Ch07 Transformers

Chapter 8
Transformers
Artemio P. Magabo
Professor of Electrical Engineering
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute

University of the Philippines - Diliman
Direct Current Power System

The first DC Power System was the Pearl Street
Station, built by Thomas Edison in New York City in
1882.
q
Steam engine coupled to a 110volt Direct Current (DC) generator
Underground cable system
All loads were incandescent bulbs
59 customers within an area 1.5

km in radius
Alternating Current System

The first AC system was built by William Stanley,
an associate of George Westinghouse, at Great
Barrington, Massachusetts in 1886.
q
First commercial application of transformers
Loads consisted of 150 lamps
AC System vs. DC System

DC System
AC System
Voltage transformation
Power delivery is limited made possible transport
of electric energy over
to short distances
long distances
Limited power capacity
Generation capacity can

be built to fully utilize
available resources
Problems with voltage

drop and losses
Smaller losses and

voltage drops
Transformers in AC Systems
q Generation
nGenerating
Plant
q Transmission
nTransmission Substation
nTransmission Lines
nSub-transmission Lines
Primary
Distribution
Feeder
Distribution
Transformer
q Distribution
nPower Substation
nPrimary Distribution Feeders
nDistribution Transformers
nSecondary Distribution Feeders and Services
Power Substation
High Voltage:
500, 230 or 138 kV
Low Voltage:
115 or 69 kV
Distribution Substation
High Voltage:
69 kV
Low Voltage:
13.8 kV
Distribution Transformers
High Voltage:
13.8 kV
Low Voltage:
220 V
Two-Winding Transformer
Consider the two coils shown. Coil 1, which is
connected to a voltage source, draws a very small
exciting current that produces the magnetic flux ()
that links both coils.
Magnetic Flux
iex
i2= 0
vs
e1
-
N1
N2
e2
Iron Core
Note: In an ideal transformer, iex = 0.

From Faraday s Law, voltages are induced in coils 1

and 2. The induced voltages are
and
d
e1 = N1
dt
d
e2 = N2
dt
Dividing the equations, we get
e1
N1
=
e2
N2
Note: In an ideal transformer, the ratio of the
induced voltages is equal to the ratio of turns.
If coil 2 is connected to a load, it will supply a load

current i2 that will tend to reduce the magnetic
flux. Coil 1 delivers an added current i1 such that
or
N1i1 = N2i2
i1
N2
=
i2
N1
(balanced ampere-turns)
vs
i1+iex
i2
e1
-
N1
Primary
N2
e2
-
vL
-
Secondary
Note: In an ideal transformer, the ratio of the

currents is equal to the inverse of the ratio of turns.
Ideal Transformer
1. Coils 1 and 2 have no resistance.
2. There are no leakage fluxes in coils 1 and 2.
3. The resistance loss in the iron core is zero.
4. The permeability of the iron is infinite. Thus,
the exciting current (iex) is zero.
i1
+
vs
e1
-
i2
+
vL
e2
iron core
Equivalent Circuit
The equivalent circuit, with sinusoidal excitation, is
shown below.
VS
+
I1
E1
E2
I2
ZL VL
-
N1 N2
Assuming the transformer is ideal, we get the
phasor equations
E1
N1
=
N2
E2
and
I1
N2
=
N1
I2
Solving for E1 and I1, we get
N1
E1 = E2
N2
and
N2
I1 =
I2
N1
Take the conjugate of I1 and multiply. We get
or

N1
N2
E1I1* = E2 I2 *
N2
N1

E1 I1 * = E2 I2 *
which means P1 + jQ1 = P2 + jQ2

Note: Input P and Q are transferred to the load.
Dividing E1 by I1, we get
2
N1
E1
=
I1
N2
E2
I2
E2
From the diagram, we note that ZL =
I2
Substitution gives
2
N1
E1
= ZL
I1
N2
Notes: In an ideal transformer, a load impedance ZL

is seen at the primary side as ZL times the square of
the turns ratio.
ZL has been referred to the primary side
Example: Find the power P and reactive power Q

supplied by the source. The load draws 10 kW at
0.9 pf lag at a voltage of 220 V RMS.
0.24+j0.32
VS
VL
Load
Let VL = 2200o V, the reference phasor

