur., children.
Libya, ae,
jaiiua, ac,
unimportant.
levls, e, light, slight,
liber, era, eriim, free
llberf, adv., freely.
a second time.
Ithaca, ae, r., Ithaca, an

west of Greece.
375
letter
F.,
plur., des-
patch, letter.
-oris, n., shore, coast.
lit us,
locus, I, M., place, position plur.

loca, N., places, ground, district.
;
Jflra, ae,
tains
Jura, a range of mounGaul.
f.,
in
jus, juris, n., right, law.
Justus, a, urn, just.
LablCnus,
m.,
I,
Caesar's
statf' in
labor, -oris.
laboro,
longltudd, -dials,
Labienus, one of
Gaul.
atuni,
ftvi,
toil,
lacrlina, ae,
loquor,
I,
lotus,
mu,
I,
say.
lotus.
M.,
Lucius,
Roman
name.
locls,
P.,
light;
-Hum,
prima
lox,
harass.
P., tear.
maul v
adv.,
more
rather.
laciis. lis, m., lake.
magistral us,
lactltia, ae,
length.
sum, speak,
lor fit us
I, P.,
fir ins,
p.,
long.
daybreak, dawn.
lactls, x., milk.
lacesso, ere, -IvI,
a,
lftx,
struggle, be in distress.
lie
longus,
I.
M., toil, labor.
are,
locuf us, from loquor.
lougc, adv., far.
us,
if.,
magistrate.
joy, rejoicing.
f.,
magultieeiitla, ae,
f.,
splendor.
lapis, -ldls, m., stone.

Ifite,
mftgiillicus. a, urn, splendid,
adv., widely, extensively.
sump
tuous.
lated, Pre,
be hidden.
ill,
lalltudo, -dlnis,
p.,
mauiiitudo, -dials,
width.
rvtcn!.
latus, a, urn, broad, wide.
legatus,
Offloer;
I,
F.,
M.,
ingly.
embassy.
lieutenant,
iiiAgiius. a,
stall'
ambassador, envoy.
leglo, -Ollls.
legUtaArlns,
F.,
a,
legion [8000 nun).
am,
legionary,
greatness,
milgnopere, adv., greatly, exceed
latus, -erls, n., side, flank.

lcgatlo, -mils,
f.,
size.
Km, great,
[95]; loud [416];
male, adv.,
maio
ba.ll>.
miiiie,
rather
large; forced
strong [600].
[401].
uiaiui
prefer,
bad
376
malum,
mishap, mis-
evil,
n.,
I,
mains,
iiionsti'iim,
evil.
mans!, mansiim,
ere,
re-
main.
man us.
us, F.,
Marcus,
name.
hand band,
Marcus, a
;
m.,
I,
mare, marls,
force.
Roman
N., sea.
ma Iris,
mater,
mature, adv.,
mat ii id, are,
a,
avl,
fit
mem brum,
i,
n.,
I,
drug.
middle,
multltudd, -dlnis,
amount.
in,
adv.,
tii ii
1 1
ii
eh
1 1
us, a,
ii
[175].
muiiltid,
-diils,
i'ii s, I,
conj., for.
I, nactus sum,
meet with.
nanclscor,
trader.
midday,
noon
tain,
nau la,
um, my, mine.
in In lino, adv., least,

nil
ii
II
or, arl,
minus,
arl,
minis,
a,
of war.
um,
ii si
by no means.
minus, if
atus sum, wonder.
;
si
not.
manner, fashion kind,

sort means.
mom d, ere, ul, It um, advise, warn.
nidus, inoiit is, m., mountain.
;
m.,
ae, m., sailor.

F.,
boat.
sail.
vis, is, F., ship.
ne, adv.,
lest,
that
not; not.
nee, conj., nor, and not

neither
nor.
.
nee
nee,
necessarid, adv., necessarily, of necessity.
wonderful.
mlsced, ere, miscul, mlxtiim, mix.

initio, ere, misl, missum, send.
modus, I,
nature.
ml vigil, are, avl, alum,
atus sum, threaten.
adv., less
mlror,
get, ob-
nation.
f., tribe,
f.,
uavicula, ae,
miles, milltis, m., soldier.

military
fortification,
f.,
N
nam,
south.
e,
many.
fortify, pro-
m., wall.
n al ura, ae,
mllltarls,
plur.,
um,
in on us. -eris, n., gift, offering.

in Ti
mil Id, -dnls,
a,
II
fortifying.
meridles,
meus,
much.
um, much
llercurius, I, m., Mercury, the messenger of the gods.

m.,
large number,
f.,
multd, adv., much.
Menelaus, king of
Sparta in Greece.
mercator, -torls, m.,
el,
death.
tect.
mid
N., limb.
m.,
I,
F.,
muiild, Ire, IvI,
memlnl, isse, remember [268].

memor, -oris, mindful.
memoria, ae, f., memory [268].
Menclsliis,
mors, mortis,
moved, dre, nidvi, mdtiim, move.

mox, adv., soon.
in ii lei*, -eris, F., woman.
um, make haste.
moderate.
e,
um,
monster.
n.,
early, soon.
medicamentn in,
mediocris,
I,
mora, ae, F., delay.

moror, arl, atus sum, delay, wait.
mother.
m.,
mat rimdnliiiii, I, n., marriage in

mat N mdn u in duco, marry.
medius,
out,
show.
u in, bad,
a,
mancd,
Alum, point
mdiisti-o, are, avl.
fortune.
need, are, avl,
sit
um,
kill, slay.
negd, are, avl, alum, deny, say
not.
negdtium,
nemo
in
I,
n., business, affair.
iiemiiils), m.,
506, 507,
no one, nobody;
Noman [349].

neqiic, conj., nor, and not;
iM'quc, neither
nor.
.
eater,
neve,
Ira, ti-uui, neither
conj.,
and
nisi, conj., if not
noceo, ere,
ubslriio,
-slrAxi, strQctum,
ere,
barricade,
[205J.
alum, obey.
obtlnco, fre, ul, obtentum, hold,
unless, exeept.
;
famous.
barm, injure,
11AIA, nolle, noliil,
occaslA, -on Is,
opportunity.
f.,
oecasus, As, M., setting.

nccldo, ere, -cldl, -eisum, slay,
damage, with dot.

nueiA, adv., by night.
not wish
obses, obsldls, m., hostage.
obtciiipcro, Are, Avl,
ltmii,
ill,
nothing,
x.,
well-born, noble
e,
not.
nihil, indeclinable,
nohllls,
neque
377
be unwilling, do
oecupAtus,
engaged.
um,
a,
oeeupo. Are, Avl, Alum,
[401].
liftmen, -minis,
x.,
possession
name,
seize,
take
of.
oeeurro, ere, -eurrl,

meet, tenth dat.
lion, adv., not.
kill.
occupied, busy,
-eursuui,
not yet
iioikIiiih. adv.,
oecanus,
limine, not, in questions
noiiiiAlIi, ac, a,
m., oeean.
i,
[342].
oe!5, eight.
some, some few.
oe u lus,
nos, nostruni, we.
M., eye.
I,
olim, adv., once upon a time.
nosier, tra, triim, our [282].
notus, a, uni, known, familiar.
oiuiiino, adv., in all, altogether;

entirely ; only ; at all.
noveni, nine.
omuls,
noWlas,
oncrarliis,
-tails, p., novelty.
novns, a, u in, new

change, revolution.
nov, noetls,
f.,
novae
res,
num. in questions [342].

