IEEJ Transactions on

Vol. No. pp.-DOI: ./ieejeiss..

Paper

Standalone Hybrid System Design for Rural Areas Electrification in

Malaysia with Windro Wind Turbine
J.J. Jamiana) Non-member,
R.N.S.R. Mukhtaruddin Non-member,
M.A. Baharudin Non-member
(Manuscript received Jan. 00, 20XX, revised May 00, 20XX)
One of the simplest solutions to electrify the rural areas without electricity due to geographical constraints is by installing a
stand-alone system. This paper presents an Iterative-Pareto (IP) technique to identify the optimal design for stand-alone windphotovoltaic-battery. The most significant analysis in this research is on the usage of real wind turbine (WT) specification, which is
the Windro Wind Turbine. Two different types of Windro Wind Turbine are considered and will be selected based on their
performance. Furthermore, the analysis also includes the additional land cost for multiple WT units. Although the implementation of
WT in Malaysia is not so reliable, from the results, it was observed that WT with larger capacity is capable in giving Pareto solutions
to the user. In addition, when higher reliability is required, the cost of WT-PV-battery is 55% to 68% lower than the stand-alone PVbattery system. Therefore, the reliability of islanded system can be achieved and total dump load can be reduced with minimum cost
by optimizing the PVs area, battery capacity and the selection of WT type and size.
Keywords : Photovoltaic, Optimal Design, Islanded System, Dump Load, Pareto Solution

the other hand, wind energy has not

a) Correspondence to: J.J. Jamian. E-mail: jasrul@fke.utm.my

Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Malaysia been
extensively utilized in
** Centre of Electrical Energy Systems, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Malaysia Malaysia due to the Malaysias wind

1. Introduction

speed that is categorized as low speed.

Some studies have investigated the capability of WT to support
the distribution system in Malaysia. Authors in [6], for example,
have conducted a study on the sizing of wind chargers for the
electrification of remote housing areas at nine coastal sites in
Malaysia. The wind charger managed to supply night lighting load
with 99% reliability. However, the cost of energy produced is too
high, if 100 percent reliability is required. Therefore, it is not
feasible to install a wind turbine system alone in Malaysia due to
its low wind speed.
Some researchers have also analysed hybrid wind, solar and
diesel based standalone network. In [7], for example, the authors
have incorporated diesel generators to the stand-alone PV-wind
system to ensure that the system is highly reliable at times when
both PV and wind could not produce enough energy to
accommodate the load demand. However, with the addition of
diesel generators the GHG emissions is produced and the total fuel
price increases. Besides that, the transportation of fuel to the rural
areas must also be considered in the cost analysis. Kaabeche et al.
in [8] conducted a case study in Algeria to analyse a hybrid PVwind-battery system to supply a residential household. An iterative
method is used to obtain the optimal size of the hybrid system.
Mustafa Engin in [9] developed a sizing procedure of a hybrid PVwind-battery system and compared it with the Turkey-grid. It is
proven that the hybrid PV-wind-battery system managed to reduce
a large amount of CO2 emission. However, both papers only
considering reliability and costs as the objective functions in their
analysis. Authors in [10] proved that the total costs of hybrid PVwind-battery system is lower than the total costs of stand-alone PV
systems. Thus, the need to hybridize both PV and wind system is

Energy demand is increasing every year due to rapid

development especially in developing countries. The growth of the
economy depends on an uninterrupted supply of energy. In
Malaysia, the electricity demand is 61208.69 GWh in the year
2000, 96366.18 GWh in the year 2009 and subsequently it reaches
up to 116427.93 GWh in 2012 [1]. This marks an increment of
57.4% within 9 years from 2000 to 2009 and 20.8% within 3 years
from 2009 to 2012. Malaysia is among those developing countries
where 99% population have an access for electricity and only 0.2
million people from rural areas are without electricity. This is due
to the high cost of transmission line from the existing power
system to the rural area.
The electricity sector in Malaysia highly depends on
conventional energy sources e.g. natural gas, coal, oil and hydro
[1]. The dependence on a particular fuel type is a future major
concern as the local gas reserves are depleting and the cost of
fossil fuels are rising. Therefore, the use of renewable energy
system (photovoltaic, wind energy, bio-mass) is a sustainable
option for electricity generation. Malaysia has an abundant
sunshine for development of solar energy which can be utilized for
future energy mix in the country. Several numbers of solar energy
project have been commissioned in Malaysia including the Small
Renewable Energy Power Programme (SREP) [2, 3] and
Malaysian Building Integrated Photovoltaic (MBIPV) Systems [4,
5] Such projects are aimed to promote the wide application of PV
system and to increase the contribution of renewable energy
sources in energy production. Therefore, the customers who
participate in this project will sell their renewable energy
electricity to the utility through the distribution grid system. On
200 The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan.

