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2.1 Introduction
The analysis and design of a structural member may be
regarded as the process of selecting the proper materials and
determining the member dimensions such that the design
strength is equal or greater than the required strength.
The required strength is determined by multiplying the actual
applied loads, the dead load, the assumed live load, and other
loads, such as wind, seismic, earth pressure, fluid pressure,
snow, and rain loads, by load factors. These loads develop
external forces such as bending moments, shear, torsion, or
axial forces depending on how these loads are applied to the
structure.
In proportioning reinforced concrete structural members,
three main items can be investigated:
1. The safety of the structure, which is maintained by
providing adequate internal design strength.
2. Deflection of the structural member under service loads.
The maximum value of deflection must be limited and is
usually specified as a factor of the span, to preserve the
appearance of the structure.
3. Control of cracking conditions under service loads. Visible
cracks spoil the appearance of the structure and also
permit humidity to penetrate the concrete, causing
corrosion of steel and consequently weakening the
reinforced concrete member. The ACI Code implicitly limits
crack widths 0.40 mm for interior members and 0.33 mm
for exterior members. Control of cracking is achieved by
adopting and limiting the spacing of the tension bars.
In this section, it is assumed that a small transverse load is
placed on a concrete beam with tensile reinforcing and that the
load is gradually increased in magnitude until the beam fails. As
this takes place, the beam will go through three distinct stages
before collapse occurs. These are:
1) the uncracked concrete stage,
2) the concrete crackedelastic stresses stage, and
3) the ultimate-strength stage.
A relatively long beam is considered for this discussion so
that shear will not have a large effect on its behavior.
Chapter Two
Flexural Analysis of Beams
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Chapter Two
Flexural Analysis of Beams
Chapter Two
Flexural Analysis of Beams
Chapter Two
Flexural Analysis of Beams
FIGURE 2.4 Momentcurvature diagram for reinforced concrete beam with tensile re
Chapter Two
Flexural Analysis of Beams
less than the cracking moment of the section and Ig is the gross
moment of inertia of the cross section:
f
My
Ig
M cr =f cr .
where
f cr=0.62 f
Ig
y
(2-1a)
and, but
S=
S=
Ig
yt
bh 2
6
(2-1b)
Example 2.1
a) Assuming the concrete is uncracked, compute the
bending stresses in the extreme fibers of the beam of
Figure 2.5 for a bending moment of 30 kN.m. The
normal-weight concrete has an f`c of 28 MPa.
b) Determine the cracking moment of the section .
375 mm
450 mm
3 #29 bars
(As=1935 mm2)
75 mm
300 mm
Solution:
Example 2.2
a) If the T-beam shown is uncracked, calculate the stress
in the concrete at the top and bottom extreme fibers
under a positive bending moment of 118 kN.m.
University of Kufa\Civil Eng.
Chapter Two
Flexural Analysis of Beams
= 270 mm
530 mm
675 mm
bw = 300 mm
Es
Ec
(2-3)
Chapter Two
Flexural Analysis of Beams
For the beam of Figure 2.6, the steel bars are replaced with
an equivalent area of fictitious concrete (nAs), which supposedly
can resist tension. This area is referred to as the transformed
area. The resulting revised cross section or transformed section
is handled by the usual methods for elastic homogeneous
beams.
Chapter Two
Flexural Analysis of Beams
Example 2.3
Calculate the bending stresses in
the beam shown in Figure 2.7 by
using the transformed area method,
f`c= 21MPa, n = 9, and M = 90kN.m.
425 mm
500 mm
3 #29 bars
(As = 1935 mm2)
75 mm
Solution:
300 mm
300
mm
x
425
nAs
=17415 mm2
425
mm
-x
Example 2.4
Determine the allowable resisting moment of the beam of
Example 2.3, if the allowable stresses are fc = 0.45 f`c = 9.45
MPa and fs = 140 MPa for Grade 50 (fy = 350 MPa) .
Solution:
Example 2.5
For the simply supported beam shown its reinforced by 4#25
bars (fy=420 MPa), the concrete strength ( f'c =21 MPa).
Evaluate the following:
University of Kufa\Civil Eng.
Chapter Two
Flexural Analysis of Beams
420 mm
4m
Solution:
150 mm
x
Example 2.6
Compute the bending stresses in
the beam shown in Figure 2.10 by
using the transformed-area method;
n = 8 and M = 150 kN.m.
University of Kufa\Civil Eng.
575 mm
575 - x
4 # 32
As = 3276 mm2
75 mm
Chapter Two
Flexural Analysis of Beams
Solution:
Example 2.7
Calculate the bending stresses in the concrete and the
reinforcing steel, using the transformed area method: f`c =
21MPa, normal-weight concrete, n = 9, M = 345 kN.m.
bf = 1500 mm
hf = 125 mm
As = 6#25 bars
d = 700 mm
bw = 300 mm
Solution:
bf = 1500 mm
hf = 125 mm
nAs = 27540 mm2
d = 700 mm
bw = 300 mm
Chapter Two
Flexural Analysis of Beams
350 mm
2 # 29
(As` = 1290 mm2)
435 - x
4 # 29
500 mm
370 mm
350 mm
Solution:
Chapter Two
Flexural Analysis of Beams
Chapter Two
Flexural Analysis of Beams
d = 575mm
600 mm
3 # 29
(As = 1935 mm2)
75 mm
b = 350 mm
Example 2.10
Calculate the nominal or theoretical ultimate moment strength
of the beam section shown in Figure 2.13, if fy = 400 MPa and
f`c = 20 MPa. The 150 mm wide ledges on top are needed for
the support of precast concrete slabs.
150 mm 150 mm 150 mm
150 mm
600 mm
375 mm
4 # 29
(As = 2580 mm2)
75 mm
450 mm
Chapter Two
Flexural Analysis of Beams
22500
mm2
150 mm
a = 233 mm
37498 mm2
3 7 4 98
8 3mm
450
450 mm