Humerus, I, M., number.
now.
I
I,
If.,
miner, adv.,
because
attack, as-
Are, Avl,
Alum,
attack,
opflmus,
a,
um,
-erl.s, v.,
best [196].
work, task.
k.,
ipeeoh
[300],
of,
orlor, Irl, orlus

ArA, Are, Avl,
sum.
Alum,
line.
arise, rise.
beg, entreat.
oblllus sum, forget,
oslendo, ere, -lendl, -iensuiii or
be forgetful, with gen.

ohscerft, ftre, Avl,
seech.
v.,
ordo, -dluls, M., Order; rank,
of.
T,
-mils,
oiaMo, -mils,
lately.
prep, with ace., on account
bllvlscor,
ere,
assault.
opus,
messenger.
O
oil,
town.
-pressl, -pressum,
overpower, overcome, burden.
opnrlmo,
oppAgnA,
alum, announce,
nun lain in est, word was
brought.
liAiillus,
burden, weight.
N.,
sault.
liAiitlo, are, Avl,
report
I,
oppAguAUA,
iiuuiqiiaiii, adv., never,

iiiiue, di/i\,
a,
-erls, N.,
opplduui,
inn, no, none, not one [205].
iiulliis, a,
uni, for burdens

nuvis uuerarla, transport.
onus,
night.
every.
e, all,
Alum,
beg,
be
-lenfiim, sliow, disclose, declare.

ovls,
Is,
I''.,
sh<
c|i.
;;
378
pa
-nil Is, f.,
(is,
marsh.
par, paris, equal
pernclo, ere,
-feci,
perlculosus,
a, urn,
perieulnm,
[176].
I,
peril us. a,
pareo, ere, ul, Hum, be obedient,

obey, with dat.
permoveo,
Paris, -Irils, m., Paris, a prince of

Troy.
perpauel, ae,
parft, are, iivl, atiim, prepare, pro-
cure
[349]
pariitus, a, uni, ready.
pars, partis,
tion
part
f.,
[365].
parvus,
in
every direction.
passus, us, m., pace

mile [231, fn.].
in I lie passfts,
patrla, ae,
p.,
Patroclus,
warrior.
I,
panel, ae,
pan rll as,
a,
en-
very few.
last
ere,
-ruptnm,
-rfkpl,
break through.
persuader*, ere, -suasl, -suasuiu,

persuade, induce, with dat.
Hum,
terrify,
pertlneo, ere, ul, extend
tend.
little,
shortly, some-
a short
dis-
alarm.
[394].
pet5, ere, petlvi, petitniu, seek

ask, request.
pllum,
little,
pervenlo, Ire, -venl, -venliim,

come, arrive, reach [125].
pes, pedis, m., foot
small number.
n., javelin.
1,
ping uls,
e, fat.
pi fin Hies, el, F., plain.
tance.
f.,
peeus, -oris,
pin rim ii m, adv., most, very much.
peace.
n., cattle,
peril Us,
m.,
herd
plus, plu rls,
flock.
pociilum,
foot-soldier
plur., infantry.
pedester,
lis,
pulsum, drive
defeat.
prep,
throughout
f.,
Penelope, the wife
with ace, through,

about [507].
perfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, bring

report ; bear, submit to.
more [197].
N., cup, goblet.
f.,
penalty.
it us snm, promise.
Polyphemus, I, n., Polyphemus,
the famous Cyclops.
polllceor, Sri,
M., infantry.
pello, ere, pepull,
Penelopg, s,
of Ulysses.
I,
poena, ae,
-trig, -tre, of infantry.
peri Hat us,
per,
a,
perpetuus, a, inn. unbroken,

ing In perpel iiiim, for ever.
into confusion, confuse
a Greek
few.
-l fills, f.,
pax, pads,
pedes,
in-
pertnrbo, are, avi, alum, throw
native land.
paiilum, adv., a
-milium,
fluence, affect, alarm.
frighten.
sum, allow
m., Patroclus,
paulo, adv., a
what.
[432].
ere, -indvi,
perterreo, ere, ul,
pater, patris, m., father.

pallor, I, passus
dure, suffer.
danger, risk.
persplclo, ere, -spexi, -speetuiu,

see clearly, perceive.
a, inn. small.
passim, adv.,
finish.
dangerous.
skilful, skilled, ac-
quainted, with gen.
perrumpo,
side, direc-
n.,
am,
parco, ere, pepercl, parsum, spare,

with dat.
-tectum,
pono, ere, posnl, posltum, place

pitch (camp) passive, depend (on).
pons, pontls, m., bridge [349].
populor, arl, atus snm, devastate,
;
lay waste.
lopii Ins,
porens,
I,
I,
m., people, nation.
m., pig, swine.

porta, ae,
f.,
gate.
alum, (any,
porlo, are. Avl,
port us.
lis, m.,
bear.
possession, oc-
P.,
ace, beyond,
irith
praetereA, adv., besides,
harbor.
posco, ere, poposi-i, demand.

posscsslo, -onls,
pructcr, prep,
past except.
379
else.
pre mo, ere, pressl, prcssum, press;

harass, beset pass., be hard pres;
sed.
cupation.
possum, posse, potuf. be
can
able,
[377].
posl,
ace., after,
irit/i
/>></>.
behind.
IM'lamus.
of Troy.
I,
prima, adv., at
prliuum,
posiea, adv., afterwards.
posterns,
COnJ., after,
primus,
when.
potestas, -talis,
tunity [4451
pracarAtus,
power, oppor-
v.,
urn, sharpened
a,
at
inn,
first [308].
man,
chief
chief.
m., leadership.
print, adv., earlier ; prlus . . qiiam

than).
until (literally, sooner
.
pro, prep, with abl., before, in front

of instead of, in return for.
;
the end.
pro ho. Are, Avl, alum,
prneeedA, ere,
-ccssl,
-eessum, sur-
pass.
[452].
assert.
praedo, -don Is,
M., robber, pirate.
sum, plunder,
At us
Arl,
test;
ap-
prove, favor.
proccdo, ere,
plunder, booty
k.,
praedleo, are. avl, alum, announce,
-ee.ssl,
-eessum, ad-
vance, proceed.
procurrft, ere, -eurrl, -eursum, run
forward, charge.
prodco.
come
Ire,
-Hum, come
-II,
forth,
out.
prodAcA, ere, -dD\I. -duetum, lead
pillage.
praefeet us, I, m., officer, commander.

ere, -fe>I, -feetum, set
praeficio,
command
(charge) of
praemitto, ere, -mlsl,

send in advance.
inlssum,
over, put in
[378, N.B.].
prjK'sens,
-cutis,
forlh.
proelliim,
battle.
I, N.,
profeetlA, -Anis,
parture.
prAflelA,
k.,
-feel,
ere,
Immediate,
in-
proflelseor,
I,
-rectus
proftliA. ere, -fAgl,
praesldliim,
I,
setting out, de-
-feetum, ac
oomplish.
stant.
N., garrison.
Are, -slltl, slAtuin or

-stiiiim. be superior, surpass, with
dat. ; praestat, it, is preferable or
pracslo,
sum.
tlee.
set out.
make one's
escape.
progredlor,
I,
-uressus sum.
ad
vance, proceed.
prohlhcA, Pre.
better.
vent
|lf,7.
ul.
Hum,
keep, pre
\.M.|.
-esse, -fill, be over, be in
command
with
a,
prlnclpatus. As,
potens, -cutis, powerful.
praeda, ae,
first
prlneeps, -clpis, m., leading man,
require, ask.
praesum.
the
in
first,
postulo, Are, avl, fitum, demand,
praedor,
first.
(i<li\,
place.
inn, next, following
a,
postquam,
Priam, the last king
m.,
tint.
(charge)
of,
command,
proJIclA, ere, -JPel, -jeetuui. throw
down, throw.
380
promo,
ere, prdiupsl,
prSmptnm,
quhlaiu, quaedam,
quoddam,
bring out.
certain
qulddam
or
[458].
prope, adv., nearly, almost, near;

prep, with ace. near.
quldem, adv., to be sure, indeed;

lie . . quldem, not even.
propter, prep, with
quindeeliu,
ace.,
on account
of.
prdpulsd,
avl,
iire,
alum,
repel.
prdspleld, ere, -spexl, -.speetiim,

provide (for), attend (to), secure.
prdsternS, ere,
-striivl,
-stratum,
fifteen.
qulngeutl, ae,
a, five
qiilnquagliita,
fifty.
quiuque,
q
ii
ii
hundred.
five.
us, a, uui, fifth.
quls, quae, quid, who, which, what
stretch prostrate.
prSvehS, ere, -vexl, -vectuiu, carry

forward passive, proceed.
[341].
priidcus, -eutls, discreet, prudent.
quid or quod, any [457].

qulsquam, quldquaui, any [457].
qulsque, quaeque, quldque or
quodque, each [459].
qulvis, quaevis, quidvis or quodvis, any [457].
quo, adv., whither, where [343, N.B.].
prfldeutla, ae,
quod,
conj., because.
ratio,
-dills,
pro* hied, ere, -Tldl, -visum, foresee
provide, secure.
prdvlueia, ae,
proxliiius,
province.
F.,
urn,
a,
nearest,
next
[196].
prudence, sa-
p.,
quls, qua,
gacity.
publhus,
Publlus,
a,
uui, public, of the state.
a Roman
m., Publius,
I,
name.
pur
way.
la, ae, P., girl,
puer,
maiden.
avl,
fighting, battle.
alum,
ask, inquire (ab=o/)
qua in,
as
of
quaesitum,
seek.
adv., than ; with superlatives

- as possible [249].
a,
uui,
se,
betake one's
self,
reda, ae,
wagon.
p.,
how
great,
reded, Ire,
-Hum.
-II,
return.
redltus, us, m., return.
what sort, what.
quant us,
with
back, restore.
ere, quaeslvi,
e,
reddd, ere, reddldi, reddilum, give
Q
quails,
recover
retreat, recover, rally.
fight.
pulclier, chra, clirum, beautiful.
quae rd.
manner,
reelplo, ere, -cepl, -eeptum, regain,
p., fight,
pugnS, are,
method
receus, -entis, recent, new.
crl, M., boy.
pfigua, ae,
p.,
how
redued, ere, -diixl, -duetuiii, lead

back restore.
;
refers,
-ferre, rettull, relatuui,

bring back, carry back
report
;
large.
[394].
quart us,
a, uui, fourth.
quasi, adv., as
if,
as
it
were.
quattitor, four.
que, enclitic conj., and
regio, -Suis,
region.
reguuui,
[62].
qui, quae, quod, who, which, what,

that [254].
I,
p.,
n.,
district,
kingdom,
country,
rule, sov-
ereignty.
rejieiS,
back
ere,
-jeel,
throw away.
-jeetuui,
hurl

llctum,
relluqud, ere, llqul,

leave behind, leave.
rellquus,
saepe. adv., often.
mu,
a,
remaining, rest
salus, -nils,
[75, fn.].
removed, ere, -innvl, -indium,

move, withdraw.
renins,
re-
safety
k.,
[409].
um, safe, well.