important to have a system with high reliability and minimum

cost [10-14]. The installation of wind turbine can reduce the size
of PV array because the strength of one source can overcome the
weakness of the other [15-17].
In Malaysia, a study was conducted on stand-alone hybrid PVwind-battery system for a rural housing electrification in Kuala
Terengganu. The optimization was carried out to obtain the
combination of PV-wind-battery with minimum cost [18].
However, the problem formulation made to obtain the power
generated by the wind turbine is based on average wind speed,
which makes it impractical to align the optimal results obtained
through simulation with actual condition. With the same objective
as [19], this paper proposes the use of hybrid PV-wind-battery
system to electrify rural areas in Malaysia that do not have gridconnected facility. This study will use available WT type in the
real market (Windro Wind Turbine) and did not include diesel
generator or other non-zero emission generator as an auxiliary
source because authors intend to generate clean energy with no
emission. Since Malaysia has conducted several projects and
research on stand-alone PV system for rural areas, this paper aims
to make a comparison in terms of reliability, cost and dump load
generated between stand-alone PV system with battery storage
and hybrid PV-wind-battery system. Furthermore, and the
Iterative-Pareto (IP) technique will try to identify the suitable
number and size of WT, so that the optimal configuration in
islanded system can be obtained. The additional landed cost for
multiple number of WT is also proposed in this study due to the
clearance that is required between multiple WT units.
This paper is organized as follows: Section 2 describes the
equations and technique used to calculate the power generated
and stored by the PV system, wind turbine and battery storage.
The performance indicators used are described in section 3. The
results are discussed and analysed in section 4 where
comparisons are made between hybrid PV-wind-battery system
and PV-battery system. This paper is concluded in section 5.

where,
Pr
= Wind turbines rated power
PWTG
= Wind turbines power output
vci
= Cut-in wind speed
vr
= Rated wind speed
vco
= Cut-out wind speed
* Betz law is taken into consideration - the efficiency of the wind
turbine is set to be 60%.

Fig. 1. The yearly Malaysia wind speed data.

Table 1. Windro wind turbine specifications considered.
Prated(kW)
Cut-in speed
Rated speed
Diameter(m)
30
2.5
12
12
50
2.5
12
15
However, the ability of PV in providing continuous power (in
24 hours) in an islanded system is questionable. The high cost of
PV with battery storage may be a burden for the end user if they
intend to obtain 100% reliability. Here it is also important to
investigate whether the islanded PV system should be hybridized
with a wind turbine to obtain continuous power at lower costs. A
comprehensive analysis is carried out to clarify the necessity of
the WT integration in Malaysian islanded system case study.
From the initial investigation conducted prior to this research, the
total power generated by small unit WTs could not provide a
higher reliability for cases in Malaysia. Therefore, a larger sized
WT, as shown in Table 1, is used. The cut-in speed and rated
speed for both WT are 2.5ms -1 and 12ms-1 respectively. The
performance analysis, either for with or without WT, will be
based on total power output and total cost, which includes initial
cost, maintenance cost and salvage cost.

2. Problem formulation
The selection of renewable energy farming approach depends
on the availability and the potential of the location. For example,
Malaysia have higher solar irradiation reading throughout the
year, on the other hand, the average wind speed in Malaysia is
very low as compared to the other countries. Figure 1 shows a
one year wind speed profile in Malaysia, where a monthly
average value is in the range of 1.98ms -1 to 3.28ms-1 [19]. From
the comparison between two sizes of wind turbines, it can be
observed that none of the wind speed reaches the WT rated speed
as shown in Table 1. In other words, the WT cannot produce the
rated power, and is only able to produce a certain amount of
power according to equation (1).