Load:
PL = 10,000 watts
QL = PL tan(cos1 0.9) = 4,843 vars
*
From PL + jQL = VL I, we get
PL jQL
10,000 j4,843
I=
=
*
220
VL
= 45.45 j22.02
= 50.51 25.84 A
From KVL, we get

VS = (0.24 + j0.32)I + VL
o
= 20.227.29 + 2200
= 237.95 + j9.26 = 238.132.23o V

The power supplied by the source is
*
PS + jQS = VS I
= (238.132.23o )(50.5125.84o )
= 12,02728.07o = 10,612 + j5,660
Thus, Ps=10,612 watts and Qs=5,660 vars.
Note: The power loss in the feeder is
PLoss = I2R F = 50 .512 (0.24) = 612 watts

Consider the case when two transformers are used
to supply the load. Assume that the transformers
have a voltage ratio of 7,967 volts to 230 volts.
The equivalent circuit is shown below.

T1
VS
+
-
Is
0.24+j0.32
+
EX
-
T2
EY
IL
IDEAL
Load
10 kW
0.9PF lag
220 V
IDEAL
At the load, let VL = 2200o V, the reference.

With PL=10,000 watts, we computed previously
QL = 4,843 vars
IL = 50 .51 25 .84 o A
At the high-voltage side of transformer T2, we get
7,967
EY =
VL = 7,6210o V
230
230
I =
IL = 1.46 25.84o A
7,967
From KVL, we get

EX = (0.24 + j0.32)I + EY
= 0.5827.29o + 7,6210o
= 7,621.13 + j0.27 7,621.130o V
At the source side, we get for transformer T1
230
VS =
EX 220.020o V
7,967
o
IS = 50.51 25.84 A
The power supplied by the source is
*
PS + jQS = VS IS
= (220.020o )(50.5125.84o )
= 11,11225.84o
= 10,000.5 + j4,844
Note: Power loss in the feeder is 0.5 watts only.

Comments:
1. The current in the feeder is reduced from
50.51 amps to 1.46 amps.
2. The voltage at the source is reduced from
238.13 volts to 220.02 volts.
3. In both cases, the power delivered to the load
is 10 kW. However, the power supplied by the
source is reduced from 10,612 watts to
10,000.5 watts.
4. In both cases, the reactive power delivered to
the load is 4,843 Vars. However, the reactive
power supplied by the source is reduced from
5,660 vars to 4,844 vars.
Example: Find the P and Q supplied by the source.

The transformer turns ratio is 2:1.The load
impedance is ZL=8+j6. Assume Vs = 2200o V
Z1=1.6+j1.2 2:1 Z2=0.3+j0.4
VS
I1
I2
ZL
IDEAL
Refer impedances Z2 and ZL to the primary side.
Z2 ' = 22(0.3 + j0.4) = 1.2 + j1.6
ZL ' = 22(8 + j6) = 32 + j24

Equivalent circuit referred to the primary side

Z1=1.6+j1.2
VS
Z2
I1
ZL
The total impedance seen by the source is
ZTOT = Z1 + Z2 '+ZL '

= 1.6 + j1.2 + 1.2 + j1.6 + 32 + j24
= 34.8 + j26.8 = 43.9237.6o

The current at the primary side
Vs
2200o
o
I1 =
=
=
5
.
01
37
.
6
A
o
ZTOT 43.9237.6
P and Q supplied by the source
*
Ps + jQs = Vs I1
= (2200o )(5.0137.6o )
o
= 110237.6 = 873 + j672

Thus, Ps=873 watts and Qs=672 vars.
Alternative Solution: Refer impedance Z1 and the

voltage source Vs to the secondary side. From
2
VS = [NS / NP ] VP and ZS = [NS / NP ] ZP
o
Vs ' = 1100 V
we get
Z1' = 0.4 + j0.3