Saiitoues, um, m. plur.,
salvus, a,
tones,
m., oar.
I,
381
a tribe on
the San-
the west coast of
Gaul.
renovd, are, avl,
attnti,
rciiuntld, are, avl,
renew.
alum,
and
satis, adv.
report,
indeclinable adj.,
sails faclo,
enough, sufficiently
satisfy, apologize, with dat.
;
bring back word.

repelld, ere, rcppull,
drive back, repulse.
repulsum,
find, discover.
rcpletus,
a. urn, filled.
rel, P., thing, matter, affair,

circumstance; res piibllea, public
res.
interest, state, public business.

resist,
oppose,
-spondl,
sum, reply, answer.
-spdn-
ere, -still,
with dat.
Hum, know.
ere.
responsuni,
I,
x.,
rest It no, ere, -ul,

restore, replace
seded, ere, sdl, session,
semper, adv., always.

scnatiis,
lis,
senate.
sent id. Ire, sCnsI, sensuni,
feel, per-
ceive.
septlmus,
a,
um,
sequor,
renew
servltlls, -mils, f., slavery.
rebuild.
servus,
I,
I,
M., slave.
si,
Itliodanus,
I,
m.,
thine.
the Rhone.
conj.,
if.
sir, adv., thus, so.
sleut, adv., as.
sign u m,
v.,
I, n.,
bank.
sllva, ae,
rogd, are, avl, Atuni, ask.
Itdmanus,
a,
um, Roman.
Kdmaniis,
i,
M.,
follow.
sescentl, ae, a, six hundred.
sexaglula, sixty.
the
sum,
sectttus
rex, regis, m., king.

M.,
seventh.
-Mum, put back,
revord, are, avl, alum, recall.
rlpa, ae,
sit
answer, reply.
return.
I,
I,
sit,
down.
Sequanl, Brum, M. plur., the Sequani, a tribe of east central Gaul.
rellneo, ere, ni, -tent um, restrain.
Itlienns,
scrlptnm,
serlpsl,
ere,
seplem, seven.
responded,
reverter,
serlbd,
write.
sed, conj., but.
reportd, are, avl, alum, tarry back,

bring back.
reslslo,
N., stone.
I,
seld, Ire, IvI,
repperl, rcpertum,
reperid. Ire.
saxum,
toman.
rumor, report,
rumor,
-oris, M.,
rnmpo,
ere, rlipl, rupliiiu, break.
rursus, adv., again.
v.,
signal
wood,
slmllls,
e, like!
slmill,
iiilr..
slmul
slmiild,
slue, /in
standard
[282].
forest.
similar.
at
the
same time;
ae, as soon as.

aire,
/>.
Avl,
With
sinister, Ira.
alum, pretend.
nl>/.,
in in,
witliout.
loft.
;;
382
sarins,
I,
ally
sun
s51, soils, m.,
comrade.
succedo, ere, -cessl, >cessum, come

close up, advance.
the Sun-god.
sud Is,
solum, adv., only.

solus, a, mil, only, alone
[205].
solvo, ere, solvl, solutum, loose,

release ; navem soivS, set sail
poena solvo, pay a penalty.
soiiious,
I,
summits,
ad sortem
Tocarl, be decided by
greatest, utmost,
top
superior, -oris,
former [198].
f., sister.
re-
him [278].'
mn,
a,
extreme, signal
sopor, -5ris, m., sleep, stupor.
sors, sort Is, f., lot
stake.
snl, sibl, himself,
m., sleep.
soror, -oris,
is, F.,
Suebl, or ii m, m. plur., the Suebi,

tribe of north-western Germany.
[175].
higher,
snperS, are, avl,
fit
upper
urn, conquer;
surpass, excel.
lot.
Sparta, ae, f., Sparta, a famous city

of Greece.
snpplicium,
spat 1 ii m, I,
suselpld, ere, -cepl, -eept urn, undertake, incur.
speciSs,
n., space,
el, f.,
distance time.
;
appearance, form.
specto, are, avl,
fit
mn,
look, face.
specns, us, M., cave, cavern.

s prlu iiea. ae, F.,
cave, cavern.
sperno, ere, sprevl, spretum, de-
suspicor, arl, situs sum, suspect.

sustineo, ere, ul, -tentum, withstand, sustain, endure.
snstulf, from tollo.
their
spero, are, avl, atuiii, hope.

f.,
spon te,
f.,
(one's)
own [281,
only in abl. sing., of
own accord.
tain, adv., so.
tamen,
adv.,
statiiu, adv., at once, immediately.
Tamesis,
statlo, -onis, f., outpost, guard.
tandem,
statmu, stand.
N., zeal,
I,
eagerness.
snb, prep, with ace. and

close to
abl.,
under
in mn,
I
draw
ere,
-dtixf,
yet,
however.
Thames.
adv., at length, at last.
-dncimii,
mn,
taut us, a,
such.
[438].
subdued,
still,
Is, m.,
tango, ere, tctigl, tiictum, touch.
studed, 5re, ul, be eager, be zealous.
studiiim,
their,
oj.
hope.
sto, are, stetl,
own;
suns, a, uni, his, his
spise, scorn.
spes, el,
punishment.
N.,
I,
supra, adv., above.
N.,
I,
so great, such great,
weapon,
missile.
em pest sis, -talis, f., storm, weather.
tempus,
-oris, N, time.
off.
snbeo. Ire,
-II, -It
u in, undergo.
teneo, ere, ul, tentum, hold, keep,

restrain.
subitd, adv., suddenly.

subjieio, ere, -jeci, -jectum, place
beneath, with ace. and dot.
s ii
b la t u s,
a,
subsequor,
I,
ments.
I,
n.,
n.,
f.,
back, rear [282].
land ; country.
rify.
follow-
closely, follow after.
subsidium,
I,
terra, ae,
tcrreO, ere, ul, Itum, frighten,
mn, from tollo.

-secutus sum,
tergum,
support, reinforce-
terror, -oris, m., terror, panic.

tetigl, from tango.
Tlberis,
is, m.,
Tiber.
ter-

Mineo
fre, ul, fear,
Minor, -oris.
have
fears.
ii
sunlAtmii. raise
remove, take away with ancoia,
weigh [502].
tollo, ere, sustull,
Mm us,
um, most
a,
lotus, a. inn, whole, all
ultra, prep, with ace, beyond.

ftna, adv., along, together.
mule, adv., whence, from which

(what) place
[205].
alum, handle,
feel.
give up,
Irfulo, ere, -dldl, -dltiiiu,
undlque,
um, one
a,
url>s,
Ira ho, ere, trAxI, Iraeluiu. draw.
usque, adv., even
with arc, aeross.
rails, prep,
Iraiisiodlo.
-fodl,
Ire,
-fossmu,
Iraiisporlo. are, avl,

aeross. bring over.
alum, carry
i,
triduum,
I,
Trojan,
IC,
an
in-
habitant of Troy.
up
(to).
use, ser-
[432].
utra, ulruiu, which
uxor,
llsus
I,
(of
two)
sum, use, withabl. [356].
-oris, F., wife.
vagor, arl, Atus sum, wander, roam

abotit.
tu, tul, you, thou.
valeo, Cre, ul,

turn, adv., then, thereupon.
lumullus,
right
[205].
ntor,
Troja, ae, F., Troy, a city in the

north-west of Asia Minor.
I,
(to),
experience
filllls, e, useful.
three days.
triplex, -plleis, triple.
Tro jan us,
[205].
especially
city,
nterque, utraqne, utruniq ue, each