In this study, it is assumed that the PV area can be varied from

6m2 to 170m2 and the battery units are varied from 1 to 20 units.
Furthermore, the number of WTs listed in Table 1 is also varied
from 1 to 3 units. By using all these parameters, the optimal
design and performance will be based on three criterion, which
are:

Energy Index of Reliability (EIR)

v vci

0,

3
3
P v vci
r
3
3
PW TG
vr vci
P,
r
0,

3. Hybrid System Configuration

vci v vr
vr v vco
v vco

(1)
2

IEEJ Trans. , Vol., No.,

Total project costs

Dump load size

battery life time, the minimum allowable State of Charge (SOC)

Pbmin, is set to 10% from total PbCap as shown in equation (3).
Nb (0.1PbCap ) PbSOC Nb PbCap
(3)
where:
Nb = number of battery.
In addition, the maximum allowable charging and discharging
for the battery is 30% from its capacity in every hour, so that the
lifetime of the battery can be extended. From the output of PV,
WT and the batterys SOC level, the Energy Index Reliability
(EIR) and Expected Energy Not Supplied (EENS) can be
calculated using equation (4) and equation (5). Both indices
reflects the islanded system performance.
EENS
EIR 1
Pd
(4)

The Iterative Pareto (IP) technique is used in determining the

suitable number and size of WT, the area or size of PV, and the
size of battery for the islanded system. Figure 2 shows the
process of IP technique in this study. The combinations of all
possible configurations are generated at the 1 st part of the
analysis. Then the reliability, total cost and dump load size
analyses are conducted. For the multiple WT units (2 or 3 units),
additional landed clearance cost is added in the total cost
analysis. Finally, the Pareto analysis is done to get the best
solution. Both cases, either with or without WT, will apply the
same process in finding the best solution.

EENS Pb min PbSOC (t ) Pex (t ) U (t )

t 1

Pex (t ) PPV (t ) PW TG (t ) Pd (t )

(5)
(6)

where:
Pd = load demand during hour (t).
T = 8760 hours (in a year).
U(t) = EENS coefficient: 0 = excess power,
1 = deficit power
Pex(t) = excess power produced by the primary sources
3.2
Total project costs (TC) Table 2 shows the list of all
the values needed for the calculation of total cost obtained from
[20]. The total cost, TC ($) that includes the initial costs,
operation and maintenance costs, and deduction of the salvage
value for PV and WT unit is obtained from equation (7).

TC TC PV TCW T TC b

(7)
where,
TCPV = total cost of the PV system
TCWT = total cost of the wind turbine system
TCb = total cost of the storage batteries.
However, for the multiple WT units, there will be additional
costs due to the clearance area between the WT units. Therefore,
the initial cost for multiple WT units becomes:
TC TC PV TCW T (1 * N W T ) TCb
(8)
where,
= clearance coefficient (= 0.1*area of WT)
NWT = number of wind turbine system
Besides that, from Table 2, the life span of batteries is shorter
than the project life span. Therefore, in calculating the initial cost
of the batteries, the number of battery purchases must be
included.

Fig. 2. The flow chart for Iterative-Pareto technique to obtain the

optimal renewable energy design.
3.1 Energy Index of Reliability (EIR)
In order to
calculate the system reliability, hourly power generated by PV
and WT are required. The output of the WT is determined using
equation (1) and the power generated by PV, PPV, is shown below:
PPV G APV PV
(2)
where:
G(kW/m2) = solar irradiance
APV
= PV array area
PV = module efficiency = 16%.

3.3 Total dump load size The factor of dump load size is
influenced by the underutilized or excessive energy from the
renewable energy combination. If the battery in the system has
been fully charged, this surplus power will be dumped into the
dump load. Thus, the size of the dump load, Pdump, can be
calculated using the following formula:

Furthermore, the maximum rated capacity of each storage

battery unit, PbCap, is set to 3kW. In order to ensure a longer
3

IEEJ Trans. , Vol., No.,

Pdump Pex [ PbCap PbSOC (t 1)]

t 1

(9)
Based on these three objectives, the Pareto technique (in IP)
will be used to select the best combination of renewable energy
designed. Proper selection is required, so that the suitable number
and size of WT, PV size and battery size will not be oversized.
Besides that, the system efficiency can be improved.