Equivalent circuit referred to the secondary side
Z1
VS '
I2
Z2
ZL
The total impedance seen by the source is
Z'TOT = Z1'+Z2 + ZL
= 8.7 + j6.7 = 10.9837.6o
The current in the secondary side
Vs '
1100
o
I2 =
=
=
10
.
02
37
.
6
A
o
Z'TOT 10.9837.6
P and Q supplied by the source
*
Ps '+ jQs ' = Vs ' I2 = (1100o )(10.0237.6o )
o
= 110237.6 = 873 + j672

Example: A single-phase transformer has the

following nameplate rating:
50 KVA, 7620 V - 230 V
Find the primary and secondary currents when the
transformer is supplying its rated KVA at 230 volts.
At the high-voltage (primary) side,
50,000
IH =
= 6.56 A RMS
7620
At the low-voltage (secondary) side,
50,000
IX =
= 217.4 A RMS
230
End of lecture
Maximum Power Transfer

Consider the circuit shown. The
+
power delivered to the load is

VS
maximum when
RS
RL
R S = RL
If RL RS, use a matching transformer.

RS
On the primary side, R is
seen by the source as
2
N1
RL ' = R L
N2
+
VS
-
For maximum power, R S = RL '

RL
N1 N2
Example: The output stage of an audio system

has an output resistance of 2 k. An output transformer provides resistance matching with a 6
speaker. If this transformer has 400 turns in the
primary, how many secondary turns does it have?
R S = 2,000
+
VS
RL = 6
2
RS
RL
From
N1
2,000 = (6)
N2
we get
N2 = 21.9 22 turns
N1 N2
Example: Find VS and the power and reactive

power supplied by the source. Assume
Z1=1.6+j1.2, Z2=4.5+j6 and Z3=0.3+j0.4.
Z1
Z2
Z3
1:2
4:1
VS
+
-
Is
E1
E2
IDEAL
+
Ix
E3
-
E4
IL
IDEAL
Load
4 kW
0.9PF lag
220 V
Assume VL = 2200o V, the reference phasor.

At the load, PL=4,000 watts.
QL = PL tan(cos1 0.9) = 1,937 vars

Using the complex-power formula, we get
4,000 j1,937
IL =
= 18.18 j8.81
220
From KVL, we get
= 20.20 25.84 A
E4 = (0.3 + j0.4)IL + VL
= 10.127.29o + 2200o
= 229 + j4.63 = 229.021.16o V
Get E3 and IX
E3 = 4E4 = 916.11.16o V
IX = 14 IL = 5.05 25.84o A
Another KVL,

E2 = (4.5 + j6.0)IX + E3
= (7.553.13 )(5.05 25.84 + E3

o
= 949.6 + j35.9 = 950.252.16o V
Get E1 and IS
1
E1 = 2 E2 = 475.122.16o V
IS = 2IX = 10.10 25.84o A
From KVL,

VS = (1.6 + j1.2)IS + E1
= 494.6 + j21.81 = 495.12.52o V
The complex power supplied by the source is
*
PS + jQS = VS IS
= (495.12.52 )(10.1025.84 )
o
= 5,00028.37 = 4,400 + j2,376

Alternative Solution: First, refer Z3 and the load
to the primary side of the second transformer.
Equivalent Circuit
Z1
VS
Is
E1
-
Z2+Z3
1:2
+
E2
Ix
Load
4 kW
0.9PF lag
'
VL
IDEAL
2
Z3 ' = 4 Z3 = 16(0.3 + j0.4) = 4.8 + j6.4
VL ' = 4VL = 8800o V

Zeq = Z2 + Z3 '
= 4.5 + j6 + 4.8 + j6.4 = 9.3 + j12.4

Next, refer Zeq and the load to the primary side of

the first transformer. We get the circuit below.
Z1+Zeq
+
VS
-
+
Is V "
L
-
Load
4 kW
0.9PF lag
Zeq' = 14 Zeq = 14 (9.3 + j12 .4) = 2.325 + j3.1
o
1
VL " = 2 VL ' = 4400 V
4,000 j1,937
IS =
= 9.09 j4.4
440
o
= 10.10 25.84 A
From KVL, we get
VS = (Z1 + Zeq' )IS + VL ' '
= (3.925 + j4.30)IS + 4400o

o
= 494.6 + j21.81 = 495.12.52 V

The complex power supplied by the source is
*
PS + jQS = VS IS
= (495.12.52 )(10.1025.84 )
o
= 5,00028.37 = 4,400 + j2,376