(of two) [205, 459].
m., tribune.
N.,
alone, only
nter, Atrls, m., skin, leather bottle.
treeentl, ae, a, three hundred.

ii'litumis.
F.,
ut, conj., that, in order that; so that;

with indicative, as ; when.
liter,
pierce.
all
Rome.
vice
-ituin, cross.
-II,
urbls,
ttsns, lis, M.,
transdfieo, see trAdtleft.
Iranseo, Ire,
from
sides.
nuns,
surrender.
[343, N.B.].
adv., on all sides,
trAduro, ere, -dfi\l. -dnetiim, lead

aeross, take across, lead, bring.
distant, re-
last..
traoto, are, avl,
motest;
fear.
II.,
383
ns, m., noise, uproar,
com-
Hum, be strong [416];
have power, be efficacious [512].

vallum, I, N., wall, rampart.
motion.
vAs, vAsis, N., vessel, jar.
turris,
is, F.,
tower.
Avl,
vAstfi, Are,
lulus, a, inn, safe.
um,
tuns, a,
vehementer,
greatly
U
ubi, adv., where
ulclseor,
I
lives,
I,
velifl,
when
before Troy,
of the Greek
and the hero of Homer'a Odyssey.
Alius, a,
um, any
[206, 457].
exceedingly,
vexl, veetiim,
ere,
carry;
sail.
N.B.].
(Jlysses, the shrewdest

kii></s
adv.,
vigorously.
passive,
[343,
ultus sum, avenge.
is, m.,
alum, lay waste,
ravage.
your, thy.
venerium,
I,
N.,
veil 1ft, Ire, vPnl,
venler,
drug; poison.
veiilum, come.
Iris, m., belly.
xPr, vfrls, N., spring.
\erhiim,
I,
n.,
word.
384
Tereor, erl, Itus sum, fear.
vlnclo, Ire, vliixi, vluetnm, bind.
vero, adv., but, however.
vlueo, ere, vlel, viclum, conquer.
verto, ere,
vlnuiii,
I,
-II,
n.,
-sum, turn
[282].
wine.
vlr, vlrl, m.,
man.
virtus, -lulls,
p.,
valor.
vim, vl, F., force, violence,

might; power, virtue [513]; plur.,
Vesoutio, -on is, f., Vesontio, a town

in eastern Gaul.
vesper, erl, m., evening.
vis,
vester, tra, Irani, your.
vlsurus, from video.
vetus, veterls, old.
vlvfi, ere, vlxl,
via, ae, v.,
way, road, route, journey.
vires, linn, strength, vigor
vlvus,
a,
um,
vlelum,
live.
alive.
vlcl, from vineo.
vix, adv., scarcely, hardly.
vlctftrla, ae, f., victory.
voeo, Are, avl,
vlcus,
volft, velle,
I,
m., village.
video, ere, vldl, visum, see ; videor,
alum,
call.
volnl, wish, be willing
[401].
vos, vestrum, you.
seern.
vlgllia, ae,
[472].
f.,
watch.
vox, voels,
f.,
voice; cry.
vlgiutl, twenty.
vuluero, are, avl, alum, wound.
villa, ae, f., country-house.
vulnus,
-erls, n.,
wound.
385
ENGLISH-LATIN.
[For the principal parts of the verbs reference
Latin-English
Page
Vocabulary,
The numbers
jj.8.
may
made
be
and for numerals
to
to the
5-y,
refer to sections.}
altogether, omnino.
abandon,
always, semper.
desisto, ere.
able. bo. possum, posse, potui.
ambassador,
about
(-around), oircum (ace);
among, inter, apud

amount, multitudo
{with numerals), circiter.
and,
concern inn), de (abl.);
legatus,
et, -que,
m.
1,
(ace).
-dinis, p.
atque, ac
absent, be, absum, abesse, afui.
announce, nuntio,
abundance, copia, ae, F.

account, on
of, propter, ob (ace).
accustomed, be, consuevi [243].
another,
any [457].
acquire, consequor,
apart, be, disto, are.
I.
alius, a,
adjacent, finitimus,
a, urn,
adopt (plan), capio, ere ineo, ire.

advance, progredior,
advance, send In, praemitto, ere.
;
1.
answer, respondeo,
[205].
ere.
ere.
approach (noun), adventus, us, m.

(=mean8 of approach), aditus,
us, M.
approach
accedo, ere
(verb),
propinquo, are
approve, probo,
are.
advocate, auetor,
arise, orior,
coorior,
-toris, m.
after, post (ace).
iri
arms, arma, orum,
army,
against, contra (ace).
arrival, adventus, us, m.
N\
permoveo,
all,
omnia, e
at all, in all, omnlno.
allow, patior,
I.
ally, sodas,
m.
almost,
I,
uni
v.
dum
= whil<),
or
inquire), quacro, eic
rogo,
are.
ask = r< (/in

a,
cum
ascertain, eo^nosco, ere.
ask (=
fer8.
alone, solus,
as = since),
cum.
(
ere.
iri.
exercitus, us, m.
art of war, res militaris,

;
ap-
n.
again, rursus.
alarm, commoveo, ere
(dat.).
advise, moneo, ere.
T,
and
are.
ud
appoint, constituo,
across, trans (ace).
aid, auxilium,
[426]
not, neque.
above, adv., supra.
unus,
a,
am.
sf).
peto, are
assault, oppugnatio, -onis,
nc
along (with), una (cum).
assemble, coin
already, jam.
assign, dlstribud, ere,
also, etiaxn.
assistance, auxilium,
cnio,
l,
rogo, arc.
r,
386
attack (noun), impetus,
us, m.
op-
pugnatio, -onis, F.
attack
oppugno, are
(verb),
adorior,
Iri.
both
both
boy, puer,
brave,
attain, consequor,
attempt, conor,
I.
autumnus,
I,
eri,
M.
fortiter.
break, rumpo, ere
M.
et.
bravery, fortitudo,
attend to, administro, are (ace).

antiiniii,
f ortis, e.
bravely,
ari.
and, et
[459].
-dinis, F.
frango, ere.
break out = arise), coorior, Iri.

break through, perrumpo, ere.
(
orum,
auxiliaries, auxilia,
N.
await, exspecto, are.
aware, be,
away, be
bridge, pons, pontis, m.
intellego, ere.
far,
bring, fero,
absum, abesse.
[349].
ferre.
bring back word, renuntio,
bring over, transporto,

bad, malus,
Britain, Britannia, ae,
um.
a,
baggage, impedimenta, orum,
bank,
Briton, Britannus,
N.
brother, frater,
rlpa, ae, f.
build,
barbarian, barbarus,
i,
battle, pttgna, ae, f.
proelium,
be, sum, esse,
m.
I,
n.
fui.
bear, fero, f erre,
tuli,
latum perfero.
m.
-tris,
m.
efficio, ere.
burden (noun), onus, -eris, n.

burden (verb), opprimo, ere.
burn, incendo,
ere,
business, negotium,
of, propter,
become,
flo, fieri,
f.
I,
because, quod.
because
I,
n.
but, sed.
ob (ace).
factus sum.
before (of time or place), ante
(ace.)
(of place) pro (abl.).
call, voco, are
camp,
castra,
appello, are.
orum, N.
beg, oro, are.
can, possum, posse, potui.
began,
capture, capio,
coepi[125].
begin battle, proelium committo,

ere.
ere.
care, dlligentia, ae, f.
carefully, dlligenter.
beginning, initium,
I,
n. [308, 421].
carry, porto, are.
Belgian, Belga, ae, M.
carry across, transporto,
believe, credo, ere
carry back, reporto, are;
best, optimus, a,
betake one's
better, It
are.
are.
is,
um.
self, serecipere.
praestat.
between, inter
body, corpus,
bold, audax,
(dat.).
(ace).
-oris, n.
carry down, defero,
carry out (plans),
ferre.
(res) conficio, ere.
cattle, pecus, -oris, N.
cause (noun), causa,
ae, F.
(verb), Infero, ferre.
cavalry (noun), equites, um, M.
boldly, audacter.
booty, praeda, ae,
refero,
ferre.
cause
-acis.
are.
f.
equitatus, us, M.