Table 2. Data for Calculation of Project Cost.

System Parameters
Value
PV panel initial cost
450 $/m2
WT initial cost
100 $/m2
Battery initial cost
100 $/kW
Annual OM cost for PV
4.3 $/m2/year
Annual OM cost for WT
2.5 $/m2/year
Annual OM cost for Battery
10 $/m2/year
PV Salvage value
45 $/m2
WT Salvage value
10 $/m2
Average Inflation rate
9%
Average Interest rate
12%
Average Escalation rate
12%
Life Span of the Project
20 years
Life Span of the WT
22 years
Life Span of the PV
22 years
Life Span of the Battery
10 years

4.

Fig. 3. The Pareto solution obtained for WT-PV-battery with

considering Reliability, Total Cost and Dump Load size as
objective functions.
Although both WT types are able to give higher reliability to
the islanded system, the combination between WT and other
components are different as shown in Table 3. For WT type 1 (1 st
option), the number of WT that is allowed to be installed for
achieving Pareto solutions are 1 and 3 units. If the number of
WT type 1 is 1 unit, the areas of PV must be within 18 m 2 to 60
m2 and the number of batteries is in between 42 and 60 units. On
the other hand, when the number of WT is 3 units, the areas of
PV is at minimum value, which is 6 m 2 only. The same pattern of
result is shown for WT type 2 (2 nd option), where the PV size is
inversely proportional to the number of WT.

Results & Discussion

There are two different case studies that are discussed in this
section. First, the optimal renewable energy design (number and
size of WT, PV sizes and battery sizes) based on reliability, total
cost and size of dump load. Next, an analysis on the PV-battery
system within Malaysian environment will be discussed. Finally
the significance of WT integration within an islanded system will
be clarified by comparing both analyses in this study.

Table 3. Optimal renewable energy design to provide Pareto

solution with considering the dump load size.
RE design that give 99%
Pareto Solutio
(With WT uni
Total Pareto Point
st
1 Option
2n

4.1
Optimal WT-PV-battery designed via Iterative
Pareto Technique There are 2280 possible combinations of
renewable energy designs obtainable based on the PV ranges,
number and size of WT and battery range as mentioned in the
Sections 2 and 3. However, among these combinations, there are
only 133 renewable energy combinations that are able to give
Pareto solution with high reliability (> 99%) as shown in Figure
3. The blue circle in the figure represents the Pareto solution
obtained from WT type 1 while the green asterisk is for WT
type 2. These initial results clearly shows that both WT, when
operated with PV and battery in an islanded system, are capable
of producing optimal outcomes.

WT type

PV Range

No. of String battery

Type 1
Prated = 30 kW
Cut-in speed = 2.5 m/s
Rated speed = 12 m/s
Diameter(m) = 12 m

