Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
st
Edition
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CHAPTER 01
Number systems are classified into Real numbers and
Complex Numbers.
Real Numbers are further classified into rational and irrational
numbers.
Learn How to Differentiate between a rational and an
irrational number in both ways:
i) by their definitions and ii) in the form of decimals.
Numbers with non-zero Real part and zero or non-zero imaginary part are
called complex Numbers and Each Real number is a complex number with its
imaginary part zero. Means that for a number to be complex , its real part
should be non-zero while imaginary part may or may not be zero. On the
other hand , Numbers whose imaginary parts are always non-zero and Real
parts are always zero are called Imaginary Numbers. For example : " 2+3i " is
a complex number but not an Imaginary number but " 3i " is an Imaginary
number and also a complex number. So , Each Imaginary number is a
complex number but each complex number is not an imaginary number.
Similarly , Each Real number is a complex number but no Real number can
be Imaginary number. Sometimes Imaginary numbers are also named as
pure complex numbers.
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CHAPTER 02
Following are the key points that should be kept in mind
while preparing this chapter for Entry Test.
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CHAPTER 03
"Following are the key points that should be kept in mind while
preparing for Entry Test.
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if A and B both are symmetric matrices then A+B, A-B are always
symmetric.
If A and B are symmetric matrices and AB=BA, then AB is also
symmetric.
If A is symmetric matrix, then all +ve even integral powers of A are also
symmetric.
i.e
A, A4, A6,.... are symmetric.
If A is skew symmetric matrix then,
A, A4, A6,... are symmetric
and
A3, A5, A7,... are skew symmetric.
Sum of the principal Diagonal Elements in a square matrix is called
TRACE.
If a matrix becomes ZERO when raised to higher Powers , It is called
Nill-Potent Matrix.
The Trace of a square Nill-Potent Matrix is always Zero.
If a matrix becomes identity matrix when raised to higher powers then
it is named as Idem-Potent Matrix.
Study Page-130 of text book.
DETERMINANTS:
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SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS
HOMOGENEOUS SYSTEM:-
a1x+b1y+c1z = 0
a2x+b2y+c2z = 0
a3x+b3y+c3z = 0
If, |A| = 0 , system will have infinite solutions( NonTrivial), system will be consistent (having solution).
If, |A| 0 , system will have only one solution(Trivial
Solution).
NON-HOMOGENEOUS SYSTEM:-
a1x+b1y+c1z = k1
a2x+b2y+c2z = k2
a3x+b3y+c3z = k3
If |A| = 0, system will have infinite solutions or no
solution.
If, |A| 0 , system will have only one
solution(Unique Solution) and system will be
consistent.
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CHAPTER 04
Given,
ax2+bx+c = 0
Example
1
x+7x+12=0 has roots -3 and -4 & 12x+7x+1=0 has roots
1
and
4
8) In standard form of a quadratic equation , if 'b=0' and 'a is not
zero' the Quadratic Equation is called PURE quadratic
equation.
9) The co-efficient of the terms equidistant from beginning and
end are equal in Reciprocal Equations that are reducible to
quadratic equations.
10)
While solving a radical equation we first get a radicalfree equation and then solve this radical-free equation. Every
solution of Radical-free equation is not necessarily solution of
original radical equation but each solution of original radical
equation is necessarily a solution of radical-free equation.
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CUBE ROOTS:-
Number
Cube Roots
1
1, ,
-1
-1, - , -
8
2, 2, 2
-8
-2, -2, -2
27
3, 3, 3
So Cube Roots of any number say n will be: (n)1/3= m, m,
m
1+ 3
1 3
=
=
2
2
(These values are interchangeable)
Sum of any cube Roots is 0.
Product of Cube Roots of n is n.
If you have to solve any power of then simply divide the
power by 3 and check remainder. It will become the power
of . 3 =1
If u see such question: 56=?
just divide the power of by 3 and solve the to the
remainder power.
In our case.
56/3
Remainder: 2
is answer.