cavalry
custom, eonsuetudo,
{adj.), equeeter, tris, tre.
cnl
cease, desist o, ere.
centurion, centurio,
certain, quldam
off,
-onto, m.
dally, cotidie.
charge, put in
(dat.)[m, X.H.J.
man.
ere
of, praeflcio,
danger, perlculum,
prlnceps, -cipis, m.
dare, audeo,
choose,
daughter,
deliffQ, ere.
eobnrs,
day,
-tatis, F.
command
commander,
deed, res gesta,
praesum.
of,
of,
prae-
N.B.J.
[378,
praefectus,
J.
m.,
im-
e.
ere.
defend, defendo,
delay, moror,
demand,
[181,
are.
consent, by
common, communlcon
silio.
arbit ror,
ere.
an.
m.
-oris,
ari.
postulo, are
impero, are
N.B.].
deny, nego,
um.
a,
are.
ere.
departure, disoossus,
depth, altitudo,
conquer, supero, arc.
-tatis, f.
(verb), pello, ere.
depart, discedO,
confusion, throw Into, perturbo,
consider,
defeat
dense, densus,
coiiimotioii. tumultus, us, m.
compel, oogo,
F.
um.
a,
defeiider. defensor,
commanderperator, -toris, M.
In-chlef, imperii tor, -toris, m.
comiiion. communis,
deep, altos,
defeat (noun), calamitas,
In
pill
ere (dat.)
put to
n.
I,
impero-, are (dat.);
praesum, esse (dot.).

command, he In
flcio,
declare, ostendo, ere.
eomniand (verb),
F.
-minis, n.
(noun), imperium,
ulat.)
dawn,
see
death, mors, mortis,

death, interficio, ere.
collect, oogo, ere; confero, ferre.
column, agmen,
eome, venid, Ire.
ae, F.
dies, el, m.
daybreak,
is, k.
-t
filia,
sub lucem.
M.
citizenship, eivitas,
eohoH.
[313].
-acis.
dawn, prima lux; just before dawn,
res, eel, f.
is,
a, urn.
ausus sum
Sro,
daring, audax,
citizen, civis,
I, fir.
dangerous, perlculosus,
children, liben, -drum, m.
circumstance,
-dinis, v. [243].
intercludo, ere.
[458].
change, novae rea
chief, chief
387
us, m.
-dinis, F.
design, consilium,
I,
desirous, cupidus,
a,
um.
despair, desperd, are
(dc).
despatch (noun),
n.
littcrac,
arum,
K.
consult, cuiisulo, ere.
despatch (wro), dUnitto,

continent, continens,
-cutis, f.
detain, del Ineo,
continually, cont Inenter.

corn, fnimcnt uni,
i,
ere.
<-re.
determine, const
n.
cross, cross over, branseo,
crush, opprimd,
tre.
it
dltlicnlt, dillicilis.
Ire.
uo, civ.
c.
dllllcnlty.ditil-ulta-.. talis.
dltllciilt>.
Mgre,
(<nir.l
'
Wltl
388
direction, pars, partis, F.
enemy,
disappoint, sp dejicio,
engage, dlmico,
disaster, calamitas,
ere.
hostis,
enough,
-tatis, F.
are.
satis.
disclose, ostendo, ere.
enter, ineo,
discover, reperio,
entreat, oro, are.
Ire.
disembark, navi egredior,
distant, be,
i,
escape, fugio, ere.
be
even, etiam not even, ne
N.
every, omnis,
*;,bsuin, esse.
distant, most, ultimus,

tremus, a, um.
distress,
uni
a,
ex-
in, laboro, are.
exhort, cohortor,
quidem.
nisi.
ari.
exhausted, confectus,
ago, ere
geror, I.
;
set an, initium facio, ere.
except, praeter (occ);
divide, divido, ere.

fio, fieri
example,
e.
excel, supero, are.
district, regio, -onis, F.
do, facio, ere
M.
I,
equal, par, paris.
I.
dislodge, dejicio, ere.

distance, spatium,
ire.
envoy, legatus,
discreet, prudens, -entis.
m.
is,
be done,
experience, usus,
a,
um.
us, m.
explain, doceo, ere demonstro,

;
double, duplex,
-icis.
draw (sword), destringo,

draw up, Instruo, ere.
ere.
exploit, res gesta,
F,
extend, pertineo,
ere.
extent, nmgnitudo, -dinis,
are.
F.
drive, compello, ere.
drive back,
repello, ere.
drive out, expello,

dwell, habito, are
face, specto, are (ad).
ere.
faith, fides,
incolo, ere.
faithful,
el, F.
fidelis, e.
fall, cado, ere.
each
fall
[159].
eager, cupidus, a, uni (gen.);

eager, studeo, ere.
be
back, pedeni refero,
famous,
nobilis,
far, longe.
easily, facile.
far, be,
easy, facilis,
father, pater,
either
e.
or,
aut
aut.
absum, abesse.
-tris,
fear (noun), timor,
else (adj.), alius, a, ud.
fear
embassy,
feel, sentio, ire.
encamp,
legatio, -onis, F.
consido, ere.
encourage, hortor,
ari
(verb),
m.
-oris,
timeo, ere
few, pauci, ae,
enclose, circumdo, dare.
s\.
vereor,
eri.
a.
held, ager, agri, m.

;
cohortor,
ari.
liercely, acriter.
fight, pugno, are
dlmico, -are
end (noun), finis, is, M. [445].

end (verb), conficio, ere.
fighting, pugna, ae, F.
endure,
fill,
fero, ferre.
ferre.
e.
a battle, proclium
compleo, ere.
facio, ere.
light

find, invenio, ire
li
nil out.
reperio, Ire.
OOgnOscO, ere.
garrison, praesidium,
finish, oOnficiO, ere.

lire, [gnis,
gale, porta, ae,
m.
Is,
{ad <.),
lirsl
at first, prime,.
ere
flee,
berga
verio, ere.
IIm*I
elassis,
is, F.
fug-am do,
terga verto, ere.
ae, F.
I.
give, do, dare.
give hack, reddo,
follow closely,
I;
give up, trado,

go, eo. Ire,
following, posterns,
am.
a.
e upid us, a, urn.
fool, pes, pedis, m.

117.')];
M.
girl, puella, ae, F.
put to flight, in
dare; take to flight,
follow, seqnor,
subsequor, I.
m.
I,
I,
Germany. Germania,
gel, naneiseor,
flight, fuga, ae, F.
fond,
{country), Gallia, ae, k.
(ermaii, Germanus,
.\.
turn and
Haul
tiaul (native), Gallus,
latus. -eris,
Hot', fugio.
N.
I,
v.
gather, confero, ferre.
prlmum
iiv. eonstituc. ere.
Hank,
389
foot (of
sub
ul foot of,
hill, etc.)
(al)L).
ere.
ere.
itum
il (IvI),
go forth, exeo,
Ire.
good, bonus,
um.
a,
govern, impero, are

grain, frumentum,
[550].
(dat.).
I,
n.
fool-soldier, pedes, -peditis, m.
grant, concedo, ere.
forage, frumentor,
great, magnus, a, um
so great,
sueh great, tantus, a, um how
great, what great, quantus, a, um.
ari.
farce, vis, V.
[472].
forced (marches), magnus.

forces, cOpiae,
arum,
greatly, magnopere.
f.
foresee, prOvideO, ere.
greatness, magnitudO,
forest. silva, ac, F.
ground, loca, Oram,

ground, apertus loens,
forget,
form
memoriam
depOnO, ere.
guard,
(plan*. capiO, ere
-dinis, v.
n.
ftf.
statid, -onis, v.
ineO, Ire.
guide, dux, duels, M.

fortification, munitiO, -Onis,
fortify,
muniO.
f.
ire.
free {adj.), liber, era,
ci'tnii.
hand, he
free {verb), Uber6, are.
freedom, Ubert&S,
halt, eunsisto, ere,
-talis, k.
happen,
at, adsnni, esse.
accidd, ere;
flO, fieri
harass, premd, ere.

freely, libere.
harbor, portua,
frequent,
crfiber, bra,
hard,
fresh, integer, gra, grum.
friend, amicus,
[,
friendly, amicus,
difficilis, e.
harm,
noceO, ere (dat.).
M.
hasten. contendO,
a, urn.
iiave, tiabeo,
friendship, amlcitia,
frighten. berreO,
us, m.
brum.
fire.
ae, f.
ear,
audio,
ere,
fire,
[re,
heart, animus,
I,
m.
open
390
heavy, gravis,
e.
Inform, certiorem
height, altitudo,
facio, ere [171].
inhabit, incolo, ere.
-dinis, F.
heights, superiora loca, N.
inhabitant, incola, ae, M.
help, auxilium,
injure, noceo, ere
N.
i,
inquire, quaero,
Helvetians, Helvetii, drum, M.

here, hie
hue
(dat.).
ere.
interval of time, spatium,
[343].
hesitate, dubito, are.
island, insula, ae, F.
hide, abdo, ere
Italy, Italia, ae, f.
N.B.].
[282,
um.
higher ground, superiora
high, altus,
n.
i,
a,
loca, n.
join, jungo, ere conjungo, ere [282]

join battle, proelium committo.
;
hill, collis,
is,
m.
hinder, impedio,
ire.
journey,
iter, itineris, n.
hither, hue.
hold, teneo, ere
obtineo, ere.
keep, teneo, ere; keep (from), pro-
hope (noun), spes, ei, F.

hope (verb), spero, are [328].
horse, equus,
I,
hibeo, ere
M.
kind, genus,
horseman, horse-soldier,
eques,
equitis, m.
quantus,
a,
huge, ingens,
large,
modus,
M.
N.B.]
how much,
um.
i,
king, rex, regis, M.

