EECB353 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

CHAPTER 3: ANGLE MODULATION (PART 1)

DR NORAZIZAH MOHD ARIPIN

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS
MODULATION INDEX
PEAK PHASE/FREQUENCY DEVIATION

CARRIER SWING & PERCENT MODULATION

INTRODUCTION
As stated previously, there are 3 parameters of sine wave carrier that can be varied to allow it to carry

low frequency message signal. They are its amplitude, frequency and phase.
Frequency and phase are actually interrelated as one cannot changed without changing the other.

Hence, both fall under category of angle modulation.

2 subcategories of angle modulation:
(a) Phase Modulation (PM) : the phase of a carrier is varied in proportion to the modulating

signal amplitude.
(b) Frequency Modulation (FM) : the frequency of the carrier is varied in proportion to

modulating signal amplitude.

PM is not directly used as the transmitted signal in communication system but does have importance

because it is often used to help generate FM.

Since frequency and phase are interrelated, direct FM is indirect PM and direct PM is indirect FM.

INTRODUCTION

Angle Modulation (FM and PM) Angle (frequency/phase) of the carrier signal varies
in accordance to the amplitude of message signal while amplitude of the carrier is
constant.

m(t ) Vc cos[ct (t )]
where m(t) = angle modulated waveform
Vc = peak carrier amplitude

c = carrier radian frequency (=2fc)

(t) = instantaneous phase deviation (radians)
The (t) is prescribed as a function of the modulating signal, because it is changed
with respect to the modulating signal:

(t) = F(Vm(t)]

HOW CARRIER FREQUENCY CHANGE IN ACCORDANCE TO

MODULATING SIGNAL?
+ve increase in modulating signal amplitude causes

increase in carrier freq.

ve increase in modulating signal amplitude causes

decrease in carrier freq.

= + (t)
Where;
fout

= instantaneous output frequency

fc

= carrier frequency

Kf

= frequency deviation sensitivity constant

Vm = amplitude of message signal

MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS
Instantaneous phase deviation = =
Instantaneous frequency deviation = =

[1]
[2]

Where and are phase and frequency deviation sensitivity constant

Assuming the modulating signal of =

[3]

The mathematical expression for PM is:

= cos[ + ] = cos[ + ]

The mathematical expression for FM is;

Note that for PM, the

frequency deviation is
[4] proportional to derivative of
phase deviation.

= cos[ + ]

= cos[ + ]

= cos[ +
]

= cos[ +
]

[5]

Assume Vm(t) is message signal.

PM
message signal

The phase deviation, () is proportional to Vm(t).

The freq deviation, () is proportional to the

derivative of the phase deviation.
carrier signal

Hence, the instantaneous frequency is max when

the slope of Vm(t) is max and min when the slope
of Vm(t) is min.
FM

PM

Freq deviation, () is proportional to Vm(t),

Hence, the instantaneous frequency is max when
the Vm(t) is max and min when Vm(t) is min

FM

Without knowing the message signal, it would not

be possible to distinguish the PM and FM.

MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS

For FM maximum freq deviation (change in the carrier freq) occurs during the maximum
+ve and ve peak amplitude of the modulating signal. Hence, freq deviation is
proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal.

For PM maximum freq deviation occurs during zero crossings of the modulating signal.
Hence, freq deviation is proportional to the slope or first derivative of modulating signal.

message signal

ANGLE MODULATED SIGNAL FOR UNIT

STEP INPUT MESSAGE
Assume is the instantaneous
frequency
PM

carrier signal

i =fc for t<t0 and t>t0

The phase of unmodulated carrier is
advanced by kp=/2 rads for t>t0 giving
rise to a signal that is discontinues at t=t0

PM

FM
i =fc for t<t0 and,
= fc+ fd for t>t0

FM

The modulator o/p phase is, however,

continues at t=t0

MODULATION INDEX (m)

In PM, modulation index is defined as the maximum phase shift caused by the modulating signal. Hence;

= [7]
In FM, modulation index is defined as the ratio of maximum frequency deviation to the modulating signal
frequency. Hence;

[8]

Then, equation [4] and [5] can be written in more general form as ;

= cos[ + ]

[9]

= Vc cos[ + ]

[10]

PEAK PHASE/ FREQUENCY DEVIATION

In PM, the peak phase deviation, =

[11]

In FM, the peak frequency deviation, = [12]

Hence, the modulation index for FM can also be rewritten as;

The amount of phase &

frequency deviation is
proportional to the modulating
signal amplitude, Vm

[13]

With PM, modulation index and peak phase deviation are directly proportional to the amplitude of the

modulating signal and unaffected by its frequency.

With FM, both modulation index and frequency deviation are directly proportional to the amplitude of

the modulating signal, and modulation index is inversely proportional to its freq.