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FOURTH ROOTS:-
Number
Fourth Roots
1
1, -1, i, -i
16
2, -2, 2i, -2i
81
3, -3, 3i, -3i
625
5, -5, 5i, -5i
So Fourth Roots of any number say n will be:
(n)1/4= m, -m, mi, -mi
Sum of any fourth roots is 0.
Product of fourth roots of n is -n.
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Judgment of Roots of Any Equation:If an equation and its roots are given in MCQ, then you can simply
check your answer by putting the roots in the equation instead of
solving the equation. The roots of the equation satisfy the
equation.
Example:-
6 and -2 are the roots of given equation. If we put these roots in the
equation, it will satisfy the equation.
x=6: 2(6)-8(6)-24 = 0
x=-2: 2(-2)-8(-2)-24= 0 Both 6 and -2 satisfy the equation.
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CHAPTER 05
Put x=0 in the question and check what value is coming(Note this
value). If 0/0 form is becoming by putting x=0 then put x=1,2 or 3
etc. and note the value.
Now put that value of x in the options of MCQ for which you have
noted the value in 1st step and evaluate. For one option, the value
will match with the value of the question you calculated. It will be
the answer.
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CHAPTER 6
Learn all the formulas of this chapter by heart. This chapter is considered
very important for entry test of different universities. You should be very
quick to judge the type of sequence and which will be the next term.
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CHAPTER 7
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Important MCQs
1. If there are n people in a party,
Total number of Handshakes = nC2
2. In n sided polygon, total number of triangles possible = nC3
3. In n sided polygon, number of diagonals = nC2-n
4. If there are n teams and each team will face every other only once
then total number of matches = nC2
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CHAPTER 8
Look Exercise 8.1. The Questions are like this:
1. 1+5+9+.+(4n-3) = n(2n-1)
2. 1+3+5+.+(2n-1) = n and so on..
On the right side of equality, the formulas of Sum of series are given
and to the left side of equality nth term/General Term of series is given.
In Question 1, nth term is (4n-3) and formula for sum of series is n(2n1).
an= (4n-3)
Sn = n(2n-1)
Given is a1=1, a2=5 and a3=9.
Now if you put n= 1,2 and 3 in a n you will get 1,5 and 9 respectively.
a1=[4(1)-3]=1
a2=[4(2)-3]=5
a3=[4(3)-3]=9
If you put n=1 in Sn, you will get the first term as it is. S1=a1
S1= 1[2(1)-1]= 1
If you put n=2 in Sn, you will get the sum of first two terms of series.
S2=a1+a2
S2= 2[2(2)-1]= 6
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If you put n=3 in Sn, you will get the sum of first three terms of the
series. S3= a1+a2+a3
S3= 3{2(3)-1]= 15
I hope this is clear to you. Now in MCQs , they will give you left side of the
question and you have to guess the right side from the options.
Example:-
1x3+2x5+3x7+..+nx(2n+1)= ?
a)
+1 (+2)
3
b)
+1 (4+5)
3
c)____ d)_____
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|3x|< 1 |x|< 3
3
3-2(1+3x)-2 Now,
|3x|< 1 |x|< 4
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Example:2sin =?
a. cos 3 b. sin 3 c. tan 3 d. cot 3
Now put =30 in 2sin =2sin30=2(1/2)= 1 Note it
Now put =30 in all options
Cos3 =cos3(30)=cos90= 0
sin3 =sin3(30)=sin90= 1
tan3 =sin3 /cos3 =1/0=Undefined
cot3 =cos3 /sin3 =0/1=0
So, right option is b. 2sin =sin3
This trick is very helpful. Specially in 9.3 9.4 and 10.3,10.4 also in chapter 13,14.
Where a long equation come to solve practice it. But remember the domain and
try it that a function should not become undefined as tan90 and cot0 etc.