Autotransformer
The autotransformer has only one winding and a
portion of this winding is common to the primary
and secondary sides.
+
V1
-
I1 ns
nC
IC
primary IDEAL
I2
V2
-
secondary
Let nC = number of turns of the common winding

nS = number of turns of the series winding
Then, N1=nS+nC=number of turns of the primary

N2=nC=number of turns of the secondary
From voltage division, we get
or
V1 nS + nC
=
nC
V2
V1
N1
=
N2
V2
In order for ampere-turns to be balanced,
nS I1 = nC IC
(a)
From KCL, we have
I1 + IC = I2
or

IC = I2 - I1
Substitution in (a) gives

or

nS I1 = nC (I2 - I1 )
(nS + nC )I1 = nC I2
which reduces to
N1 I1 = N2 I2
Note: The primary and secondary ampere-turns

are balanced.
Comparison
+
V1
-
I1
N1
I2
N2
V2
-
I1
V1 N
+
+
N2 I2 V2
-
Autotransformer
Two-winding
Transformer
Assuming ideal transformers, the equations for

both are identical. We get
V1
N1
=
N2
V2
and
I1
N2
=
N1
I2
Example: For the ideal autotransformer shown,

find V1, P1 and Q1. The voltage rating of the
transformer is 220-110 volts.
I1
V1
+
0.5+j0.5
V2
+
I2
2,000 W
0.85 PF lag
110 V
At the load, PL = 2,000 watts

1
QL = PL tan(cos 0.85) = 1,240 vars
2,000 j1,240
I2 =
= 18.18 j11.27
110
= 21.39 31.79o A
From KVL, we get
V2 = (0.5 + j0.5)I2 + VL
o
= 124.72 + j3.46 = 124.771.59 V

At the primary side,
V1 = 2V2 = 249.541.59 o V
I1 = 12 I2 = 10.7 31.79o A
*
P1 + jQ1 = V1I1
= (249.541.59o )(10.731.79o )
= 2,66933.38o = 2,229 + j1,469
Practical Transformer
1. Both coils 1 and 2 have a small resistance.
2. There are leakage fluxes in coils 1 and 2.
3. There is resistance loss in the iron core.
4. The permeability of the iron is high but not
infinite. The exciting current (iex) is not zero.
i1
+
vs
e1
-
i2
+
vL
e2
iron core
Equivalent Circuit
R1 + jX1
+
V1
I1
Rc
Iex
jXm
N1 N2 R2 + jX2
+
E1
-
Primary
Ideal
E2
I2
V2
-
Secondary
R1, X1=primary winding resistance and leakage

reactance
R2, X2=secondary winding resistance and leakage
reactance
Rc, Xm=core resistance and magnetizing reactance
In many cases, Rc and Xm are neglected. A fixed

core loss may be specified to take into account the
power dissipated in Rc.
R1 + jX1 N1 N R2 + jX2
2
+
V1
I1
E1
-
Primary
We get
E1
N1
=
N2
E2
E2
I2
V2
-
Ideal Secondary
and
I1
N2
=
N1
I2
Note: The voltage equation is applied to E1 and E2.

It is also possible to refer all impedances to the

primary side. The equivalent circuit reduces to
R eq + jXeq
+
where
N1
a=
N2
V1
I1 = 1a I2
aV2
-
Primary
R eq = R1 + a2R2 = Total winding resistance,
referred to the primary side
Total winding reactance,
Xeq = X1 + a2X2 = referred to the primary side

Example: A single-phase transformer has the

following nameplate rating: 50 KVA, 7620-230 V,
Zeq=0.03+j0.04 , referred to the low-voltage side.
The transformer supplies 30 kW at 0.85 pf lag to a
load whose voltage is 225 volts. Find the input
voltage, power, reactive power and efficiency.
0.03+j0.04
+
E2
-
IL
Load
30 kW
0.85 PF lag
VL
Let VL = 2250o V, the reference phasor.