CARRIER SWING & PERCENT MODULATION

Carrier Swing is defined as the peak to peak frequency deviation, or 2f

Percent modulation (M) the ratio of actual freq deviation to the maximum freq deviation allowed in

percentage form;
()
=
100%
()

SUMMARY OF ANGLE MODULATION

EXERCISES
1) Determine the peak frequency deviation (f), modulation index (m) and carrier swing for

an FM modulator with a deviation sensitivity, Kf = 5kHz/V and a modulating signal =

2cos(23000). What will happen to the modulation index and peak frequency deviation if
the modulating signal amplitude were doubled?
2) An FM transmitter has a rest frequency of 96 MHz and frequency deviation sensitivity of

5kHz/V. Determine the frequency deviation for a modulating signal = 8sin(22000).

Determine the modulation index.

EXERCISES

3) Below is the angle modulated signal produced after FM modulator.

m(t ) 10 cos(2 10kt 5 sin 2 3000t )

Determine:
a. Modulation index
b. Peak frequency deviation

EECB353 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

CHAPTER 3: ANGLE MODULATION (PART 2)

DR NORAZIZAH MOHD ARIPIN

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL

CONTENTS

FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF ANGLE MODULATED WAVEFORM

FM IN FREQUENCY DOMAIN
BESSEL FUNCTION TABLE
BANDWIDTH
DEVIATION RATIO
POWER ANALYSIS OF ANGLE MODULATED SIGNAL

FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF ANGLE MODULATED SIGNAL

The angle-modulated formula is really complex because it contains the cos of cos:
= + cos
To solve this, we need to use Bessel functions and the angle-modulated signal can be
represented as:

J 0 (m) cos c t

m(t ) Vc J1 (m)[cos(c m )t cos(c m )t ]

J (m)[cos( 2 )t cos( 2 )t ] ...J (m)...

2

c
m
c
m
n

where

m(t) =
m=
Vc =
J0(m) =
J1(m) =
J2(m) =
Jn(m) =

angle-modulated signal
modulation index
peak amplitude of the unmodulated carrier
carrier component
1st set of side freq displaced from the carrier by m
2nd set of side freq displaced from the carrier by 2m
nth set of side freq displaced from the carrier by nm

 Bessel functions shows

that angle modulated
signal generates infinite
no of sidebands
(components) spaced at
multiples of modulating
signal frequency.

FM IN FREQUENCY DOMAIN

The amplitude of these

component are
simplified in Bessel
Functions Table.

fc-4fm

fc-3fm

fc-2fm

fc-fm

fc

fc+fm

fc+2fm fc+3fm

fc+fm

These sidebands
approach negligible level
the farther away they
are from the carrier,
which allow them to be
within finite bandwidth

BESSEL FUNCTION OF THE FIRST KIND, Jn(m)

The Bessel function table

represents
normalized
voltages for the various freq
components of an FM and PM
signals.
The number in the table
represents actual voltages if
the unmodulated carrier
has an amplitude of 1V).

BESSEL FUNCTION OF THE FIRST KIND, Jn(m)

Note that amplitude

values with ve sign
represent phase shifts of
180.
Sideband frequencies are
considered insignificant if
their amplitude values
less than 0.01 of the
unmodulated carrier
amplitude.

BESSEL FUNCTIONS TABLE

Generally, J0(m) determines the amplitude of the modulated carrier.
The nth Bessel function Jn(m) determines the amplitude of the nth pair of sidebands
All the Bessel terms should be multiplied Vc to find the actual sideband amplitude.
Example of how to use Bessel Function Table:
Assume modulation index, m = 2.0 and Vc = 5V. fc = 1MHz and fm = 50kHz
From the table; there are 4 sidebands and the freq spectrum is shown below:

2.9V

2.9V
1.1V
0.05V
fc-4fm

0.65V

0.65V

fc-3fm

fc-2fm

How much is the

bandwidth?

1.75V

1.75V

fc-fm

fc

fc+fm

fc+2fm fc+3fm

0.05V
fc+4fm

When m = 0, means no modulation, hence no sideband produced and J0 = 1.0 (equal to the
unmodulated carrier amplitude)
If modulation index increase, no of sideband components are increased. Means, the energy
of the carrier signal is shifted into the sidebands. It also mean that the bandwidth become
wider.

BANDWIDTH
Using Bessel Functions Table, the bandwidth;

= 2 this gives the actual BW

An approximation known as Carsons rule is often used to predict the necessary bandwidth, where

= 2( + ) this gives the approximated BW

Example:
Determine the Bessels & Carsons bandwidth required to transmit an FM signal with modulating signal
frequency of 10 kHz and max frequency deviation of 20 kHz.
Note that deviation is not the BW but does have an effect on the bandwidth.

EXERCISES
1. Consider an FM system where the message signal is m(t)=2 sin(5000t), frequency deviation
sensitivity of Kf = 3000Hz/v. Given the carrier frequency is 1MHz and amplitude of 10V. Determine:
a) The peak frequency deviation
b) The modulation index
c) Draw the frequency spectrum showing all pertinent parameters.
2. For an FM modulator with a peak frequency deviation f = 10kHz, a modulating-signal frequency fm =
10kHz, Vc = 10V, and a 500kHz carrier, determine
a. Actual minimum bandwidth from the Bessel function table
b. Approximate minimum bandwidth using Carsons rule, then

c. Plot the output frequency spectrum, showing all pertinent parameters

DEVIATION RATIO (DR)

Deviation ratio is the worst-case modulation index.

= /
DR = deviation ratio (unitless)
f(max) = maximum possible freq deviation (Hz)
f(max) = maximum modulating-signal freq (Hz)
The worst-case modulation index produces the widest output freq spectrum.
Deviation ratio is commonly used term in both TV and FM broadcasting. For example, broadcast FM

radio permits a max freq deviation of 75 kHz and max audio freq of 15 kHz. Therefore, the DR is:
75
=
=5
15

POWER ANALYSIS OF ANGLE MODULATED SIGNAL

With angle modulation, the power that was originally in the unmodulated carrier is redistributed

among the carrier and its sidebands.

Power of the unmodulated carrier is:

= ( )2/2
Where Vc is the peak amplitude of the unmodulated carrier.
The modulated carrier power is the sum of the power of the carrier and side frequency components.

Pt P0 P1 P2 P3 ... Pn

V02 2V12 2V22 2V32

2Vn2
Pt ...
2R 2R 2R 2R
2R

where Pt
P0
P1
P2
P3
Pn

= total average power

= modulated carrier power
= power in 1st set of SB
= power in 2nd set of SB
= power in 3rd set of SB
= power in nth set of SB

EXERCISES
Draw power spectrum for the following frequency spectrum.

2.9V

2.9V

1.75V

1.75V
1.1V
0.05V
fc-4fm

0.65V

0.65V

fc-3fm

fc-2fm

fc-fm

fc

fc+fm

fc+2fm fc+3fm

0.05V
fc+4fm

EXERCISES

An FM signal, 2000 sin(2108 + 2 sin 104 )is applied to a 50 antenna. Determine:

(a) Carrier frequency
(b) The transmitted power

(c) Modulation index

(d) Bessels & Carsons bandwidth
(e) Plot the power spectrum and label all pertinent parameters

MID TERM EXAM OF SEM 1 15/16

MID TERM EXAM OF SEM 2 14/15

Uniten Comsys Society is planning to setup Uniten first FM radio station, U10 Hitz FM. A frequency
range of 97.9 MHz to 98.1 MHz has been allocated for this radio station. The signal is radiated using an
800 W transmitter power. The input is a modulating signal with amplitude VM and frequency range
between 20 Hz 20 kHz. (Assume load resistance = 1 ohm and deviation sensitivity, Kf = 5 Hz/V)
a) What is the carrier frequency for U10 Hitz FM?
b) If the radio station utilized all its allocated bandwidth, determine the modulation index, m.

c) Draw the frequency spectrum.

d) The amplitude of Vm is now increase by a factor of 2.5. Explain what happened to the FM modulated

signal. Show some calculation to justify your answer.

e) If the signal in part (d) pass through a filter having 200 kHz bandwidth with center frequency of 98

MHz. Determine how much power left at the filter output.

EECB353 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

CHAPTER 3: ANGLE MODULATION (PART 3)

DR NORAZIZAH MOHD ARIPIN

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL

FM TRANSMITTER
Antenna
Audio OSC
FM Modulator

Carrier Generator

Output Amplifier

HOW FM MODULATOR WORKS?

Additional capacitance will

increase the capacitance,
thus reduce the resonance
frequency
Frequency of
resonance depends on
the value of inductance
and capacitance

f0

1
2 LC

For FM, we want the frequency increase/decrease wrt to amplitude of modulating signal. How??

HOW FM MODULATOR WORKS?

To produce a freq modulated

carrier, it is needed to find a way
of making the amplitude of the
message signal to increase and
decrease the capacitance and
hence control the carrier freq.
How to achieve? using a device
called Varactor Diode

VARACTOR DIODE

Varactor diode is a semiconductor diode that is designed to behave as a voltage controlled

capacitor.

When a semiconductor diode is reverse biased, no current flows and it consists of two
conducting region separated by a non-conducting region.

This is very similar to the construction of the capacitor.

VARACTOR DIODE

- more capacitance.

- less capacitance.

By increasing the reverse biased voltage, the width of the insulating region can be increased
and hence the capacitance value decreased.

Thus, if the info signal is applied to the varactor diode, the capacitance will therefore be
increased and decreased in sympathy with the incoming signal.

VARACTOR MODULATOR CIRCUIT

Tuned circuit sets the operating frequency of the

oscillator
C1 is a DC blocking capacitor to provide DC
isolation between the oscillator and the
collector of the transistor.
L1 is an RF choke which allows the info signal
through to the varactor but blocks the RF
signals.
The info signal is applied to the base of the input
transistor and appears amplified and inverted at
the collector.
This low freq signal passes through the RF choke
(L1) and is applied across the varactor diode.
The varactor diode changes its capacitance in
sympathy with the info signal and therefore
changes the total value of the capacitance in the
tuned circuit.
The changing value of capacitance causes the
oscillator freq to increase and decrease under
the control of the information signal.
The output is therefore an FM signal.

FM RECEIVER

QUADRATURE DETECTOR

The incoming signal is passed through a

phase-shifting circuit.
The degree of phase shift that occurs is
determined by the exact freq of the signal
at any particular instant.
The rules are:
If the carrier is unmodulated, the
phase shift is 90.
If the freq carrier increase, the phase
shift is GREATER than 90.
If the freq carrier decreases, the
phase shift is LESS than 90.
Phase comparator circuit is use to detect
the changes in the phase of the signal by
comparing the phase of the original input
signal with the output of the phase
shifting circuit.

QUADRATURE DETECTOR
It then produces a DC voltage level which depends on the result of the comparison according to the

following rules:
Phase shift = 90, no change in DC voltage level.
Phase shift > 90, result in increased DC voltage level.
Phase shift < 90, result in decreased DC voltage level.

As the phase change, the DC voltage level moves up and down and re-creates the audio signal.
A low pass filter is included to reduce the amplitude of any high-freq ripple and also blocks the DC

offset. Consequently the signal at the output closely resembles the original input signal.

PHASE LOCKED LOOP (PLL) MODULATOR

Error Voltage

(Reference)

Tuned Voltage
used to control the
VCO

Figure: Block Diagram of PLL Detector

PLL is a closed loop feedback control system in which either the frequency or the phase of the feedback
signal is the parameter of interest.

HOW PLL WORKS?

When there is no external input signal (FM signal, fi), the VCO operates at the preset frequency

(natural/free-running frequency, fn)

The VCOs natural freq is determined by external component. It is normally set (locked) to IF center

freq.
When FM signal applied to the PLL, the phase comparator compares the fi with the VCO output freq.

Phase comparator produced error voltage that is proportional to the freq difference (fd= f0-fi)
After several cycles around the loop, the VCOs freq will be equal to FM signal freq. And the loop is

said to have acquired freq locked.

Once the loop is freq locked, the phase difference between the external input and the VCOs output is

converted to a dc bias voltage.

The error voltage is filtered, amplified and applied back to the input of the VCO.
Therefore, the error voltage is also proportional to the freq deviation demodulated info signal

HOW PLL WORKS?

A PLL operate in three different modes:

Free running
Capture
Tracking

In the free running mode, the input frequency is not close enough to the VCO frequency and the
PLL runs at the free running frequency determined by the tuning circuits of the VCO. The error
voltage is outside the range of the VCO.

As the input frequency gets closer to the VCO frequency, the error voltage reaches a value at
which it can begin to change the VCO frequency.This is the capture mode. The error voltage will
continue to decrease as the VCO frequency gets closer to the input frequency.

Finally, when the VCO is operating at the same frequency as the input, the PLL is in the tracking
mode. The VCO will track changes in the input frequency as long as the input frequency remains in
a range of frequencies known as the hold-in range.

ADVANTAGES OF ANGLE MODULATION

1) NOISE IMMUNITY
- Most noise results in unwanted amplitude variation. FM/PM receiver use amplitude limiter to remove

amplitude variation. Hence,

- AGC is not needed in FM/PM receiver.
2) SNR IMPROVEMENT

- Amplitude limiter reduce the noise, hence improve the SNR ratio during demodulation.
3)POWER UTILIZATION
-In FM/PM, total power remains constant regardless if modulation is present. It is because power is

taken from carrier and redistributed among the sidebands.

DISADVANTAGES OF ANGLE MODULATION

1) WIDE BANDWIDTH

- High quality angle modulation produces many sidebands, hence require wider bandwidth than AM
system.
2) COMPLEX CIRCUIT

-modulation and demodulation circuit for FM?PM are more complex than those for AM, hence more
expensive
-but now, it is almost comparable due to advent of IC technology.