Otherwise if in equation there come only sine and cos functions, solutions with
90,0 is more easy. Practice it maximum.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
tan x + tan(180-x) = 0
cot x + cot(180-x) = 0
sin x sin(180-x) = 0
cos x sin(90-x) = 0
sin x cos (90-x) = 0
cos x + cos(180-x) = 0
sin+cos=1 if += 90
sin n = 0
cos n= (-1)n n Z
11. cos(2n+1) = 0
2
12. tan n= 0
13. cot n=
14. tan(2n+1) =
2
15. cot(2n+1) = 0
2
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Frequency =
e.g.,
y = 3 sin 4x
Comparing it with eq. 1,
A=3 and B=4
We know the Domain of sinx is R(All real numbers), Range is [-1,1] and
Period is 2. So, for y=3sin4x
Domain =
=R
2
4
Frequency =
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3
2
3
4. r = 2
5. R =
6. r1 = r2 = r3 =
3
2
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Example:r:R:r1=?
Put the values from above
:
3
:
3
3
2
Multiply by 2 3
a : 2a : 3a
a will be cancelled
1:2:3
So,
r : R : r1 = 1 : 2 : 3
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CHAPTER 1
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CONCEPT OF INTERVALS:-
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There are many functions given in chapter 1. You have to determine their
domains and ranges. For few functions, it is very easy but for few functions
it is very difficult task.
For few functions there are some tricks to find Domain & Range which I have
discussed below.
1
2 2
In case of fractions, you have to see that for which value of x, you are getting 0 in the
denominator. Subtract this value from R. It will be your domain. e.g. If I put x=1 in above
function then denominator will become 2(1)-2=0 and hence our function will be
undefined. So, I cannot put x=0. I can put everything except 0 and function will give
some definite value. S, the domain of above function becomes:
Domain: {R-0}
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4. y=
In case of square root function, you have to check for which value of variable, you are
getting ve sign in square root as it yields iota. Those values of variable, for which we
get iota, will not be included in the domain.
f(x) = ax+bx+c
a0
MCQ:
What is the range of f(x)= x+2x+2
a) R
b) *0,+)
2
2(1)
c) *1, +)
d) (-,1+
= -1 put it in f(x)
f(x) = f( ) = f(-1) = 1
2
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RATIONAL FUNCTION
f(x) = +
Domain = R- { }
Range = R- { }
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SYMMETRY OF FUNCTIONS
To check which function is symmetric about x-axis, put (x,-y) in
place of (x,y), if no change occur in the original function, then this
function is symmetric about x-axis.
To check which function is symmetric about y-axis, put (-x,y) in
place of (x,y), if no change occur in the original function, then this
function is symmetric about y-axis.
To check which function is symmetric about origin , put (-x,-y) in
place of (x,y), if no change occur in the original function, then this
function is symmetric about origin.
Examples:
1) y = x+3
Put (-x,y) in place of (x,y)
(y)=(-x)2+3
y=x+3
No change occur, this is symmetric about y-axis
2) y+x = 25
put (-x,-y) in place of (x,y)
(-y)2+(-x)2=25
y2+x2=25
no change occur, this is symmetric about origin.
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L-HOSPITAL RULE: If you find any limit problem, first of all try to put the value and solve it.
0
Examples:-
(a)
(b)
(c)
(a)
By applying limit we come to know that this is a 0/0 indeterminate form so lets just
apply LHospitals Rule. The derivative of sinx is cosx and derivative of x is 1.
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(b)
In this case we also have a 0/0 indeterminate form so apply LHospitals Rule.
(c)
We know that its the indeterminate form
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Just Multiply the second term and power. It will become the power
of e.
3
2
5
3
= 5/2.
So,
lim 0 1 +
3 5/3
2
= 5/2
POINTS TO REMEMBER:
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COMPOSITION OF FUNCTION:
fog(x) = f[g(x)]
fog gof
fof-1(x) = f-1of(x) = x Identity
f3(x) = fofof(x) = f(f(f(x)))
POINTS TO REMEMBER:
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CHAPTER 2
y = f(x) (Function)
y+y = f(x+x)
y=f(x+x) - f(x)
f(x+x) f(x)
lim 0
= lim
f(x+x) f(x)
DIFFERENT NAMES OF
Derivative of f(x)
Slope of Tangent
Instantaneous Rate of change
Derived function of f(x)
Differential Co-efficient of f(x)
Gradient of f(x)
Rate of change
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PARTIAL DERIVATIVES
A partial derivative of a function of several variables is its derivative with respect
to one of those variables, with the others held constant (as opposed to the total
derivative, in which all variables are allowed to vary). For example, If I have a
function like z = f(x,y) and I want to find derivative of the function w.r.t y only,
then I will assume that x is constant.