At the load, PL=30,000 watts
QL = PL tan(cos1 0.85) = 18,592 vars
30,000 j18,592
IL =
= 133.33 j82.63
225
o
= 156.86 31.79 A
From KVL, we get
E2 = (0.03 + j0.04)IL + VL
o
= 232.3 + j2.85 = 232.320.7 V
At the input side, we get
*
Pin + jQin = E2 IL
= (232.320.7o )(156.8631.79o )
= 36,44332.49o = 30,738 + j19,577
Thus, Pin=30,738 watts and Qin=19,577 vars.
The transformer efficiency
PL 30,000
Eff =
=
= 97.6%
Pin 30,738
Note: Transformers are designed to have a high
efficiency.
We can also refer all quantities to the High Voltage

side. The equivalent circuit is shown below.
Zeq
+
V1
-
where
I1
Load
30 kW
0.85 PF lag
'
VL
a = 7620 230 = 33.13
Zeq' = a2(0.03 + j0.04) = 32.93 + j43.9
VL ' = a(2250o ) = 7,4540o V

At the load, PL and QL are unchanged. We get
30,000 j18,592
I1 =
= 4.02 j2.49
7454
= 4.73 31.79o A
At the input side, we get
V1 = (32 .93 + j43 .9)I1 + VL '

= 7,696 + j94.6 = 7,6970.7o V
*
Pin + jQin = V1I1
= (7,6970.7 )(4.7331.79 )
= 36,44332.49o = 30,738 + j19,577

Ch07 Transformers

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Chapter 8

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute

Direct Current Power System

Steam engine coupled to a 110volt Direct Current (DC) generator

Underground cable system

All loads were incandescent bulbs

59 customers within an area 1.5

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute

Alternating Current System

First commercial application of transformers

Loads consisted of 150 lamps

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute

AC System vs. DC System

Generation capacity can

Problems with voltage

Smaller losses and

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute

Note: In an ideal transformer, iex = 0.

From Faraday s Law, voltages are induced in coils 1

Dividing the equations, we get

If coil 2 is connected to a load, it will supply a load

Note: In an ideal transformer, the ratio of the

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute

Solving for E1 and I1, we get

Take the conjugate of I1 and multiply. We get

which means P1 + jQ1 = P2 + jQ2

Dividing E1 by I1, we get

Notes: In an ideal transformer, a load impedance ZL

Example: Find the power P and reactive power Q

Let VL = 2200o V, the reference phasor

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute

= 237.95 + j9.26 = 238.132.23o V

The power supplied by the source is

PLoss = I2R F = 50 .512 (0.24) = 612 watts

The equivalent circuit is shown below.

At the load, let VL = 2200o V, the reference.

At the high-voltage side of transformer T2, we get

At the source side, we get for transformer T1

Note: Power loss in the feeder is 0.5 watts only.

Example: Find the P and Q supplied by the source.

Refer impedances Z2 and ZL to the primary side.

Z2 ' = 22(0.3 + j0.4) = 1.2 + j1.6

ZL ' = 22(8 + j6) = 32 + j24

Equivalent circuit referred to the primary side

The total impedance seen by the source is

ZTOT = Z1 + Z2 '+ZL '

= 34.8 + j26.8 = 43.9237.6o

The current at the primary side

= 110237.6 = 873 + j672

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute

Alternative Solution: Refer impedance Z1 and the

Z1' = 0.4 + j0.3

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute

The total impedance seen by the source is

P and Q supplied by the source

= 110237.6 = 873 + j672

Example: A single-phase transformer has the

Maximum Power Transfer

power delivered to the load is

If RL RS, use a matching transformer.

For maximum power, R S = RL '

Example: The output stage of an audio system

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute