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EXPOSICIN

1. SIGLAS
ES (Ecosystem Services)
SEA (Strategic Environmental Assessment)
RSPs (Regional Spatial Plans)
Autores: Andr Mascarenhas, Toms B. Ramos, Dagmar Haase y Rui Santos
2. Institucin de la investigacin
CENSE - Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research, Departamento de Cincias e
Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Cincias e Tecnologia
Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
Department of Geography, Humboldt-Universitt zu Berlin, Germany
Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, Germany

3. Objetivos

The goal of this research is to draw a profile on Ecosystemic Services integration in the
European policy and guidance framework for spatial planning and strategic
environmental assessment (SEA).
To investigate how this framework might be translated in a particular country of the EU
and across different levels of governance.
Analyze Portuguese spatial planning and strategic environmental assessment
framework.

4. Localizacin
PORTUGAL
The choice of the Portuguese case has to do with the fact that Portugal was one of the few national
level assessments, out of the eighteen approved MA sub-global assessments; actually it was the
only one at national level in Europe. The MA assessment for Portugal was itself a multi-scale
assessment, including case studies at lower levels (Pereira et al., 2009). This was similar to the aim of
covering different governance levels in this research. Moreover, Portugal possesses a very diverse natural
heritage thanks to its geographical location and geophysical conditions (CBD Secretariat, nd) located in
Southwestern Europe, it is predominantly a Mediterranean biogeographical region in the mainland
territory and a Macaronesian region in the archipelagos of Azores and Madeira. Hence it has high
potential for ES provisioning, for example of pollination services (Maes et al., 2012). These
conditions also mean that Portugal is very vulnerable to global environmental changes, like climate
change, with potential impacts including decreased precipitation, burnt area by forest fires and
loss of species (e.g., typical tree species that contribute to the sense of place and cultural identity of the
inhabitants, traditional forms of land use, and the tourism sector), among others (Metzger et al., 2006)

5. Metodologa

In this research, a content analysis of European and Portuguese policy and guidance documents on spatial
planning and SEA was conducted.
This exploratory research draws a profile on ES integration in the European policy and guidance framework
for spatial planning and SEA. A profile is understood here as a characterization of a governance framework
across several levels, focusing on specific thematic areas (in this case spatial planning and SEA) and main
features of interest (in this case related with ES). The profile is operationalized by a content analysis of
policy and guidance documents pertaining to spatial planning and SEA in Europe and in Portugal. The
following subsections present the scope of the content analysis and how it was performed.
Esta investigacin exploratoria dibuja un perfil en la integracin ES en el marco de polticas y la orientacin
europea de ordenacin del territorio y el mar. Un perfil se entiende aqu como una caracterizacin de un
marco de gobernanza en varios niveles, centrndose en reas temticas especficas (en este caso la
ordenacin del territorio y SEA) y las principales caractersticas de inters (en este caso relacionado con
ES). El perfil se operacionaliza mediante un anlisis de contenido de los documentos de poltica y de
orientacin relativos a la ordenacin del territorio y el mar en Europa y en Portugal. Las siguientes
subsecciones presentan el alcance del anlisis de contenido y la forma en que se realiz.
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES ND SPATIAL PLANNING

ES are commonly defined as the benefits people obtain from ecosystems (MA, 2003). They can be
seen as a metaphor useful for raising public awareness about the crucial role ecosystems and their

biodiversity play in maintaining the quality of our everyday life (Spangenberg, 2013).
spatial planning is a particularly relevant decision making process, since one of the main drivers of
anthropogenic ecosystem changes is land use change (Burkhard et al., 2010), for example linked with
urbanization processes (Haase et al., 2014). It is for spatial and land-use planning that the effects of
decisions upon ES provision and use are perhaps more evident and straightforward (Geneletti, 2011).
Spatial plans or strategies have an important role in relating public policies to particular places and
demonstrating that policies do not play out uniformly across a territory. Therefore they can help policy
makers understand the interaction of a given policy with the particular qualities and characteristics of
the territory where it is applied, which is a key factor for policies outcomes and effectiveness (Adams
et al., 2006). Still some authors, like von Haaren and Albert (2011), are of the opinion that spatial

planning science has failed to connect with the international ES discussion.


It is particularly important to consider ES in the European context, since some ES are crucial for
Europes economy and society. For example, Europe is likely to become more dependent on its own
ability to produce food as the global price of food increases and imports from outside the EU become
less affordable. Another example is that Europes communities place a high value on nature and on the
possibility of enjoying natural places for leisure activities (European Academies Science Advisory
Council, 2009). Moreover, the European case is relevant for analysis across different governance
levels, since it has a common supra-national governance framework that is internalized by member
states and its effects can often be traced down to the local level. As noted by Matzdorf and Meyer
(2014), the EU law is increasingly relevant in the member states, and it is difficult to find fields of

environmental law that are not influenced by it. Additionally, the resource-efficient Europe flagship
initiative, under the Europe 2020 Strategy (European Commission, 2011a), is influential for several
other EU policies, as previously mentioned. Within the wide scope of this long-term framework, Europe
is in the forefront of political commitment to ES, most notably through its EU Biodiversity Strategy 2020
(European Commission, 2011b). The Natura 2000 network and the European Landscape Convention
are also important EU-wide initiatives for safeguarding biodiversity and ES, with considerable benefits
in terms of tourism, recreation and employment (European Environment Agency, 2012). Additionally, a
multi-level analysis is relevant in light of evidence that vertical integration of SD policies within the
European Union (EU) Member States is rather weak (ESDN, nd).
6. Resultados y Discusin

ESDP states: In terms of their biological value and their natural cleaning and regulating
functions, wetlands are a valuable resource.

ESDP also states: Ecological resources should be costed in economic terms for instance
through adapted fiscal solutions. Through earnings produced in this way, each region could
open up appropriate new development opportunities, at the same time preserving the
natural heritage.

It also suggests degradation of ecosystem services as one example of headline climate


change and biodiversity issues to consider as part of SEAs.

services or benefits are sometimes associated with green infrastructure.

In terms of their biological value and their natural cleaning and regulating functions,
wetlands are a valuable resource.

"En trminos de su valor biolgico y su limpieza natural y la regulacin de las funciones, los humedales son
un recurso valioso."
Los recursos ecolgicos deben ser costeados en trminos econmicos - por ejemplo a travs de
soluciones fiscales adaptadas. A travs de las ganancias producidas de esta manera, cada regin podra
abrir nuevas oportunidades de desarrollo apropiadas, al mismo tiempo, preservar el patrimonio natural
Tambin sugiere "la degradacin de los servicios ecosistmicos" como un ejemplo de los problemas del
cambio climtico y la biodiversidad titular a considerar como parte de EAE.
"Servicios" o "beneficios" a veces se asocian con la infraestructura verde.
En trminos de su valor biolgico y su limpieza natural y la regulacin de las funciones, los humedales son
un recurso valioso.
7. Conclusiones

1) The profile drawn in this research shows a general low level of explicit ES integration in the spatial
planning and SEA policy and guidance framework, both at European level and national level in the
case of Portugal.
El objetivo de esta investigacin es elaborar un perfil sobre la integracin ES en el marco de
polticas y la orientacin europea de ordenacin del territorio y el mar. Para investigar cmo este
marco puede ser traducido a nivel nacional y sub-nacional en un pas en particular, a travs de
diferentes niveles de gobierno, tambin se analiza el marco portuguesa correspondiente.
2) Additionally, our results for Portuguese RSPs and SEA reports suggest that, in practical terms, for
the coming years ES will not be specifically targeted or integrated in regional spatial planning
practice.
3) Conducting the analysis presented in this paper for a wider scope of European policies could allow
drawing insights on the horizontal integration of the ES concept across different sectoral policies.

El perfil dibujado en esta investigacin muestra un bajo nivel general de integracin explcita ES en la planificacin
espacial y la poltica de SEA y marco de orientacin, tanto a nivel europeo como a nivel nacional en el caso de
Portugal.
Adems, nuestros resultados para los PSR portugueses e informes MAR sugieren que, en trminos prcticos, para los
prximos aos ES no sern dirigidas o integradas en la prctica regional de ordenacin del territorio en concreto.
La realizacin de los anlisis presentados en este documento para un mbito ms amplio de las polticas europeas
podra permitir elaborar puntos de vista sobre la integracin horizontal del concepto de ES a travs de diferentes
polticas sectoriales.

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