NOTATION:
..
Example:
= 2y + 2x
Thats it..
Some other symbols are also used for it. You should be familiar
with that.
= Fx
= Fy
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IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION:-
is:
= (1) Fx / Fy
Example:Find
if f(x,y) = xy + x + yx + y = 0
= (1) Fx / Fy
=-
2 +2+
+2 +2
Answer.
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+
+
f(x)
=
( + )
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Example:
y = x10+x+2 ; Find y11
y11 will be zero.
2) If y = ex then all higher derivatives will be same.
3) If y = eax then yn = aneax
4) If y = ax
then yn = ax.(lna)n
7) If y = lnx
If n is odd then yn = (n-1)! / x
n
If n is even then yn = -(n-1)! / x
n
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CRITICAL POINTS
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CHAPTER 3
Guessing Answer from the options:-
If the upper and lower limits of integration are additive inverse of each
other i.e. their sum is zero then check the integrant function:
If function is odd then no need to evaluate the integral, its answer
will be zero.
2
= 0
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Now cosx is even. Now I will change the limits and Multiply the integral
by 2 and I will get the answer. The thing you need to focus here is to
change the limits. Given limits are [ to + and I am changing them
with *0 to + and multiply by 2.
2x
+y
=5
MCQ
What is the order and degree of following Differential Equation?
5(
1/3
)
3/2
)
- x(
=0
First do simplification,
5( )1/3 = x ( )3/2
Take square on both sides
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5( )2/3 = x( )3
Now take cube on both sides
(5)(
) = x6 (
9
)
SOLUTION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION:An equation involving dependent and independent variables that satisfy the
differential equation.
GENERAL SOLUTION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION:A solution of differential equation which contains as many arbitrary constants as
order of Differential Equation.
PARTICULAR SOLUTION:If order of Differential Equation > No. of Arbitrary Constants in solution
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CHAPTER 4
Consider Two Points A (x1,y1) & B (x2,y2)
d=|AB|=
+ ( )
Distance between Point and Line:Consider a line ax+by+c = 0 & a point P(x1,y1), then;
Distance b/w point and line =
| 1+ 1+|
+
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|c1c2|
+
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1
1
2
2
Parallel: m1=m2
Not-Parallel(Intersecting): m1 m2
1
Co-Incident: 2 =
1
2
1
2
Perpendicular: m1.m2 = -1
1 1
2 2
3 3
1
2 = 0
3
1
1
1
2 3
2 3 = 0
2 3
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1+2+3
1+2+3
3
In-Center:
++
++
++
++
HOMOGENEOUS EQUATION
Constant = 0
+ve integral degree of each term equal
e.g. x3+xy+y3=0
Proper: If f(x,y) = 0 and f(tx,ty) = tn f(x,y) then f(x,y) is
homogeneous.
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2
+
The coordinates of 3 vertices of a rectangle are (5,7) (2,-2) and (8,4) the
forth vertex ?????
Just draw a simple graph and plot these points and join them by a line.
You will easily know about the position of fourth vertex. Similar
technique can be applied for Triangle.
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CHAPTER 5
What is an Equation?
An equation in two variables defines a path, line, parabola or
something else.
What is Inequality?
An equality in two variables defines a region whose boundary is
defined by the associated equation of that inequality.
Inequality: x-y 1 Associated Equation: x-y =1
Keep in mind,
Region defined by one inequality has never a corner point.
Two or more inequalities may have or may not have a
corner point.
BOUNDED REGION:
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CONCAVE & CONVEX REGION: If the line joining any 2 points of the region lie entirely in the region
then it is convex region.
If the line joining any 2 points of the region does not lie entirely in the
region then it is concave region.
Region defined by one inequality is always convex.
Region defined by linear inequalities is convex but region defined by
Quadratic or high degree inequalities may or may not be convex.