Ty
Prate
CutRate
Diam

If No. of WT = 1
18 m2PV area60 m2

If No
6 m2

If No. of WT = 3
PV area = 6 m2

If No
PV a

If No. of WT = 1
42 unitsStrings60 units

If No
54 u

If No. of WT = 3
57 units Strings 60 units

If No
45 u

IEEJ Trans. , Vol., No.,

USD75038.95 Total Cost USD136570.69PV as a power source to the islanded system is still questionable
especially during the night. Therefore, the investigation on
optimal hybrid PV-battery analysis is required and the result will
Average Dump Load
0.91 kW/hour to 4.10 kW/hour
be compared to the analyses in the previous sub-section. Figure 5
Size
shows the Pareto solution obtained by PV-battery analysis. Unlike
the WT-PV-battery case, the Pareto result is only in 2-Dimention.
This is due to the size of dump load result is directly proportional
However, the total cost for the combination on these two
to the result given by PV and battery. In other words, there is no
options are significantly different. For the 1 st option, the cost for
conflict between dump load size with the total cost or reliability.
20 years of renewable energy combinations are in the range of
USD 75,038 to USD 136,057. On the other hand, for the 2nd
1
option, the total cost is 11% to 35% lower than the 1 st option,
0.99
depending on the renewable energy combinations. The main
0.98
factor that caused the 1st option to have higher total cost is due to
0.97
the larger number of WT. Besides that, additional cost for land
clearance due to multiple WT units (discussed in Section 3) also
0.96
contributed to the higher cost in 1 st option. Conversely, by
0.95
comparing the average dump load size, the 1 st option provides
0.94
lower size compared to the 2nd option.
0.93
In addition, there are several Pareto solutions that provide
0.92
100% reliability to the islanded system as shown in Figure 4.
0.91
From the figure, the lowest average dump load size, which is 2.87
0.9
kW, can be obtained when one unit of WT Type 2 is installed.
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Reliability (p.u)

Total Cost for 20 years

Total Project Cost (USD)

x 10

Fig.5. The Pareto solution obtained for PV-battery analysis.

Table 4 shows the summary of the Pareto solutions given by IP

technique for PV-battery system. Since there is no additional
power provided by the WT, the maximum area for the PV is
increased up to 200m2 and the number of batteries is up to 60
units. From the result, the total number of Pareto points that have
higher than 99% reliability are 33 solutions. The size of PV area
must be within 87 m2 to 177 m2, with the combination of battery
in the range of 57 strings to 60 strings. Similar to previous
analysis, the PV-battery combination is also able to get 100%
reliability. However, the PV area needs to be 177m 2 and the
number of battery strings is 60 units. At this condition, the
average dump load size is 4.27kW/h.

Table 4. Optimal PV-Battery design for islanded distribution

system.
RE design that give 99% R
Pareto Solutions
Total Pareto Points =

Fig. 4: Six Pareto Solutions that provide 100 percent

Reliability.
However, the total project cost is higher than the other options
(due to number of batteries and PV area). On the other hand, the
lowest project cost is obtained when 2 unit of WT Type 2 with
6m2 of PV area is used, but the dump load size is very large.
Therefore, depending on the customers requirement, all the
Pareto solutions obtained in this analysis can be used as optimal
renewable energy design.
4.2
Comparison of proposed solution with optimal
Hybrid PV-battery system PV has become one of the most
suitable renewable energy sources in Malaysia mainly due to high
solar irradiations throughout the year. However, the reliability of
5

PV Range

87 m2 PV area 177 m2

No. of String Battery

57 units Strings 60 units

Total Cost for 20

Years
100% Reliability

USD148706.34 Total Cost USD275776

PV area = 177 m2
No. of String Battery = 60 units
Total Cost = USD275776.69
Average Dump Load Size = 4.27 kW/h
IEEJ Trans. , Vol., No.,

References
Although it is possible to achieve 100% reliability from the
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cost (more than 50% reduction) for a total project life of 20 years.
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low, the hybridization with larger WT is still required to
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Acknowledgement

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The researchers would like to express their appreciation to the

University Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) for supporting this work
through RUG Grant (10J94) and Ministry of Higher Education
(MOHE) for funding this research.

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Raja Nur Syazana Raja Mukhtaruddin (Non-Member) completed her

Master of Engineering (Electrical-Power) at Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia in 2010. She is presently undergoing her Doctoral program at
the same university. Her research interests are in renewable energy
systems and power systems engineering.

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64, pp. 242-249, 2015.
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Muhammad Ariff Baharudin (Non-Member) completed his Master of

Engineering (Electrical-Communination) at Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia ans Shibaura Institute of Technology (SIT), Tokyo Japan in
2011. He is presently undergoing his Doctoral program at the same
university. His research interests are in communication, renewable energy
systems and power systems engineering.

Jasrul Jamani Bin Jamian (Non-Member) He

obtained his B. Eng. (Hons) in Electrical
Engineering (2008), M. Eng. (2010) and PhD
(2013) in Electrical (Power) from Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru,
Malaysia. His current research interests include
power system optimization, power system stability,

IEEJ Trans. , Vol., No.,