;
ae, F.
how great, how
interflcio, ere.
-eris, n.
know, scio, ire cognovi [243,

known, notus, a, um.
hostage, obses, obsidis, m.
hour, hora,
[167].
kill, neco, are
lacking, be, desum, deesse.

lake, lacus.us, m.
-entis.
hurl, conjicio, ere.
land, terra, ae,
f.
ager, agrl, m.
large, magnus, a, um
so large,
tantus, a, um how large, quantus,
;
If, si
a,
if not, nisi.
incessant, continens,
increase, augeo, ere
ere.
lead, duco, ere.

-entis.
[225,
incredible, incredibilis,
induce, persuadeo, ere
lead back, reduco,
N.B.].
lead out, educo,
ere.
ere.
e.
lead across, traduco,
ere.
(dat).
inexperienced, irnperitus,
a,
um
leader, dux, ducis, M.
leadership, principatus,
(gen.).
Infantry {noun), pedites, um, m.
leading man, princeps,

leap down,
(adj.), pedester, tris, tre.
influence (noun), auctoritas, -tatis,F.
influence (verb),
adduco, ere.
permoveo,
ere
us, m.
-cipis,
m.
peditatus, us, m.
Infantry
um.
lay down, depono,
immediately, statim.
desilio, ire.
learn, cognosco, ere.

leave, relinquo, ere (= depart from)
discedo, ere exeo, ire.
;
left, sinister, tra,
trum.

legion, U'Kio,
memory, memoria,
-<"i
legionary, legionarius,
length, longitiido,
less,
a,
messenger, nuntius,
-dinis, F.
method,
Ileiiteiiant, leg&tUS,
light (adj.), levis,
In
light.
midst, medius,
If.
I,
might,
f.
a,
um 1175J.
um [175].
a,
vis, f. [472].
mile, mille passus
e.
niarehlng order, exam.
peditus, a,
M.
midnight, media nox.
P. [130J.
light (noun), lux, lueis,
are.
i,
ratio, -onis, P.
middle, medius,
lest, ne.
Arum,
ae, f.
mention, demonstro,
am.
minor, minus.
letter, litterae.
391
[231].
military, militaris,
mindful, memor,
e.
-oris.
like, similis, e (dat.).
misfortune, incommodum,
line of inarch, agmen, -minis, n.
missile, telum,
line of hattle, acies,
more,
long
(adj.),
long
(adv.), for
longus,
ei, P.
a, urn.
mound,
diu.
lose, amitto, ere.

loss,
loud
incommodum,
(voice),
magnus,
lower, inferior,
a,
um.
much (adv.),
he,
fio, fieri,
factus
magistrate, magistrates,
us, m.
orum, m.
N
name (noun), nomen, -minis,
name (verb), appello, are.
nation, natio,
-onis, p.
nature, natura,
n.
populus,
i,
m.
ae, F.
near, prope, propior, proximus.
neighboring, finitimus,
p.
i.
march (noun), iter,
itineris, n.
of march, agmen, -minis,

(verb), iter facio, ere.
palus, -Mis, P.
n.
line
neighbors,
neither
res, rei, 9.
nor, neque
aeque.
tra,
new, no\
as, a,
mo
a,
tram [205],
reoftns,
um
tut
Is.
proxiiui].-.
by night,
um.
ni>\.
DOOttfl,
r.
QOOtCL
n.
um.
never, numquam.
night.
(dat.).
I,
a,
orum, m.
neither (adj.), neater,
a,
meeting, concilium,
. .
finitimi,
next, posterus,
means, modus, i, m.
meanwhile, interim.
meet, occurro, ert
-dinis, p.
nearly, prope.
manage, administro, are.

manner, modus, i, M. ratio, -onis,
many, mult ae, a.
matter,
um.
a,
marsh,
m.
n nil turn.
sum [551].
luarch
m.
multitude, multitude,
mainland, continens, -entis, p.

make, facio, ere.
man, vir, viri, m. homo, -inis, m.
his men, sui, orum, m. our men,
nosfcri,
-tris, p.
-eris,
much, how, quantus,
ins.
M
made,
agger,
mountain, mons, montis,

move, moveo, ere.
n.
I,
N.
plus, pluris.
mother, mater,
a long time,
i,
n.
i,
ulghtrall, at.
no, iiullus, a,
siil> iioci.'iu.
um
392
nobody, no one, nemo

noble, nobilis,
none, nullus,
overpower, opprimo,
N.B.].
1349,
overtake, consequor,
e.
um [205].
a,
noon, meridies,
el,
m.
nor, neque.
pace, passus, us, M.
not, non
part, pars, partis, f.
nothing,
ne.
peace, pax, pacis,
nihil, indeclinable, n.
numerus,
number,
m.
i,
small
paucitas, -tatis, f.
nuniber, multitude,
numerous,
large
brum.
obey, pareo, ere

observe,
perceive, sentio, ire
perspicio, ere.
(dat.).
pitch camp, castra pono,

place (noun), locus,
ere.
place
(dat.).
(verb),
animad-
i,
ere.
m.
pono, ere.
plan, consilium,
ere
conspicio,
m.;
pillage, praedor, arL
O
obedient, be, pareo,
i,
(=persons), homines.
persuade, persuadeo, ere
-dinis, f.
creber, bra,
f.
people (= nation), populus,
notice, animadverto, ere.

nniiiber,
ere.
I.
n.
I,
plenty, copia, ae,
f.
verto, ere.
obtain, nanciscor, I obtain a request, impetro, are.

;
occupied, occupatus,
ocean, oceanus,
i,
a,
plunder, praeda, ae, f.

plunder, praedam facio.
point out, demonstro,
um.
obtain
are.
position, take up, consido, ere.
m.
possess, obtineo, 6re.

officer, praefectus,
i,
m.
possible, be, possum, posse; as

as possible [249].
often, saepe.
once, at, station.
post, dispono, ere.
only, solum.
power,
onset, impetus, us, m.
open, apertus,
a,
opportunity,
um.
facultas,
potestas, -tatis, f.
oppose,
potestas, -tatis, F.
powerful, potens, -entis.

preceding, superior, ius.
-tatis,
f.
prefer, maio, malle, malui.
[445].
preferable,
resisto, ere (dat.).
praestat
it is,
prepare, paro,
[243].
are.
or, aut.
order (noun = rank), ordo,
order
are
(verb),
jubed, ere;
present, be, adsum, adesse.

-dinis, m.
impero,
press, premo, ere
be hard pressed,
premor, L
(dat.).
orders, give, impero, are.
ud [205] the other,

alter, era, erum the others, eeteri,
other, alius,
a,
prevent, prohibeo, ere
[167].
previous, superior,
ius.
prisoner, captivus,
i,
m.
proceed, progredior,
ae, a.
outpost, statio,
-onis, f.
over, be, praesum, esse (dat); set

over, praeflcio, ere (dat.) [378, N.B.].
i.
procure, paro, are; comparo,
promise,
are.
polliceor, eri [328].
property, their, sua, oruni, n.
[281].

provide, pro video.
f erre
pursue, Insequor,
request, pete, ere.
n.
F.
for the
rest,
of, reliquus, a, urn [175].
the
restore, reddo, ere.
restrain, retineo, ere ; contineo, ere.
i.
retire, cedo, ere.
retreat, se recipere.
celeriter.
return, redeo, Ire
rank, ordo,
rallier,
i,
Rhine, Rhenus,
N.
expedio,
a,
rise, orior,
(ad).
urn;
make ready
rear, novissimum agmen

ihe rear, post tergum.
[171J;
I,
N.
river, flumen, -minis, N.