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IMPORTANT POINTS:-
1) X=c is a vertical line. x>c : Right half open. xc : Right half closed
2) Y=c is a horizontal line. y<c : Lower half open. yc : Lower half closed.
3) ax+by=c is a slant straight line. ax+by>c: Upper ax+by<c: Lower
4) x+y 0 x+y = 0 If, 00, origin test fails. Choose any other point.
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CHAPTER 6
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CHAPTER 7
The solution of vector product is comparatively tough. Determinant
method and other method are very long.
As we know the result of vector product is also a vector and its
perpendicular.
So in mcq we can take dot product of any one given vector to the
option. The option in which we get 0 result is the right answer as both
are perpendicular i.e. =90 and Cos90 = 0
Example:Given Force F = 2i + j - 3k acting at a point A(1,-2,1). Find moment of
force about point B(2,0,-2)
A) 3i+4j+3k b) 3i+3j+5k c) ans3i+3j+3k d) none
As we know Torque = r x F
Now r is not given in this question. So if you try to solve the MCQ by
determinant method, then first you have to find r and then solve. But it
is very time consuming. So, do the following to guess the right option.
Take dot products of Force with options A , B and C.
For A) 1
For B) -6
For B) 0
so c is the answer
This technique can be applied on every cross product .
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LOGARITHMS
There are 1-2 questions of log in ECAT. So, you should revise its basic concepts.
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1. Logarithm:
If a is a positive real number, other than 1 and am = x,
then we write:
m = logax and we say that the value of log x to the
base a is m.
Examples:
(i). 103 1000
log10 1000 = 3.
(ii). 34 = 81
(iii). 2-3 =
log3 81 = 4.
log2
1
8
= -3.
log(.1) .01 = 2.
2. Properties of Logarithms:
1. loga (xy) = loga x + loga y
2. loga
x
y
= loga x - loga y
3. logx x = 1
4. loga 1 = 0
5. loga (xn) = n(loga x)
6. loga x =
7. loga x =
1
logx a
logb x
logb a
log x
.
log a
3. Common Logarithms:
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654.24
0.6453
26.649
0.06134 2
8.3547
0.00123 3
Mantissa:
The decimal part of the logarithm of a number is known is
its mantissa. For mantissa, we look through log table.
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A.
log10 10 = 1
B.
log (2 + 3) = log (2 x 3)
C.
log10 1 = 0
D.
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
(a) Since loga a = 1, so log10 10 = 1.
(b) log (2 + 3) = log 5 and log (2 x 3) = log 6 = log 2 +
log 3
log (2 + 3)
log (2 x 3)
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2.
If log
a
b
+ log
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A.
a+b=1
B.
a-b=1
C.
a=b
D.
a2 - b2 = 1
a
b
+ log
b
a
= log (a + b)
log (a + b) = log
a
b
b
a
= log 1.
So, a + b = 1.
3.
A.
- (1 + a)
1
70
is equal to:
B.
a
C.
10
(1 + a)-1
1
D.
10a
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Explanation:
log10
1
70
= log10 1 - log10 70
= - log10 (7 x 10)
= - (log10 7 + log10 10)
= - (a + 1).
B.
C.
D.
10
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5(5x + 1) = 10(x + 5)
5x + 1 = 2x + 10
3x = 9
x = 3.
5.
The value of
1
log3 60
1
log4 60
1
log5 60
A.
B.
C.
D.
60
is:
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6.
If logx
=16
A.
B.
4
81
C.
4
256
D.
256
81
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
9
logx
1
=-
16
9
-1/2
=
16
9
=
16
16
x=
9
16 2
x=
9
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256
x=
81
7.
If ax = by, then:
A.
log
a
b
log a
C.
log b
x
y
log a
B.
log b
x
y
y
x
D.
None of these
y
x
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210
B.
2100
C.
21000
D.
210000
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
log
x = 210.
x = 10
logx y = 100
y = x100
y = (210)100
[put value of x]
y = 21000.
C.
8
8
B.
D.
16
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Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Let log2 16 = n.
Then, 2n = 16 = 24
n = 4.
log2 16 = 4.
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Remember this:
(A5)= [A(A+1)25]
Examples:-