I, M.
In
road,
tra,
Iri.
risk, perlculum,
Ire.
reason, causa, ae,
m.
(of direction), dexter,

trum ; (=just) aequus, a, urn.
had, malo, malle.
reach, pervenio, Ire
I,
I.
res, v.
right
-dinis, M.
ready, paratus,
reverter,
revolution, novae
raise, tollo, ere, sustuli, sublatum.
rampart, vallum,
[181, N.B.].
resist, resiste, ere (dot.).
Q
quickly,
are; defero,
f erre [394],
require, impero, are
public business, res publica,
refero,
repulse, repello, ere.
V.
prudent, prudens, -out is.

i,
r.
provisions, res frumentaria,

conimeatus, us, M.
purpose, consilium,
of, causa (gen.).
(verb), renuntio,
report
ere.
province, provineia, ae,
39;
iter, itineris, n.
fluvius,
via, ae, f.
Roman (noun), Romanus, M.

Roman (adj.), Romanus, a, um.
I,
F.
recall, revoeo, are.
route, via, ae,
F.
receive, accipio, ere.
rule, imperium,
recent, reeens, -entis.
rumor, fama,
rush (out), se
reconnoitre, exploro, are.
n.
I,
ae, f.
ejicere.
recover, reeipio, ere.
regain, reeipio, ere.

region, regio, -onis,
v.
safe, iiicolumis, e.
reinforcements, auxilia, Drum, n.

subsidium, I, N.
release, solvo, ere.
remaining, reliquus,
a, urn.
f.
sail, navigo, are ; set snll,

naves solvu, ere.
navem or
sailor, nauta, ae, M.
remember, ineinini [288] memorial.!

;
relineo, ere.
remove, removed, 8re;

renew, renovo, arc
safety, salus, -utis,
tollo, ere.
sake, for the

sally, erupt
-Of,
io,
causa
(tjen.).
-onis, F.
sally out, erumpo, BTt.
same,
reply, responded, Bre.
bear
report (noun), f&ma, ae, P.;

(bring) a report, famam perfera,
the
Ilie,
Idem, eadem. itlem
same time,
Blmul.
satisfy, sat isfaeio. en- idat.).
ay, dn<>, ere
sa>
110I, DO)
at
394
scarcely, vix
aegre.
slavery, .servitus,
scarcity, inopia, ae, f.
scout, explorator,
sea, mare,
is,
slay, neco, are
M.
-toris,
small, parvus,
um
a,
ber, paucitas,
n.
-tutis, f.
interflcio, ere.
small
season, tempus annl, n.
so, sic, ita, tarn [372].
secure, provideo, ere.
so great, tantus,
see, video, ere
soldier, miles, mllitis, M.
conspicio, ere.
um.
a,
seek, peto, ere.
some, some one, aliquis
seem,' videor,
son,
erl.
filius,
seize, occupo, are.
sort, genus, -eris, n.
sortie, eruptio, onis, F.
send, mitto, ere.
spare, parco, ere
(dat.).
send out, emitto, ere.

send In advance, praemitto,
spear, hasta, ae,
f.
speech, oratio, -onis, f. ; deliver

(make) a speech, orationem ha-
ere.
seriously, graviter.
be
of,
sum
usul
beo.
[432].
speed, celeritas,
set about, Instituo, ere
i,
m.
i.
set over, praeflcio, ere
[378,
spring, ver, veris, n.
N.B.].
stall* ofllcer, legatiis,
several, complures,
m.
i,
a.
stand,
severe, gravis,
-tatis, f.
[398].
spirit, animus,
set out, proflciscor,
[458].
m.
i,
senate, senatus, us, m.
service,
num-
-tatis, F.
sto,
stare
e.
(-endure)
feio,
ferre.
severely, graviter.
standard, signum,
I,
n.
shatter, frango, ere.

state, clvitas, -tatis, f.
ship, navis,
is,
F.
brevi.
show, ostendo,
parte
undique.
-oris,
m.
from
on
side,
ex
(on) all sides,
signal, signum,
similar, similis,
i,
pugno, are.
strength, vires, ium,
submit
magnitudo,
f.
peritus,
conflrmo,
um
be strong,
to, perfero, ferre.
such, such great, tantus,
a,
um.
suddenly, subito.
-dinis, f.
skilled,
-tatis, f.
take by storm, ex-
strong, flrmus, a,
valeo, ere [416].
n.
e.
sister, soror, -oris, f.
a,
ura
suffer (loss, defeat), accipio, ere.

sufficient, sufficiently, satis.
(gen.).
slave, servus,
(verb),
are.
since, cum.
skilful,
(noun), tempestas,
strengthen, flrmo, are
sight, conspectus, us, M.
size,
station, colloco, are.
storm
storm
ere.
side, latus, -eris, n.

.
res publica,
stature, magnitudo corporis, f.
shout, shouting, clamor,
rel publicae, f.
short, brevis, e; In a short time,
I,
m.
suitable, idoneus,
a,
um.

gammer, aestas, -tat is, f.
summon, coiivocii, air.
superior,
{supply,
lie,
through, per (ace).
throw,
cdpia, ae,
V.
supplies, res
f.
eonuneatus, us, M.
;
support, subsidiuin,
n.
I.
jacio, ere
throw away,
praestS, ire.
frumentaiia.
395
thus*
sic, ita.
Tiber, Tiberis,
time, teuipus,
surpass, praesto, are (dot.); supero,

a iv.
conjiciS, ere.
abjiciS, ere.
M.
is,
-oris, n.
spatium, I, N.
together (with), una (cum).

toll, labor, -oris, m.
surrender (noun),
deditio, -onis, w.
surrender (n //>), dedo,
ere
N.H.]; deditionem facio, ere.
[282,
top, summits, a, ura
tower,
surround, circumvenid,
Ire
turris,
is, f.
cir-
town, oppidum,
cunido dare
suspeet. suspicor,
for, de
treat, to
swll't. eeler. eris, ere.
trench, fossa, ae,
swiftly, celeriter.
I,
P.
treat (with), ago, ere (cum).
sustain. BUStined, ere.
sword, gladius,
n.
I,
transport, navis oneraria,
arl.
swiftness, celeritas,
[175].
towards, ad (ace).
[99].
F.
tribe, natiS, -Snis, F.
-tatis, F.
tribune, tribunus,
li.
I,
M.
troops, copiae, arum, F.

trust, confldS, ere (dot.).
try, conor, arl.
take, capio, ere.
take aeross, traduco,
take away,
turn, verts, ere converts [282, N.B.]

turn and flee, terga verto.
ere.
tolls, ere.
take plaee, geror,
I.
take up (amis), capio,
unable, be, non possum, posse.
ere.
teaeh, doceo, ere.
unbroken, continent,
-entis.
tend, pertineS, ere.
unfriendly, inimlcus,
a, urn.
terrify, terreS, ere
ager,
territory,
ium, M.
perterreS, ere.
M.
agri,
fines,
m.
is,
eS
thlek, densus,
thing,
res, rel, F.
exist imo. are
thither.
<
[118].
urge, bortor,
use,
a, uni.
think,
incognitos,
a,
nm.
nisi.
(dat.).
unprotected (flank), apert

unwilling, he, nolo, ndlle,
[343].
there (introductory)
intellegS, ere.
unlike, dissimilis, e
than, quani.
ibi,
unknown,
unless,
Thames, Tamesis,
there,
understand.
lit
or,
usel'ul. ut
;
arbitror, arl.
oohortOTi
(lib!.).
ilis, e.
useless, imitilis,
e.
<>
thought, take, conaulo,

three dajs, triduuin,
arl
i,
ere,
n.
valor,
ill
vast, Lngen
us,
tui
us, a, urn.
nolui.
ML
396
venture, audeo,
ausussum
ere,
[313].
um [205].
whole,
vigor, vires, ium, P.
why, cur.
wide {adj.), latus, a, um.
wide (adv.), widely, late.
vigorously, acriter.
village, vicus,
violence,
M.
I,
-dinis, F.
willing, be, volo, velle, volui.
voice, vox, vocis,
wing
f.
W
gero, ere.
wait, inoror,
arl.
wall, miirus,
I,
vallum,
I,
N.
terre (ivith dat.).
wish, volo,
f.
cum (abl.); apud (ace).

withdraw (trans.), deduco,
removeo, ere
;
discedo, ere.
within, intra (ace).
ere.
without, sine
(abl.).
withstand, sustineo,
Match,
wood, silva,
work, opus,
vigilia, ae, F.
ae, F.
fluctus, us, m.
pedem
refero,
ferre.
-eris, n.
i,
-tatis,
M.
-eris, n.
wheel about, signa

when, cum.
whence, unde.
ubi,
quo
injuria, ae, p.
N.
weather, tempestas,
weep, fleo, ere.
weight, onus,
n.
write, scribo, ere.
Mrong, wrong-doing,
weapon, telum,
where,
ere.
ae, P.
wound (noun), vulnus, -eris,

wound (verb), vulnero, are.
;
ere
(intrans.) excedo,
waste, lay, vasto, are.
way, via, ae, P.

way, give, cedo, ere
n.
velle, volui.
with,
ere
war-ship, navis longa,
wave,
n.
hiemo, are.
wanting, be, desum, deesse.

make war, bello,
I, n.
are make war on, bellum infero,
water, aqua,
iis,
winter quarters, hibema, orum,
m.
war, bellum,
(of army), cornu,
winter (noun), hiems, hiemis, f.

winter (verb), pass the Mintcr,
wage (war),
warn, moneo,
totus, a,
width, latitudo,
vis, p. [472],
visit, adeo, ire.
whither, quo.
victory, victoria, ae, f.
converto, ere.
year, annus,
yet, not,
i,
m.
nondum (adv.).
yield, concede, ere.
young man,
adulescens, -entis, M.
[343],
which (of two), uter, tra, trum [205].

while, dum, cum, or pres. partic.
zeal, studium,
I,
n.
INDEX
[The numbers refer
Ablative, threefold force,
with prepositions, 97, 98;
means, 17; 145; of agent,
time, 159; of comparison,
solute, 296, 299
35fi
303-306
48
Dative, of indirect object, 39; with

adjectives, 173; with special verbs,
436; of
144; of
242; ab-
with
fn.
fttor,
355; of agent, 354; of interest, 404,

431
manner,
of
415
of separa-
of purpose, 404, 431.
Declension, combinations for prac-
of quality, 383; of specifica-
tion, 414
to sections.]
tice in, 116
204
209
359.
Deponent verbs, 311, 312 545.

DO, compounds of, 409, N.B.
;
tion, 137.
Accent,
Want clauses,
14, 15.
itive
and
infinitive construc-
tion, 320-335.
predicate, 54; with

97,
object,
32;
prepositions,
98; 435; subject of infinitive,
of time, 159 ; of extent

; 320
of space, 231.
123, 124
Eo, conjugation of, 419 550.

Fer5, conjugation of, 392-394 549.
FI5, conjugation of, 420 551.
For, introductory, 124.
Gender, natural and grammatical,
61 ; in third declension, 95, N.B. ; 190.
;
direct
of
itive,
273.
Enclitics, 342, fn.
Adjectives, agreement, 64; of first

and second decl., 65, 72; of third
decl., 112, 113 irregular, with gen.
in -Ins, 205, 207 as substantives,
180; with dative, 173; with genitive, 429 instead of partitive gen.,
Genitive, partitive, 174; of quality,

383; possessive, 429; subjective,
429
objective, 429; 432, N.B.
with
adjectives 429;
432.
175.
Adverbs, formation, 237

246-248
comparison, 238.
Agent, ablative of, 141; dative of,
Gerund, 443, 444.

Gerundive construction, 448-450.
Gerundive with .sum, 31(5-318.
I
si
cms
of third decl., 185-189.
394.
Apposition,
54.
Causal clauses, with quod,

ruin,
256
with
397.
Commands,
Cemparal
Mil.
Ives,
declension
of, 170.
Comparison, of adjectives, regular,

169; irregular, 193-198; of adverbs,
287-288; 543,541
It,
238.
Complementary
as representative Buhjeut, 124.

adjeotivea with genitive
-ins,
infinitive, 123.
Composition, vowels weakened
Halo, conjugation
clauses,
'J-l
221
In,
207.
In,
289.
Conditional sentences,
Cum
Imperative, 463, 464; 537, 538.

Indirect discourse, 320-335; 40&
Indirect questions, 362.
Infinitive, formation, 539, 540; coin
plementary, 123; as substantive,
124; with accusative in indirect
discourse, 320-335; various w
rendering English Infinitive, 1-5.
-lfi, verbs of third conjugation in.
lllllle, lllllla,
i,
'.''>!.
of, 228
397
23L
of, 101
dcelcnsion and
s\ nt;i\
;;
398
NS15, conjugation of, 401 548.

Nouns, declension of, 515-519; changes
;
in consonant
stems of third declen-
sion, 84.
list of, 524; cardinal, 214-
216 ; 228-230 ; ordinal, 156.

Participles, present, 271-273
perfect,
304; future, 322, a.,

346; gerundive, 346; perfect participle of deponents, 312.
261, 262; 303,
Perfect stem, formation of, 105, 106.

Periphrastic conjugations, active
passive, 346-348.
Personal endings, 164.

Plus, declension of, 197.
Possessive pronominal adjectives,
279-281.
Possum, conjugation and use

376, 377
of,
Prohibitions, 464.
Pronouns, personal, 266, 267; reflexive, 277, 278 ; possessive, 279-281
demonstrative
(hie, ille, Is), 292,
Idem)
306, 307
relative,
255; interrogative, 340, 341;

indefinite, 455-459 ; se and Is in in-
254,
direct discourse, 323
Pronunciation,
6-9;
b.
English method,
18, 19.
371.
Semi-deponents,
313.
Sequence of tenses, 387.

Subjunctive, a., independent uses:
volitive (jussive, hortatory), 465
optative, 466; 6., dependent uses:
in indirect questions, 362 ; of result,
371; of purpose, 386, 388, 424; in
subordinate clauses in indirect
discourse, 408
with cum, 397
conditional, 477, 478.
;
Suffixes, 130; 202; 232; 263; 274.

546
of,
clauses,
;
com-
of, 375, 378.
Superlative, force of, 169 &.

Supine, 469, 470.
Tenses, historical present, 59 fn. ;
imperfect and perfect representing
English simple past, 119; perfect
translated by English present, 243
future or future perfect translated
by English present, 224 sequence,
;
387.
There, introductory,
118.
lltor, ablative with, 356.
Verbs, conjugation of, 471

Vocative, 53.
Yolo, conjugation of, 401
;
adverbial, 386;
substantive, 424
relative, 388
expressed by gerund or gerundive,
451 by supine, 470.
;
indirect,
clauses, 256.
pounds
146.
Prefixes, 41 ; 49 ; 120 ; 125 ; 147 ; 181

225 ; 243 ; 251 ; 378 ; 409 f n.
Prepositions, 97, 98; 435, 436, 438.
Principal parts, 138 ; 469.
293; (Ipse,
Quod
Result clauses,
Sum, conjugation
547.
Predicate nouns, 54
Purpose
Questions, direct, 339-342
242;
362.
Numerals,
and
Qiiam, with comparatives,

with superlatives, 249.
Word
285
lists,
352
Latin, 58
412
381
441.
548.
110
162
220
136
183
252
483.
Word lists, English, 81

318
531-551.
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UNIVERSITY OF
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|}GMUND bAMUEL L1B1UBT

Latin Lesson For Begginers

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f

age's {Twentieth Genturg Series

VICTORIA COLLEGE, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

GAGE & COMPANY,

Entered according to the Act of Parliament of Canada,

in the Office of the

The improvements made in the order of the lessons do not involve

one lesson must of necessity give place to practice in the plu-

perfect immediately afterwards.

success of the method which

usually followed depends, however, on having,

a wellplanned order of lessons which neither unduly separates matters that

necessary for the beginner.

To the vocabulary most

careful attention has been given.

consciously or not, the authors of introductory books are, by their

selection being unavoidable,

seemed best to prepare for the reading of Caesar, not so much by

exercises are given in a double series,

complete course. There is

a fault that will

exists as to the respective value of translation

from Latin and trans-

In any case, sufficient material is provided in this

what the pupil

have learned of grammar,

learn at a later stage, care has been taken in the explanations

English grammar, and to keep in view the statements of Latin

as they are given in

more advanced books.

translation of detached sentences

who, after much toiling, does not

a source of weariness to the pupil,

least the better pupils, at sight.

the question of interest and practice,

able to apply successfully the knowledge

have learned that

already has to the work of translating continuous nanali

Latin preparatory to the study of Caesar, there have been added a

book are intended

and expressions, and in part to interest the pupil in the great

the exercises are largely connected with military opera-

tions, the illustrations

and the introductory sections will show that

architects, engineers, law-givers

tors, as well as warriors.

It remains for the authors to express their indebtedness for valuable

suggestions and criticisms both to their colleagues in the University

of the teachers of Latin in the

the latter to Mr. H.

Crawford, Mr. F. C. Colbeck and Mr. D. A. Glassey.

Toronto, March, 1906.

and Second Conjugations

and Second Declensions: Nominative Singular and Plural

and Second Declensions: Ablative Singular

oiid their Neighbors)

Third Declension: Consonant Sterna (continued)

Perfect Indicative Active (continued)

Perfect Indicative Active

Adjectives of the Third Declension

Present Infinitive Active.

Pluperfect Indicative Active